japanese - lone star college - start close. go far
TRANSCRIPT
Mango Educator Editionโข
Japanese
Unit 2Course Guide
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Table of Contents
Table of ContentsChapter 1: Welcome to Our Home!Chapter 2: Family and PetsChapter 3: Work and PastimesChapter 4: Dating 101Chapter 5: Planning for the WeekendChapter 6: Weather and LandChapter 7: Cooking and Food CultureChapter 8: ShoppingChapter 9: Bank and Post OfficeChapter 10: At the HospitalVocabulary ReviewPhrase ReviewCultural NotesGrammar Notes
Chapter 1: Welcome to Our Home! ใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใฃใใใ๏ผ
Chapter 1: Welcome to Our Home!
Conversational GoalsAsk or Describe What or Who Is in a CertainLocationAsk or Describe Where Something IsDescribe What Color Something IsGet Familiar with Japanese Houses andVisiting CustomsOffer to Do Something for Someone
Grammar GoalsDifferentiate the Verbs ใใใใ and ใใใใUnderstand the Dependent IndefinitePronoun ใฎใฎUse the Disjunctive Subordinate ConjunctionใใฉใใฉUse the Particle ใซใซ to Indicate the Place ofExistenceUse ใพใใใใใพใใใใ to Offer a Service ("Shall I~?")
ConversationEnglish Japanese
Hello. ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใใใ (gomenkudasai.)
Welcome! Now, please come in. ใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใฉใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใฉใใใ (irasshai! saa, doozo.)
Thank you. This is a big house, isn't it! ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใใใกใงใใญใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใใใกใงใใญใ (ojama shimasu. ookii oochi desu ne.)
It's old, though. Shall I show you around the housea bit?
ใตใใใงใใใฉใใกใใฃใจใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใตใใใงใใใฉใใกใใฃใจใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (furui desu kedo. chotto uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
Yes, by all means. ใใใใใฒใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใฒใใญใใใใพใใ (ee, zehi onegai shimasu.)
This is the drawing room. Next to it is the roomwith the family Buddhist altar.
ใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใถใคใพใงใใใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใถใคใพใงใใ (kochira wa zashiki desu. sono tonari wabutsuma desu.)
There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden. ใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใ (niwa ni chashitsu ga arimasu.)
Wow, there are a lot of carp in the pond, aren'tthere!
ใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญ๏ผใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญ๏ผ (waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusan imasune!)
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They are ornamental carp. There are red ones,gold ones, orange ones and others, you know.
ใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใพใใใใธใใใฎใใใพใใใ (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu yo.)
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Hello (when announcing one's arrival at someone'shouse).ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใใใ
English Japanese
1 Hello (when announcing one's arrival atsomeone's house).
ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใใใ (gomenkudasai.)
2 ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใ is a common greeting used at the entrance of someone's house to announceone's arrival. It literally means "Please forgive (me)," but it's equivalent to "Hello" in English!
3 Welcome. ใใใฃใใใใใใใฃใใใใ (irasshai.)
4Did you remember ใใใฃใใใใพใใใใฃใใใใพใ , a polite greeting to welcome customers at a store orrestaurant? We can use the same greeting to welcome visitors at our house. In a less formalsituation, we can simply say ใใใฃใใใใใใฃใใใ .
5 Oh, Yoko. Welcome! ใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผ (aa, yooko san. irasshai!)
6 Did you remember that we add ใใใใ after a person's name to be polite?
7 Please come in. ใฉใใใใฉใใใ (doozo.)
8 Do you remember that ใฉใใใฉใใ is a versatile polite phrase that can mean "Here you go" or "Pleaseget in/out/on"? You can use it to usher a visitor into your place!
9 now (when encouraging some course ofaction)
ใใใใ (saa)
10 Welcome! Now, please come in. ใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใฉใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใฉใใใ (irasshai! saa, doozo.)
11 Thank you for inviting me in. (I'll hinder you.)
ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใพใใพใใ (ojama shimasu.)
12
ใใใใพใใพใใใใใพใใพใ is a common phrase we can use when we enter someone's house in Japan. Itliterally means "(I'll) hinder (you by my visit)." There is no exact match in English, but it'ssomething akin to "Thank you for inviting me in." Like ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใ or ใใฟใพใใใใฟใพใใ (as "Thankyou"), many Japanese phrases sound apologetic and self-effacing, reflecting the culture ofpoliteness and modesty.
13 Good afternoon. Thank you for inviting me in. ใใใซใกใฏใใใใใพใใพใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใพใใพใใ (konnichiwa. ojama shimasu.)
14 Thank you for your time and hospitality. (I hindered you.)
ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใพใใพใใใ (ojama shimashita.)
15ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใพใใพใใ is the past form of ใใใใพใใพใใใใใพใใพใ . It means something like "I'm sorry forhaving hindered you by my visit," but the English equivalent would be "Thank you for your timeand hospitality." It's a common phrase you can use when you are leaving someone's house.
16 Thank you for your time and hospitality. Good-bye.
ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใชใใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใชใใ (ojama shimashita. sayoonara.)
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English Japanese
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A typical Japanese house has a distinct entrance space called ใใใใใใใใ . It's a transition areabetween outside and inside, with the "inside" clearly defined with a raised floor. You remove yourshoes here and step directly onto the hallway. Don't stand barefooted on the entrance floor;that's considered "outside" even though it's indoors. Once up on the hallway, put on the houseslippers provided by the host and follow him or her.
