jai final research report
TRANSCRIPT
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A
RESEARCH REPORT
ON
ROLE EFFICACY AND ROLE CLARITY IN
EMPLOYEESSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the award of degree
Of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SESSION (2011-2012)
SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-
Dr. Vibha Singh Name: Jai Gupta
(Director) Class: MBA IV Sem
RBMI, GREATER NOIDA Roll No: 1021170005
RAKSHPAL BAHADUR MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE,Greater Noida
(Affiliated to Mahamaya Technical University, Noida)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or
indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking,
behavior, and acts during the course of study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Vibha Singh worthy Principal for
providing me an opportunity to undergo research report.
I am thankful to all for their support, cooperation, and motivation provided
to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral
support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots
of suggestions that improved my quality of work.
Jai Gupta
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DECLARATION
I, Jai Gupta, Student Of MBA IVth Semester, Studying At Rakshpal Bahadur
Management Institute, Greater Noida, Hereby Declare That The research Report
On Role Efficacy And Role Clarity In Employees Submitted To Mahamaya
Technical University, Noida In Partial Fulfillment Of Degree Of Master Of
Business Administration, Is The Original Work Conducted By me.
The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my
knowledge. This summer training report is not being submitted to any other
university for award of any other degree, diploma and fellowship.
Jai Gupta
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC
8
2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 12
3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 14
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 17
5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 36
6. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 54
7. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 69
8. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 72
9. LIMITATIONS 79
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 81
12. APPENDIX 83
ANNEXURE I QUESTIONNAIRE
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CHAPTERIZATION
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Chapter 1
Chapter one would be on Introduction which would cover the brief aspects about role
efficacy and role clarity in employees. The main theme of this chapter would include the
aims and objectives of the research, the hypothesis which has been framed , purpose of
the research and the future area of the research .
Chapter 2
The chapter two would be on literature review which would draw theoretical
underpinnings on the subject area of the research. This section would start with the basicconcepts of role efficacy and role clarity and empirical evidences on the impact which
role efficacy and role clarity has on the performance of the employees.
Chapter 3
Chapter three would be on Research Methodology and Process which would cover the
process which is adopted by the researcher for conducting the research. The entire
research process along with choosing of the appropriate research design and sampling
procedure would be specified in detail. The main purpose of this section would also be
to specify about the various research tools and techniques which are used by the
researcher in completing the research. Proper justification for the use of particular
research technique would be provided as a part of the section. Lastly Limitations faced
by the researcher while conducting the research would also be included.
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Chapter 4
Chapter four would be on data findings and analysis which would cover broadly about
the answers given by the respondents so that conclusions can be derived by the data
collected.
Chapter 5
Chapter five would be on conclusion which would specify about the way the entire
research was conducted and the end result of the same. The section would provide inputs
with justification for researching the aims and objectives. The hypothesis which has been framed earlier would be tested as positive or negative. The conclusion of this
section would be as to whether role clarity is more important than role efficacy or both
the factors are dually important for the employees for performing their job well.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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ROLES
Role is a set of expected behaviour patterns attributed to someone occupying a given
position in a social unit. People have the ability to shift roles rapidly when they
recognize that the situation and its demands clearly require major changes. So, different
groups impose different role requirement on individuals:
1) Role Identity : Certain attitudes and behaviours consistent with a role are known as
role identity.
2) Role Perception : An individuals view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given
situation.
3) Role Conflict : A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role
expectations.
4) Role Expectation : How others believe a person should act in a given situation.
CHARACTERSITICS OF ROLE
1) Role performance differs from role expectations.
2) Roles are relational, organizing our behaviour towards some other person.
3) Role set refers to a number of roles attached to a single status.
4) A collection of roles associated with a given status
5) Role is an expected behaviour of that position.
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IMPORTANCE OF ROLES
1) INITIATOR-CONTRIBUTOR: Recommended new solutions to group problems.
2) INFORMATION-SEEKER: Attempt to obtain the necessary facts.
3) OPINION-GIVERS: Share own opinions with others.
4) ENERGIZERS: Stimulate the group into action whenever interest drops.
5) HARMONIZERS: Mediate group conflicts.
6) COMPROMISERS: Shift own opinions to create group harmony.
7) ENCOURAGERS: Praise and encourage others.
8) EXPEDITERS: Suggest ways the groups can operate more smoothly.
9) BLOKERS: Act stubborn and resistant to the group.
10) RECOGNITION-SEEKERS: Call attention to their own achievements.
11) DOMINATORS: Assert authority by manipulating the group.
12) AVOIDERS: Maintain distances; isolate themselves from fellow group members.
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Role-Integrating point of organisation andindividual
Once a person becomes a member of a social system, he/she receives certainroles and certain expectations to others. There are two approaches to it :
In role taking approach, the sending and receiving together influences the
individuals role behavior.
Role taking is concerned with the identification of the self with the role.
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Organization Structure
Individual
Roles
Personality
Goals
Needs
APPROACHES
REACTIVE ORROLE TAKING APPROACH
PROACTIVE ORROLE MAKING
APPROACH
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OBJECTIVESOF THESTUDY
OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH
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To determine the potential effectiveness of an individual occupying a particular
role in an organization.
To help people understand the knowledge they need to do their jobs well and
where to find that knowledge.
To find out relation between Role Efficacy and Role Clarity.
To provide suggestions for increasing Role Efficacy and Role Clarity among
employees.
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SCOPE
OF THE
STUDY
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
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The study covers all working members included both workers and officers. It also
provides a way for people to understand what they need to know, where to access that
knowledge and why it is important to their work .
HYPOTHESIS OF THE RESEARCH
H0: Either Role clarity is more important than role efficacy
H1: Both role clarity and role efficacy are important.
MOTIVATION OF THE RESEARCH
As a student, from the research I have learnt about how role efficacy and role clarity is
important for the employees working in the organization. The research also gives me
information about what will happen if the role is not cleared to the employees. The
research also motivates me to study the factors that can help an employee for clarifying
their roles and do their job in an effective manner.
STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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4. RESEARCH FINDINGS
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. REFERENCES
7. APPENDIX
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATUREREVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
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INTRODUCTION OF ROLE EFFICACY
ROLE EFFICACY
The performance of a person working in an organization depends on his own potential
effectiveness, technical competence, managerial experience as well as the design of the
role that he performs in the organization. It is the integration of the two that ensures a
persons effectiveness in the organization. Unless a person has the requisite knowledge,
technical competence and the skills required for the role, he cannot be effective. If the
role does not allow the person to use his competence, and if he constantly feels
frustrated in the role, his effectiveness is likely to be low.
The integration of a person and the role comes about when the role is able to fulfil the
needs of the individual, and when the individual in turn is able to contribute to theevolution of the role. The more we move from role taking to role making, the more the
role is likely to be effective. Effectiveness of a person in a role in an organization will
depend on his own potential effectiveness the potential effectiveness of the role, and the
organizational climate. Role efficacy would mean potential effectiveness of an
individual occupying a particular role in an organization. Role efficacy is the potential
effectiveness of a role.
ASPECTS OF ROLE EFFICACY
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Role efficacy has several aspects. These aspects can be classified intoThree groups or dimensions-
Dimension 1: Role Making
1) Self-Role Integration -
Every person has his strengths experience, technical training, special skills, and some
unique contribution that he may be able to make. The more the role a person occupies
provides an opportunity for the use of such special strengths, the
higher the efficacy is likely to be. This is called self-role integration. The self or the
person and the role get integrated through the possibility of a persons use of his special
strengths in the role. Our special strengths are used in the role so that it may be possible
for us to demonstrate how effective we can be. Integration contributes to high role
efficacy. On the other hand if there is a distance between the self and the role, role
efficacy is likely to be low.
2) Proactivity -
A person who occupies a role, responds to the various expectations that people in the
organization have from that role. While this certainly gives him satisfaction, it also
satisfies others in the organization. However, if he is also expected to take
initiative in starting some activity, the efficacy will be higher. Reactive behavior helps a
person in being effective to some extent, but proactivity contributes much more to
efficacy. If a person feels that he would like to take initiative but has no opportunity todo so in the role that he occupies in the organization, the efficacy will be low.
3) Creativity -
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It is not only initiative which is important for efficacy. An opportunity to try new and
unconventional ways of solving problems or an opportunity to be creative is equally
important. If a person perceives that he has to perform only routine tasks, it isdetrimental towards a high role efficacy. If he feels that the role does not allow any time
or opportunity to be creative, the efficacy is bound to be low.
4) Confrontation -
If people in an organization avoid problems or Shift the problems to the others; their role
efficacy will be low. The tendency to confront problems and find relevant solutionscontributes to efficacy. When people facing inter-personal problems sit down, talk about
these problems, and search out solutions, their efficacy is likely to be higher when
compared with situations in which they either deny such problems or refer them to their
higher officers.
Dimension 2: Role Centering
1) Centrally -
If a person occupying a particular role in organization feels that the role he occupies is
central in the organization; his role efficacy is likely to be high. Every employee would
like to fee that his role is important to the organization. If persons occupying various
roles feels that their roles are peripheral i.e. not very important, their potential
effectiveness will be low.
2) Personal Growth -
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If a person feels that he is stagnating in a role without any opportunity to grow he is
likely to have a low role efficacy. In many institutes of higher learning, the roles of the
staff pose problems of low efficacy. The main factor behind this is the lack of
opportunity for them to grow systematically in their roles.Institutes which are able to
plan the growth of such people in the roles will have higher efficacy and obtain a great
deal of contribution from them.
Dimension 3: Role Linking
1) Inter-role Linkage -
Linkages of ones role with other roles in the organization increases efficacy. If there isa joint effort in understanding problems, finding solutions, the efficacy of the various
roles involved is likely to be high. The feeling of isolation
of a role reduces role efficacy.
2) Helping Relationship-
If persons performing a particular role feel that they can get help from some sourcein the organization whenever the need arises, they are likely to have higher roleefficacy. On the other hand, if there is a feeling that no help is forthcoming whenasked for, or that the respondents are hostile, role efficacy will be low.
3) Super ordination -
When a person performing a particular role feel that what he does is likely to be of
value to a larger group, his efficacy is likely to be high. Roles in which people feel that
what they are doing is helpful to the organization, in which they work, result in role
efficacy. But if a person feels that he does not get an opportunity to be of help to a larger
group, the role efficacy is likely to be low.
TEN DIMENSIONS TO ROLE EFFICACY
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Dimension Description1. Centrality Role occupants perception of significance of
his/her role2. Integration Opportunity to use the special skills of the
person in a given job3. Proactivity Take initiative and doing something
independently4. Creativity Opportunity to try new and
unconventional ways of solving
problems5. Inter-role linkage Perceived inter- dependence with
others in the organisation6. Helping relationships Individual perception that he/she is able
to give and receive help7. Super ordination Ones role is important to some larger
entity8. Influence Exercise influence in his/her job
9. Personal growth Grow and develop in his/her role
10. Confrontation Confronting problems and finding
solutions
MEASURING ROLE EFFICACY
In order to determine how much role efficacy a person has, the strengths of the 10
aspects of role efficacy need to be measured. The various materials that can be used to
measured role efficacy are-
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1) WRITING THE ESSAY
The best method of measuring role efficacy is the EMR. It gives a high pay-off
especially in programmes of increasing role efficacy. The role occupant may be asked to
write an essay of about 500 words on his role which is then analyzed for role efficacy.
When a person writes such an essay, he projects his perceptions about the role and
provides enough material from which role efficacy can be measured.
