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JAPANESE APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Kunihiko OKA
ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• MLIT(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), Japan
• Director of Road Environment Plannning Office, Environment and Safety Division, Road Bureau y ,
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CONTENTS OF TODAY’S PRESENTATION
1 INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION2. JAPAN’S CO2 EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC
GROWTHGROWTH3. FRAMEWORK FOR CO2 EMISSIONS-REDUCTION4. SPECIFIC MEASURES IN INTEGRATED APPROACH
4.1. ROAD (Traffic Flow Improvement)4.2. DRIVING BEHAVIOUR (Eco-driving)4 3 CAR (Fuel Efficiency Improvement of Individual Vehicles)4.3. CAR (Fuel Efficiency Improvement of Individual Vehicles)4.4. TRANSPORT (Modal Shift)4.5. LOGISTIC (Efficiency Improvement)4.5. LOGISTIC (Efficiency Improvement)4.6. TDM (Traffic Demand Management)
5. CONCLUSION
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1. INTRODUCTION
World GHG emissionsWorld GHG emissionsDeveloped countries: Large per capita. Efforts toward reduction under the Kyoto Protocolreduction under the Kyoto Protocol. Emerging and Developing countries: Anticipated to rise every year with ecnomic growth.every year with ecnomic growth.
• It is important to reduce CO2 emissions withIt is important to reduce CO2 emissions with economic growth.
• Japan is the few countries to success it. p• To success it, Japan has promoted various
countermeasures under the Kyoto Protocol. y
3
2. JAPAN’S CO2 EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
W t Other A i ti
Industrial process
3 5%
Waste
2.5%
Other
0.0%
80%
90%
100%
Aviation
RailwayTransport
230 million ton
Freight
Household
14.1%
3.5%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%Inland Waterway
T t l
Transport
20.1%
Passenger
gvehicleApprox.
40 %
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%TotalCO2 Emission1,145 million
tons
PassengervehicleApprox.50 %
Energy
conversion
7.0%Industrial
Clerical & Other
18 8%
0%tons
Japan’s CO2 emissions by sector (FY 2009)C il d b d fi b th G h G I t Offi f J
Industrial
33.9%
18.8%
Compiled based on figures by the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan
4
2. JAPAN’S CO2 EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
CO2 emission (million t CO ) FY 2009 definite value(million t-CO2) FY 2009 definite value
FY 2010 target*
Passenger vehicle
Other modes
Freight vehicle
Changes in CO2 emissions in Japan’s transport sector (1990 - 2009)Source : MLIT website
Other modes: Bus, Taxi, Railway, Ship, Aviation* FY 2010 target, the best-case figure under the Kyoto Protocol Target
Achievement Plan (March 28, 2008 by cabinet resolution).
Source : MLIT website
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2. JAPAN’S CO2 EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
300 ) (ton)
JPN250
300
CO2 Emission in Transport (million ton)
JPN200
250
ort (
milli
on to
n)
ita (t
rans
port)
USA
CAN
FRA
DEU
ITAMEX
UKD
150
200
CAN
FRADEU
ITA
MEX
ESP UKD100
150
sion
in T
rans
po
sion
s pe
r cap
i
AUS
KOR
ESP
-
50
100
1990's Data : Plot background color = BLACK ex ◆2005's Data : Plot foreground color = WHITE ex
AUSKOR
-
50
00
CO
2E
mis
s
1990's Data: Plot background color = BLACK ex ◇2005's Data: Plot background color = WHITE ex ◇ C
O2
emis
s
Per capita GDP ($)
UKD
IndiaChina
FRA JPN
- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs) Data:1990-2005- 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 GDP (billion 2000 US$ using PPPs)
Per capita GDP ($)
Relationship between GDP growth and CO2 emission in various countries
Relationship between per capita GDP and CO2 emission (transport sector)
in various countries (2004)CO2 emission in various countries (1990–2005)
Sources: Created from IEA, "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2007" and OECD, "OECD Environmental Data 2006-2007 "
in various countries (2004)Sources: Created from IEA, "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion" and WORLD BANK, “World Development Indicators Database."
2006 2007.
6
There are countries with both economic growth and decreasing CO2 emissions in transportation sector
3. FRAMEWORK FOR CO2 EMISSIONS-REDUCTION
1998 : Enacted the Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to1998 : Enacted the Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming.