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It's old, though. ใตใใใงใใใฉใใตใใใงใใใฉใEnglish Japanese
1 It's old, though. ใตใใใงใใใฉใใตใใใงใใใฉใ (furui desu kedo.)
2 old ใตใใใตใใ (furui)
3We can use ใตใใใตใใ (old) to describe various things including objects (as in an "old house"),concepts (as in an "old belief"), and relationships (as in "old friends"). We shouldn't, however, useit to talk about someone's age!
4 It's old. ใตใใใงใใใตใใใงใใ (furui desu.)
5 though ใใฉใใฉ (kedo)
6๏ฝใใฉ๏ฝใใฉ (though) is a plain version of ๏ฝใ๏ฝใ (..., but ...) and connects two contradictory sentences tomake them into a longer one. Like ๏ฝใ๏ฝใ , ๏ฝใใฉ๏ฝใใฉ is attached to the end of the first half of the two-part sentence. In conversations, the second half of the sentence is often omitted and onlyimplied.
7As you may recall, Japanese people typically try hard not to appear vain or boastful. When theyreceive compliments, they would invariably negate them or counter them with self-effacingphrases. For example, when someone praises their house, they would counter with a negativecomment on it such as ใตใใใงใใใฉใตใใใงใใใฉ (It's old, though).
8 house ใใกใใก (uchi)
9ใใกใใก literally means "the inside," but it can be used to mean a "house," "(one's) home," "(one'sown) family," or more! ใใกใใก is such a simple word, but it's one of the key terms that helps usunderstand the Japanese culture and language.
10 house ใใใกใใใก (ouchi)
11 Did you remember that we can simply attach ใใ to a word to make the expression more polite?
12 big house ใใใใใใใกใใใใใใใก (ookii ouchi)
13 It's a big house, isn't it! ใใใใใใใกใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใใใกใงใใญ๏ผ (ookii ouchi desu ne!)
14 rented house ใใใใใใใใ (shakuya)
15 It's a rented house, though. ใใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใงใใใฉใ (shakuya desu kedo.)
16 garden/yard ใซใใซใ (niwa)
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English Japanese
17ใซใใซใ is the outdoor space belonging to a residence. Its equivalent is a "garden" or "yard" inEnglish. Please note that we cannot use ใซใใซใ to mean a particular garden plot such as a flowergarden or vegetable garden.
18 garden ใใซใใใซใ (oniwa)
19 spacious ใฒใใใฒใใ (hiroi)
20 spacious garden ใฒใใใใซใใฒใใใใซใ (hiroi oniwa)
21 Wow! ใใ๏ผใใ๏ผ (waa!)
22 Wow, it's a spacious garden, isn't it! ใใใใฒใใใใซใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใฒใใใใซใใงใใญ๏ผ (waa, hiroi oniwa desu ne!)
23 No, no. ใใใใใใใใใใ (ie ie.)
24 ใใใใ is a shortened form of ใใใใใใ (no). When you want to lightly deny what has just been said (asin a compliment), you can say ใใใใใใใใ (no, no).
25 Not so much. ใใใปใฉใงใใใใใปใฉใงใใ (sore hodo demo.)
26 No, no, not so much. ใใใใใใใใปใฉใงใใใใใใใใใใปใฉใงใใ (ie ie, sore hodo demo.)
27With a particular verbal expression comes a gesture that is often unique to the culture. WhenJapanese people say ใใใใใใใใ (no, no) as in the response to a compliment, they often wave oneor both hands before their chest with the palm facing their listener. Try it!
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Shall I show you around the house?ใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Shall I show you around the house? ใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
2 to show around ใใใชใใใใใใชใใใ (an-nai suru)
3
So far we have learned verbs in the polite form that ends with ใพใใพใ (as in ใฏใชใใพใใฏใชใใพใ or "speak")or ใพใใใพใใ (as in ใใพใใใใพใใ or "did"). Such a verb form is called the "ใพใใพใ-form." In this section, weare going to start learning another form called the "dictionary form" that is used for dictionaryentries. It will not only help us find words easily in a dictionary, but also enable us to understandthe verb conjugation better!
4 show around ใใใชใใใพใใใใชใใใพใ (an-nai shimasu)
5 inside ใชใใชใ (naka)
6 the inside of the house ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ (uchi no naka)
7Do you remember the expression ใใใฎใใใใใฎใใ (literally, "backside of station"), in which ใใใใ(station) indicates the place that is used as the base, and ใใใใ (the backside) is a word thatindicates a specific position? ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ (the inside of the house) uses the same pattern, "X ใฎใฎY."
8 I'll show you around the house. (I'll show you around the inside of the house.)
ใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใพใใใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใพใใ (uchi no naka o an-nai shimasu.)
9Did you add ใใ after ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ? It's the same ใใ we used in the sentence ใซใปใใใใฏใชใใพใใซใปใใใใฏใชใใพใ(I speak Japanese). The particle ใใ is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. In ใใกใฎใชใใใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใพใใใใชใใใพใ (I'll show you around the house), ใใ indicates that ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ (literally, "the insideof the house") is what the speaker will show around!
10 Shall I show you around? ใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (an-nai shimashoo ka.)
11 When we want to offer to do something to our listener, we can replace the verb ending ใพใใพใ withใพใใใใใพใใใใ , as in ใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใ (Shall I show you around?).
12 Shall I show you around? ใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
13 Did you remember that we sometimes need to use ใใ instead of ใใ to make a certain word orexpression more polite? ใใใชใใใพใใใใชใใใพใ is one of these words!
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Japanese people usually do not offer their guests a tour of their house as Americans often do,unless the guests are staying overnight or the hosts are particularly proud of some features oftheir house. Even then, the hosts would show their guests (who are "outsiders") only what isconsidered as the "outer" areas of the house. The hostess, for example, might hate to havepeople coming into her kitchen since it is considered one of the innermost areas of the house.
