january 19, 2010 taiwan specification for product carbon footprint yuh-ming lee, ph.d. professor...

January 19, 2010

Taiwan Specification for Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintProduct Carbon Footprint

Taiwan Specification for Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintProduct Carbon Footprint

Yuh-Ming Lee, Ph.D. Professor

Institute of Natural Resource Management National Taipei University

Following Carbon Footprints: A New Road to Carbon Reduction

International Forum

2

Following Carbon Footprints: A New Road to Carbon Reduction International Forum

ContentInternational Standards for Product Carbon FootprintInternational Standards for Product Carbon FootprintⅠ

• UK: PAS 2050• Japan: TS Q 0010• ISO 14040/14044• WRI/WBCSD Product Life Cycle Accounting• ISO 14067-1 Product Carbon Footprint - Part 1

Ⅱ Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintTaiwan Specification for Product Carbon Footprint

• Overview• Background and Development• Criteria, Procedure and Application

ConclusionConclusionⅢ

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I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon Footprint

Developed by: BSI, Carbon Trust, Defra ... Date of Publication: October, 2008 A publicly available specification, not yet a British Standard (BS)

Key Documents

PAS 2050

Guide to PAS 2050

Code of Good Practice for Product GHG Emissions and Reduction Claims

OverviewPAS 2050

Forward, Introduction1. Scope, 2. Normative References, 3.Terms and Definitions

UK: PAS 2050 -- Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services

4. Principles and Implementation4. Principles and Implementation

5.Emission Sources, Offsetting and Unit of Analysis5.Emission Sources, Offsetting and Unit of Analysis

6.System Boundary6.System Boundary

7. Data7. Data

8.Allocation of Emissions8.Allocation of Emissions

9.Calculation of the GHG emissions of products9.Calculation of the GHG emissions of products

10.Claims of Conformity10.Claims of Conformity

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1. Product Scope

Key ElementsKey Elements

2. Accounting Gasses

3. Life Cycle

4. Reference Standard

5. Calculation

6. Data Quality

7. Allocation

8. Communication

All goods and servicesAll goods and services

ContentsContents

Gases listed in the latest version available from the IPCC: CO2, CH4, N2O, substances controlled by Montreal Protocol, hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorinated compounds, Fluorinated ethers

Gases listed in the latest version available from the IPCC: CO2, CH4, N2O, substances controlled by Montreal Protocol, hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorinated compounds, Fluorinated ethers

B2C (cradle to grave) and B2B(cradle to gate)B2C (cradle to grave) and B2B(cradle to gate)

ISO 14040 and ISO 14044ISO 14040 and ISO 14044

Carbon Footprint of an activity = activity data x emission factor x GWP (expressed as CO2e)

Carbon Footprint of an activity = activity data x emission factor x GWP (expressed as CO2e)

Time-related coverage, geographical specificity, technology coverage, accuracy, precision, completeness, consistency, consistency, reproducibility, data sources


1. Dividing the unit process 2. Expanding the product system 3. be allocated in proportion to economic value


1. Third Party Certification 2. Other Party 3. Self Verification1. Third Party Certification 2. Other Party 3. Self Verification

I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintUK: PAS 2050

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Developed by: Japanese Standards Association (JSA) Date of Announcement: April, 2009 A Technical Specification (TS), not yet a Japan Standard

Key Documents

TS Q 0010: 2009

Product Category Rules

Supportive documents under development to make sure

the consistency of PCF quantification

Japan: TS Q 0010 -- General principles for the assessment and labeling of Carbon Footprint of Products

Overview

4. Quantification Method for CFP 5. Communication Method for CFP

4.1 Subject of Quantification4.2 Quantification Coverage4.3 Quantification Method4.4 Product Category Rules (PCR)4.5 Calculations at Each Stage

5.1 Basic Communication Rules5.2 Selective/Optional Actions

TS Q 0010 Forward

Introduction1. Scope

2. Normative References3.Terms and Definitions


Normative document to guide PCF quantification method and processes

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I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintJapan: TS Q 0010

