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SPJ TONIGHT! 7 p.m.SPJ TONIGHT! 7 p.m.

Shoup Hall 207Shoup Hall 207

Tom Henderson, speakerTom Henderson, speaker

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Movies: Part IIMovies: Part II

From Flickering ImagesFrom Flickering Images

to Hollywood Studios & Starsto Hollywood Studios & Stars

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TechnologyTechnology

Motion pictures combine:Motion pictures combine:

1. Still photography1. Still photography

2. Persistence of vision2. Persistence of vision

3. Projection of images3. Projection of images

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Early technologiesEarly technologies Celluloid film stockCelluloid film stock

– Goodwin, 1889, who sold Goodwin, 1889, who sold patents to Eastmanpatents to Eastman

Kinetograph and kinetoscopeKinetograph and kinetoscope – Dickson and Edison, 1890sDickson and Edison, 1890s

Projection systemProjection system – Lumiere Brothers, 1895Lumiere Brothers, 1895

VitascopeVitascope – Edison, 1896Edison, 1896

NickelodeonsNickelodeons boomed boomed 1907- 101907- 10

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PhotographyPhotography

1727: Chemists 1727: Chemists discover silver discover silver nitrate reacts to lightnitrate reacts to light

1839: Louis Daguerre 1839: Louis Daguerre used pewter, later used pewter, later copper for prints copper for prints ((daguerreotypes)daguerreotypes)

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PhotographyPhotography

George EastmanGeorge Eastman 1884: invents 1884: invents

flexible film flexible film (cellulose)(cellulose)

Calls his portable Calls his portable camera “Kodak”camera “Kodak”

100 exposures100 exposures

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Persistence of VisionPersistence of Vision

Peter RogetPeter Roget

18241824 Images stay in Images stay in

memory for memory for 1/10 second1/10 second

Pictures on Pictures on spinning wheelspinning wheel

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Persistence of VisionPersistence of Vision

Eadward MuybridgeEadward Muybridge Won bet with California Won bet with California

Gov. Leland Stanford Gov. Leland Stanford (1877)(1877)

Did all 4 feet of a Did all 4 feet of a galloping horse leave galloping horse leave ground at once?ground at once?

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Persistence of VisionPersistence of Vision

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Motion PicturesMotion Pictures

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison Envisioned image Envisioned image

device similar to device similar to phonographphonograph

1887: 11887: 1stst patent for patent for motion picture cameramotion picture camera

1891-95: Camera 1891-95: Camera tested by assistant, tested by assistant, William DicksonWilliam Dickson

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Projection SystemsProjection Systems

Auguste, Louis Auguste, Louis Lumiere Lumiere (France)(France)

Projected movies Projected movies onto large screenonto large screen

Made possible Made possible multiple viewingmultiple viewing

35mm standard35mm standard

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Projection systemsProjection systems

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Early film stylesEarly film styles

Lumiere BrothersLumiere Brothers in Paris shot in Paris shot documentary scenes of everyday documentary scenes of everyday life.life.

French magician French magician Georges MeliesGeorges Melies: : fairy tales and science fiction fairy tales and science fiction storiesstories

American cameraman American cameraman Edwin S. Edwin S. Porter Porter created early narrative created early narrative structures.structures.

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Early Films Early Films

No story, just motionNo story, just motion Viewers fascinated by Viewers fascinated by

simple scenessimple scenes Fred Ott’s sneezeFred Ott’s sneeze

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1902: A Trip to the Moon1902: A Trip to the Moon

George Melies George Melies (France)(France)

Storytelling Storytelling 10-minute 10-minute

shortsshorts Slow motion, Slow motion,

animationanimation

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1903: The Great Train Robbery1903: The Great Train Robbery

Edwin S. PorterEdwin S. Porter 1st U.S. movie to 1st U.S. movie to

tell a storytell a story 12 minutes long12 minutes long 1st Western1st Western Editing to create Editing to create

suspensesuspense

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1915: Birth of a Nation1915: Birth of a Nation

D.W. GriffithD.W. Griffith 3 hours long3 hours long Shot without a scriptShot without a script Civil War, Civil War,

ReconstructionReconstruction Criticized for racial Criticized for racial

stereotypesstereotypes Praised for technical Praised for technical

innovationsinnovations

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Three basic economic Three basic economic divisions of the movie divisions of the movie industryindustry

PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION: camera and : camera and projector technology, scripting, projector technology, scripting, filmingfilming

DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION: marketing and : marketing and delivering films into theaters delivering films into theaters

EXHIBITIONEXHIBITION: the theater industry : the theater industry that delivers movies to the publicthat delivers movies to the public

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Thomas Alva Edison, Thomas Alva Edison, Inventor and Inventor and EntrepreneurEntrepreneur

Desired control over all three Desired control over all three facets of the motion picture facets of the motion picture industry--production, distribution, industry--production, distribution, exhibition exhibition

His strategy: His strategy: to gain control over to gain control over PATENTS to movie technologyPATENTS to movie technology

How? How? Accused other inventors of Accused other inventors of violating his patents to tie them up in violating his patents to tie them up in lawsuits.lawsuits.