15 Shall I show you around the garden? ใซใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใซใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (niwa o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
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English Japanese
16 to open ใใใใใใ (akeru)
17 open ใใใพใใใใพใ (akemasu)
18 Shall I open it? ใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (akemashoo ka.)
19 window ใพใฉใพใฉ (mado)
20 Shall I open the window? ใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใ (mado o akemashoo ka.)
21 to close ใใใใใใ (shimeru)
22 close ใใใพใใใใพใ (shimemasu)
23 Shall I close the window? ใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใ (mado o shimemashoo ka.)
24 It's a little bit cold, isn't it! Shall I close thewindow?
ใกใใฃใจใใใใงใใญใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใงใใญใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใใใ (chotto samui desu ne. mado oshimemashoo ka.)
25 by all means ใใฒใใฒ (zehi)
26 Yes, by all means, please. ใใใใใฒใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใฒใใญใใใใพใใ (ee, zehi onegai shimasu.)
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This is the Japanese-style drawing room.ใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใกใใฏใใใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 This is the Japanese-style drawing room. ใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใกใใฏใใใใงใใ (kochira wa zashiki desu.)
2 this place ใใกใใใกใ (kochira)
3Do you remember ใใกใใใกใ (this way), the word indicating a general direction? ใใกใใใกใ and itscounterparts ใใกใใใกใ (that way) and ใใกใใใกใ (that way over there) can also be used as the politeform for ใใใใ (this place), ใใใใ (that place), and ใใใใใใ (that place over there).
4 Japanese-style drawing room ใใใใใใ (zashiki)
5ใใใใใใ is a Japanese-style drawing room with its floor covered by ใใใฟใใใฟ--thick, rectangle matsmade of tightly-woven dried stalks of plants called ใใใใใใ (rushes). ใใใใใใ usually has slidingdoors. The ones covered with translucent white rice paper are called ใใใใใใใใ . The ones that aredouble-paned with thick paper or cloth and on which pictures are often painted are called ใตใใพใตใใพ .
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Before you enter ใใใใใใ , take off your house slippers and leave them outside the room. Inside,there is a low table, and you sit on square cushions called ใใถใจใใใถใจใ . In a formal situation, youshould sit ใใใใใใ-style, with your legs folded underneath your thighs and keeping your backstraight. If your feet are hurting you, you may say ใใฟใพใใใใฟใพใใ to your host and discreetly changeyour position. Please be aware, though, that sitting cross-legged will be frowned upon if you are awoman!
7 bathroom ใตใใฐใตใใฐ (furoba)
8
A typical Japanese bathroom is quite different from one in the US. ใตใใฐใตใใฐ is literally a "bathplace." It's a room with a bathtub and a shower, and its tiled floor has a drainage hole. You washyour body outside the bathtub before getting into it to keep the bathwater clean. When you aredone, don't drain the tub! Other members in the household usually share the same bathwater forthe day.
9 This is the bathroom. The restroom is thatway.
ใใกใใฏใตใใฐใงใใใใฆใใใใฏใใกใใงใใกใใฏใตใใฐใงใใใใฆใใใใฏใใกใใงใใใใ (kochira wa furoba desu. otearai wasochira desu.)
10ใใฆใใใใใฆใใใ or ใใคใฌใใคใฌ in a typical Japanese house is a space separate from ใตใใฐใตใใฐ (the bathroom)or ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (the room with a bathroom sink). Japanese people take hygiene very seriously. Inside ใใฆใใใใใฆใใใ , you'll find a pair of "toilet" slippers. Put them on, leaving your house slippersoutside the door. When you come out, don't forget to leave the toilet slippers where they belong!
11 room ใธใใธใ (heya)
12 this room ใใฎใธใใใฎใธใ (kono heya)
13 What is this room? ใใฎใธใใฏใชใใงใใใใใฎใธใใฏใชใใงใใใ (kono heya wa nan desu ka.)
14 a room with the family Buddhist altar ใถใคใพใถใคใพ (butsuma)
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English Japanese
15 That room is the room with the familyBuddhist altar.
ใใฎใธใใฏใถใคใพใงใใใใฎใธใใฏใถใคใพใงใใ (sono heya wa butsuma desu.)
16
Many Japanese households have family Buddhist altars called ใถใคใ ใใถใคใ ใ , which hold mortuarytablets (ใใฏใใใฏใ) for deceased family members. Contrary to the popular Western perception,Japanese people do not worship the dead. Instead, they revere and honor their ancestors and tryto console their spirits by offering incense and prayer. In this sense, ใถใคใ ใใถใคใ ใ is a link betweenthe past and the present. The room with ใถใคใ ใใถใคใ ใ is called ใถใคใพใถใคใพ .
17 next-door ใจใชใใจใชใ (tonari)
18 kitchen ใ ใใฉใใใ ใใฉใใ (daidokoro)
19 next to the kitchen (next-door of kitchen)
ใ ใใฉใใใฎใจใชใใ ใใฉใใใฎใจใชใ (daidokoro no tonari)
20If the context makes it clear that you are talking about the kitchen, ใ ใใฉใใใฎใ ใใฉใใใฎ in the phrase ใ ใ ใใฉใใใฎใจใชใใใฉใใใฎใจใชใ (next to the kitchen) can be replaced with the "pointing" word ใใฎใใฎ (that). Let'stry to use the shorter version in the next question!
