japan may 11 future of cities and universities 20120511 v3

© 2012 IBM Corporation

IBM University Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development (IBM Upward)

Future of Cities & Universities: A Service Science Perspective

Dr. James (“Jim”) C. Spohrer, [email protected] Champion and Director IBM UPward(University Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development)

The 4th Symposium on Systems InnovationUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Friday May 11, 2012

2 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)

What is the future? We can imagine many possibilities…

Kurzweilai.net


California Human Development Report 2011:From meaning-of-life to quality-of-life…. http://w

ww

.measureofam

erica.org/docs/AP

ortraitOfC

A.pdf


Imagining quality-of-life innovations…


Innovation as Game/Sport: Players, interactions, outcomes

Competition

Cooperation

Value-cocreation


AEIOU of sciences – service science

Abstract Entities – service systems– Learning to apply knowledge to compete & cooperate

Interactions – value propositions Outcome Universals – value-cocreation (or not)

– Increasing capabilities and quality-of-life for individuals

Cities compete & cooperate Universities compete & cooperate


Nations compete and cooperate: Universities important% WW GDP and % WW Top-500-Universities (2009 Data)

Japan

ChinaGermany

France

United KingdomItaly

Russia SpainBrazilCanada

IndiaMexico AustraliaSouth Korea

NetherlandsTurkey

Sweden

y = 0,7489x + 0,3534R² = 0,719

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

% g

loba

l G

DP

% top 500 universities


Universities Worldwide Accelerating Regional Development

“When we combined the impact of Harvard’s direct spending on payroll, purchasing and construction – the indirect impact of University spending – and the direct and indirect impact of off-campus spending by Harvard students – we can estimate that Harvard directly and indirectly accounted for nearly $4.8 billion in economic activity in the Boston area in fiscal year 2008, and more than 44,000 jobs.”


Universities key to regions

Three Streams

– Transfer knowledge

– Create knowledge

– Apply knowledgeto co-create value

Nested Holistic Systems

– Flows

– Development

– Governance

Nation

State/Province

City/Metro

UniversityCollege

K-12

Cultural &ConferenceHotels

HospitalMedical

Research

Worker(professional)

Family(household)

For-profits

Non-profits

U-BEEJob Creator/Sustainer

Third Stream is about U-BEEs = University-Based Entrepreneurial

Ecosystems

10 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)10

Abstract entities (service systems): Individuals & Institutions Learning

Any Device Learning

TECHNOLOGY IMMERSION

PERSONAL LEARNING PATHS

Student-Centered Processes

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS

Learning Communities

GLOBAL INTEGRATION

Services Specialization

ECONOMIC ALIGNMENT

Systemic View of Education

Intelligent• Aligned Data• Outcomes Insight

Instrumented• Student-centric• Integrated Assessment

Interconnected• Shared Services• Interoperable Processes

ContinuingEducation

HigherEducation

SecondarySchool

PrimarySchool

WorkforceSkills

Individuals Learning Continuum TheEducationalContinuum

Institutio

ns Learn

ing Contin

uum

EconomicSustainability

http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/education-for-a-smarter-planet.html


Four measures

Innovativeness

Equity

Sustainability

Resiliency


Resiliency: Capability to rebuild (and recycle) rapidly

China Broad Group:30 Stories in 15 Days


Societal resiliency includes all levels

Matryoska dolls:Origin Japanese


Eleven levels of systems

Level AKA ~No. People ~No. Entities Example

0. Individual Person 1 10,000,000,000 Jim

1. Family Household 10 1,000,000,000 Spohrer’s

2.Neighborhood Street 100 100,000,000 Kensington

3. Community Block 1000 10,000,000 Bird Land

4. Urban-Zone District 10,000 1,000,000 SC Unified

5. Urban-Center City 100,0000 100,000 Santa Clara

6.Metro-Region County 1,000,000 10,000 SC County

7. State Province 10,000,000 1,000 CA

8. Nation Country 100,000,000 100 USA

9. Continent Union 1,000,000,000 10 NAFTA

10. Planet World 10,000,000,000 1 UN


Cities: land-population-energy-carbon

Carlo Ratti:Senseable Cities


“Back-up” Tokyo

Resort

Tourism

Business

Backup City


City challenge: buildings and transportation

Ryan Chin:Smart Cities


Manufacturing as a local recycling & assembly service

Ryan Chin:Urban Mobility


Self-driving cars

Steve Mahan:Test “Driver”


Technology has a cost

“The burden of knowledge”

Cesar Hidalgo:Societal Knowledge


The limits of our individual knowledge


Societal and individual knowledge

Herbert Simon:Bounded Rationality

Ben Jones:Burden of Knowledge


Specialization has benefits

Adam Smith:Division of Labor

David Ricardo:Comparative Advantage

24 © 2012 IBM CorporationIBM UPward (University Programs worldwide – accelerating regional development)24

T-shaped professionalsdepth & breadth

BREADTH

DE

PT

H

(analytic thinking & problem solving)

Many culturesMany disciplines

Many systems(understanding & communications)

Deep in one d

iscip

line

Deep in one sys

tem

Deep in one cu

lture


What improves Quality-of-Life? Service System Innovations

A. Systems that focus on flow of things that humans need (~15%*)1. Transportation & supply chain

2. Water & waste recycling/Climate & Environment

3. Food & products manufacturing

4. Energy & electricity grid/Clean Tech

5. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT access)B. Systems that focus on human activity and development (~70%*)

6. Buildings & construction (smart spaces) (5%*)

7. Retail & hospitality/Media & entertainment/Tourism & sports (23%*)

8. Banking & finance/Business & consulting (wealthy) (21%*)

9. Healthcare & family life (healthy) (10%*)

10. Education & work life/Professions & entrepreneurship (wise) (9%*)C. Systems that focus on human governance - security and opportunity (~15%*)

11. Cities & security for families and professionals (property tax)

12. States/regions & commercial development opportunities/investments (sales tax)

13. Nations/NGOs & citizens rights/rules/incentives/policies/laws (income tax)

20/10/10

0/19/0

2/7/42/1/1

7/6/11/1/0

5/17/27

1/0/2

24/24/1

2/20/247/10/3

5/2/2

3/3/10/0/0

1/2/2

Quality of Life = Quality of Service + Quality of Jobs + Quality of Investment-Opportunities

* = US Labor % in 2009.

“61 Service Design 2010 (Japan) / 75 Service Marketing 2010 (Portugal)/78 Service-Oriented Computing 2010 (US)”


Systems-Disciplines Framework: Depth & BreadthSystems that focus on flows of things Systems that governSystems that support people’s activities

transportation & supply chain water &

waste

food &products

energy & electricity

building & construction

healthcare& family

retail &hospitality banking

& finance

ICT &cloud

education &work

citysecure

statescale

nationlaws

social sciences

behavioral sciences

management sciences

political sciences

learning sciences

cognitive sciences

system sciences

information sciences

organization sciences

decision sciences

run professions

transform professions

innovate professions

e.g., econ & law

e.g., marketing

e.g., operations

e.g., public policy

e.g., game theory and strategy

e.g., psychology

e.g., industrial eng.

e.g., computer sci

e.g., knowledge mgmt

e.g., stats & design

e.g., knowledge worker

e.g., consultant

e.g., entrepreneur

stake

holders Customer

Provider

Authority

Competitors

resources

People

Technology

Information

Organizations

change History

(Data Analytics)

Future(Roadmap)

value

Run

Transform(Copy)

Innovate(Invent)

Observe Stakeholders (As-Is)

Observe Resource Access (As-Is)

Imagine Possibilities (Has-Been & Might-Become)

Realize Value (To-Be)

disciplines

systems


What is service science? A service system? The ABC’s?

Economics & Law

Design/ Cognitive Science Systems

Engineering

OperationsComputer Science/

Artificial Intelligence

Marketing

“a service system is ahuman-made system to improve provider-customer interactionsand value-cocreation outcomes,

by dynamically configuring resourceaccess via value propositions,

most often studied by many disciplines,one piece at a time.”

“service science isthe transdisciplinary study of

service systems &value-cocreation”

The ABC’s:The provider (A)

and a customer (B)transform a target (C)


Recombination (integration) has benefits

Joseph Schumpeter:Creative Destruction

Brian Arthur:Nature of Technology


29

Identifies entrepreneurs developing businesses aligning with our Smarter Planet vision.