2) SCORING ESSAYS
The essays can be scored either by the one who writes the essay or by an expert. Eachaspect can be given one of the three scores: +2, +1, or -1. After trying out various ways
of scoring, this was the method decided upon: give a score of 2 on each aspect, if that
particular aspect is present; score of 1 when that aspect is present to some extent; -1 if
the negative side of the aspect is shown.
3) ROLE EFFICACY SCALE ( RES )
Role Efficacy Scale is a structured instrument consisting of 20 triads of statement in
each triad which describes his role most accurately. A respondent marks one statement
in each triad which describes his role most accurately. These three alternatives are pre-
weighted. There are two statements for each dimension of role efficacy and the same
scoring pattern is followed.
4) INTERVIEW
An unstructured interview with a role occupant to know his perceptions about the role
can help collect data for scoring role efficacy. Interview has an advantage, it gets
spontaneous responses, and necessary probes can be made to find out more about the
various dimensions.
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5) CHECKLIST OF ADJECTIVES
Role efficacy can also be measured by asking a role occupant to list as many adjectives
as he can think of to describe the role. In such a lasting the person reflects his significant perceptions of the role.
6) ROLE EFFICACY DIFFERENTIAL (RED)
Semantic differential scale can also be used to measure role efficacy. These scales are
bipolar, having contrasting adjectives at each of the two ends, with 7-point or 9-point
scales in between.
7) ROLE EFFICACY INDEX
Role efficacy Index represents the percentage of role effectiveness of a respondent in an
organization. It ranges from 0 to 100. A high REI indicates that the respondent perceives
that he has a great deal of opportunity to be effective in the role. To find out the REI,
scores on all the 10 aspects of role efficacy may be totalled and then the relevant
formula can be used.
Role Essay & Interview: (Total Score+ 10)/30 * 100
Role Efficacy Scale: (Total Score + 20)/60* 100
Role Efficacy Differential: (Total Score-10)/80* 10
ROLE CLARITY
Role clarity is a foundational step for implementing strategy building learning and
development programs and compet ing successfully in todays environment
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A comprehensive model contains the essential elements of business practices,
Knowledge and skill requirements,
Behavioral expectations; and, Success / performance measurements.
These factors must be addressed with a degree of specificity that allows them to be a
sound basis for action, management and assessment. Development of a comprehensive
model is only the first step. For optimal performance, the model needs to be internalized
and owned by line managers and professionals. A complex process of consensus
building, communication and coaching is required to ensure effective implementation.
Ideally, an internal team will implement the plan.
Role clarification must address all of the following questions:
What are the roles and responsibilities of the functions, within the team and the
manner in which they interface with other functions (e.g. credit and other product
specialists) outside the team and with external parties such as clients, partners and
advisors?\
What internal roles intersect with the each other, and what are the mutual
expectations of the various professionals/functions that intersect?
How do the various roles relate to the strategic objectives of: the team,
clients; external referral sources; and other interested parties?
What tactics and/or business practices need to be employed?
Are there policy or process issues that need to be addressed (i.e.: developed,
revised or eliminated)?
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What is the desired operating style of the unit/function?
What expectations exist among various stakeholders regarding specificdeliverables (both results and behavior)?
What leadership and managerial practices should be implemented?
What support is required in new/changed roles (i.e.: administrative, MIS, etc.)?
What knowledge and skills are required in each position?
What measures, both objective and subjective, can be examined to gauge success
and interim progress?
After answering the above questions, organizations need to address the following
two questions:
1 . How wi l l we communica te th i s in format ion to the a ffec ted
Individuals, business units and the entire organization?
2. What m anner of co nveya nce en sures b uy-in and unders tanding
and leads to eff icien t and ef fect ive implementation.
COMPONENTS OF ROLE CLARITY
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BOSSS UNDERSTANDING
(ROLE DESCRIPTION)
OWN UNDERSTANDING
(INCUMBENTS SENSE OF ROLE)
OTHERS UNDERSTANDING
(EXPECTATIONS OF THE ROLE)
REALITY
(HOW THE ROLE IS ENACTED)
WHAT HAPPENS IF ROLES ARE NOT CLEARLY DEFINED
Lead to conflicts and confusion on tasks.
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Team members may not understand what exactly is expected of each of them.
Some team members may land up shouldering the bigger share of their work and
find themselves overstretched and stressed out.
Conversely, some may take on too small a share as a result of poor understanding
of the role and therefore feel underutilized and demotivated.
This lack of awareness may also mean that not all goals are reached as there are
parts of the teams responsibilities that are not getting done.
Role Conflict and Role Strain
Role conflict refers to incompatibility among roles corresponding to two or more
different status.
Role strain refers to incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status.
ROLE STRESS
The anxiety produced by being unable to meet all role requirements at the same time.
ROLE EXIT
The process by which people disengage from social roles that have been central in
their lives.
MANAGEMENT OF ROLE CLARITY A wide range of work situations can create role confusion, Such as beginning a new
job, starting in a new organization transfer, a new supervisor or manager or following
a change in the structure of a work unit. Lack of role clarity can lead to tension and
conflict between workers.
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The following can help to manage this stressor:
Provide all workers with a corporate induction and ensure they are aware of their role within their immediate work team or unit, program area and the
broader organization.
Ensure all workers receive suitable training for their jobs.
Assist workers to develop personal work plans that clearly define task
objectives and expected outputs. Develop and maintain a working
environment where workers are consulted and can provide feedback on
changes impacting on their job tasks.
Implement a performance feedback system, where workers receive regular
feedback on jobs well done and any areas for improvement.
Encourage workers to talk to their supervisor or manager early if they are
unclear about the scope and/or responsibilities of their role.
Ensure workers have an up to date role or position description, which
includes the role purpose, reporting relationships and the key duties expected
of them.
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Ensure that management structures across the organization and reporting
lines within work teams are clear. This will help workers know who they are
accountable to and where they can go for help with work problems.