2005 : Set Kyoto Protocol Goal Achievement Plan by Cabinet l ti It t d ti t t f FY 2010 i iresolution. It sets reduction targets for FY 2010 emissions
for each sector. Targets for greenhouse gas emission suppression and absorption under the Kyoto g g g pp p y
Protocol Target Achievement Plan
Base Year FY 2010 emission yardstick
Million t-CO2 Million t-CO2Total emissions vs.
base year
Energy CO2 emissions 1,059 1,076~1,089 +1.3 % ~+2.3 %
Transport 217 240~243 +1.8 % ~+2.0 %
Total greenhouse gas emissions 1,261 1,239~1,252 -1.8 % ~-0.8 %
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4. SPECIFIC MEASURES IN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Diverting car trafficReduction of CO2 emissions
Travel Demand
ManagementEfficient l i tiModal shiftImproved
t ffi flDriving
b h i
Improved fuel economy of
Higher fuel efficiency
Eco-driving,Idling stop
Management (TDM)
logisticsModal shifttraffic flow behavior economy of individual car
Promote transit,Improved
Combined transport &
Bottleneck removal
Park and ride,Road pricingefficiency
standards,Next-
generation car
Idling stop Improved environment for
cycling
transport & delivery,
Modal shifts
removal,Construction of ring roads,ITS technology
Road pricing,Compact cities
System of measures to reduce automobile-source CO2 emissions
8
4.1. Traffic Flow ImprovementL CO E i i f ti l t l d- Less CO2 Emissions from optimal travel speed-
400
300
400
km)
Speed zone that requires smoothing of traffic flow (anti-congestion measures)
200
ns (g
-CO
2/k
100
O2
emis
sion
E i t ll
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
CO Environmentally
optimal speed zone
The relationship between travel speed and CO2 emissionsAverage travel speed (km/h)
9
Smoother traffic leads to optimal travel speed, contributing to reducing CO2 emissions.
4.1. Traffic Flow ImprovementB ttl k Eli i ti- Bottlenecks Elimination-
Status of major traffic congestion points in Tokyo Metropolitan area
High Priority sections due to time loss by traffic congestion
900
1000
1100
1200
時間
交通円滑化事業実施箇所
重点対策区間Road sections for priority action
Road sections where measures cong
estio
n
Approx. 50km radius
400
500
600
700
800
渋滞
損失
時 交通円滑化事業実施箇所to smooth traffic have been taken
due
to tr
affic
c
0
100
200
300
400
渋区 間 数
Tim
e lo
ss d
区 間 数Number of sections
Before After
Japan’s thinking on major traffic congestion points
10Grade separation project of intersection Measures for bottleneck railroad crossings
Before After
4.1. Traffic Flow ImprovementC t ti f Ri R d i U b A- Construction of Ring Roads in Urban Areas -
TohokudoBefore opening After opening
Approx.
Congestionlength(km)
Metropolitan Inter-city Expressway
Gaikan Expressway
Central Circular Route
Tohokudo
Kanetsudo
Jobando pp30% decrease
Central Circular Route
Inner Circular Route
Chuodo Tokando
Narita Airport
*congestion length : length of section 20km/h and under in interurban expressway & entire Tokyo line.
Tomei TateyamadoHaneda Airport
CO2 approx. 34,000 tons/year ReductionEstimate for expressways and ordinary roads in Tokyo Capital Region (4 prefectures)
p y y(peak-hour: 11:00~11:59AM weekdays )Tokyo Bay
Aqua-lineExpressway
Daisan-Keihin
Wangando
Airport
Blue Lines : Opened by April 2010
Changes in CO2 emissions by sector (1990 - 2009)Source : MLIT website
Blue Lines : Opened by April 2010Red Lines : not yet completed
Status of construction of the three ring roads in Tokyo metropolitan area
Effects of constructing the part of Central Circular Route
Sources : Metropolitan Expressway Co., Ltd., Website
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4.1. Traffic Flow ImprovementUSE f ITS t h l- USE of ITS technology -
Car Navigation System Displayg y p y(red : congestion)
Display
Traffic congestion guidance using VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System)
ETC mechanism(Electronic Toll Collection system)
VICS receiver
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(Vehicle Information and Communication System)
4.2. Eco-driving and other draving behaviour
Level of eco-driving is analyzed by accelerator and brake
5 min. agoMomentary fuel economy
Level of eco driving is analyzed by accelerator and brake operation. Speedometer’s background color changes to feed back fuel consumption status in real-time.
「利用者全体」の燃費改善率
10%
12%「利用者全体」の燃費改善率
10%
12%Percentage improvement in fuel economy for “all users”
(%)
10 min. ago15 min. ago20 min. ago25 min. ago
Momentary fuel economy
Fuel economy in this time
Fuel economy in last time
BAD GOOD
燃費改善率(%4%
6%
8%
10%
燃費改善率(%4%
6%
8%
10%
my
impr
ovem
ent
%)
運転経験(回数)50 100 150 200 250 300
0%
2%
4%%)
運転経験(回数)50 100 150 200 250 300
0%
2%
4%
Driving experience (times)Fu
elec
onom
<Display for the Eco Assist> <Average fuel economy improvement for all drivers>
Reduced fuel consumption through eco-drivingSources : Honda Motor Co., Ltd., Website
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4.3. Fuel Efficiency improvement of Individual Vehicles
Average fuel economy is improving for Latel H brid ehicles ha e spread rapidl
900 000
1,000,000
1,100,000 Hybrid VehicleMethanol
15.6 16.0
(km
/L)
new car (sold)
Average fuel economy is improving for cars registered since 2000.