SmartCamp finalists raised more than $50m and received significant press in Wall Street Journal, Forbes and Bloomberg

- in

Healthcare SmartCamp kickstart - Miami - May 15, 2012 Apply by April 27th

Healthcare SmartCamp kickstart - Miami - May 15, 2012 Apply by April 27th

SmarterCities SmartCamp kickstart - New York - May 24, 2012 Apply by May 3rd

SmarterCities SmartCamp kickstart - New York - May 24, 2012 Apply by May 3rd

North America Regional SmartCamp - Boston - June 20 & 21, 2012 Apply by May 25th

North America Regional SmartCamp - Boston - June 20 & 21, 2012 Apply by May 25th

apply now at www.ibm.com/isv/startup/smartcampapply now at www.ibm.com/isv/startup/smartcamp

Exclusive Networking andMentoring eventExclusive Networking andMentoring event

North America SmartCamp lead: Eric Apse, [email protected] Programs lead: Dawn Tew, [email protected]


US National Academy of Engineering Grand ChallengesA. Systems that focus on flow of things humans need

1. Transportation & Supply Chain

Restore and enhance urban infrastructure

2. Water & Waste/Climate & Green tech

Provide access to clear water

3. Food & Products

Manager nitrogen cycle

4. Energy & Electricity

Make solar energy economical

Provide energy from fusion

Develop carbon sequestration methods

5. Information & Communication Technology

Enhance virtual reality

Secure cyberspace

Reverse engineer the brain

B. Systems that focus on human activity & development6. Buildings & Construction (smart spaces)


7. Retail & Hospitality/Media & Entertainment (tourism)


8. Banking & Finance/Business & Consulting

9. Healthcare & Family Life

Advance health informatics

Engineer better medicines


10. Education & Work Life/Jobs & Entrepreneurship

Advance personalized learning

Engineer the tools of scientific discovery

C. Systems that focus on human governance11. City & Security

Restore and improve urban infrastructure

Secure cyberspace

Prevent nuclear terror

12. State/Region & Development

13. Nation & Rights


Students for a Smarter Planet

YouTube - animated!!– http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=P7bEyPrtFHM

and another– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WklJujtIip4

Tweet comments to…– @wendywolfie

Continuously Improving Product-Service Systems = Smarter Systems

– Simplify the message

– Provide advanced organizers


IBM operates in 170 countries around the globe

IBM has 426,000 employees worldwide

2011 Financials Revenue - $ 106.9B Net Income - $ 15.9B EPS - $ 13.44 Net Cash - $16.6B

22% of IBM’s revenue in Growth Market countries; growing at 11% in 2011

Number 1 in patent generation for 19 consecutive years ; 6,180 US patents awarded in 2011

More than 40% of IBM’s workforce conducts business away from an office

5 Nobel Laureates

9 time winner of the President’s National Medal of Technology & Innovation - latest award for Blue Gene Supercomputer

“Let’s Build a Smarter Planet"

The Smartest Machine On Earth

100 Years of Business & Innovation in 2011

IBM’s Leadership Changes

55% of IBM’s Workforce is New to the company in the last 5 years


Up-SkillCycle

University-Region1University-Region1

University-Region2University-Region2

= New Venture

= Acquisition

= High-Growth Acquisition/ New IBM BU (Growing)

= High-Productivity/ Mature IBM BU (Shrinking)

= IBMer moving from mature BU to acquisition

= IBMer moving intoIBMer on Campus role(help create graduateswith Smarter-Planet skills,help create Smarter Planetoriented new ventures;Refresh skills

= Graduates withSmarter Planet skills

IBMIBM


Regional Competitiveness and U-BEEs: Where imagined possible worlds become observable real worldshttp://www.service-science.info/archives/1056

Nation

State/Province

City/Region

UniversityCollege

K-12

Cultural &ConferenceHotels

HospitalMedical

Research

Worker(professional)

Family(household)

For-profits

Non-profits

U-BEEJob Creator/Sustainer

U-BEEs = University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, City Within City

“The future is already here (at universities),it is just not evenlydistributed.”

“The best way topredict the futureis to (inspire the nextgeneration of studentsto) build it better.”

InnovationsUniversities/RegionsCalculus (Cambridge/UK)Physics (Cambridge/UK)Computer Science (Columbia/NY)Microsoft (Harvard/WA)Yahoo (Stanford/CA)Google (Stanford/CA)Facebook (Harvard/CA)


Sustainability/Resilience & Innovation: Local-p global-i supply chains

World as System of SystemsWorld (light blue - largest)Nations (green - large)States (dark blue - medium)Cities (yellow - small)Universities (red - smallest)

Cities as System of Systems-Transportation & Supply Chain-Water & Waste Recycling-Food & Products ((Nano)-Energy & Electricity-Information/ICT & Cloud (Info)-Buildings & Construction-Retail & Hospitality/Media & Entertainment-Banking & Finance-Healthcare & Family (Bio)-Education & Professions (Cogno)-Government (City, State, Nation)

Nations: Innovation Opportunities- GDP/Capita (level and growth rate)- Energy/Capita (fossil and renewable)

Developed MarketNations

(> $20K GDP/Capita)

Emerging MarketNations

(< $20K GDP/Capita)


Installation DeploymentIrruption

The Industrial Revolution

Age of Steam and Railways

Age of Steel, Electricityand Heavy EngineeringAge of Oil, Automobilesand Mass ProductionAge of Information and Telecommunications

Frenzy Synergy Maturity

Panic1797

Depression

1893

Crash

1929

Credit Crisis 2008

Coming period ofInstitutional Adjustment and Production Capital

1

2

3

4

5

Panic1847

1771

1829

1875

1908

1971

1873

1920

1974

1829

Crash

•Formation of Mfg. industry

•Repeal of Corn Laws opening trade

•Standards on gauge, time•Catalog sales companies •Economies of scale

•Urban development•Support for interventionism

•Build-out of Interstate highways

•IMF, World Bank, BIS

Source: Carlota Perez, Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages; (Edward Elar Publishers, 2003).

~250 years of infrastructure transformations


~100 years of US job transformations

Source: US Bureau of Economic Analysis; McKinsey Global Institute Analysis


We need better frameworks, theories, and models of…

Four I’s– Infrastructure

– Individuals

– Institutions

– Information

Four Measures– Innovativeness

– Equity

– Sustainability

– Resiliency

Societal Infrastructure(Technologies & Environment)

Individuals(Skills)

Institutions(Rules, Jobs)

Cultural Information(Quality-of-Life Measures)


Service systems entities learn to apply knowledge

L

LearningTo Apply Knowledge

Exploitation Exploration

Run Transform Innovate

Operations

Maintenance

Insurance

Incremental

Radical

Super-Radical

Internal

External

Interaction

Copy It

Invent ItDo It

March, J.G. (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organizational Science. 2(1).71-87.Sanford, L.S. (2006) Let go to grow: Escaping the commodity trap. Prentice Hall. New York, NY.


Time

ECOLOGY

14BBig Bang

(NaturalWorld)

10KCities

(Human-MadeWorld)

sun (energy)

writing(symbols and scribes,

stored memoryand knowledge)

earth(molecules &

stored energy)

written laws(governance and

stored control)

bacteria(single-cell life)

sponges(multi-cell life)

money(governed

transportable valuestored value,

“economic energy”)

universities(knowledge workers)

clams (neurons)trilobites (brains)

printing press (books)steam engine (work)200M

bees (socialdivision-of-labor)

60

transistor(routine

cognitive work)

Where is the “Real Science” - wonders to appreciate?In the many sciences that study the natural and human-made worlds…

Unraveling the mystery of evolving hierarchical-complexity in new populations…To discover the world’s architectures and mechanisms for computing non-zero-sum

Entity Architectures (ЄN) of nested, networked Holistic-Product-Service-Systems (HPSS)


What is the role of the university?

Donald Clark:Pedagogic Change


A Framework for Global Civil Society

Daniel Patrick Moynihan said nearly 50 years ago: "If you want to build a world class city, build a great university and wait 200 years." His insight is true today – except yesterday's 200 years has become twenty. More than ever, universities will generate and sustain the world’s idea capitals and, as vital creators, incubators, connectors, and channels of thought and understanding, they will provide a framework for global civil society.

– John Sexton, President NYU


Service Science: Conceptual Framework

Resources: People, Organizations, Technology, Shared Information Resources: Individuals, Institutions, Infrastructure, Information Stakeholders: Customers, Providers, Authorities, Competitors Measures: Quality, Productivity, Compliance, Sustainable Innovation Access Rights: Own, Lease, Shared, Privileged

Ecology(Populations & Diversity)

Entities(Service Systems, both Individuals & Institutions)

Interactions(Service Networks,

link, nest, merge, divide)

Outcomes(Value Changes, both

beneficial and non-beneficial)

Value Proposition (Offers & Reconfigurations/

Incentives, Penalties & Risks)

Governance Mechanism (Rules & Constraints/


Access Rights(Relationships of Entities)

Measures(Rankings of Entities)

Resources(Competences, Roles in Processes,

Specialized, Integrated/Holistic)

Stakeholders(Processes of Valuing,

Perspectives, Engagement)

Identity(Aspirations & Lifecycle/

History)

Reputation(Opportunities & Variety/

History)

prefer sustainable non-zero-sum

outcomes,i.e., win-win

win-win

lose-lose win-lose

lose-win

Spohrer, JC (2011) On looking into Vargo and Lusch's concept of generic actors in markets, or“It's all B2B …and beyond!” Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 199–201.


Visit IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA

Upcoming Conferences– July 2012

• ISSS San Jose• HSSE San Francisco

More Information– Blog

• www.service-science.info– Twitter

• @JimSpohrer– Presentations

• www.slideshare.net/spohrer– Email

• [email protected]


Thank-You! Questions?

Dr. James (“Jim”) C. SpohrerInnovation Champion & Director, IBM University Programs & open worldwide entrepreneurship research (IBM UPower) [email protected]

“Instrumented, Interconnected, Intelligent – Let’s build a Smarter Planet.” – IBM“If we are going to build a smarter planet, let’s start by building smarter cities” – CityForward.org“Universities are major employers in cities and key to urban sustainability.” – Coalition of USU

“Cities learning from cities learning from cities.” – Fundacion Metropoli“The future is already here… It is just not evenly distributed.” – Gibson

“The best way to predict the future is to create it/invent it.” – Moliere/Kay“Real-world problems may not/refuse to respect discipline boundaries.” – Popper/Spohrer

“Today’s problems may come from yesterday’s solutions.” – Senge“History is a race between education and catastrophe.” – H.G. Wells

“The future is born in universities.” – Kurilov“Think global, act local.” – Geddes


Where are the opportunities? Every city and region!

'building smarter systems isn't simply a proposal or theory, but a practical reality, with clear steps, quantifiable benefits and best practices'

- Sam Palmisano


IBM Centennial: Icon of Progress


NPR: Out of Economic Chaos, A New Order May Be Rising

HAWLEY: The grand total of U.S. automotive fatalities from 1975 to the present, about one and a half million people. Now, the grand total of U.S. fatalities from 1775 to the present in every military conflict we've had is 1.3 million. So in other words, in the last roughly 35 years we've killed more people with cars than we have in more than 300 years of warfare.