Provide an organizational chart that gives a clear view of the organizational
structure and communication channels.
Following an organizational change or restructure, check with workers to
ensure they understand any additional responsibilities or duties that are
required of them. Make sure they are comfortable with new functions and
revise position descriptions to reflect new accountabilities.
It is important workers feel confident and capable of undertaking new or
revised tasks. Make sure they receive enough training for them to be
competent in their roles.
Where a change in structure or roles occurs, or retraining is required, use the
performance review process as a positive opportunity for workers to have
renewed input to the way they complete their work.
Role conflict
Role conflict occurs when workers are given two different and incompatible roles at
the same time, or their role overlaps with another worker or work group. The greater
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the role conflict, the higher the likelihood of a worker experiencing occupational
stress.
Ways to manage role conflict:
Avoid placing inconsistent demands on workers and Ensure systems are in
place to enable workers to raise concerns about any conflicts they have in
their role and responsibilities. For example, hold regular team meetings to
enable workers to discuss any potential role conflict.
Avoid assigning roles to workers that conflict with their personal needs andvalues. At the individual level, solutions are aimed at assisting individuals to
cope or build resilience. Appropriate activities and assistance to be
considered at this level of intervention include:
Corporate induction programs
Access to employee assistance programs
Training about resilience
Health and wellbeing programs
Counseling/therapy for people experiencing distress from sources
both in and outside of the workplace.
WHY CLARITY?
1) Exactly how people do their jobs is often not visible to an organization. Through
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the process of knowledge mapping, Clarity provides a way for people to understand
what they need to know, where to access that knowledge and why it is important to their
work. And, while Clarity may have implications for work process design, it is not
intended to analyze or redesign business processes.2) Clarity simulates work so it is usedto clarify a process or dry run a new process.3) A dynamic, living tool, Clarity continues
to strengthen the organization long after the mapping sessions by providing the critical
structure, process and context for knowledge.4) Clarity identifies the skills necessary to
perform successfully, the responsibilities for knowledge sharing, and the important
knowledge connections between people. It clearly provides the context and direction for
individuals to understand how they can work smarter. During the session Clarity
knowledge maps illustrate:
A cross-organizational view of how knowledge flows through the core work
process.
The barriers to getting work done today.
Skills relevant to accomplishing individual jobs and how these skills are developed.
Critical knowledge gaps in the process.
The identification and location of critical tools and templates that support the
process.
ACTIVITIES TO HELP ROLE CLARITY
Take a sheet of flip cart paper and draw a circle in the center to represent your
role as a manager. Draw round it, small circles to represent significant others in your
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role set i.e. all the people who you feel will have expectations of your role and/or of
whom you have expectations. Show the importance of a particular link by the distance
of the circle from the center.
Discuss the map with the colleague. Check that you have included all
significant relationships.
When you are satisfied that you have included all the vital role relationships,
make a chart with four tables :
Role Their expectations of me
My expectations and demands of them
Possible sources of co-operation and conflict
For each member of your role set, complete the chart as far as you are able at
this stage.
DISCUSS YOUR CHART WITH A COLLEAGUE
How will you obtain the information you need to clarify others expectations of
you and to check whether your expectations of them are accurate and realistic?
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How will you ensure that possible areas of cooperation become a reality?
How will you ensure that possible areas of conflict can be removed, reduced or
coped with?
WAYS OF USING CHART
These charts can be used in different ways, depending on the situation and the levels of
trust and cooperation that exist.
They can be completed by each member of the team and then shared with
members of the role set to see how far the members agree or differ in their perceptions.
Individuals can give feedback to each other in order to identify the areas of
ambiguity and possible conflict. This requires a high level of trust and cooperation.
Alternatively they can be discussed individually with a colleague, consultant or
mentor who is not part of the role set.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROLE EFFICACY AND ROLE CLARITY
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CHAPTER 3RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section would display the research process adopted by the research in approaching
towards the aims and objectives. Use of specific tools put to use has been justified in the
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section step by step. The chapter would clearly showcase the approach used in
completing the research activity.
RESEARCH
Before discussing the research literature it is important to know that what research
exactly is. Research is derived from the Latin word which means to know. In other
words, research means to re-search. Searching for information and presenting it is the
job of the researcher. I will conduct this entire research in the area of role efficacy and
role clarity in employees.
Firstly my research will be problem solving and systematic.
Secondly it will have logic and flow that others can easily understand the main
theme of the research.
It will be based on facts, so that decision making and conclusions can be derived
from the information collected.
It will be reductive so that the smaller sample area can be investigated and can be
generalized to a larger set of population. Lastly it will be replicable so that others test it or carry out other analysis.
To summarize research is the organized and systematic procedure of finding
solutions to the problems.
RESEARCH PROCESS
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FORMULATING OBJECTIVES OFRESEARCH STUDY
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RESEARCH PROBLEM
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LITERATURE REVIEW
FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
DESIGN METHOD OF DATACOLLECTION
SELECTING SAMPLE
COLLECTION OF DATA
PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OFDATA
INTERPRET AND REPORT
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In any research it becomes very important to know the problem area. Determining
problem area helps in chalking out plans to conduct the research in an appropriate
manner. It is said that problem which is well defined is half solved. The problem area
which the research is testing related to the subject of role clarity and role efficacy. In thisthe researcher wants to investigate how role clarity and role efficacy are important for
the employees. This problem stems from the fact that both role clarity and role efficacy
leads to role ambiguity which deprives the performance level. The researcher by way of
this thesis also wants to find out what an organization should do for enhancing the level
of role efficacy and role clarity among the employees.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Personally for the researcher, the research design is the useful step in the entire research
process. I would be choosing the research design as an entire framework by which I
would decide the way in which the research would be conducted and the tools and
techniques which would be employed. There are three types of research design which
have been listed below;-
1. Exploratory Research Design
2. Descriptive Research Design
3. Causal Research Design
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE APPROPRIATE DESIGN
The objective is to extract the background information and story behind it, to have clarification on the problem area and to establishdetailed analysis.