21 next to it ใใฎใจใชใใใฎใจใชใ (sono tonari)
22 Japanese-style family room (space for tea)
ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ (chanoma)
23ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ (literally, "space for tea") or ใใกใใฎใพใใกใใฎใพ originally meant a room where tea was servedfor guests, but it has become a Japanese-style family room where family members relax over acup of tea and watch TV. Usually, ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ is next to the kitchen and used as the family diningroom as well.
24 This is the kitchen. Next to it is the Japanese-style family room.
ใใกใใฏใ ใใฉใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใกใใฎใใกใใฏใ ใใฉใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใกใใฎใพใงใใใพใงใใ (kochira wa daidokoro desu. sono tonariwa chanoma desu.)
25If you visit a Japanese home in winter, you may be ushered into a room with ใใใคใใใค . ใใใคใใใค is alow table equipped with an electric space heater. The entire table is covered by a quilt to trap thewarm air in and keep your legs and feet toasty. It's a cozy space to spend time with your friendsand family on a cold day!
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There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden.ใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden. ใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใ (niwa ni chashitsu ga arimasu.)
2Do you remember the expression ใใใซใใใซ ("here" or "at this place")? When we want to indicate theplace where something exists, we add the particle ใซใซ after the place noun. It's equivalent to "at,""on," or "in" in English. Let's try that in the next question!
3 to exist or to be (when referring to things) ใใใใ (aru)
4 there is (when referring to things) ใใใพใใใใพใ (arimasu)
5 tea-ceremony room ใกใใใคใกใใใค (chashitsu)
6
ใกใใใคใกใใใค (literally, "tea room") is a space specifically designed to have a tea ceremony. A typicalใกใใใคใกใใใค is a small structure built in a Japanese-style garden. It looks like a simple rustic hut, butthe simplicity is a well-calculated one! Guests go through the well-tended garden and enter ใกใใกใใใคใใค through a small door called ใซใใใใกใซใใใใก . Inside, they enjoy not only green tea but also theambiance and hospitality carefully prepared and presented by the host.
7 There is a tea-ceremony room. ใกใใใคใใใใพใใใกใใใคใใใใพใใ (chashitsu ga arimasu.)
8Did you add ใใ after ใกใใใคใกใใใค and say ใกใใใคใใใใพใใกใใใคใใใใพใ (There is a tea-ceremony room)? It'sthe same ใใ we learned to use in the sentence ใปใใใใใใพใใปใใใใใใพใ (There is a bookstore). In thesesentences, the particle ใใ is used to mark the subject of a verb.
9 entrance hall ใใใใใใใใ (genkan)
10 the next-door of the entrance hall ใใใใใฎใจใชใใใใใใฎใจใชใ (genkan no tonari)
11 In the following questions, let's assume that we are talking about the locations where things exist!
12 next to the entrance hall (at the next-door of the entrance hall)
ใใใใใฎใจใชใใซใใใใใฎใจใชใใซ (genkan no tonari ni)
13 spacious Japanese-style drawing room ใฒใใใใใใฒใใใใใ (hiroi zashiki)
14 There is a spacious Japanese-style drawingroom next to the entrance hall.
ใใใใใฎใจใชใใซใฒใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใจใชใใซใฒใใใใใใใใใพใใ(genkan no tonari ni hiroi zashiki gaarimasu.)
15The pronunciation of ใชใใชใ (what) changes to ใชใซใชใซ depending on the word that comes after it. ใชใชใใ is used when it is followed by a counter as in ใชใใใชใใ (what time) or by a word that starts withthe "t" sound (such as ใจใจ), "d" sound (such as ใงใง), or "n" sound (such as ใฎใฎ). In all other cases,we use ใชใซใชใซ .
16 What is there? ใชใซใใใใพใใใใชใซใใใใพใใใ (nani ga arimasu ka.)
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English Japanese
17 Japanese-style closet ใใใใใใใใ (oshi-ire)
18 A typical ใใใใใใใใ (Japanese-style closet) is two-tiered with paper-covered sliding doors.
19 the inside of the Japanese-style closet ใใใใใฎใชใใใใใใฎใชใ (oshi-ire no naka)
20 in the Japanese-style closet (at the inside of the Japanese-style closet)
ใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใฎใชใใซ (oshi-ire no naka ni)
21 What is in the Japanese-style closet? ใใใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใใพใใใ (oshi-ire no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka.)
22 Japanese-style bedding ใตใจใใตใจใ (futon)
23 Japanese ใตใจใใตใจใ (futon) is different from the American version. The authentic ใตใจใใตใจใ is a set of athick cotton-filled mattress and a fluffy quilt. It's quite light, mobile, and comfortable!
24 There is Japanese-style bedding in theJapanese-style closet, you know.
ใใใใใฎใชใใซใตใจใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใชใใซใตใจใใใใใพใใใ (oshi-ire no naka ni futon ga arimasu yo.)
25
ใใใใใใ , or any room with ใใใฟใใใฟ floor, is very versatile. During the day, the room can be used asa drawing room, with a low table and ใใถใจใใใถใจใ (square cushions) as the furniture. At night, theroom can be turned into a bedroom with the table and ใใถใจใใใถใจใ set aside and ใตใจใใตใจใ spread onthe floor. When the morning comes, ใตใจใใตใจใ will be folded and put into ใใใใใใใใ . Voila! The roombecomes a public space again!
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There are carp in the pond.ใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใพใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 There are carp in the pond. ใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใพใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใพใใ (ike no naka ni koi ga imasu.)
2 to exist or to be (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใใใใ (iru)
3Both ใใใใ and ใใใใ mean "to exist" or "to be (present)." While ใใใใ is used for things such as adesk or a house, ใใใใ is primarily used to talk about the existence of living creatures includingpeople and animals.