1. Product Scope


2. Accounting Gasses

3. Life Cycle


5. Calculation

6. Data Quality

7. Allocation

8. Communication


ContentsContents

Six gases covered by Kyoto Protocol:CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

Six gases covered by Kyoto Protocol:CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

B2C (cradle to grave); B2B (national label cannot be issued) B2C (cradle to grave); B2B (national label cannot be issued)

ISO 14040 and ISO 14044ISO 14040 and ISO 14044

GHG emissions = ∑ (activityi x GHG emission factori ), where i stands for a process

GHG emissions = ∑ (activityi x GHG emission factori ), where i stands for a process

Secondary data must clarify: stages and coverage of data to be collected, places of collection, and collection period

Secondary data must clarify: stages and coverage of data to be collected, places of collection, and collection period

Allocation methods to be established in PCRsAllocation methods to be established in PCRs

Absolute value of CO2e of a product carbon footprint labeledAbsolute value of CO2e of a product carbon footprint labeled

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Key Documents

ISO 14040Environmental management – Life cycle assessment

Principles and framework

ISO 14044

Overview

4. Methodological framework for LCA 5.Reporting

4.1 General Requirements4.2 Goal and Scope Definition4.3 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI)4.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)4.5 Life Cycle Interpretation

5.1 General5.2 Third-Party Report5.3 Disclose to the Public

6.Critical Review

6.1 General6.2 Review by Experts6.3 Review by Panel of Interested Parties

ISO 14044 Forward, Introduction

1. Scope, 2. Normative References3.Terms and Definitions

I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintCNS ISO 14040/14044 -- Environmental management -- Life Cycle Assessment Developed by: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Date of Publication: July, 2006 Adopted as Taiwan Standard (CNS)

Environmental management – Life cycle assessment

Requirements and guidelines

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1. Product Scope


2. Subjects of Assessment

3. Life Cycle


5. Calculation

6. Data Quality

7. Allocation

8. Communication


ContentsContents

Any environmental issues of concern or impact categoryAny environmental issues of concern or impact category

B2C (cradle to grave), B2B (cradle to gate) and othersB2C (cradle to grave), B2B (cradle to gate) and others

ISO 14040 or ISO 14044ISO 14040 or ISO 14044

No specific formulaeNo specific formulae





Third-party ReportsThird-party Reports

I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintISO 14040/14044

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OverviewOverview

1. Introduction

2. Principles of Product GHG Accounting3. Overview of Product GHG Accounting

4. Establishing the Methodology

5. Defining the Functional Unit

6.Boundary Setting

7.Collocting Data

8.Allocation

9.Assessing Data Quality and Uncertainty

10. Calculating GHG Emissions

11.Assurance

12.Reporting

13.Accounting for GHG Emission Reductions

Appendix A-F

Documents in the PipelineDocuments in the Pipeline

Scope 3 Accounting and Reporting Standard

Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard

I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintWRI/WBCSD -- Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard

Developed by: WRI/WBCSD Date of Publication: December, 2010 Review draft for Stakeholder Advisory Group: Nov., 2009

Quantify and report major GHG emissions in the value chain at the company/organization level (scope 3)

Quantify and report product -level emissions

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ISO 14067 -1—Carbon Footprint of Products --Part 1: Quantification

Developed by: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Estimated Date of Publication: March, 2010


ISO14040

OverviewOverviewDevelopment of ISO 14067Development of ISO 14067

ISO

14025

ISO

14064-1

Labelling: based on ISO 14020 GHG Emission Inventory : based on ISO

14064 Life Cycle Assessment: based on ISO

14040

ISO14040/44

14067Part 1Part 2

Labelling GHG

LCA

ISO 14067 include:Part 1—QuantificationPart 2—Communication

ISO/TC 207 (Environmental Management)

SC1 SC2SC7

SC5SC4SC3 GHG Management

SC 7: Greenhouse Gas Management and Related Activities SC 7: Greenhouse Gas Management and Related Activities

SC 7 First Meeting: WG 2 was formed to studyGHG management in the value or supply chain