Exploratory research design
To investigate and describe andmeasure phenomena at a particular
point of time.Descriptive research design
To determine causality, to make if-then decisions and defineexperimental relationships.
Causal research design
THE BASIC RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH DESIGN
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JUSTIFICATION FOR USING RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher would be conducting two research designs for carrying out this research.
Firstly the researcher would be using the descriptive style of research design. The main
purpose of using the descriptive style of research design is so that the data collected is
very concise and structured which makes analysis factual and simple.
Secondly the researcher would be using the exploratory design in limited format. The
researcher would try and conduct in-depth interview with some of the top executives in
the sample companies involved. The main context of covering the in-depth interview is
that the researcher can understand the way they are directed towards the role clarity and
role efficacy for the employees.
However the main limitation is that in depths interviews cannot be conducted for all
sample companies involved. Secondly companies where top executive appointment can
be sought would be considered for the analysis.
DATA COLLECTION
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Two form of data collection and information gathering techniques prevail in theresearch environment. Both the collection techniques are listed below;-
1. Primary data collection
2. Secondary data collection
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
42
METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
SECONDARYSOURCE
PRIMARYSOURCE
DocumentsObservations InterviewingQuestionnaire
MailedQuestionnaire
CollectiveQuestionnaire
Unstructured
StructuredParticipants
Non-Participants
-Govt. Publications
-Earlier research
-Personal Records
-Service Records
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Primary data is that type of data which is collected for the first time and for the specific
purpose of the research. In simple words this data does not prevail to be collected unless
the need is desired for it. This type of information is the first hand information collected
exclusively for the purpose of the research.
ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
The main advantage of using primary data is because it can be easily relied upon as the
data is fresh and without any contamination and adulteration.
Secondly this data is collected as this data is not collected anywhere.
DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY DATA
However the main disadvantage of using collecting primary data is that it takes lot of
time to conduct the data.
Also it takes a lot of effort and cost in conducting the research.
SOURCES OF COLLECTINF PRIMARY DATA
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Some of the common tools of conducting primary data are by way of surveys,
interview, focus group discussion, in-depth interview, observation techniques and other
form of discussion forums and panels.
JUSTIFICATION- PRIMARY DATA
The researcher would be using primary form of data collection to collect data required
for the research.to collect the required data the researcher would conducting an in-depth
interview with the top executives and employees of the organization. The main of the
researcher here is to collect first-hand information as to determine how efficiently they
perform their role and to determine the level of clarity of roles among the employees.
The researcher would be preparing a list of basic guidelines questions which would
drive the way for conducting the in-depth interview. The basic questions would help the
researcher to collect the primary data in a desires manner which would not lead an
interview to go in a different direction.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
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Secondary data is the form of data which is already present in the market and was
collected by some other persons for some different purpose. Any form of data which is
collected and used immediately becomes secondary data for others.
For example researchers carry our research which is primary but for the students
academicians this later becomes secondary which we then refer in journals and
magazines. This type of data has more to be with past rather than the present since it is
historical in nature. In simple words secondary from of data is any form of data which is
present in the universe and is collected by someone else for some other purpose.
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
The main advantage of using secondary form of data is that it is easy to collect.
Secondly the time involved is relatively less than the primary data. Similarly the efforts
in collecting the secondary data are less than in collecting the primary data. Secondary
data can be available to the researcher from multiple modes and source vis--vis primary
data collection.
DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA
However there are few disadvantages which secondary data has.
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1. The data which is available might not purely satisfy the needs of the researcher
since this data was collected by someone else for some other purpose.
2. If there is any error in that secondary data it could carry the same for theresearcher as well. Thus trusting the authenticity of data is very important before using
it.
SOURCES OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA
Some of the common sources of collecting secondary data are with the help of journals,magazines, newspaper articles, books, periodicals, annual reports, company circulars,
libraries, e-libraries, search engines etc.
JUSTIFICATION- SECONDARY DATA
The researcher would purely be using secondary sources of data for collecting the
information. The previous records and circulars of the organization are very helpful in
collecting the information related to the role clarity and role efficacy.
SAMPLING
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The main decision which the researcher has to decide is to whether go for census or
sample research. Census means each and every element which forms the part of the
research will be investigated and sample means few elements which represent the entire
research area will be investigated. Practically it is not possible to conduct a census sinceit is time consuming and by the time each and every element is investigated which helps
to reach the conclusion. Sample is where certain elements are studied which forms a
representative of all the other elements.
The process of sampling means to identify and select certain elements which would
represent the entire population under study. The main rationale behind choosing samples
is so that they would represent the similar characteristics of the entire population set.The main advantage of using sampling is so that it can save a lot of time and efforts on
the part of the research and yet help to generalize the findings for the entire set.
Sampling methods are classified as either
1) Probability Sampling
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2) Non-probability Sampling
1) In probability samples , each member of the population has a known-zero
probability of being selected. Probability methods include random sampling, systematicsampling, and stratified sampling. The advantage of probability sampling is that
sampling error can be calculated. Sampling error is the degree to which a sample might
differ from the population. When inferring to the population, results are reported plus or
minus the sampling error.
2) In non-probability sampling , members are selected from the population insome non-random manner. These include convenience sampling, judgment sampling,
quota sampling, and snowball sampling. In non-probability sampling, the degree to
which the sample differs from the population remains unknown
Random sampling
It is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an
equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is
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often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of
available subjects becomes biased.
Systematic sampling
It is often used instead of random sampling. It is also called an nth name selection
technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every nth record is
selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any
hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method. Its only
advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is
frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file.
Stratified sampling
It is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it
reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that shares at least one
common characteristic. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their
actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select subjects
from each stratum until the number of subjects in that stratum is proportional to its
frequency in the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the
stratums in the population have a low incidence relative to the other stratums.
