japan: language, culture,...
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Japan: Language, Culture, Ideology
Lecture April 30, 20031
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Being Japanese
• language• geography• "race"
• tradition is constructed in the present
New Year's calligraphy contest
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Written Language
• kanji from China, 7th c.– literally, "Chinese characters"– used singly or as compounds
• two kana syllabaries– hiragana - main syllabary– katakana - sounds, foreign words/names
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Grammar
• S - O - V– subject is often omitted– particles clarify part of speech
– Example: kurabu e iku?– Literally: "Club to going?"– Meaning: "Are you going to the club?"
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"Eating" Politeness• meshiagatte kudasai =Please eat
– honorable verb / humble receiver• itadikimasu = (I) humbly eat. • inu ni yaru = Feed it to the dog.
• tsukutte kureru = Will you [in-group] make me some?
• meshi kutta? = d'you [peer or lower status] eat?
sukiyaki
Status marked by language
But everyone eats from the same pot.
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Language is a resource,but does not determine culture
• Culture– the meanings by which we
understand and guide our lives.
• Meanings from . . . – peers, family, school, work– popular culture
Slasher schoolgirls (Garo)
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William Kelly, "Finding a Place"• Identity or difference
– homogeneous salarymen– but most work smaller firms
– standardized education– but much variation b/n levels
• Not a question of "consensus or conflict" (192)
Kelly in the press box for the Hanshin Tigers.
He is writing a book about Japanese baseball.
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Kelly: Postwar transformations• ideology
– culture, class, cohort
• institutional patterning– work, schools, family
• everyday life– shaped by above (stdzn)– but leading to divergences
Akiyoshi Toshiko
jazz pianist, escapes to NYC but wears kimono
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Painter, Japanese TV• Morning Zoom-In
– ideologically links Japan
• It's OK to Laugh– ridicule to bring to uchi
(quasi-intimate) level• Wide Shows
– enforce social norms– sensationalize the world
Tamori, host of Waratte ii to mo (It's OK to Laugh)
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Sazae vs. Crayon Shinchan• Nostalgia
– Sazae– lost family values
• Contrast to realism?– Crayon Shinchan– Dysfunctional but
lovable • Popular culture as
generational place marker
Crayon Shinchan
Sazae-san 10
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New Middle Class Japan
• New divisions– rural / urban– generational
differences– salaryman,
educationa mama, samurai schoolkids
– rise of "educational arms race"
What kind of generation is being raised in the new Japan?
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(Wharf of Sadness)
sung by MISORA Hibari (1960)
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Affluence, 1974 - 1989
• Cornerstones of expanding economy crumble in early and mid-1970s.
• The end of:– access to raw materials– stable currency exchange– free international trade– high global demand
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High Growth: OccupationsOccupational distribution change over
high growth era 1955 1974
primary (farm, fish, forest) 41% 14%secondary(mining, construction, 23% 34%
industrial)
tertiary(commerce, service, 36% 52%professions, gov't) Source: Allinson (1997: 110)
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Domestic responses
• consumer goods saturation• structural adjustment• agricultural change continues• rise of retail and service sectors
– Japan becomes affluent, post-industrial society during this period (1974 - 1989)
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Marriage Rate and Average Age of First Marriage by Country
See United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, 1999; Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Jinko tokei shiryoshu (Latest Demographic Statistics), 2001.
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Change of Household Structure
See Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Nihon tokei geppo (Monthly Statistics of Japan), January 2002.
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Number of Children per Household
See United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, 1999; Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Jinko tokei shiryoshu (Latest Demographic Statistics), 2001.
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21G.039 / 21G.037 Japanese Popular CultureSpring 2003
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