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THE MOTION PICTURE THE MOTION PICTURE PATENTS COMPANY PATENTS COMPANY

(MPPC)(MPPC)

Thomas Edison formed MPPC (the Thomas Edison formed MPPC (the “Trust”) in 1908 as a “Trust”) in 1908 as a Patents PoolPatents Pool..

Cooperative of leading U.S. and Cooperative of leading U.S. and French film companiesFrench film companies

Dominated the film industry from Dominated the film industry from 1908-19151908-1915

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How MPPC controlled the industryHow MPPC controlled the industry

Controlled (but did not Controlled (but did not ownown) means of ) means of production, distribution, and exhibition. production, distribution, and exhibition.

The MPPC was a monopoly (also called The MPPC was a monopoly (also called a a trusttrust), and excluded other film ), and excluded other film studios from the available technology.studios from the available technology.

Eastman sold film only to membersEastman sold film only to members

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WHY did the MPPC fail?WHY did the MPPC fail?

Could not meet product demandCould not meet product demand Independent producers bought film stock Independent producers bought film stock

from overseas.from overseas. Independent producers attracted viewers Independent producers attracted viewers

with longer feature films and recognizable with longer feature films and recognizable stars.stars.

Independent distributors set up a non-Independent distributors set up a non-MPPC distribution network.MPPC distribution network.

1912 Antitrust case in Supreme Court 1912 Antitrust case in Supreme Court (Fox)(Fox)

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In 1915, by Supreme In 1915, by Supreme Court order, the MPPC Court order, the MPPC disbanded.disbanded.

However, by that time, it had However, by that time, it had already fallen apart due to already fallen apart due to challenges of “independents.”challenges of “independents.”

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Who were these Who were these “independents”?“independents”?

Ironically, the very same Ironically, the very same people who would institute a people who would institute a far more effective and long-far more effective and long-lived oligopoly to control the lived oligopoly to control the industry--the industry--the Hollywood Hollywood Studio SystemStudio System

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THE RISE OF THE THE RISE OF THE HOLLYWOOD STUDIO HOLLYWOOD STUDIO SYSTEMSYSTEM (1925- (1925-1948)1948)

From From MonopolyMonopoly (the MPCC) to (the MPCC) to OligopolyOligopoly (the (the Studio System)Studio System)

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Silent PicturesSilent Pictures

Harold LloydHarold Lloyd Comedy: Comedy:

‘Safety First’‘Safety First’ Did his own Did his own

stuntsstunts

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The TalkiesThe Talkies

Sound on film Sound on film (SOF)(SOF)

MicrophonesMicrophones Sound recording Sound recording AmplifiersAmplifiers SynchronizationSynchronization

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The Jazz The Jazz SingerSinger

Al JolsonAl Jolson 2 songs2 songs 354 words 354 words

of dialogueof dialogue

19271927

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1920s: Studio system1920s: Studio system

Producers moved Producers moved from New York to from New York to southern Californiasouthern California

Attempt to avoid Attempt to avoid patent lawsuits by patent lawsuits by MPPCMPPC

Popular actors Popular actors became starsbecame stars

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The “Big Five” and the “Little The “Big Five” and the “Little

Three”Three” The “Big Five” or the The “Big Five” or the

Majors: Majors: – Warner Brothers Warner Brothers – Paramount Paramount – 20th Century Fox 20th Century Fox – Loew's (MGM) Loew's (MGM) – RKORKO (owned by RCA)(owned by RCA)

The “Little The “Little Three” or the Three” or the Minors:Minors:– United Artists United Artists – ColumbiaColumbia– UniversalUniversal

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Control over ProductionControl over Production

Produced 60 percent of all Produced 60 percent of all U.S. feature films. U.S. feature films.

Produced 75 percent of "A" Produced 75 percent of "A" films (blockbusters).films (blockbusters).

Each of these studios Each of these studios produced about fifty movies a produced about fifty movies a year.year.

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Applied Factory PrinciplesApplied Factory Principles

Centralized Centralized production and lots production and lots of employeesof employees

Division and Division and specializing of laborspecializing of labor

Standardizing and Standardizing and specializing of specializing of productproduct

Grading films Grading films

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Control Over DistributionControl Over Distribution

Eight studios collected 95 percent of all Eight studios collected 95 percent of all national film rental fees.national film rental fees.

Trade practices effectively Trade practices effectively closed the market closed the market to films made outside the studio system.to films made outside the studio system.

Block bookingBlock booking

Marketing U.S. films in EuropeMarketing U.S. films in Europe

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Control over exhibitionControl over exhibition

Studio ownership of theaters Studio ownership of theaters created a need for studios to created a need for studios to produce films for them.produce films for them.

Much money was invested in the Much money was invested in the building of theaters themselves, building of theaters themselves, especially movie palaces.especially movie palaces.

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How’d studios control exhibition?How’d studios control exhibition?