Convenience sampling
It is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an
inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected
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because they are convenient. This non-probability method is often used during
preliminary research efforts to get a gross estimate of the results, without incurring the
cost or time required to select a random sample.
Judgment sampling
It is a common non-probability method. The researcher selects the sample based
on judgment. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. For example, a
researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one "representative" city, even
though the population includes all cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population.
Quota sampling
It is the non-probability equivalent of stratified sampling. Like stratified sampling, the
researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the
population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the required
number of subjects from each stratum. This differs from stratified sampling, where the
stratums are filled by random sampling.
Snowball sampling
It is a special non-probability method used when the desired sample characteristic is
rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these
situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate
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additional subjects. While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at
the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces the likelihood that
the sample will represent a good cross section from the population
STEPS IN SAMPLING PROCESS
Defining the target population
Target population: for this research, the target population is all the workers andemployees working in the organization.
Defining the sampling frame
Sampling frame: for this research the sampling frame covers the large and medium
sized organizations where the employees and workers are working on the regular basis.
Techniques of sampling
There are two important techniques of sampling i.e. Probability sampling technique and
Non Probability sampling technique.
Probability sampling technique
The researcher would not be using probability sampling technique since the employees
and workers level in the different organizations is very high. Secondly it would be very
time consuming to list down each and every employee working in the organizations.
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Non Probability sampling technique
The researcher would be using non probability sample technique for this researchwherein the sample would be chosen purely on the basis of convenience rather than any
form of statistical tool involved in it. The main advantage of convenience sampling is
that the researcher can select the employees on the basis of easy availability and
according to their own convenience.
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size is chosen simple based on the convenience and not my any means of
statistical analysis.
DATA SOURCE
Primary : - Through Questionnaires
Secondary : - Through Internet, Journals
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Data Collection Procedure : - Survey
Research Instrument : - Structured Questionnaire.
Sample Size : - 50
Sample procedure : - Random sampling
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CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
ANDINTERPRETATION
DATA ANALYSIS
Once the data is collected it needs to be analyzed. Data Analysis is a very important step
in the entire research process. The entire research activity can be a failure if the data
analysis is not done properly so as to reach the objectives framed for the research. The
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process for analyzing the data starts with data editing, coding and data entry and last
data analysis.
The researcher would collect all secondary information related to role efficacy and roleclarity collected from the research and edits the data. Then the researcher would input all
the relevant data in the excel sheet.
Data entry would be done on all the parameters which are chosen to be analyzed for the
research. The main place for the data entry would be an excel spreadsheet where the data
would be entered, stored and analyzed for further use. This data can be analyzed at the
users convenience by various forms like charts, bars, and diagrams.
Q1 what do you feel about your role in the organization?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Very important 30
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b) Fairly important 15
c) Very little important 5
01020
30
4050
6070
veryimportant
fairlyimportant
very littleimportant
Interpretation
From the above graph, it is clear that 60% employees feel that their role is very
important in the organization and only 10% employees feel very little
importance of their role in the organization.
Q2 How do you feel about your training and knowledge in the present role?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Fully utilized 15
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b) Less utilized 20
c) Not utilized 25
INTERPRETATION
From the above graph, it can be seen that majority of the respondents feel that
their knowledge and training is not utilized in their present role .30%
respondents feel that their knowledge and training is fully utilized in their
present role and are satisfied with their present role.
Q3 Do you use creativity in your role?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Yes 40
57
fully utilized
less utilized
not utilized
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b) No 7
c) Few times 3
INTERPRETATION
This question was asked to the respondents to know about the use of creativity
in their present role. From the graph ,it is clear that majority of the employees
use creativity in their role to enhance their performance .Only a small number of
respondents do not use creativity in their present role.
Q4 By performing your role, Are you really contributing towards the society?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Strongly agree 32
58
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
yes no few times
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b) Agree 17
c) Disagree 1
INTERPRETATION
From the above graph, it is clear that 64% of the respondents strongly agree that
by performing their role, they are really contributing towards the society. Only
2% of respondents do not feel that through their role, they are not contributing
towards the society
Q5 Do you feel your professional knowledge adds value to your role?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Yes 100
59
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
s trongly agree agree dis ag ree
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b) No 0
INTERPRETATION
From the graph, it is clear that 100% of the respondents say that their
professional knowledge adds value to their role. None of the respondents say
that professional knowledge do not add value to their role.
Q6 How much freedom is present in your role?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Little freedom 14
60
yes
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b) A great deal of freedom 24
c) Enough freedom 12
INTERPRETATION
From the graph, it is clear that 48% of respondents are of opinion that a great
deal of freedom is present in their role which help them in performing their role
in an efficient manner.28% respondents say that little freedom is present in their
role.
Q7 According to your opinion, which one is more important for the role?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a) Role efficacy 8
61
0
5
10
15
20
25
little freedom a great deal of freedom
enoughfreedom
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b) Role clarity 7
c) Both 30
d) Other factors 5
INTERPRETATION
From the above graph, it is clear that majority of respondents are of opinion that
both role efficacy and role clarity are important for their role which help them in
understanding their roles and performing it in an efficient manner. Only a few
respondents are of opinion that other factors are important for the role.
Q8. To what extend the role clarity is useful in work place?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a. High 45
b. little 3
62
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
roleefficacy
role clarity both other factors
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c. very little 2
d. none 0
INTERPRETATION
From the above graph, it is clear that 90% employees say that role clarity is
useful in work place for doing their job well. they are also in favor of role
efficacy as major part in performing their roles well for achieving their tasks.
Q9 Your awareness level of role clarity at the time of joining?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a. 0 25 % 21
63
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
high little very little none
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b. 25 50 % 18
c. 50 75% 6
d. above 75 % 5
INTERPRETATION
The respondents were asked about their awareness level of role clarity at the
time of joining. Majority of respondents were very little aware about their role
clarity. Only a few respondents were completely aware about the clarity of their
roles at the time of joining.