4 there is (when referring to living creatures) ใใพใใใพใ (imasu)
5 carp ใใใใ (koi)
6 There are carp. ใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ (koi ga imasu.)
7 Did you remember that we can use the same form of verbs and nouns to talk about both singularand plural objects?
8 pond ใใใใ (ike)
9 the inside of the pond ใใใฎใชใใใใฎใชใ (ike no naka)
10
Traditional Japanese gardens have gained some popularity in North America as well as Europe. The basic concept is to recreate natural landscapes so that people can enjoy their beautyeveryday at home throughout the year. The most popular center piece is a pond, often pairedwith a miniature mountain adorned with trees, rocks, and stone lanterns. Some gardenssubstitute white sand and pebbles for water, creating a simple yet profound world for Zenmeditation.
11 plentifully ใใใใใใใใ (takusan)
12 There are a lot of carp. (There are carp plentifully.)
ใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใพใใ (koi ga takusan imasu.)
13 Wow, there are a lot of carp in the pond, aren'tthere!
ใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญใใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญใ(waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusanimasu ne.)
14 What is there? (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใชใซใใใพใใใใชใซใใใพใใใ (nani ga imasu ka.)
15 What is in the pond? (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใพใใใใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใพใใใ (ike no naka ni nani ga imasu ka.)
16 red ใใใใใใ (akai)
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English Japanese
17 red carp ใใใใใใใใใใ (akai koi)
18 black ใใใใใใ (kuroi)
19 red carp and black carp ใใใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใใจใใใใใ (akai koi to kuroi koi)
20 Did you remember that we can link two or more nouns or noun phrases with the particle ใจใจ (and)?
21 There are red carp and black carp in the pond,you know.
ใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใจใใใใใใใใพใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใจใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (ike no naka ni akai koi to kuroi koi gaimasu yo.)
22
ใใใใ (carp) are voracious and highly adaptive freshwater fish that have a long history of beingused as food in Asia and Europe. ใซใใใใใซใใใใ (ornamental carp), however, are bred in northernJapan exclusively for their beautiful colors and patterns. Today, ใซใใใใใซใใใใ are a ubiquitouspresence in water gardens around the globe, entertaining people with their vivid beauty andfeeding frenzies!
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There are red ones, white ones, and others. (whenreferring to living creatures)ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 There are red ones, white ones, and others.(when referring to living creatures)
ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใพใใ (akai no ya shiroi no ga imasu.)
2 red one ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (akai no)
3ใฎใฎ in ใใใใฎใใใใฎ is not a particle but a pronoun that is equivalent to "one" or "ones" in English. Wecan use this kind of ใฎใฎ only when we can reasonably assume that our listener understands whatwe are talking about. When we are talking about carp, for example, ใใใใฎใใใใฎ means ใใใใใใใใใใ(red carp).
4 There are red ones. (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใใใใฎใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใพใใ (akai no ga imasu.)
5 white ใใใใใใ (shiroi)
6 white ones ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (shiroi no)
7 red ones and white ones ใใใใฎใจใใใใฎใใใใฎใจใใใใฎ (akai no to shiroi no)
8 red ones, white ones, and others ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใใฎใใใใใฎ (akai no ya shiroi no)
9ใใ in ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใใฎใใใใใฎ is a linking word that is used to list two or more nouns or noun phrases. While ใจใจ list all the items, ใใ shows a few representative items, implying that there are more. ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใฎใใใใใฎ is equivalent to "red ones, white ones, and others."
10 color ใใใใ (iro)
11
Do you remember that "brown" in Japanese is ใกใใใใกใใใ (literally, "tea color")? Traditional Japanesecolors are often named after objects that represent the particular colors. For example, pink is ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "peach color"), yellowish brown is ใใใใใใใใ (persimmon color), and sky-blue is ใใใใใใใใ (sky color). Nowadays, however, younger generations prefer to use "borrowed" words suchas ใใณใฏใใณใฏ (pink) or ใใผใธใฅใใผใธใฅ (beige) !
12 orange color ใชใฌใณใธใใใชใฌใณใธใใ (orenji iro)
13In Japanese, basic colors such as "red" or "white" have both nouns (ใใใใ or ใใใใ) and adjectives(ใใใใใใ or ใใใใใใ). Others, however, have nouns only. "Orange," for example, is ใชใฌใณใธใใใชใฌใณใธใใ(literally, "orange color").
14 orange-colored carp (carp in orange color)
ใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใ (orenji iro no koi)
15Did you use the particle ใฎใฎ and say ใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใ (literally, "carp in orange color")? This isanother instance of the "X ใฎใฎ Y" pattern, in which the particle ใฎใฎ indicates that the first noun X"modifies" the second noun Y--that is, X is the information about Y.
16 gold color ใใใใใใใใ (kin-iro)
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English Japanese
17 gold-colored carp ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใฎใใ (kin iro no koi)
18 gold-colored ones ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎ (kin-iro no)
19 Notice that we don't say ใใใใใฎใฎใใใใใฎใฎ but simply say ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎ to mean "gold-colored ones"!
20 ornamental carp ใซใใใใใซใใใใ (nishikigoi)
21ใซใใใซใใ in ใซใใใใใซใใใใ (ornamental carp) literally means a Japanese silk brocade known for itsgorgeous colors and intricate patterns. It's an apt name for carp adorned with vivid colors andmarkings! The pronunciation of ใใใใ changes to ใใใใ when combined with another word.
22They are ornamental carp. There are redones, gold-colored ones, orange-coloredones, and others.
ใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใพใใใณใธใใใฎใใใพใใ (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu.)