SC 7 First Meeting: WG 2 was formed to studyGHG management in the value or supply chain

WG 2 First Meeting: a new standard for Product Caron Footprint recommended

WG 2 First Meeting: a new standard for Product Caron Footprint recommended

2008/1

2008/4

ISO/TC 207 Bogota/Cairo Meeting: working draft of ISO 14067ISO/TC 207 Bogota/Cairo Meeting: working draft of ISO 140672008/6~2009/6

2007/6

ISO 14067-1 & ISO 14067-2 to be released in Mar. 2010 ISO 14067-1 & ISO 14067-2 to be released in Mar. 2010

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1. Product Scope


2. Accounting Gases

3. Life Cycle


5. Calculation

6. Data Quality

7. Allocation

8. Communication


ContentsContents

Gases listed in IPCC reports: CO2, CH4, N2O, substances controlled by Montreal Protocol, Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorinated compounds, Fluorinated ethers


B2C (cradle to grave), B2B(cradle to gate) and othersB2C (cradle to grave), B2B(cradle to gate) and others

ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 14025, ISO 14064-1, ISO 14067-2ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 14025, ISO 14064-1, ISO 14067-2

GHG Emissions x GWP (100-year time horizon)GHG Emissions x GWP (100-year time horizon)

Time-related coverage, geographical specificity, technology coverage, accuracy, precision, completeness, consistency, reproducibility...


1. Dividing the unit process 2. Expanding the product system 3. Allocating relationships between the products and functions

1. Dividing the unit process 2. Expanding the product system 3. Allocating relationships between the products and functions

ISO 14067 Part 2 -- CommunicationISO 14067 Part 2 -- Communication

I. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintI. International Standards for Product Carbon FootprintISO/WD2 14067-1

ISO/WD 14067-1

ISO/WD 14067-2

UKPAS 2050

ISO 14040/44Life Cycle Assessment

ISO 14064-1GHG Emission Inventory

ISO 14025Type 3 Eco-Labeling

JapanTS Q 0010

ISO Standards

Product Carbon Footprint

Reference of StandardsReference of Standards


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6.1 Subjects of GHG Emission Assessment

6.2 Sources of GHG Emission

6.3 Treatment of Specific GHG Emission Sources

6.4 Offsetting

6.1 Subjects of GHG Emission Assessment

6.2 Sources of GHG Emission

6.3 Treatment of Specific GHG Emission Sources

6.4 Offsetting

7.1 General7.2 Data Quality Req.7.3 Primary Activity Data7.4 Secondary Data7.5 Renewable Energy-Sp

ecific Emission Factors

7.6 Data Collection Period7.7 Data Sampling7.8 Supporting Document

s8.1 Allocation8.2 Calculation of PCF8.3 Time Period for Asses

sment of GHG Emissions

7.1 General7.2 Data Quality Req.7.3 Primary Activity Data7.4 Secondary Data7.5 Renewable Energy-Sp

ecific Emission Factors

7.6 Data Collection Period7.7 Data Sampling7.8 Supporting Document

s8.1 Allocation8.2 Calculation of PCF8.3 Time Period for Asses

sment of GHG Emissions

9.1 General Requirements

9.2 Additional requirements and guidance for third-party reports

9.3 Confidentiality

10.1 General10.2 Validity of

Assessment10.3 Claims of

Conformity 10.4 Identification of

the Basis of a claim


9.2 Additional requirements and guidance for third-party reports

9.3 Confidentiality

10.1 General10.2 Validity of

Assessment10.3 Claims of

Conformity 10.4 Identification of

the Basis of a claim


5.2 Goal and Scope Definition of the Quantification of PCF

5.3 Functional Unit5.4 Product System and

System Boundary5.5 Material Contribution

and Threshold5.6 System Boundary

Exclusion


5.2 Goal and Scope Definition of the Quantification of PCF

5.3 Functional Unit5.4 Product System and

System Boundary5.5 Material Contribution

and Threshold5.6 System Boundary

Exclusion

ForwardIntroduction1. Scope2. Normative

Reference3. Terms and

Definition4. Principles

ForwardIntroduction1. Scope2. Normative

Reference3. Terms and

Definition4. Principles

Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon Footprint

II. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintOverview

Emission Sources and

Offsetting(6)