I think if you step back and look at cars from a sort of 35,000 foot level, you've got to wonder why we're doing this to ourselves. And there's a tremendous amount of industry and employment built up around it. But suppose it all changed.

One way it could change is if human weren't allowed to drive cars anymore. Or let me put it differently. If cars were much more appealing because they drove themselves and did it safely.

And this isn't just Jetson stuff. There's a brilliant computer scientist, artificial intelligence researcher at Stanford, named Sebastian Thrun. He's invented a car that drives itself. You can hop in the car and you never touch the wheel or the pedals. It navigates through all the traffic snarls. It won't run over little old ladies in Pasadena. It won't even run over a squirrel.

If you could eliminate the seven million accidents per year, the 2.9 million injuries, the 40,000 fatalities, that would be enormous boon. But if you think about what would happen in the short term. Let's suppose in the next five or ten years this idea comes to fruition.

Think about all the disruption that could cause. You might not have to own a car. Well, that might be good. You'd have a garage that you could use to start up a company instead of storing a couple of rusting hulks of metal in it. You'd never have to call Tom and Ray Magliozzi again, because you wouldn't have to fix your car.

There wouldn't be a parking problem, because you'd push a little button on your iPhone, a smart car would zip up, pick you up, drop you off where you need to go. That means no more valets, no more taxi drivers, no more meter maids, no more traffic cops. You'd never hear a car horn, because why would a robot car honk at another robot car. Makes no sense.

But that's an example of the sort of change that in the short term can cause immense of amounts of anxiety and upheaval.

http://www.npr.org/2011/09/24/140766796/out-of-economic-chaos-a-new-order-may-be-rising


What are the benefits of more education? Of higher skills?

…But it can be costly, American student loan debt is over $900M


~30 years of skill transformations: depth & breadth

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Levy, F, & Murnane, R. J. (2004). The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton University Press.

Expert Thinking

Complex Communication

Routine Manual

Non-routine Manual

Routine Cognitive


From Work Done By the Institute for the Future (IFTF.org)

Transdisciplinary = T-Shaped People (Breadth & Depth)


A major societal transformation is underway…

Driven by “The Death of Distance”- Cairncross, Economist (1997)

Manifesting in new forms of “Global Competition”– Friedman, The World is Flat (2005)

Characterized as a “Gathering Storm” by Americans– US National Academies (2005, 2007, 2011)


The Gathering Storm Report

The Gathering Storm report is focused upon the ability of Americans to compete for employment in a job market that increasingly knows no geographic boundaries.

“The United States takes deserved pride in the vitality of its economy, which forms the foundation of our high quality of life, our national security, and out hope that our children and grandchildren will inherit every greater opportunities.”

“The possession of quality jobs is the foundation of a high quality life for the nations citizenry.”

“While only four percent of the nations workforce is composed of scientists and engineers, this group disproportionately creates jobs for the other 96 percent.”

“Further, the pace of creation of new knowledge appears by almost all measures to be accelerating”

“While this progress by other nations is to be both encouraged and welcomed, so too is the notion that Americans wish to continue to be among those people who do prosper.”

“The Gathering Storm committee contends that it is strongly in America’s interest for all nations to prosper. Aside from its humanistic merit this outcome should produce a safer world for everyone…”


The Gathering Storm Recommendations“It would be impossible not to recognize the great difficulty of carrying out Gathering Storm recommendations, such as doubling the research budget, in today’s fiscal environment… However… One seemingly relevant analogy is that a non-solution to make an over-weight aircraft flight-worthy is to remove an engine.” – Gathering Storm Revisited

“The fate of empires depends on how they educate their children.” – Aristotle“The best way to predict the future is to inspire & enable the next generation to build it better.” –IBM UPward

I. Improve inputs to universities– Fix “broken” K-12 system (invest in K-12)

III. Improve outputs from universities– Fix “broken” University system (invest in Higher Education)

II. Improve transitions from university to first R&D job– Fix “broken” Employment system (increase R&D funding)

IV. Improve speed of regional innovation– Fix “broken” Governance system (align visa, tax, etc. regulations)


Rising Above The Gathering Storm, Revisited for All Regions

Regions are entities that must learn to learn better– Regions = Nations, States, Cities, etc…

– Learning = Improving global competitiveness

– “History is a race between education and catastrophe” – H.G. Wells

Regional entities = “Holistic product-service systems”– that provision access to high-quality “whole service” to the people in them

– that also provision access to high quality products & services globally

– to contribute to a higher quality-of-life, both inside and outside their region

– service science studies product-service systems & customer-provider interactions (value-cocreation)

Regional innovation = “Entities learning”


Societal Transformation Changes How Regions Compete

From Value-Creation Model: …Against Each Other (Zero-Sum Mindset)– During different time intervals some regions pull far ahead, and some fall far behind…

eventually the people in lagging regions migrate to leading regions, eventually lagging regions “collapse” and are absorbed into other regions… human capital is wasted in lagging regions, and human suffering grows in lagging regions as they fall further behind everyone else…. disenfranchised populations create a security threat for all….

To Value-CoCreation Model: …With/For Each Other (Non-Zero-Sum Mindset)– The gains of innovators are “taxed” based on geography of their customers as well as home

location of provider (providers cannot succeed without customers)… as innovators seek to expand their markets into other regions successfully the “governments” of both provider and customer regions see tax revenues increase… accelerating both “transform” and “innovate” capabilities… accelerating entities learning and regional innovation.

– Innovator regions benefit the most, but the incentive is not to pull so far ahead that other regions collapse, but to improve the quality of customers over time as well, wealthier customers buy more, and regions compete in cycles of progress that move everyone forward…

A Simple Example: “The Huppenthal Method” Style of Competition– Students compete, but “winning” is for everyone to complete the work, and beat their previous

best time

– Leaders help those lagging behind catch-up, peer-mentoring and win-win NZS mindset

– Demonstrated accelerated learning times and elevated student engagement levels


In Sum….

Gathering Storm reflects a major societal transformation underway– Driven by “The Death of Distance” and manifesting in new forms of “Global Competition”

The very nature of regional competition is being transformed …– From Value Creation Model: “Competition Against” Worldview, Zero-Sum Mindset

– To Value CoCreation Model: “Competition With/For” Worldview: Non-Zero-Sum Mindset

The transformation depends on increasing “trust” … a hard thing to do– However, increasing interconnectedness suggests there is no other viable alternative

– Cascade failures in globally interconnected economies

Increasing trust can only be earned by performance against a shared innovation roadmap, or vision for a better future for all…

– For example, climate change and sustainable environment

– For example, increased global security and financial stability

It is time to get our priorities straight and focus on what matters most…– ”You can always depend on the Americans to do the right thing, after exhausting all other

possibilities.” – Sir Winston Churchill


Pegasus Global Holdings $200M Smart City Living Lab

7 September 2011

The Center for Innovation, Testing and Evaluation will cover 20 square miles in New Mexico, and will resemble a mid-sized American city, including urban canyons, suburban neighborhoods, rural communities and distant localities.

Potentially be able to house up to 35,000 people and will operate as if people are actually living there

The facility will allow technology companies, university and urban planners to test the "positive and negative impacts emerging technologies - Smart Grid, intelligent traffic systems, cyber security and more

estimated cost $200 million to build/launch (or ~$6K per person for infrastructure)– Economy Hotel Projects ~$30K per person to build/launch

– Highest Priced Luxury Resort Hotels ~$600K per person to build/launch


What We Do: The “6 R’s” (not to be confused with 3 R’s)

1. ResearchResearch awards focus on grand challenge problems and big bets

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/university/research

2. ReadinessAccess to IBM tools, methods, and course materials to develop skills

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/university/academicinitiative

3. RecruitingInternships and full-time positions working to build a smarter planet

http://www.ibm.com/jobs

4. RevenueImprove performance, the university as a complex enterprise (city within city)

http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_education.html

5. ResponsibilityCommunity service provides access to IBMers expertise/resources

http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ibmgives/

6. RegionsRegional innovation ecosystems – incubators, entrepreneurship, jobs

http://www.ibm.com/ibm/governmentalprograms/innovissue.html


Human Activities: Sociotechnical System Evolution

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Services (Info)

Services (Other)

Industry (Goods)

Agriculture

Hunter-Gatherer

Estimations based on Porat, M. (1977) Info Economy: Definitions and Measurement

Estimated world (pre-1800) and then U.S. Labor Percentages by Sector

The Pursuit of Organizational Intelligence, by James G. March Exploitation vs exploration

The Company of Strangers : A Natural History of Economic Lifeby Paul Seabright


Human Population: Sociotechnical System Evolution

Effects of A

griculture,C

olonial Expansion &

Econom

ics, S

cientific Method, Industrialization

& P

olitics, Education, H

ealthcare &

Information T

echnologies, etc.

The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Businessby Alfred Dupont Chandler

Rise of the m

odern managerial

firm

Shadows in the Sun, by Wade Davis“Ethnosphere. sum total of all the thoughts, beliefs, myths, and institutions brought into being by the human imagination”


Evolution: SSME+D (for Design) for a Smarter PlanetWhat is Smarter Planet? Harmonized smarter systems.

INSTRUMENTED

We now have the ability to measure, sense and see the exact condition of practically everything.

INTERCONNECTED

People, systems and objects can communicate

and interact with each other in entirely new

ways.

INTELLIGENT

We can respond to changes quickly and accurately, and get better results

by predicting and optimizing

for future events.