23
ใใใใ (carp) are considered auspicious fish. Chinese legend has it that carp that could climb a bigwater fall on the Yellow River would turn into dragons and fly through the sky--a greatachievement for a creature as small and insignificant as a fish! That's why we have ใใใฎใผใใใใฎใผใ--colorful carp-shaped windsocks traditionally flown in May to wish success and good health for malechildren in the family.
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21
The TV is in the living room.ใใฌใใฏใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใฌใใฏใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 The TV is in the living room. (As for TV, it exists in the living room.)
ใใฌใใฏใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใฌใใฏใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใ (terebi wa ribingu ni arimasu.)
2
ใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใ and ใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใ might sound similar, but theirfunctions are different. ใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใ describes what is in a certain location (In thisroom, there is a TV). ใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใ , on the other hand, tells where a certain thingis located (As for the TV, it's in this room). Please note that the former uses the particle ใใ tomark the subject (ใใฌใใใฌใ), while the latter uses the topic marker ใฏใฏ to indicate ใใฌใใใฌใ as the"topic" of the sentence.
3
Here's one of the basic rules on when to use the particle ใฏใฏ or ใใ . We use ใใ if the subject is firstintroduced in the conversation and use ใฏใฏ if the subject is already introduced or otherwise knownto your listener. For example, when we want to inform our listener that there is a TV in the room,we say ใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใ because ใใฌใใใฌใ is a new piece of information. Then if we wantto talk about the said TV, we start our sentence with ใใฌใใฏใใฌใใฏ ... (As for the TV...).
4 living room ใชใใณใฐใชใใณใฐ (ribingu)
5 It is in the living room. ใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใ (ribingu ni arimasu.)
6ใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใ (It is in the living room) can be rephrased as ใชใใณใฐใงใใชใใณใฐใงใ . They mean thesame, though ใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใ more specifically denotes the existence of the object. In thischapter, let's use ใใใพใใใใพใ to point out where things are. Please note that we need the particleใซใซ to indicate the location when we use the verb ใใใพใใใใพใ as well as ใใพใใใพใ .
7 TV ใใฌใใใฌใ (terebi)
8 desk ใคใใใคใใ (tsukue)
9 side ใใใใ (yoko)
10 the side of the desk ใคใใใฎใใใคใใใฎใใ (tsukue no yoko)
11 by the desk (at the side of the desk)
ใคใใใฎใใใซใคใใใฎใใใซ (tsukue no yoko ni)
12 bookshelf ใปใใ ใชใปใใ ใช (hondana)
13 The bookshelf is by the desk. ใปใใ ใชใฏใคใใใฎใใใซใใใพใใใปใใ ใชใฏใคใใใฎใใใซใใใพใใ (hondana wa tsukue no yoko ni arimasu.)
14 Where is it? ใฉใใซใใใพใใใใฉใใซใใใพใใใ (doko ni arimasu ka.)
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English Japanese
15 Did you notice that we need the particle ใซใซ after the question word ใฉใใฉใ (where) since we areasking about the location of something, using the verb ใใใพใใใใพใ?
16 newspaper ใใใถใใใใถใ (shinbun)
17 Um, where is the newspaper? ใใฎใใใใใถใใฏใฉใใซใใใพใใใใใฎใใใใใถใใฏใฉใใซใใใพใใใ (anoo, shinbun wa doko ni arimasu ka.)
18 table ใใผใใซใใผใใซ (teeburu)
19 topside or upper part ใใใใ (ue)
20 the topside of the table ใใผใใซใฎใใใใผใใซใฎใใ (teeburu no ue)
21 on the table (at the topside of the table)
ใใผใใซใฎใใใซใใผใใซใฎใใใซ (teeburu no ue ni)
22 Oh, the newspaper is on the table, you know.ใใใใใใถใใฏใใผใใซใฎใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใถใใฏใใผใใซใฎใใใซใใใพใใใใใ (aa, shinbun wa teeburu no ue ni arimasuyo.)
23 cat ใญใใญใ (neko)
24 Where is your cat? ใญใใฏใฉใใซใใพใใใใญใใฏใฉใใซใใพใใใ (neko wa doko ni imasu ka.)
25 Did you remember to use the verb ใใพใใใพใ to talk about a cat--a living creature?
26 bed ใใใใใใ (beddo)
27 underneath or lower part ใใใใ (shita)
28 the underneath of the bed ใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใ (beddo no shita)
29 under the bed (at the underneath of the bed)
ใใใใฎใใใซใใใใฎใใใซ (beddo no shita ni)
30 The cat is under the bed, you know. ใญใใฏใใใใฎใใใซใใพใใใใญใใฏใใใใฎใใใซใใพใใใ (neko wa beddo no shita ni imasu yo.)
31
Many modern houses in Japan incorporate Western-style rooms and furniture. Traditional ใใใใใใand ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ are often replaced by Western-style ใชใใณใฐใชใใณใฐ . Young people in particular preferwooden or carpet floor to ใใใฟใใใฟ , chairs and couches to ใใถใจใใใถใจใ , and beds to ใตใจใใตใจใ . Somenewer apartments and condos even have Western-style bathrooms. Though the appearance maybe different, there is one thing that never changes: people still take off their shoes at ใใใใใใใใ(entrance hall)!
