janet leak-garcia department of botany and plant sciences ... · wild artichoke, wild cardoon,...
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Origin and Evolution of Artichoke Thistle in California
Janet Leak-GarciaDepartment of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Riverside
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Outline:
� The problem in California
� Questions addressed
� Chosen approach
� Findings to date
� Upcoming analyses
� What does it mean?
� Flavescens = sylvestris
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For the moment�Cynara cardunculus varieties:
scolymus(Artichoke)
altilis(Cardoon)
sylvestris (Artichoke thistle)
Lake Co.CA
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The Problem in California
Photo credit: Joanne Heraty
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Varying Degrees of Aggressiveness
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Varied Morphologies
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Questions:
Geographic Origin***
Aggressive hybrid or feral crop populations?
***What can the genetic structure of the California populations tell us about
how or why they spread?***
Is there an aggressive genotype?***
Coincident immigration and spread patterns?
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Questions:
Origin: Where did it come from?
Are there aggressive hybrid or feral crop populations?
What can the genetic structure ofCalifornia�s populations tell us about how or why they spread?
Is there an aggressive genotype?
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Spain
Sicily
2006
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3 Primary Studies: � Morphology� Genetics� Aggressiveness
Quantitative traits:Growth ratesLeaf densityShoot productionFlower head size/productionSeed productionSeedling emergence
Qualitative traits:Spine characteristicsLeaf characteristicsGrowth habit
Genetic analysis:CA (pop, region), Italy, Spain, CVDiagnostic allelesAllelic profilingPhylogeographic clusteringPopulation genetic structure
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Experiments:
� Common garden 1: California plants + cultivars, inland location
� Common garden 2: California + putative parent plants, inland location
� Common garden 3: California + putativeparents, coastal location
� Microsatellite analysis:
13 SSR markers, average of 13 alleles each, 476 individuals representing all groups.
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UCR October 2006Common Garden #1
California collection
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UCR April 2007
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UCR Summer 2006
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UCR Greenhouse 2007
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Within and Between Populations Seedling Variability
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Seedling Regional Differences
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Regional Leaf Morphology Differences
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2007: Measuring Reproductive Capabilities
In CaliforniaPopulations
All heads were measured and bagged for later seed retrieval
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3 Primary Studies: � Morphology� Genetics� Aggressiveness
Quantitative traits:Significant differences between CA pops in emergence times, ultimate plant size, leaf production, but not in vegetative shoot production.
Aggressive populations had 30% greater seed producing surface area than long-established but well-behaved populations.
Qualitative traits:Coming spring 2008
Genetic analyses:Visual analysis of allelic patterns revealswithin-population uniformity, between population diversity, particularly in California.
Between-group diversity in regional and taxonomic groups (CA, IT,SP,CV).
Italian alleles are not absent in CA
Receptacle Area Sums
4700.81
3301.04
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Fast Slowp (T<=t)=0.016
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Summary: What does it mean?
� California: uniformity within and variability between populations; in the wild, in the greenhouse in a common garden and in SSR allelic distribution.� As a group, California populations have greater
variability than Spain, Italy or the 2 cultivars.� California populations are idiosyncratic. Many are
feral hybridized or introgressed with cultivar genes.� California�s artichoke thistle likely has Spanish
origins. The presence of both Spanish and Italian alleles suggest that Italian artichoke thistle may have been introduced then genetically absorbed by a more aggressive Spanish form.
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Summary�
� Multiple introductions of all sub-taxa provide an enormous amount of genetic diversity.
� Genotypes never before exposed to each other produce novel new combinations.
� Weedy genotype(s) emerge?
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Many Thanks to: My Advisors:Dr. Norm Ellstrand and Dr. Jodie Holt
Members of the Ellstrand and Holt labs,both past and current.
GAANN FellowshipElvenia Slosson Foundation
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Cynara sp.Taxonomy
Rottenberg and Zohary 1995,1996*
* See also Harlan and DeWitt 1971
Synonyms (also listed by Wiklund):
Cynara cardunculus L. var. ferocissima = Cynara horridaCynara cardunculus L. var. hortensisCynara cardunculus L. var. inermisCynara cardunculus L. var. sativaCynara cardunculus L. var. scolymusCynara scolymus L. var. muticaCynara scolymus L. var. pungens
Cynara cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori
Cynara sylvestris LamkWild artichoke, wild cardoon, artichoke thistle
C. cardunculusArtichoke
C.cardunculusCardoon
C.cardunculus ssp. cardunculusWild form, Italy and eastern Med
C. cardunculus ssp. flavescensWild form, Iberian, western Med.
"weedy"
Wiklund 1992
Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori
Cynara scolymus L.Cultivated artichoke
Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC
Cynara cardunculus (?)Cultivated cardoon