WORKFORCE

PRODUCTS

SUPPLY CHAIN

COMMUNICATIONS

TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS

IT NETWORKS


Growth of Service in National Economies

Daryl Pereira/Sunnyvale/IBM@IBMUS,

42%6433 3 1.4Germany

37%261163 2.1Bangladesh

19%201070 1.6Nigeria

45%6728 5 2.2Japan

64%692110 2.4Russia

61%661420 3.0Brazil

34%391645 3.5Indonesia

23%7623 1 5.1U.S.

35%23176014.4India

142%29224925.7China

40yr ServiceGrowth

S%

G%

A %

Labor% WW

Nation

World’s Large Labor ForcesA = Agriculture, G = Goods, S = Service

20102010

NationMaster.com, International Labor OrganizationNote: Pakistan, Vietnam, and Mexico now larger LF than Germany

US shift to service jobs

(A) Agriculture:Value from harvesting nature

(G) Goods:Value from making products

(S) Service:Value from

IT augmented workers in smarter systemsthat create benefits for customers

and sustainably improve quality of life.


Growth of Service Revenue at IBM

SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS(AND FINANCING)

SERVICES

2010 Pretax Income Mix Revenue Growth by Segment

Services

Software

Systems

44%

17%

39%

IBM Annual Reports

What do IBM Service Professionals Do? Run IT & enterprise systems for customers,help Transform customer processes to best practices, and Innovate with customers.

© 2012 IBM Corporation

IBM University Programs worldwide, accelerating regional development (IBM Upward)

StakeholderPriorities

Education

Research

Business

Government

StakeholderPriorities

Education

Research

Business

Government

Service Systems

Customer-provider interactions that enable value cocreation

Dynamic configurations of resources: people, technologies, organisations and information

Increasing scale, complexity and connectedness of service systems

B2B, B2C, C2C, B2G, G2C, G2G service networks

Service Systems

Customer-provider interactions that enable value cocreation

Dynamic configurations of resources: people, technologies, organisations and information

Increasing scale, complexity and connectedness of service systems

B2B, B2C, C2C, B2G, G2C, G2G service networks

Service Science

To discover the underlying principles of complex service systems

Systematically create, scale and improve systems

Foundations laid by existingdisciplines

Progress in academic studies and practical tools

Gaps in knowledge and skills

Service Science

To discover the underlying principles of complex service systems

Systematically create, scale and improve systems

Foundations laid by existingdisciplines

Progress in academic studies and practical tools

Gaps in knowledge and skills

Develop programmes & qualifications

Develop programmes & qualifications

Service Innovation

Growth in service GDP and jobs

Service quality & productivity

Environmental friendly & sustainable

Urbanisation &aging population

Globalisation & technology drivers

Opportunities for businesses, governments and individuals

Service Innovation

Growth in service GDP and jobs

Service quality & productivity

Environmental friendly & sustainable

Urbanisation &aging population

Globalisation & technology drivers

Opportunities for businesses, governments and individuals

Skills& Mindset

Skills& Mindset

Knowledge& Tools

Knowledge& Tools

Employment& Collaboration

Employment& Collaboration

Policies & Investment

Policies & Investment

Develop and improve service innovation roadmaps, leading to a doubling of investment in service education and research by 2015

Develop and improve service innovation roadmaps, leading to a doubling of investment in service education and research by 2015

Encourage an interdisciplinary approach

Encourage an interdisciplinary approach

The white paper offers a starting point to -

The white paper offers a starting point to -

Priorities: Succeeding through Service Innovation - A Framework for Progress(http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/ssme/)

Source: Workshop and Global Survey of Service Research Leaders (IfM & IBM 2008)

Glossary of definitions, history and outlook of service research, global trends, and ongoing debate

1. Emerging demand 2. Define the domain 3. Vision and gaps 4. Bridge the gaps 5. Call for actions


Priorities: Research Priorities: Research Framework Framework

for the Science of Servicefor the Science of ServicePervasive Force: Leveraging Technology to Advance Service

Strategy Priorities

Execution Priorities

Fostering ServiceInfusion and Growth

Improving Well-Being through

Transformative Service

Creating and Maintaining a Service Culture

Stimulating Service Innovation

Enhancing Service Design

Optimizing Service Networks and Value Chains

Effectively Branding and Selling Services

Enhancing the Service Experience through

Cocreation

Measuring andOptimizing the Value of

Service

Development Priorities

Source: Global Survey of Service Research Leaders (Ostrom et al 2010)


Service Science: Conceptual Framework

Resources: Individuals, Institutions, Infrastructure, Information Resources: People, Organizations, Technology, Information Stakeholders: Customers, Providers, Authorities, Competitors Measures: Quality, Productivity, Compliance, Sustainable Innovation Access Rights: Own, Lease, Shared, Privileged

Ecology(Populations & Diversity)

Entities(Service Systems, both Individuals & Institutions)

Interactions(Service Networks,

link, nest, merge, divide)

Outcomes(Value Changes, both

beneficial and non-beneficial)

Value Proposition (Offers & Reconfigurations/


Governance Mechanism (Rules & Constraints/


Access Rights(Relationships of Entities)

Measures(Rankings of Entities)

Resources(Competences, Roles in Processes,

Specialized, Integrated/Holistic)

Stakeholders(Processes of Valuing,

Perspectives, Engagement)

Identity(Aspirations & Lifecycle/

History)

Reputation(Opportunities & Variety/

History)

prefer sustainable non-zero-sum

outcomes,i.e., win-win

win-win

lose-lose win-lose

lose-win

Spohrer, JC (2011) On looking into Vargo and Lusch's concept of generic actors in markets, or“It's all B2B …and beyond!” Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 199–201.


Service system entities configure four types of resources

First foundational premise of service science:

– Service system entities dynamically configurefour types of resources

– Resources are the building blocks of entity architectures

Named resources are:– Physical or – Not-Physical– Physicist resolve disputes

Named resources have:– Rights or– No Rights– Judges resolve disputes

Spohrer, J & Maglio, P. P. (2009) Service Science: Toward a Smarter Planet. In Introduction to Service Engineering. Editors Karwowski & Salvendy. Wiley. Hoboken, NJ..

Physical

Not-Physical

Rights No-Rights

2. Technology/EnvironmentInfrastructure

4. SharedInformation/

SymbolicKnowledge

1. People/Individuals

3. Organizations/Institutions

Formal service systems can contract to configure resources/apply competenceInformal service systems can promise to configure resources/apply competence

Trends & Countertrends (Balance Chaos & Order):(Promise) Informal <> Formal (Contract)

(Relationships & Attention) Social <> Economic (Money & Capacity)(Power) Political <> Legal (Rules)

(Evolved) Natural <> Artificial (Designed)(Creativity) Cognitive Labor <> Information Technology (Routine)

(Dance) Physical Labor <> Mechanical Technology (Routine)(Relationships) Social Labor <> Transaction Processing (Routine)

(Atoms) Transportation <> Communication (Bits)(Tacit) Qualitative <> Quantitative (Explicit)

(Secret) Private <> Public (Shared)(Anxiety-Risk) Challenge <> Routine (Boredom-Certainty)

(Mystery) Unknown <> Known (Justified True Belief)


Service system entities calculate value from multiple stakeholder perspectives

Second foundational premise of service science

– Service system entities calculate value from multiple stakeholder perspectives

– Value propositions are the building blocks of service networks

A value propositions can be viewed as a request from one service system to another to run an algorithm (the value proposition) from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders according to culturally determined value principles.

The four primary stakeholder perspectives are: customer, provider, authority, and competitor

– Citizens: special customers– Entrepreneurs: special providers– Parents: special authority– Criminals: special competitors

Spohrer, J & Maglio, P. P. (2009) Service Science: Toward a Smarter Planet. In Introduction to Service Engineering. Editors Karwowski & Salvendy. Wiley. Hoboken, NJ. .

Model of competitor: Does it put us ahead? Can we stay ahead? Does it differentiate us from the competition?

Will we?(invest tomake it so)

StrategicSustainable Innovation(Marketshare)

4.Competitor(Substitute)

Model of authority: Is it legal? Does it compromise our integrity in any way? Does it create a moral hazard?

May we?(offer anddeliver it)

RegulatedCompliance(Taxes andFines, Quality of Life)

3.Authority

Model of self: Does it play to our strengths? Can we deliver it profitably to customers? Can we continue to improve?

Can we?(deliver it)

CostPlus

Productivity(Profit, Mission, Continuous Improvement, Sustainability)

2.Provider

Model of customer: Do customers want it? Is there a market? How large? Growth rate?

Should we?(offer it)

ValueBased

Quality(Revenue)

1.Customer

ValuePropositionReasoning

BasicQuestions

PricingDecision

MeasureImpacted

StakeholderPerspective(the players)

Value propositions coordinate & motivate resource access


Service system entities reconfigure access rights to resources by mutually agreed to value propositions

Third foundational premise of service science

– Service system entities reconfigure access rights to resources by mutually agreed to value propositions

– Access rights are the building blocks of the service ecology (culture and information)

Access rights– Access to resources that are

owned outright (i.e., property)– Access to resource that are

leased/contracted for (i.e., rental car, home ownership via mortgage, insurance policies, etc.)

– Shared access (i.e., roads, web information, air, etc.)

– Privileged access (i.e., personal thoughts, inalienable kinship relationships, etc.)

service = value-cocreationB2BB2CB2GG2CG2BG2GC2CC2BC2G***

provider resourcesOwned OutrightLeased/ContractShared Access

Privileged Access

customer resourcesOwned OutrightLeased/ContractShared Access

Privileged Access

OO

SA

PA

LC

OO

LC

SA

PA

S AP C

Competitor Provider Customer Authority

value-proposition change-experience dynamic-configurations

(substitute)

time

Spohrer, J & Maglio, P. P. (2009) Service Science: Toward a Smarter Planet. In Introduction to Service Engineering. Editors Karwowski & Salvendy. Wiley. Hoboken, NJ..