Studio-owned theatersStudio-owned theaters (first-run): (first-run): the studios owned only 15 percent the studios owned only 15 percent of U.S. theaters, but 90 percent of of U.S. theaters, but 90 percent of nation's box office receipts nation's box office receipts

Movie palacesMovie palaces Mid-city theatresMid-city theatres

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No one reason : four large No one reason : four large factors came together in late factors came together in late 1940s1940s– The Red Scare (The Hollywood Ten)The Red Scare (The Hollywood Ten)– The Paramount Decision of 1948The Paramount Decision of 1948– Postwar Changes in SocietyPostwar Changes in Society– The Rise of TelevisionThe Rise of Television

What went wrong?What went wrong?

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Red Scare and HUAC HearingsRed Scare and HUAC Hearings

Cold War paranoia about Communist Cold War paranoia about Communist messages in mass entertainmentmessages in mass entertainment

Congress formed Congress formed HHouseouse U UnAmerican nAmerican AActivities ctivities CCommittee (HUAC)ommittee (HUAC)

1941 and 1947 HUAC hearings were 1941 and 1947 HUAC hearings were "witch hunts" to remove so-called "witch hunts" to remove so-called subversives from the industry (led by subversives from the industry (led by Senator Joseph McCarthy).Senator Joseph McCarthy).

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EFFECT OF HUAC HEARINGSEFFECT OF HUAC HEARINGS

Blacklisting of talented members of Blacklisting of talented members of Hollywood communityHollywood community

Tarnished the Hollywood “Dream Tarnished the Hollywood “Dream Machine” imageMachine” image

Created a climate of fear and Created a climate of fear and dampened creativity within the dampened creativity within the industryindustry

Wounds continue even todayWounds continue even today

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THE PARAMOUNT THE PARAMOUNT DECISIONDECISION In 1948, Supreme Court ruled In 1948, Supreme Court ruled

studio studio violation of Sherman Anti-violation of Sherman Anti-trust Acttrust Act, restricting fair trade., restricting fair trade.

Court ordered the Big Five studios Court ordered the Big Five studios to to divest their theater chains.divest their theater chains.

EFFECTS: studios cut their film EFFECTS: studios cut their film production by half; opened the production by half; opened the way for independent producers.*way for independent producers.*

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Postwar changes in societyPostwar changes in society

Returning Returning soldierssoldiers

Baby boomBaby boom Suburbanization Suburbanization

and new lifestyleand new lifestyle Nuclear families Nuclear families

with young with young childrenchildren

Changing Changing patterns of patterns of consumptionconsumption

Less disposable Less disposable incomeincome

Decreased Decreased attendance at attendance at downtown movie downtown movie palacespalaces

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THE RISE OF TELEVISIONTHE RISE OF TELEVISION

DeclineDecline in motion picture attendance in motion picture attendance Film industry’s Film industry’s technological technological

gimmicksgimmicks to emphasize the to emphasize the spectacle of the big screenspectacle of the big screen

Film industry Film industry cooperation with TVcooperation with TV Movies on TV became a continuous Movies on TV became a continuous

competitor with theatre for film competitor with theatre for film customers customers

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HOLLYWOOD TODAYHOLLYWOOD TODAY

Marriage of TV and movies: watching Marriage of TV and movies: watching movies now takes place on the home movies now takes place on the home VCR and DVD player as well as at the VCR and DVD player as well as at the box office.box office.

New Hollywood studios produce TV New Hollywood studios produce TV shows as well as feature films.shows as well as feature films.

Most new movies flop at the box Most new movies flop at the box office, but losses are recouped office, but losses are recouped through video and DVD market.through video and DVD market.

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Sources of studio income todaySources of studio income today

Box office revenuesBox office revenues Video/DVD sales and rentalsVideo/DVD sales and rentals Distribution of films globallyDistribution of films globally Studio distribution of Studio distribution of

independent filmsindependent films Product placement in moviesProduct placement in movies

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The Modern Movie The Modern Movie OligopolyOligopoly

Warner BrothersWarner Brothers ParamountParamount Twentieth Century Twentieth Century

FoxFox UniversalUniversal ColumbiaColumbia Walt DisneyWalt Disney

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Concept of Concept of SYNERGYSYNERGY

SynergySynergy = the promotion and sale = the promotion and sale of a media product through the of a media product through the various subsidiaries of a media various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate.conglomerate.

Movies, books, soundtrack CDs, Movies, books, soundtrack CDs, magazine reviews, toy action magazine reviews, toy action figures, T-shirts, posters, web sites, figures, T-shirts, posters, web sites, newspapers, TV interviews, newspapers, TV interviews, cartoons, etc.*cartoons, etc.*

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For next classFor next class

Television & the Power of Visual CultureTelevision & the Power of Visual Culture Read Chapters 5 & 6Read Chapters 5 & 6 Complete Chapter 5 Review Questions 12 - Complete Chapter 5 Review Questions 12 -

15, Questioning the Media 1, 3 & 515, Questioning the Media 1, 3 & 5 Complete Chapter 6 all Review QuestionsComplete Chapter 6 all Review Questions Take online quizzesTake online quizzes Complete The Ratings Game exercise Complete The Ratings Game exercise