Emission Sources and

Offsetting(6)

Data and Calculation

(7-8)

Data and Calculation

(7-8)

Reporting and Verification

(9-10)

Reporting and Verification

(9-10)PCF Methodology

(5)

PCF Methodology(5)

General Principles

(1-4)

General Principles

(1-4)

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1. Product Scope


2. Accounting Gases

3. Life Cycle


5. Calculation

6. Data Quality

7. Allocation

8. Communication


ContentsContents



B2C (cradle to grave), B2B (cradle to gate) and othersB2C (cradle to grave), B2B (cradle to gate) and others

ISO 14040/44, ISO 14025, ISO 14064-1, WD 14067-1, PAS 2050ISO 14040/44, ISO 14025, ISO 14064-1, WD 14067-1, PAS 2050

GHG Emissions x GWP (100-year time horizon)GHG Emissions x GWP (100-year time horizon)



1. Dividing the unit process 2. Expanding the product system 3. Allocating relationships between products and functions

1. Dividing the unit process 2. Expanding the product system 3. Allocating relationships between products and functions

1. Third Party Certification 2. Other Party 3. Self Verification1. Third Party Certification 2. Other Party 3. Self Verification

Overview

II. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon Footprint

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First Expert Technical Consultation Meeting

2009/09/08

Second Expert Technical Consultation Me

eting

2009/11/20

Final Version

2009/12/31

Evaluation and Approval by EPA for

announcement

2010/01Analysis of Data Collection and PCF Quantification Me

thodology

2009/06-08

Research on International Standards/Specifications of PCF and Literature Revie

w

2009/04-06

• Relevant Government Agencies

• LCA Experts

• Verification Bodies

• Companies with PCF experiences

• PAS 2050• TS Q 0010• ISO/WD 14067-1• ISO 14040/44• Others

Background and Development • Relevant Government Agencies• LCA Experts• Verification Bodies• Companies with PCF experiences


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1.Building Process Map

2.Checking Boundaries and Prioritization

3. Data Collection

4.Calcuation

5.Reporting

Establish the functional unit to be assessed Building up life cycle process map, including material

acquisition, manufacture, transportation, use and final disposal and waste treatment

B2C or B2B Perform High Level Analysis; prioritizing large emission

sources; system boundary exclusions Collecting activity data of each stage of product life cycle

and relevant emission factors Data Quality Requirements, Primary Activity Data,

Secondary Data

Allocation Calculation of Product Carbon Footprint

Reporting of PCF analysis must be unbiased, comprehensive and accurate

Self Verification, Other Party Verification or Third-Party Certification

Reporting Format and Content of Disclosure

Development based on the 5 steps of Product Carbon Footprint Calculation identified in the Guide to PAS 2050

Criteria. Procedure and Application


17


Building a Process

map(1/5)

ProvisionsProvisionsStepStep CriteriaCriteria

The functional unit must be measurable and meaningful in a way that reflects how the product is actually consumed by the end user For example, compact discs are usually sold as a pack of 50 discs that is hence a meaningful functional unit

Functional Unit

If the product to be assessed is not a final product, a B2B (cradle to gate) life cycle scoping is suggested.

if the product is sold to consumers a B2C (cradle to grave) life cycle scoping is suggested.

If there exists a relevant Product Category Rule (PCR), the system boundary shall be defined in accordance with the boundary conditions specified in the PCR.