Service system entities interact to create ten types of outcomes

Four possible outcomes from a two player game

ISPAR generalizes to ten possible outcomes

– win-win: 1,2,3– lose-lose: 5,6, 7, maybe 4,8,10– lose-win: 9, maybe 8, 10– win-lose: maybe 4

lose-win(coercion)

win-win(value-cocreation)

lose-lose(co-destruction)

win-lose(loss-lead)

Win

L

ose

Pro

vide

r

Lose WinCustomer

ISPAR descriptive model

Maglio PP, SL Vargo, N Caswell, J Spohrer: (2009) The service system is the basic abstraction of service science. Inf. Syst. E-Business Management 7(4): 395-406 (2009)


Service system entities learn to systematically exploit technology:Technology can perform routine manual, cognitive, transactional work

L

Learning Systems(“Choice & Change”)

Exploitation(James March)

Exploration(James March)

Run/Practice-Reduce(IBM)

Transform/Follow(IBM)

Innovate/Lead(IBM)

Operations Costs

Maintenance Costs

Incidence Planning & Response Costs (Insure)

Incremental

Radical

Super-Radical

Internal

External

Interactions

“To bethe best,

learn fromthe rest”

“Doublemonetize,

internal winand ‘sell’ to

external”

“Try tooperateinside

thecomfortzone”

March, J.G. (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organizational Science. 2(1).71-87.Sanford, L.S. (2006) Let go to grow: Escaping the commodity trap. Prentice Hall. New York, NY.


Service system entities are physical-symbol systems

Service is value cocreation.

Service system entities reason about value.

Value cocreation is a kind of joint activity.

Joint activity depends on communication and grounding.

Reasoning about value and communication are (often) effective symbolic processes.

Newell, A (1980) Physical symbol systems, Cognitive Science, 4, 135-183.

Newell, A & HA Simon(1976). Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search. Communications of the ACM, 19, 113-126.


Summary

Spohrer, J & Maglio, P. P. (2009) Service Science: Toward a Smarter Planet. In Introduction to Service Engineering. Editors Karwowski & Salvendy. Wiley. Hoboken, NJ. .

Physical

Not-Physical

Rights No-Rights

2. Technology/Infrastructure

4.. SharedInformation



1. Dynamically configure resources (4 I’s)

Model of competitor: Does it put us ahead?

Will we?StrategicSustainable Innovation

4.Competitor/Substitutes

Model of authority: Is it legal?

May we?RegulatedCompliance3.Authority

Model of self: Does it play to our strengths?

Can we?CostPlus

Productivity2.Provider

Model of customer: Do customers want it?

Should we?Value Based

Quality1.Customer

ReasoningQuestionsPricingMeasureImpacted

StakeholderPerspective

2. Value from stakeholder perspectives

S AP C

3. Reconfigure access rights

4. Ten types of outcomes (ISPAR)

5. Exploit information & technology

6. Physical-Symbol Systems


Systems-Disciplines Matrix: Visualizing the Scope of Service Science

Disciplines– Stakeholder-focus

• E.g., Customer = marketing

– Resource-focus

• E.g., Technology = engineering

– Change-focus

• E.g., Future = design

– Value-focus

• E.g., Innovation = entrepreneurship

Stakeholders

Resources

Change

Value

Flow

s Hum

an D

evelopment

Governanc

e Governanc

e

Systems– Flows

• E.g., Transportation– Human Development

• E.g., Health– Governance

• E.g., City-level-security


Systems-Discipline Matrix: More DetailSystems that focus on flows of things Systems that governSystems that support people’s activities

transportation & supply chain water &

waste

food &products

energy & electricity

building & construction

healthcare& family

retail &hospitality banking

& finance

ICT &cloud

education &work

citysecure

statescale

nationlaws

social sciences

behavioral sciences

management sciences

political sciences

learning sciences

cognitive sciences

system sciences

information sciences

organization sciences

decision sciences

run professions

transform professions

innovate professions

e.g., econ & law

e.g., marketing

e.g., operations

e.g., public policy

e.g., game theory and strategy

e.g., psychology

e.g., industrial eng.

e.g., computer sci

e.g., knowledge mgmt

e.g., stats & design

e.g., knowledge worker

e.g., consultant

e.g., entrepreneur

stake

holders Customer

Provider

Authority

Competitors

resources

People

Technology

Information

Organizations

change History

(Data Analytics)

Future(Roadmap)

value

Run

Transform(Copy)

Innovate(Invent)

Starting Point 1: Observe the Stakeholders (As-Is)

Starting Point 2: Observe their Resource Access (As-Is)

Change Potential: Think It! (Has-Been & Might-Become & To-Be)

Value Realization: Do It Together! (New As-Is)

disciplines

systems


Communication$ 3.96 Tn

Transportation$ 6.95 Tn

Leisure / Recreation / Clothing

$ 7.80 Tn

Healthcare$ 4.27 Tn

Food$ 4.89 Tn

Infrastructure$ 12.54 Tn

Govt. & Safety$ 5.21 Tn

Finance$ 4.58 Tn

Electricity$ 2.94 Tn

Education$ 1.36 Tn

Water$ 0.13 Tn

Global system-of-systems$54 Trillion

(100% of WW 2008 GDP)

Same IndustryBusiness SupportIT SystemsEnergy ResourcesMachineryMaterials Trade

Legend for system inputsNote:1. Size of bubbles represents

systems’ economic values2. Arrows represent the strength of

systems’ interaction

Source: IBV analysis based on OECD

Our planet is a complex, dynamic, highly interconnected $54 Trillion system-of-systems (OECD-based analysis)

This chart shows ‘systems‘ (not ‘industries‘)

Our planet is a complex system-of-systems

1 Tn


Economists estimate, that all systems carry inefficiencies of up to $15 Tn, of which $4 Tn could be eliminated

Global economic value of

System-of-systems

$54 Trillion100% of WW 2008 GDP

Inefficiencies$15 Trillion28% of WW 2008 GDP

Improvement potential

$4 Trillion7% of WW 2008 GDP

How to read the chart:

For example, the Healthcare system‘s value is $4,270B. It carries an estimated inefficiency of 42%. From that level of 42% inefficiency, economists estimate that ~34% can be eliminated (= 34% x 42%).

We now have the capabilities to manage a system-of-systems planet

Source: IBM economists survey 2009; n= 480

System inefficiency as % of total economic value

Impr

ovem

ent

pote

ntia

l as

% o

f sy

stem

inef

ficie

ncy

Education1,360

Building & Transport Infrastructure

12,540

Healthcare4,270

Government & Safety5,210

Electricity2,940

Financial4,580

Food & Water4,890

Transportation (Goods & Passenger)

6,950

Leisure / Recreation /

Clothing7,800

Communication3,960

Analysis of inefficiencies in the planet‘s system-of-systems

Note: Size of the bubble indicate absolute value of the system in USD Billions

42%

34%

This chart shows ‘systems‘ (not ‘industries‘)

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%


The New Normal: Smarter Systems

Computational System

Smarter TechnologyRequires investment roadmap

Service Systems: Stakeholders & Resources

1. People 2. Technology3. Shared Information4. Organizations

connected by win-win value propositions

Smarter Buildings, Universities, CitiesRequires investment roadmap


Universities as gateways into a brighter future…

The best way to predict the future is….– To create it. (Moliere)

– To invent it. (Kay)

– To inspire the next generation of students to invent it (IBM UPward)

And remember, the future is already here….– …it is just not evenly distributed (Gibson)

– …in universities, it is just not evenly distributed (IBM UPward)

Consider Sputnik generation….Consider Facebook, Google, Yahoo…Consider IBM acquisitions…Consider successful U-BEEs….


Understanding the Human-Made World

See Paul Romer’s Charter Cities Video: http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_romer.html

Also see: Symbolic Species, DeaconCompany of Strangers, SeabrightSciences of the Artificial, Simon


Fun: CityOne Game to Learn “CityInvesting”Serious Game to teach problem solving for real issues in key industries, helping companies to learn how to work smarter. Energy, Water, Banking, Retail

http://www.ibm.com/cityone


World Population & Service System Scaling


Learning MoreAbout Service Systems…

Fitzsimmons & Fitzsimmons– Graduate Students– Schools of Engineering & Businesses

Teboul– Undergraduates– Schools of Business & Social Sciences– Busy execs (4 hour read)

Ricketts– Practitioners– Manufacturers In Transition

And 200 other books…– Zeithaml, Bitner, Gremler; Gronross, Chase, Jacobs,

Aquilano; Davis, Heineke; Heskett, Sasser, Schlesingher; Sampson; Lovelock, Wirtz, Chew; Alter; Baldwin, Clark; Beinhocker; Berry; Bryson, Daniels, Warf; Checkland, Holwell; Cooper,Edgett; Hopp, Spearman; Womack, Jones; Johnston; Heizer, Render; Milgrom, Roberts; Norman; Pine, Gilmore; Sterman; Weinberg; Woods, Degramo; Wooldridge; Wright; etc.