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Chapter 2: Family and Pets ๅฎถๆใจใใใๅฎถๆใจใใใ
Chapter 2: Family and Pets
Conversational GoalsAddress Family Members Using KinshipWordsComment on PetsInquire about Someone's Family Membersand PetsTalk about Personal Traits and PhysicalAttributes
Grammar GoalsForm Adjective SentencesUnderstand the Prenominal Use of AdjectivesUse the Counters for Age, People, andAnimalsUse the Interrogatives ใ ใใ ใ /ใฉใชใใฉใชใ , ใชใใใชใใใใ /ใใใใคใใใใค , ใชใใซใใชใใซใ , ใชใใณใใชใใณใ
ConversationEnglish Japanese
Who is this? ใใใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใใฏใฉใชใใงใใใ (kore wa donata desu ka.)
That's my grandmother. ใผใใฎใใผใงใใใผใใฎใใผใงใใ (boku no sobo desu.)
How old is she? ใใใใคใงใใใใใใใคใงใใใ (oikutsu desu ka.)
She is 96. But, she's still full of energy, you know.๏ผ๏ผใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใ๏ผ๏ผใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใ (kyuujuu-roku sai desu. demo, mada madagenki desu yo.)
That's good to hear, isn't it! ใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใญ๏ผ (sore wa naniyori desu ne!)
Do you have pets? ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (petto ga imasu ka.)
Yes, we have two dogs. ใใใใใฌใใซใฒใใใพใใใใใใใฌใใซใฒใใใพใใ (ee, inu ga nihiki imasu.)
What kind of dogs are they? ใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใ (don-na inu desu ka.)
They are Akitas. They are big dogs, but gentle.ใใใใงใใใใใใใใฌใงใใใใใจใชใใใงใใใใงใใใใใใใใฌใงใใใใใจใชใใใงใใใใ (akita desu. ookii inu desu ga, otonashiidesu.)
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Who is this person? ใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Who is this person? ใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใ (kono hito wa donata desu ka.)
2 who/whom ใฉใชใใฉใชใ (donata)
3 Who is it? ใฉใชใใงใใใใฉใชใใงใใใ (donata desu ka.)
4 person ใฒใจใฒใจ (hito)
5 this person ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (kono hito)
6
Do you remember that Japanese speakers tend to avoid using pronouns such as "you" or "she,"and either omit them whenever the context makes the meaning clear or substitute real namesfor them? Instead of using real names, we can also use generic noun phrases as substitutes. Common substitutes for "he" or "she," for example, are ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (this person), ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (thatperson), and ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (that person over there).
7 female (for humans) ใใใชใใใช (on-na)
8 ใใใชใใใช (female) can also mean a "woman," but it sounds very rude to use the term to refer tosomeone. Let's figure out an appropriate way to talk about a woman!
9 woman (female person)
ใใใชใฎใฒใจใใใชใฎใฒใจ (on-na no hito)
10Did you connect the two nouns ใใใชใใใช (female) and ใฒใจใฒใจ (person) with the noun-linking particleใฎใฎ , using the now-familiar "X ใฎใฎ Y" pattern? ใใใชใฎใฒใจใใใชใฎใฒใจ (literally, a "female person" or "a personwho is female") is the proper way to refer to a woman in general.
11 this woman ใใฎใใใชใฎใฒใจใใฎใใใชใฎใฒใจ (kono on-na no hito)
12 male (for humans) ใใจใใใจใ (otoko)
13 man (male person)
ใใจใใฎใฒใจใใจใใฎใฒใจ (otoko no hito)
14 that man ใใฎใใจใใฎใฒใจใใฎใใจใใฎใฒใจ (sono otoko no hito)
15 Who is that man? ใใฎใใจใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใ (sono otoko no hito wa donata desu ka.)
16 boy (male child)
ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ (otoko no ko)
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English Japanese
17We have learned that many traditional Japanese female names end with ใใ as in ใใใใใใ . ใใmeans a "child," and it's usually used in phrases such as ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ (literally, a "male child") or ใใใฎใใฎใ (that child over there).
18 girl ใใใชใฎใใใใชใฎใ (on-na no ko)
19 that girl over there ใใฎใใใชใฎใใใฎใใใชใฎใ (ano on-na no ko)
20 who/whom ใ ใใ ใ (dare)
21
Do you remember that there are two versions for the question word "where" in Japanese--thepolite ใฉใกใใฉใกใ and the plain ใฉใใฉใ? Likewise, the polite question word ใฉใชใใฉใชใ (who/whom) has theplain counterpart ใ ใใ ใ . As in the case of ใฉใใฉใ , the "plain" label does not mean that it's used onlyin casual conversations! As long as we use ใ ใใ ใ in a sentence that ends with either ใงใใงใ or ใพใใพใ ,we are still talking in the polite form--only sounding less formal or respectful than when we use ใฉใฉใชใใชใ .
22 Who is that girl over there? ใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใใ (ano on-na no ko wa dare desu ka.)
23 photograph ใใใใใใใใ (shashin)
24 this photograph ใใฎใใใใใใฎใใใใ (kono shashin)
25 the boy in this photograph ใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใ (kono shashin no otoko no ko)
26 Did you use ใฎใฎ to connect ใใฎใใใใใใฎใใใใ (this photograph) and ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ (boy)? It's another useof the "X ใฎใฎ Y" pattern, in which ใใฎใใใใใใฎใใใใ is the location where ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ appears.
27 Excuse me. Who is the boy in thisphotograph?
ใใฟใพใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใใฏใ ใใใฟใพใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใใใงใใใ (sumimasen. kono shashin no otoko noko wa dare desu ka.)
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This is my grandmother. ใใใฏใใใใฎใใผใงใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใผใงใใEnglish Japanese
1 This is my grandmother. ใใใฏใใใใฎใใผใงใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใผใงใใ (kore wa watashi no sobo desu.)