System Boundary

ClauseClause

5.3

5.4

Criteria, Procedure and Application


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StepStep

Boundary and

Priorities

(2/5)

CriteriaCriteria

B2C: Life cycle include stages from raw materials, through manufacture, distribution and sales, to consumer use and finally disposal and/or recycling

B2B: the calculation of footprint stops at the point where the product is delivered to another manufacturer

Basic Processes

within Boundary

Adopt the materiality threshold of 1% to ensure that very minor sources of life cycle GHG emissions do not require the same treatment as more significant sources

At least 95% of the anticipated life cycle GHG emissions of the product must be accounted

Material Contribution

ProvisionsProvisions ClauseClause

5.4.2.1~5.4.2.8

5.5

Human labor, administration, marketing and sales, private transportation of employees, transportation from point of sales to home, and business travel of employees

System Boundary Exclusions

5.6



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StepStep

Boundary and

Priorities

(2/5)

CriteriaCriteria

Gases listed in the latest available reports from the IPCCGHGs to be

Assessed The assessment shall include GHG emissions arising from

processes, inputs and outputs in the life cycle of a product: energy use, combustion processes, chemical reactions, refrigerant loss and other fugitive gases, operations, service provision and delivery, livestock and other agricultural processes, and waste

Sources of GHG

Emission

GHG emissions arising from fossil carbon sources shall be calculated; GHG emissions arising from combustion of biomass carbon can be excluded from the calculation

Treatment of Specific

GHG Sources


6.1

6.2

6.3



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StepStep

Boundary and

Priorities (2/5)

CriteriaCriteria

Where atmospheric CO2 is taken up by a product, and that product is not a living organism, the impact of this carbon storage over the 100-year assessment period shall be included in the assessment of the life cycle GHG emissions of the product

Carbon Storage in Products

Where GHG emissions arising from the supply chain are stored, that proportion of the emissions modeled as stored for 100 years or more following the formation of the product shall be treated as in carbon storage in products

Carbon Capture and

Storage

ProvisionsProvisions

Emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to, voluntary offset schemes or recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the life cycle of the product in order to claim reduction in the emissions associated with the product

Offsetting

ClauseClause

6.3.3

6.3.4

6.4



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Time-related coverage, geographical specificity, technology coverage, accuracy, precision, completeness, consistency, reproducibility, and data sources

Data Quality Require’ts

Collecting Data(3/5)

CriteriaCriteriaStepStep

Primary Activity data

and Secondary

Data

Primary activity data shall be collected from those processes owned, operated or controlled by the organization carrying out the PCF analysis; where the collection of primary activity data is not possible or feasible, secondary data shall be used

If the organization carrying out the PCF analysis does contribute to 10% or more to the upstream GHG emissions of the product, the primary activity data rule does not apply to upstream suppliers


7.2

7.3 、 7.4

II. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintCriteria, Procedure and Application

22


Calculation(4/5)

GHG Emissions x GWP (100-year time horizon)

The assessment result must be added up together to obtain GHG emissions in terms of CO2e emissions per functional unit

The GHG emissions shall then be scaled to account for any minor raw materials or activities that were excluded from the analysis

Calculation

Dividing the unit process

Expanding the product system

be allocated in a way that reflects other relationships between the products and functions

Allocation

CriteriaCriteriaStepStep

The assessment of the impact of GHG emissions shall be the CO2e impact of the GHG emissions over the 100-year period (i.e. the 100-year assessment period).

Time Period for

Assessing GHG

Emissions

ProvisionsProvisions

8.2

8.1

8.3

ClauseClause



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StepStep CriteriaCriteria

Additional Require’ts for Third-party Rep

orts

Verification and Claims

of Conformity

Validity of the assessment: 2 years

Verification and claims of conformity: 1. Third Party Certification2. Other Party Verification 3. Self Verification

When results of the LCA are to be communicated to any third party, a third-party report shall be prepared

The repot shall include the following: general aspects, goal of assessment, scope of the assessment, life cycle inventory analysis…etc.