URL: http://www.cob.sjsu.edu/ssme/refmenu.asp

More Textbooks: http://service-science.info/archives/1931

Reaching the Goal: How Managers Improve

a Services Business Using Goldratt’s

Theory of ConstraintsBy John Ricketts, IBM

Service Management:Operations, Strategy,

and Information Technology

By Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, UTexas

Service Is Front Stage:Positioning services for

value advantageBy James Teboul, INSEAD


Service Systems Thinking: ABC’s

A. Service Provider

• Individual• Institution• Public or Private

A. Service Provider


C. Service Target: The reality to be transformed or operated on by A, for the sake of B

• Individuals or people, dimensions of • Institutions or business and societal organizations,

organizational (role configuration) dimensions of• Infrastructure/Product/Technology/Environment,

physical dimensions of• Information or Knowledge, symbolic dimensions

C. Service Target: The reality to be transformed or operated on by A, for the sake of B

• Individuals or people, dimensions of • Institutions or business and societal organizations,

organizational (role configuration) dimensions of• Infrastructure/Product/Technology/Environment,

physical dimensions of• Information or Knowledge, symbolic dimensions

B. Service Customer


B. Service Customer


Forms ofOwnership Relationship

(B on C)

Forms ofService Relationship(A & B co-create value)

Forms ofResponsibility Relationship

(A on C)

Forms ofService Interventions

(A on C, B on C)

Spohrer, J., Maglio, P. P., Bailey, J. & Gruhl, D. (2007). Steps toward a science of service systems. Computer, 40, 71-77.From… Gadrey (2002), Pine & Gilmore (1998), Hill (1977)

Vargo, S. L. & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68, 1 – 17.

“Service is the application ofcompetence for the benefitof another entity.”

Example Provider: College (A)Example Target: Student (C)Discuss: Who is the Customer (B)?- Student? They benefit…- Parents? They often pay…- Future Employers? They benefit…- Professional Associations?- Government, Society?

A B

C


Service System Dynamics: Four Key Drivers of Change

Provider: Technology (Tech) & Sustainable Value-Cocreation Models– New technology to boost productivity & capacity (innovate)

– Use technology to perform routine manual, cognitive, and transactional work

– New relationship networks: Business models and new ventures (for-profit & non-profits)

Customer: Self Service– New self-service options to lower costs & expand choice (educate)

Authority: Rules– New rules to fix problems & achieve policy goals (regulate)

– Institutional diversity and governance of resource commons (Ostrom et. al.)

Competitors: Rankings– New rankings to guide decision-making & gain “valued” customers (differentiate)

– Hint: You want to be at the top of an independently ranked list of what customers are looking for…

– Especially for “valued” customers - calculating customer lifetime value (Rust et. al.)


Example Service System Re-Design: A College Course

Problem: What if a college course had…– Input: Student quality lower

– Process: Faculty motivation lower

– Output: Industry fit lower

Solution: Tech + Self-Service– E: -20% E-learning enrollment

pre-certification

– F. +10% Faculty interest tuning

– J. +10% on-the-Job skills tuning

After a decade the course may look quite differentService systems are learning systems: productivity, quality, compliance, sustainable innovation

Maglio, P., Srinivasan, S., Kreulen, J.T., Spohrer, J. (2006), Service systems, service scientists, SSME, and innovation. Communications of the ACM, 49(7), 81-85.

Year 1: 20%

Year 2: 20%

Year 3: 20%

Year N: 20%

. . . . . . . .

E F J


Service Systems Are Complex Systems

• Types• A = Informal

• B = Formal• Dimensions

• 1. Social Systems

• 2. Technical Systems

• 3. Environmental Systems

• 4. Economic Systems

• 5. Political Systems

• 6. Learning Systems

• 7. Information Systems

• 8. Physical-Symbol Systems

A.

B.

1.2.

3.

4.5.

6.

7.

8.


What about advanced manufacturing?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nd5WGLWNllA


Rethinking “Product-Service Systems”

F

B

ServiceSystem Entity

Product-Service-System

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

SSE

B

F

F F

B B

ServiceBusiness

ProductBusiness

Front-Stage Marketing/Customer Focus

Back-Stage Operations/Provider Focus

Ba

sed

on

Le

vitt

, T

(1

97

2)

Pro

du

ctio

n-li

ne

ap

pro

ach

to

se

rvic

e.

HB

R.

e.g., IBM

e.g., Citibank

“Eve

ryb

od

y is

in s

erv

ice

...

So

me

thin

g is

wro

ng

…

Th

e in

du

stria

l wo

rld h

as

cha

ng

ed

fa

ste

r th

an

ou

r ta

xon

om

ies.

”.


Example Service Systems Innovation Framework

“The Ten Types of Innovation” by Larry Keeley, Doblin Inc.

Innovate (inside and outside) systems that create value


Most Wanted: A CAD for Service System DesignCBM: Component Business Model

WBM and RUP: Work Practices & Processes

SOA: Technical Service-Oriented Architecture

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)IBM IBV: Component Business ModelsIEEE Computer, Jan 2007


Ultimately, a Service Ecology Simulation Tool is Needed

2000 2010 2020 2030

Log Entities

6

9

12

15

Projected

Simulation Capability Earth Simulator

Universe Simulation Brain Simulation

Heart Simulation

CBM-based Industry Simulations - 2013?

Every decade both HPC and PC platforms increase complex simulation capabilities by 1000x.- HPC: (2000 106), (2010 109), (2020 1012), (2030 1015) …- PC: (2000 103), (2010 106), (2020 109), (2030 1012) …


A Game of Life: Essentials

Game = board with squares & rules– Infrastructure both Environmental and Technological

• PS (Physical Systems - Environment)– Natural Endowment (hidden & observable information)

• PSS (Physical Symbol Systems – Environment & Technology)– Biological PSS (observable information – DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.)– Technological PSS (observable information – states of system, bits, etc.)

Life = multiple generations of entities– Entities = SSE (Service System Entities)

• Individuals with Competencies & Life-Spans– Competencies (vary with age)– Life-Spans (vary with stage)

• Institutions with Roles & Rules– Roles (Competency-Levels and Pay-Levels)– Rules (Compliance-Levels and Tax-Levels)

Physical

Not-Physical

Rights No-Rights

2. Technology/EnvironmentalInfrastructure

4. SharedInformation



1. Dynamically configure resources (4 I’s)


Life = Multiple Generations of Entities (200 years = 10 generations x 20 years)Pedagogy: Ten Social-Technological-Economic-Environmental-Political (STEEP) StagesThought Experiment: Binary-Board-Space (Rule: Toggles Each Generation)

1. Hunter-Gatherer Knowledge-Value Economy 1- 2K population (20 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

2. Transition Hunter-Gatherer Knowledge-Value Economy 2- 4K population (40 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

3. Agricultural Knowledge-Value Economy 1- 8K population (80 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

4. Transition Agricultural Knowledge-Value Economy 2- 16K population (160 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

5. Manufacturing Knowledge-Value Economy 1- 32K population (320 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

6. Transition Manufacturing Knowledge-Value Economy 2- 64K population (640 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

7. Service-Information Knowledge-Value Economy 1- 128K population (1,280 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

8. Transition Service-Information Knowledge-Value Economy 2- 256K population (2,560 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

9. Sustainable-Innovation Knowledge-Value Economy 1- 512K population (5,120 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

10.Transition Sustainable-Innovation Knowledge-Value Economy 2- 1024K population (10,240 people/sq mile * 100 sq miles)

11. And beyond!

10 miles

In Use

Recycle

Rule:Toggles EachGeneration


Game = Board with Squares & Rules Example: Possible STEEP Stages 9 & 10 (infrastructure, sustainable-innovation cities)

Imagine nested holistic product-service-systems entities…– 10 Continents/planet

– 10 Nations/continent

– 10 States/nation

– 10 Cities/state

– 4 Sectors/city (interconnect to others)

– 11 Systems/sector

Rules: Board-space toggles each generation– 20 years/generation

– New infrastructure/generation

World: Further Pedagogical Purposes– “World Simulator” benchmarking

– Search to accelerate learning • 10,000 city experiments/generation• Low skill/raw materials > Hi-talent/tech

– Each generation new outcomes• Talents (skills & jobs)• Technologies (recycle & rebuild)• Investments (script & performance)

Occupied(In Use)

Recycling(De-construction &

Re-construction)

waterfood/products

energyICT

R&H/M&E/C&Sfinancehealth

educationgovernance

transportation

buildings/family

Sector 1city

interconnect

11 Systems

Sector 2state

interconnect

Sector 3nation

interconnect

Sector 4continent

interconnect

Toggle each generation – 20 year

cycle


Entities = Life-Cycle Script Example: Possible STEEP Stages 9 & 10 (individuals, multiple generations of entities)

Children – Age 0-20– (Local & Global) Grow, Learn, & Have Fun

Parents – Age 20-40 (offspring 2)– (Next Local) Reproduce, Raise Children, & Build New “City” SET Stage

Grand-Parents – Age 40-60 (offspring 4)– (Local) Run the “City” You Built & Connect with Family

Great-Grand-Parents – Age 60-80 (offspring 8)– (Global) Travel the World, Enjoy Experiences, & Share Ideas

Great-Great-Grand-Parents – Age 80-100 (offspring 16)– (Local) Return, Reconnect, and Document History & Future Plans

Great-Great-Great-Grand-Parents – Age 100-120 (offspring 32)– (Local & Global) Celebrate, Tell Stories, Depart & Explore Further Realms


The Game of Life: Service Science Framework

The Game Board: A configuration of PS (Physical Systems), with interspersed PSS (Physical Symbol Systems) and SSE (Service System Entities).

– The SSE are PSS are PS

– The infrastructure is PS + PSS

• The PS have hidden information (state)• The PSS have observable information (state and read-write)

– The SSE use information to co-create value

• World model – information about the world (The Game Board)• Self model – information about self (SSE)• The SSE have a beginning and an end (life-cycle)• The SSE judge quality-of-life across their life-cycle

– The game is each generation of SSE try to improve quality-of-life, by improving the capabilities of the infrastructure (less waste, more support for SSE activities) and the capabilities of the SSE to co-create value (an SSE activity)

– The starting game board consists of PS with a few PSS, and the goal is to see how quickly and with how little energy and with how few types and tokens of PS, the PSS can become SSE and reconstruct a high level infrastructure and high quality of life and continuously improve at a sustainable pace.