Lately, Hybrid vehicles have spread rapidly.
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
(veh
icle
s)
Natural gasElectric Vehicle
13.7 14 0
15.0
cons
umpt
ion new car (sold)
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
Ow
ners
hip
12.5
13.2
12.513.0
14.0
Ave
rage
fuel
0
100,000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010Fiscal Year
Created based on "Environmental Statistical Summary", Ministry of the Environment
12.1
12.5
12.0 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fiscal Year
registered (owned)
Created based on Environmental Statistical Summary , Ministry of the Environment
Average fuel economy of Japanese automobiles
(1990-2006)
Dissemination of low-emission vehicles in Japan
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( )
4.4. Modal ShiftP ti f P bli T t ti U- Promotion of Public Transportation Use -
Buses and railways emit less CO2 perAs share of public transport increases, CO2 emissions tend to decrease.
0.25
0.30
000
USD
)
AUSAUTBELCANCZEDNKFINFRAPassenger car
Buses and railways emit less CO2 per person-km than passenger cars.
2
CAN LUXUSA
0 15
0.20
DP
(ton
per
10 FRA
DEUGRCHUNISLIRLITAJPNKOR
g
Aviation
Bus AUS
AUT
FIN
GRCHUN
ISL IRLJPN
KOR
NZL
POLSVK
ESP
TUR
UKD0.10
0.15
Tran
spor
t per
G
KORLUXMEXNLDNZLNORPOLPRTSVK
Bus
Railway
CZE
HUNPRT SVK
-
0.05
0% 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%C
O2
in T SVK
ESPSWECHETURUKDUSA
g-CO2/person-km (FY 2009)
Public Transport Model ShareCO2 emissions per person by transport mode
Source : MLIT website
Relationship between the share of publictransportation and CO2 emission in
transportation sector (1990 2000 2005)
15
transportation sector (1990, 2000, 2005)Sources: Created from IEA, "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
2007" and OECD, "OECD Environmental Data 2006-2007."
4.4. Modal ShiftI t f C li E i t- Improvement of Cycling Environment-
Bicycle lane Underground parking Sidewalk for pedestrians Bicycle lane lot for cyclistsand cyclists
P i tCurb line
Private
Traffic marking (bicycle sidewalk traveling section)
Private property
Sidewalk for pedestrians & cyclists
Roadway
Private property
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Pedestrian way Bicycle lane
Roadway pedestrians & cyclistsStreet utilities(as necessary)
4.5. Streamlining Logistics
Commercial trucks emit fewer CO2 per ton km than personal truck;
(billion ton –km)
Commercial
ton-km than personal truck; ship and railway emit even less.
PrivatePrivate truck
Commercial truck
1990 1995 2000 2005
Ship
Railway1990 1995 2000 2005
(Fiscal Year)Source : MLIT, “Statistical Survey of Motor Vehicle Transport”
g-CO2/ton-km (FY 2009)
CO emissions per cargo volumeChanges in independent
CO2 emissions per cargo volume by transport mode
Source : MLIT website
conversion of trucks (1990-2006)Sources: White Paper on Land, Infrastructure Transport and
Tourism in Japan, 2008
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4.6. Traffic Demand Management (TDM)T ffi C i M t Eli i t C ti- Traffic Conversion Measures to Eliminate Congestion -
Home Car Parking Bus Station Walk OfficeCongestion length
) DivertHousingToll A
ion
leng
th (k
m) Tim
e required
Toll B Toll A Toll B
Con
gest
d (min.) Coast
Image of “Environmental Road Pricing”
Source : Hanshin Expressway Company Limited websiteTraffic congestion reduction effect
Congestion length Before After
Time required Before After
Source : Hanshin Expressway Company Limited websiteTraffic congestion reduction effect by adoption of “Park & Ride” in
Kanazawa City
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5. CONCLUSION
• Balancing economic growth with reducing CO emissions• Balancing economic growth with reducing CO2 emissions from the transportation sector is possible.
• Road development to smooth traffic flow is effective in• Road development to smooth traffic flow is effective in reducing CO2 emissions from transportation sector.
• It is important to take integrated approach that promotedIt is important to take integrated approach that promoted the countermeasures to contribute to CO2 emissions reduction in various fields, such as roads, automobiles, transport planning, logistics etc.
• Emerging and developing nations may use experiences of successful countries in reducing CO2 emissions from transport sector.
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