Reporting(5/5)

Confiden-tiality

When communicating in B2B transactions, confidential information relating to the producer or the production operations may be involved

The parties involved shall draw proper legal instruments to guarantee confidentiality


9.2

10

9.3



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Development basis: Taiwan specification was developed mainly based on the criteria in PAS 2050; provisions or principles in ISO/WD 14067-1 and TS Q 0010 were also taken into consideration

LCA Methodology: based on ISO 14040/44, which is the same as PAS 2050, TS Q 0010, ISO/WD 14067-1

Data Collection Principles and Quality Rules: the same as PAS 2050 and ISO/WD 14067-1, including the setting of system boundary, data quality requirements, allocation, and the acquisition of primary activity data and secondary data

Main difference from PAS 2050: Taiwan specification does not include the emissions arising from direct/indirect land use change. Such difference may affect the PCF assessment of agricultural products and food products

1.Compariability with other or future standards

Features


25


“LCA methodology in accordance with ISO 14040 AND ISO 14044 is subject to inherent limitations and trade-offs involving a number of subjective choices. These include e.g. the establishment of system boundaries, the availability and selection of appropriate data sources, allocation rules, transport and disposal scenarios and assumptions regarding the user behavior. Many choices are rough approximations to the real world bearing in mind e.g. that supply or transport chains can change quickly and that the use of a product can vary considerably. Energy mixes and conversion factors are different in different countries. Using average data may be practical to avoid the indication of region or country specific product carbon footprints but introduces a further deviation from the ‘true’ values. “

“Consequently, the LCA methodology may not deliver sufficiently precise figures allowing to differentiate between products (differing by, say, less than 30-50%) as a result of limitations of LCA methodology. In addition, product carbon footprint figures will be normally only comparable within one scheme as the methodological choices between practitioners will be typically different. “

2. ISO/WD2 14067-1 Limitations of LCA Methodology

FeaturesII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon Footprint

26


3. Material Contribution and threshold

Any one source of GHG emissions less than 1% is considered non-material and could be excluded (cut off); the total excluded GHG emissions cannot exceed 5% (95% of the expected life cycle GHG emissions of a product must be accounted

Where a single source of GHG emissions accounts for more than 50% of the potential life cycle GHG emissions of a product, the 95% threshold rule shall apply to the remaining GHG emissions

For the use phase of a product along, at least 95% of the potential life cycle emissions of the use phase

Features


27


Cut off can not exceed 5% Another 5% cut off is allowed for “use” phase along

Use phase

100%

If the expected assessment of life cycle GHG emissions is determined to be less than 100%, the assessed emissions shall be scaled up to 100%.

Where single emission source accounted for more than 50% of the potential PCF

The 95% threshold rule is applied to the remaining GHG emission sources

95% Threshold Rule of PAS 205095% Threshold Rule of PAS 2050


28


4. The minimum requirements to use primary activity data (Taiwan Specification and PAS 2050)

Primary activity data shall be collected from those processes owned, operated or controlled by the organization carrying out the footprint analysis.

Where the organization carrying out the footprint analysis does not contribute 10% or more to the upstream GHG emissions of the product or input prior to its provision to another organization or the end-user, the primary activity data requirement shall apply to the emissions arising from those processes owned, operated or controlled by the first upstream supplier that does contribute 10% or more to the upstream GHG emissions of the product or input.

The primary activity data requirement shall not apply to downstream emission sources.

FeaturesII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon FootprintII. Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon Footprint

29


The quantification of product carbon footprint is mainly based on the methodology of LCA. Case studies and capacity building related to LCA

practices can facilitate the implementation of carbon footprint

calculation.

The uncertainty that arises from database selection, inventory analysis and data quality variation has long been an issue to life cycle assessment and will also be obstacles to carbon footprint calculation.

PAS 2050 is effective until 2010, if not adopted as a British Standard. Other existing standards related to product carbon footprint are very likely to be terminated or replaced once ISO 14067-1 is published. ISO 14067-1 appears to be a key standard for carbon footprint calculation.

Taiwan Specification for Product Carbon Footprint can serve as a normative document to provide a methodological guidance for the calculation of product carbon footprints. The specification is suggested to be only effective until ISO 14067-1 (or relevant CNS) is published.

ConclusionConclusion

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Thank You!

Q&A

Further inquiry: [email protected]

january 19, 2010 taiwan specification for product carbon footprint yuh-ming lee, ph.d. professor...

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