• Processes of valuing are based on the above


2011 Priorities

PRIORITY AREA

Rese

arch

Rea

din

ess

Recru

iting

Reve

nu

e

Reg

ion

s

Resp

on

sibility

Smarter Cities and Service Innovation --INTERNET OF THINGS (Instrumented, Interconnected, Intelligent)- LIVING LABS (Triple Helix Innovations, Smarter Buildings, Asset Management, CityForward.org)- QUALITY-OF-LIFE (Holistic Modeling (CityOne), STEM Education Pipeline, Jobs & Entrepreneurship)

Cloud Computing & Analytics- BIG DATA (High Performance Computing, Grand Challenges, Boost University Rankings)- SHARED SERVICE (IBM Cloud Academy, IBM Academic Cloud, VCL)- DEEP-QA (Analytics Skills, Watson technology, Massive Analytics, Stream Computing)

Growth Markets- REGIONAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS (Smarter City Challenge, Universities as Living Labs)- TANDEM AWARDS (connect developed & emerging Twin Towns & Sister Cities to Boost Quality)- ACCELERATING INNOVATION (Bi-Directional Learning’ To Be The Best Learn From The Rest)

IBM on Campus-- ON CAMPUS IBMERS (Checklist for University Relationship Maturity Audit)-- IBM CENTERS (CAS, IIE, University Delivery Centers, Research Collaboratories, etc.)-- ALIGNMENT (IBM Cloud Academy, City Shared Service, Smarter City Challenge, etc.)

Events & Ecosystem Alignment- BIG EVENTS (Centennial, Watson, etc.)- EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS (Professional Associations, National Academies, Science Foundation)- INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS (S&D, GBS, GTS, STG, SWG, HR, CC&CA, IDR, VC, etc.)

Awards Programs- CLASSICS: Shared University Research, Open Collaborative Research, Faculty, PhD Fellowships- SPECIALS: Special Award Programs, Named Awards, Smarter Planet Curriculum Awards- LEVERAGE: Leverage IBM CCC&A with government, foundation, and other external award programs


What We Do: The “6 R’s” (not to be confused with 3 R’s)

1. ResearchAwards focus on grand challenge problems and big bets

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/university/research

2. ReadinessAccess to IBM tools, methods, and course materials to develop skills

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/university/academicinitiative

3. RecruitingInternships and full-time positions working to build a smarter planet

http://www.ibm.com/jobs

4. RevenuePublic-private partnerships build great universities and strengthen regions

http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_education.html

5. ResponsibilityCommunity service provides access to expertise/resources

http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ibmgives/

6. RegionsRegional innovation ecosystems – incubators, entrepreneurship, jobs

http://www.ibm.com/ibm/governmentalprograms/innovissue.html


● Co-investing to improve capabilities of individuals & institutions.

● Realizing profitable & sustainable improvements.

● Smarter cities/regions improve quality-of-life (for all of us!)

Where We Focus: People and Planet

Research

Recruiting Skills

People

Individuals & Disciplines

Government

Industry Academia

Planet

Institutions & Systems

Talent Infrastructure


Priority 1: Urban Sustainability & Service Innovation Centers

A. Research: Holistic Modeling & Analytics of Service SystemsModeling and simulating cities will push state-of-the-art capabilities for planning interventions in

complex system of service systems

Includes maturity models of cities, their analytics capabilities, and city-university interactions

Provides an interdisciplinary integration point for many other university research centers that study one specialized type of system

Real-world data and advanced analytic tools are increasingly available

B. Education: STEM (Science Tech Engineering Math) Pipeline & LLLCity simulation and intervention planning tools can engage high school students and build STEM

skills of the human-made world (service systems)

Role-playing games can prepare students for real-world projects

LLL = Life Long Learning

C. Entrepreneurship: Job CreationCity modeling and intervention planning tools can engage university

students and build entrepreneurial skills

Grand challenge competitions can lead to new enterprises


Universities as Holistic Service Systems: All the systems

A. Flow of things1. Transportation: Traffic congestion; parking shortages.

2. Water: Access costs; reduce waste

3. Food: Safety; reduce waste.

4. Energy: Access costs; reduce waste

5. Information: Cost of keeping up best practices.B. Human activity & development

6. Buildings: Housing shortages; Inefficient buildings

7. Retail: Access and boundaries. Marketing.

8. Banking: Endowment growth; Cost controls

9. Healthcare: Pandemic threat. Operations.

10. Education: Cost of keeping up best practices..C. Governing

11. Cities: Town & gown relationship.

12. States: Development partnerships..

13. Nations: Compliance and alignment.


University: The Heart of Regional Innovation Ecosystems

$

Cities & Public Safety

Government Service to Individuals & Institutions

Education

Transportation

Energy

ICT (Computing & Communications)

Retail & Hospitality

Food & Products

Health

Building

Finance

University:

The Heart of

Regional Innovation

Ecosystems

School ofPublic Policy

School ofEngineering

School ofBusinessMngmnt

School ofMedicine

School ofEducation

School ofArchitecture

School ofUrban

Planning

School ofHospitality

School ofInformation

School ofScience &

Arts

University:The Heart of

Regional InnovationEcosystems

Incubator& Start-Ups


Job Roles: University Research and Education

1. Model Systems

2. Connect/capture Data

3. Integrate, Analyze

4. Improve, Automate

5. Optimize, Evolve

• Water Supply

• Transportation

• Energy, Electric Grid

• Cities, Buildings

• Healthcare

• Education/Government

General

Methods

& Techniques

Specific

Technology

Run Transform Innovate

SP Service

Systems

1.Synapsense, SensorTronics

2. Infosphere Streams, ILOG, COGNOS

3.WS, Tivoli, Rational, DB2, etc.

4.BAO, Green Sigma

Specialists

Consultant

Project Manager

Sales Architect

Cross Industry

Skills

Industry Specific

Skills

Job

Roles

Systems Engineering/Analytics/BAO/SSME

University Research fuels


Job Roles: IBM Building Smarter Enterprises & A Smarter Planethttps://jobs3.netmedia1.com/cp/find.ibm.jobs/location/

1. Consultant(trusted advisor to customer)

- a value proposition to addressproblems or opportunities and

enhance value co-creationrelationships

2. Sales- a signed contract that

defines work, outcomes, solution,rewards and risks

for all parties

4. Project Manager(often with co-PM from customer side)

a detailed project plan thatbalances time, costs, skills availability,

and other resources, as well asadaptive realization of plan

3. Architect(systems engineer, IT & enterprise architect)

-An elegant solution design that satisfiesfunctional and non-functional

constraints across thesystem life-cycle

5. Specialists(systems engineer, Research, engineer,

Industry specialist, application, technician, data, analyst, professional, agent)

-a compelling working system(leading-edge prototype systems

from Research)

~10%

~10% ~5%

~5%

~45%

6. Enterprise OperationsAdministrative Services, Other, Marketing & Communications

Finance, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Human Resources, Legal,

General Executive Management

~25%

IBM Employees1. ~10% Consultant2. ~10% Sales3. ~5% Architect4. ~5% Project Manager5. ~45% Specialists6. ~25% Enterprise Operations

Project Mix From 90-10 to 80-20:B2B – Business to BusinessB2G – Business to Government


US National Academy of Engineering Grand ChallengesA. Systems that focus on flow of things humans need

1. Transportation & Supply Chain


2. Water & Waste/Climate & Green tech

Provide access to clear water

3. Food & Products

Manager nitrogen cycle

4. Energy & Electricity

Make solar energy economical

Provide energy from fusion

Develop carbon sequestration methods

5. Information & Communication Technology


Secure cyberspace


B. Systems that focus on human activity & development6. Buildings & Construction (smart spaces)


7. Retail & Hospitality/Media & Entertainment (tourism)


8. Banking & Finance/Business & Consulting

9. Healthcare & Family Life

Advance health informatics

Engineer better medicines


10. Education & Work Life/Jobs & Entrepreneurship

Advance personalized learning

Engineer the tools of scientific discovery

C. Systems that focus on human governance11. City & Security

Restore and improve urban infrastructure

Secure cyberspace

Prevent nuclear terror

12. State/Region & Development

13. Nation & Rights


Our ambition is to reach K-12 students with Service Science & STEM: “The systems we live in, and the systems we are…”

“Imagine smarter systems, explain why better (service systems & STEM language)”STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsSee NAE K-12 engineering report: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12635

See Challenge-Based Learning: http://www.nmc.org/news/nmc/nmc-study-confirms-effectiveness-challenge-based-learning

Challenge-based Project to Design Improved Service Systems

– K - Transportation & Supply Chain

– 1 - Water & Waste Recycling

– 2 - Food & Products (Nano)

– 3 - Energy & Electric Grid

– 4 – Information/ICT & Cloud (Info)

– 5 - Buildings & Construction

– 6 – Retail & Hospitality/Media & Entertainment (tourism)

– 7 – Banking & Finance/Business & Consulting

– 8 – Healthcare & Family Life/Home (Bio)

– 9 – Education /Campus & Work Life/Jobs & Entrepreneurship (Cogno)

– 10 – City (Government)

– 11 – State/Region (Government)

– 12 – Nation (Government)

– Higher Ed – T-shaped depth added, cross-disciplinary project teams

– Professional Life – Adaptive T-shaped life-long-learning & projects

Systemsthat focus onGoverning

Systemsthat focus on

Human Activities andDevelopment

Systemsthat focus onFlow of things


Students for a Smarter Planet

YouTube - animated!!– http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=P7bEyPrtFHM

and another– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WklJujtIip4

Tweet comments to…– @wendywolfie

Continuously Improving Product-Service Systems = Smarter Systems

– Simplify the message

– Provide advanced organizers


Proposed Guidelines

Please send feedback to Wendy Murphy

– [email protected]

Help us devise better ways to visualize scope of service science

For use with:– Students– Faculty– Practitioners– Policy-makers– Scientists & Engineers– Government officials


Complex Buildings: Luxury Hotelshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm7MeZlS5fo


Complex Buildings: Urban University Campus

“When we combined the impact of Harvard’s direct spending on payroll, purchasing and construction – the indirect impact of University spending – and the direct and indirect impact of off-campus spending by Harvard students – we can estimate that Harvard directly and indirectly accounted for nearly $4.8 billion in economic activity in the Boston area in fiscal year 2008, and more than 44,000 jobs.”