Q10 To what extend the level of role clarity improved after the involvement of the job?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
64
0
5
10
15
20
25
0-25% 25-50% 50-75% abov e 75%
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a. 0 25 % 5
b. 25 50 % 6
c. 50 75% 18
d. above 75 % 21
INTERPRETATION
The respondents were asked to what extend the level of role clarity was
improved after the involvement of the job.42% respondents say that after
involvement in the job, the level of role clarity was increased to above 75% and
36% respondents say that only 50-75% of their role was cleared to them after
involvement in the job.
Q 1 1 To w h a t e x t e n d y o u a r e a w a r e o f y o u r r o l e s i n t h eac t i ve pa r t i c ip a t i on in th e organization?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
65
0-25%
25-50%
50-75%
above 75%
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a. 0 25 % 5
b. 25 50 % 12
c. 50 75% `` 25
d. above 75 % 8
INTERPRETATION
From the graph, it is clear that only 50% respondents are aware of their roles in
the active participation in the organization. Only 10% respondents are less aware
of their roles in the active participation in the organization.
Q12 To what extend the manager help you in the execution of role?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a. 0 25 % 2
66
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
0-25%
25-50%
50-75%
above 75%
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b. 25 50 % 8
c. 50 75% 15
d. above 75 % 25
INTERPRETATION
It is clear from the graph that in todays challenging era, the managers help the
employees in the execution of the role which enhances both role clarity and role
efficacy and thus, it increases the performance level of the organization.
Q13 In what way the role clarity is effectively made out?
OPTIONS RESPONDENTS
a. Interactive session 20
67
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0-25% 25-50% 50-75% above 75%
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CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS
AND
CONCLUSION
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
1) The employees and workers feel that self-efficacy is very important while performing
their job as they feel that their role is very important for the better performance.
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2) The employees also need proper knowledge and training for performing their role
efficiently and effectively.
3) Creativity in the ideas can also help the employees to enhance their role efficacy.
4) The organisation should also give full freedom to the employees regarding decision
making and effective communication so that they can achieve their task effectively.
5) Interactive sessions should be conducted by the organisations for enhancing role
clarity and role efficacy among employees.
6) The manager being responsible for planning and organising each activity conducting
in the organisation, should also help the employees and co-workers on the execution of
their roles.
7) Organisations full support to the new employees at the time of joining can be helpful
for making their roles clear. If they will not be aware of their roles properly, they cannot
effectively perform their duties.
8) The organisation can provide means like interviews, written orders etc. for enhancing
their roles and responsibilities.
9) Such roles should be assigned to employees that help that to learn something apaprt
from their routine or unrelated activities roles.
10) Since both role efficacy and role clarity is necessary for doing the job well, so for
enhancing both the factors proper reward system should be provided for good or
effective work.
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CONCLUSION
Both the factors role efficacy and role clarity are dually important for the employees todo their job well and the organisation should also take necessary for enhancing role
efficacy and role clarity among them.
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SUGGESTIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
SUGGESTIONS FOR INCREASING
ROLE EFFICACY & ROLE CLARITY
WHAT YOU CAN DO FOR YOUR OWN ROLE-
1. Prepare a balance sheet of personal assets and liabilities.
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2. Increase the receptivity/eagerness to know about yourself.
3. Request, encourage and get feedback from others.
4. Change the role, within realistic limits, to utilize your strengths.
5. Take initiatives in giving ideas at meetings to which you are invited.
6. Become aware of others expectations.
7. Maintain & review the past records.
8. Plan our activities well in advance.
9. Always try new ways and means of doing things.
10. Clarify a problem or its symptoms.
11. Study a problem thoroughly before taking a decision.
12. Listen to others grievances and problems.
13. Understand the basic contribution made by your role to the organizationalobjectives.
14. Search areas in which you feel proud of doing something.
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15. Understand the role thoroughly through various sources.
16. Think of innovations which would influence your role.
17. Work hard and be effective.
18. Acquire knowledge relevant to the problem before attending the discussion.
19. Take initiatives when there is appropriate opportunity to explain your
understanding of your role.
20. Keep up communication with other roles/ departments.
21. Provide feedback to others.
22. Identify the areas in which coordination is needed.
WHAT SUPERIORS CAN DO FOR THE ROLES THEY
SUPERVISE
1. Work with the employees in redesigning their roles whereby their strengths can be
utilized.
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2. Minimize supervision of employees, and encourage them to ask for your help when
they need it.
3. Listen to the employees, respect their views, and use these wherever possible.
4. Arrange for employees to visit other organizations.
5. Encourage our employees to give ideas to solve the problems.
6. Create a climate which encourages people to generate ideas without fear of being
criticized.
7. Appreciate and use new ideas given by the employees.
8. Encourage and reward suggestions to solve problems.
9. Take the employees into confidence while confronting a problem.
10. Encourage employees to bring forth the problem.
11. Encourage subordinates to solve problems and report to you.
12. Communicate the importance of the role as perceived in others.
13. Give increasingly difficult and challenging responsibilities.
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14. Delegate enough authority.
15. Transmit the good ideas of employees to higher management.
16. Be willing to accept mistakes.
17. Do not snub the employees for their shortcomings but cooperate to improve them.
WHAT THE ORGANIZATION CAN DO-
1. Develop a good placement programme, allotting roles according to knowledge and
skills.
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2. At the time of job allocation, design a job, taking into consideration the existing skills
of the perspective role occupants.
3. Introduce a programme for role definition and clarity in which the role occupants also participate in defining their roles.
4. Allow change.
5. Prepare schemes motivating the employees to bridge the inadequacies of job skills.
6. Provide special facilities to employees to pursue their lines of interest/specialization.
7. Include initiatives in the performance appraisal form.
8. Include creativity as an attribute to be rated in the performance appraisal form.
9. Develop schemes of rewarding innovations, suggestions for productivity.
10. Once a decision has been taken, support the concerned employees through its
implementation and do not back out.