UNIVERSITIES:Research Centers & Real-World Systems

CITIES/METRO REGIONS:Universities Key to Long-Term Economic Development

U-BEEs: University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems Universities as “Living Labs” for Host Cities


University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (U-BEEs)

Do you know that (from NCET2):

More than three quarters of post-1995 increase in productivity growth could be traced to science investments [D. W. Jorgenson, M. S. Ho, K. J. Stiroh, J. Econ. Perspect. 22, 3 (2008)]

1/3 of SBIRs reported involvement with a university including founder was a former academic, faculty were consultants, universities were subcontractors, or graduate students were employed

20 year returns for Early/Seed VCs was 20.6%, compared to 13.8% for Later Stage VCs and 8.2% for the S&P 500

8 percent of all university startups go public, in comparison to a "going public rate" of only 0.07 percent for other U.S. enterprises - a 114x difference

over 400 university startups are created nationally each year based on federally funded R&D, which included Google, Netscape, Genentech, Lycos, Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, and Cisco Systems

Between 1980 and 2005, virtually all net new jobs created in the U.S. were created by firms that were 5 years old or less

68% of university startups created between 1980 to 2000 remained in business in 2001, while regular startups experienced a 90% failure rate during that same time period


A. Flow of things1. Transportation: Traffic congestion; accidents and injury

2. Water: Access to clean water; waste disposal costs

3. Food: Safety of food supply; toxins in toys, products, etc.

4. Energy: Energy shortage, pollution

5. Information: Equitable access to info and comm resourcesB. Human activity & development

6. Buildings: Inefficient buildings, environmental stress (noise, etc.)

7. Retail: Access to recreational resources

8. Banking: Boom and bust business cycles, investment bubbles

9. Healthcare: Pandemic threats; cost of healthcare

10. Education: High school drop out rate; cost of educationC. Governing

11. Cities: Security and tax burden

12. States: Infrastructure maintenance and tax burden

13. Nations: Justice system overburdened and tax burden

Complex Buildings: Modern Cities

Example: Singapore


Universities Are Mini-Cities: A Complex System of Systems

Universities can be the innovation centers for Smarter Cities (U-BEE)University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Cities can be living labs for University research

Universities produce the skilled workforce for cities.

Universities are among the largest employers (top 10) in a city.

Universities faculty, deans, provosts, presidents are often well connected & influential in city governments.

IBM and Tulane University Usher in a New Era for Smarter Buildings in New Orleans

http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/34694.wss

As the largest private employer in the City of New Orleans, Tulane University has made significant advances in rebuilding in more environmentally sustainable ways both the community at large and its campus

The IBM project is helping to transform the home of Tulane's School of Architecture, the century-old Richardson Memorial Hall, into a "smarter building living laboratory," using IBM Intelligent Building Management while maintaining respect for its historic status


University Trend: Shift to e-Learning and IC U-BEEs

University sub-systemsDisciplines in Schools (circles)Innovation Centers (squares)

E.g., CMU Website (2009)“Research Centers:where it all happens – to solve real-world problems”

Disciplines in SchoolsAward degreesSingle-discipline focusResearch discipline problemsMore e-Learning

Innovation Centers (ICs)Industry/government sponsorsMulti-disciplinary teamsResearch real-world systemsU-BEEs:University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

D

D

D

D

D

D

Engine

ering

Schoo

l

Social

Scie

nces

,

Human

ities

Professional

Studies

Business School

water & waste transportation

health energy/grid

e-government

Science &

Mathem

atics

I-School

Design

food & supply chain


Urban-Age.Net

Currently, the world’s top 30 cities generate 80% of the world’s wealth.The Urban Age

For the first time in history more than 50% the earth’s population live in cities - by 2050 it will be 75%The Endless City


Questions leaders of every nation, state, city, etc. ask

How to create more and better jobs (meaningful activities) for citizens?– higher skill & higher pay– higher participation rate, opportunities for ALL people

How to shift work towards high-skill, high-value activities? – away from low-skill, low-value routine physical, mental, interactional activities– toward high-value innovation (inventing best-practices, often from new ventures)– toward high-value transformation (implementing best-practices)– toward operations, maintenance, and incident-planning for modern infrastructure

How to invest in progress?– continuously improve infrastructure, talent, and ability to invest wisely– “true value of automation cannot be assessed until we know where people land”

• Upward spiral or downward spiral? (e.g., “Robot Nation”)

How to improve quality-of-life?– sustainably, with less environmental impact, more recycling and less imports– equal access to opportunity & justice, generation after generation, for the long-run


Overview: Elements of Interest

Infrastructure & Environment(Technologies Deployed)

Individuals &Certified

Competences(Skills)

Institutions &Roles(Jobs)

Information, Quality-of-Life & Demographics(Careers)

Policies & InvestmentsRun-Transform-Innovate

Governance

Infrastructure(Technologies Deployed)


Competences(Skills)


Information, Quality-of-Life Demographics(Careers)



Competences(Skills)





Competences(Skills)





Competences(Skills)





Competences(Skills)





Competences(Skills)



Region 1 Region 2

Futur

eP

resent

Histor

y


Governance


Governance


Governance


Governance

FrameworksTheoriesModels

Sept 27th Workshop at IBM Almaden


How are advanced technologies changing the mix of jobs?

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Levy, F, & Murnane, R. J. (2004). The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton University Press.

Expert Thinking

Complex Communication

Routine Manual

Non-routine Manual

Routine Cognitive


What are the benefits of more education? Of higher skills?

…But it can be costly, American student loan debt is over $900M


What are the benefits of top-ranked universities?% WW GDP and % WW Top-500-Universities

Japan

ChinaGermany

France

United KingdomItaly

Russia SpainBrazilCanada

IndiaMexico AustraliaSouth Korea

NetherlandsTurkey

Sweden

y = 0,7489x + 0,3534R² = 0,719

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

% g

loba

l G

DP

% top 500 universities

Strong Correlation (2009 Data): National GDP and University Rankingshttp://www.upload-it.fr/files/1513639149/graph.html


Measuring Impact

SSME: IBM Icon of Progress & IBM Research Outstanding Accomplishment– Internal 10x return: CBM, IDG, SDM Pricing & Costing, BIW COBRA, SIMPLE, IoFT, Fringe, VCR

• Key was tools to model customers & IBM better• Also tools to shift routine physical, mental, interactional & identify synergistic new ventures• Alignment with Smarter Planet & Analytics (instrumented, interconnected, intelligent)• Alignment with Smarter Cities, Smarter Campus, Smarter Buildings (Holistic Service Systems)

– External: More than $1B in national investments in Service Innovation activities

– External: Increase conferences, journals, and publications

– External: Service Science SIGs in Professional Associations

– External: Course & Program Guidelines for T-shaped Professionals, 500+ institutions

– External: National Service Science Institutions, Books & Case Studies (Open Services Innovation)

Service Research, a Portfolio Approach– 1. Improve existing offerings (value propositions that can move the needle on KPI’s)

– 2. Create new offerings (for old and new customers)

– 3. Improve outcomes insourcing, outsourcing, acquisitions, divestitures (interconnect-fission-fusion)

– 4. For all three of the above, improve customer/partner capabilities (ratchet each other up)

– 5. For all four of the above, increase patents and service IP assets (some donated to open forums)

– 6. For all five of the above, increase publications and body-of-knowledge (professional associations)


Who I am

Director IBM Global University Programs since 2009– Global team works with 5000 university world wide (http://www.ibm.com/university)

– Research (Awards), Readiness (Skills), Recruiting, Revenue, Responsibility

– Transform “IBM on Campus” brand awareness (“Smarter Planet/Smarter Cities”)

– Create “Urban Service System” Research Centers & U-BEEs Founding Director of IBM's first Service Research group from 2003-2009

– Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA

– 10x ROI with four IBM outstanding and eleven accomplishment awards

– Improve existing offerings, create new, portfolio synergies, partners, patents, publications

– I know/work with service research pioneers from many academic disciplines• I advocate for Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Design (SSME+D)

– Short-term: Curriculum (T-shaped people, deep in an existing discipline)– Long-term: New transdiscipline and profession (awaiting CAD tool)

• I advocate for SRII (“one of the founding fathers”)• Co-editor of the “Handbook of Service Science” (Springer 2010)

Other background (late 90’s and before)– Founding CTO of IBM’s Venture Capital Relations group in Silicon Valley

– Apple Computer’s (Distinguished Engineer Scientist and Technologist) award (90’s)

– Ph.D. Computer Science/Artificial Intelligence from Yale University (80’s)

– B.S. in Physics from MIT (70’s)


Outline

Introduction– IBM

Big Picture– Quality of Life (La Dolce Vita – The Sweet Life)

– Service Systems Evolving (By Design)

Service Science & Smarter Planet– What is Smarter Planet?

– How to measure Quality-of-Life?

– How to visualize Service Science?

– What’s the Skills Goal? Hint: T-Shaped People

– Where are the Opportunities?

– Where is the “Real Science” in SSME+D?

japan may 11 future of cities and universities 20120511 v3

Education

ibm corporation

regional developmentthe

regional developmentwhen

universities key

universities important

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entities example0

ww gdp