11. Support personnel in all their actions, within the rules.
12. Do not label jobs in the order of importance.
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13. Review delegation of authority from time to time to provide more powers at all
levels of the organization.
14. Introduce supervisory training which helps them to support rather police their employees.
15. Encourage employees to contribute to professional meetings, associations and
journals.
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LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS
1) The questionnaire was filled by 50 employees of different designations. So the point
of view of employees differs as per their designations.
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2) Due to lack of time, I was not able to collect enough information from the employees
regarding role clarity and role efficacy.
3) The responses of the employees cannot be accurate as the problem of language and
understanding arises. (These problems are not in all cases)
4) Many a times the employees may not be really conscious or may not be bothered
about the questionnaire. This may create a problem in the research.
5) Some of the respondent gives no answer to the question which may affect theanalysis.
6) Generally the respondents were busy in their work and were not interested in
responding rightly.
7) Respondents were reluctant to disclose complete and correct information
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES
1) www.scribd.com
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2) www.google.com
3) www.hrm.blogspot.com
4) www.wikipedia.com
5) www.slideshare.com6) www.autostream.com
7) www.sgr.sagepub.com
8) www.managementparadise.com
9) www.citehr.com
10) www.slideworld.com
BOOKS
1. Gurpreet Randhawa, Human Resource Development,Ed. 2005, NewDelhi.
2. K.Aswathappa, Human Resource and Personnel Development, Ed2002, phase II Noida.
3. Udai Pareek, Training Instruments In HRD and OD, Ed.2008, Tata
McGraw Hill.
4. Kinicki,Organizational Behavior 3E, Ed.2002, Tata McGraw Hill.
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ANNEXURE I
QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIREPART A
(Role efficacy)
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Please fill up the following information:-
Name..Age...
Sex..Education
Designation....Department.
Organization..Experience (in years)..
Q1 What do you feel about your role in the organization?
a) Very important
b) Fairly important
c) Very little important
Q2 How do you feel about your training and knowledge in the present role?
a) Fully utilized b) Less utilized
c) Not utilized
Q3 Do you use creativity in your role?
a) Yes b) No
c) Few times
Q4 How you perform your role within the organization?
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a) Alone
b) Collaboration with other colleagues
c) Team
Q5 How other people help you when you are facing any problem?
a) No one helps me
b) Others help me
c) Get hostile responses
Q6 By performing your role, Are you really contributing towards the society?
d) Strongly agree
e) Agree
f) Disagree
Q7 Do you contribute towards the decisions taken in the organization?
a) Always
b) Rarely
c) Never
Q8 Do you feel your professional knowledge adds value to your role?
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a)Yes
b) No
Q9 How you feel when a subordinate brings any problem to you?
a) Like
b) Dislike
c) No answer
Q10 what do you feel about your in the organization?
a) Quite central role
b) Fairly important role
c) Peripheral role
Q11 Do you enjoy your role in the organization?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Some times
Q12 How much freedom is present in your role?
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d) Little freedom
e) A great deal of freedom
f) Enough freedom
Q13 what is the opinion of others about your role in the organization?
a) Others in the organization see my role as
Significant to their work
b) I am a member of a task force or a committee
c) I do not work in any committees
Q14 Do you learn anything from your role?
a) I learn a great deal of things from my role
b) I learn a few new things from role
c) I am involved in routine or unrelated activities
And have learned nothing
Q15 According to your opinion, which one is more important for the role?
c) Role efficacy
d) Role clarity
e) Both
PART B
ROLE CLARITY
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In your organizational role, you need clarity on various dimensions.
For each item indicate how clear you are, tick the option best suited by you
SR. NO
ITEMS QUITECLEAR
FAIRLY
CLEAR
CLEAR UNCLEAR VERY
LITTLECLEAR
1. What your senior officer expect from you( what they expect you to perform)
2. What your colleagues and peers expectedfrom your role.
3. What your juniors expect from your role.
4. Priorities in your role task.
5. Reward system for good or effective work.
6. Appraisal system to access how well you perform in your role.
7. Reporting relationship (whom do youreport regarding your work).
Q1. Indicate the means for enhancing the roles and responsibilities?
a. Interview
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b. written orders
c. co - employees
d. manager in charge
Q2. Your awareness level of role clarity at the time of joining?
a. 0 25 %
b. 25 50 %
c. 50 75%
d. above 75 %
Q3. To what extend the level of role clarity improved after the involvement of the job?a. 0 25 %
b. 25 50 %
c. 50 75%
d. above 75 %
Q 4 . To w h a t e x t e n d y o u a r e a w a r e o f y o u r r o l e s i n t h e a c t i v e
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e organization?
a. 0 25 %
b. 25 50 %
c. 50 75%
d. above 75 %
Q5. To what extend the manager help you in the execution of role?
a. 0 25 %
b. 25 50 %
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c. 50 75%
d. above 75 %
Q6. In what way the role clarity is effectively made out?
a. Interactive session
b. meeting
c. training
d. supply of brochure
Q7. To what extend the role clarity is useful in work place?
a. High
b. little
c. very little
d. none
Q8. Describe ranking of benefits in the role clarity as given below.
a.Job Efficiency
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satisfactory unsatisfactory
b. Management involvement
satisfactory unsatisfactory
c. Improved team work
Satisfactory unsatisfactory
d. Reduce the imbalance in the departmental function
Satisfactory unsatisfactory
e. Reduce the down time
Satisfactory unsatisfactory
f . C o n f l i c t R e s o l u t i o n
Satisfactory unsatisfactory
g . E f f e c t i v e r e c r u i t m e n t
Satisfactory unsatisfactory
h . T h e b e n e f i t s o f t r a i n i n g
Satisfactory unsatisfactory