2 grandmother ใใผใใผ (sobo)
3 my grandmother ใใใใฎใใผใใใใฎใใผ (watashi no sobo)
4We have so far learned that the "pointing" word ใใใใ and its counterparts ใใใใ and ใใใใ are usedfor things and not for people, right? Exceptions are when we are talking about people inphotographs!
5 grandfather ใใตใใต (sofu)
6 my grandfather and grandmother ใใใใฎใใตใจใใผใใใใฎใใตใจใใผ (watashi no sofu to sobo)
7 Oh, those are my grandfather andgrandmother, you know.
ใใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใตใจใใผใงใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใตใจใใผใงใใใ (aa, sore wa watashi no sofu to sobodesu yo.)
8 elder brother ใใซใใซ (ani)
9 younger brother ใใจใใจใใจใใจ (otooto)
10 This is my elder brother, and that is myyounger brother.
ใใใฏใใใใฎใใซใงใใใใใฆใใใฏใใจใใใใฏใใใใฎใใซใงใใใใใฆใใใฏใใจใใจใงใใใจใงใใ (kore wa watashi no ani desu. soshitesore wa otooto desu.)
11 I/me ใผใใผใ (boku)
12Do you remember that there are different ways of referring to oneself other than ใใใใใใ (I/me) inJapanese? ใผใใผใ is used by male speakers. It's often used by boys, but adult men also use itwhen they are in less formal (but not too casual) settings, such as among family members orcoworkers.
13 elder sister ใใญใใญ (ane)
14 younger sister ใใใใจใใใใจ (imooto)
15 Um, this is my elder sister. She is not myyounger sister.
ใใฎใใใใใฏใผใใฎใใญใงใใใใใใจใใใใฎใใใใใฏใผใใฎใใญใงใใใใใใจใใใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ (anoo, kore wa boku no ane desu. imootoja arimasen.)
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English Japanese
16
In Japanese schools and workplaces, younger members are expected to pay respect to oldermembers, calling them ใใใฑใใใใฑใ (akin to "seniors"). In families, youngsters call their older siblingsnot by their first names but by their family titles such as ใใญใใใใใญใใใ (the polite form for "eldersister") or ใใซใใใใใซใใใ (the polite form for "elder brother"). Even parents use these titles whentalking about their older children in front of their younger ones!
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How old is your grandmother?ใใฐใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใใใฐใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 How old is your grandmother? ใใฐใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใใใฐใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใ (obaasan wa oikutsu desu ka.)
2 Did you remember that we can omit personal pronouns such as "you" or "yours" whenever we canreasonably assume that our listeners understand who we are talking about?
3 how old ใใใใคใใใใค (oikutsu)
4 How old is she? ใใใใคใงใใใใใใใคใงใใใ (oikutsu desu ka.)
5 grandmother ใใฐใใใใใฐใใใ (obaasan)
6We have so far learned that the Japanese equivalent to "grandmother" is ใใผใใผ . When we want torefer to someone else's grandmother or directly address our own grandmother, we should usethe polite term ใใฐใใใใใฐใใใ to show our respect.
7
Asking an adult his or her age is a delicate matter in Japan. The notable exception, however, iswhen asking the person's age is considered as a compliment. Traditionally, Japanese respectelderly members of society, celebrating their longevity on ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ (Respect-for-the-AgedDay) in September. Just be aware, though, that in a society with average life expectancy of 83,the definition of "elderly" is quite different from what you think!
8 grandfather ใใใใใใใใใใ (ojiisan)
9 Excuse me. How old is your grandfather? ใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใ (sumimasen. ojiisan wa oikutsu desu ka.)
10 ninety-six years old ใใ ใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ (kyuujuu roku sai)
11 Do you remember that Japanese uses different counting words to count different things? ใใใใ isthe counter for age and is equivalent to "years old" in English!
12 My grandfather is ninety-six years old. ใใตใฏใใ ใใใ ใใใใใใงใใใใตใฏใใ ใใใ ใใใใใใงใใ (sofu wa kyuujuu roku sai desu.)
13 Did you use ใใตใใต , the "plain" word for "grandfather," to refer to your own?
14 how old ใชใใใใชใใใ (nansai)
15 ใชใใใใชใใใ is the "plain" version of ใใใใคใใใใค (how old). It's the combination of the question word ใชใชใใ (what) and the age counter ใใใใ .
16 How old is she? ใชใใใใงใใใใชใใใใงใใใ (nansai desu ka.)
17 the girl in that photograph ใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใ (sono shashin no on-na no ko)
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English Japanese
18 How old is the girl in that photograph?ใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใชใใใใงใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใชใใใใงใใใ(sono shashin no on-na no ko wa nansaidesu ka.)
19 eight years old ใฏใฃใใใฏใฃใใ (hassai)
20 eighteen years old ใใ ใใฏใฃใใใใ ใใฏใฃใใ (juu hassai)
21Did you notice that the pronunciation for the number eight (ใฏใกใฏใก) changes when it's combinedwith ใใใใ? A similar change happens when the number is "one" (ใใกใใก๏ผ๏ผor "ten" (ใใ ใใใ ใ). "Oneyear old," for example, is ใใฃใใใใฃใใ , and "ten years old" is ใใ ใฃใใใใ ใฃใใ .
22 twenty-one years old ใซใใ ใใใฃใใใซใใ ใใใฃใใ (nijuu issai)
23 My younger sister is eighteen years old. Myyounger brother is twenty-one years old.
ใใใใจใฏใใ ใใฏใฃใใใงใใใใจใใจใฏใซใใใใจใฏใใ ใใฏใฃใใใงใใใใจใใจใฏใซใใ ใใใฃใใใงใใใใ ใใใฃใใใงใใ (imooto wa juu hassai desu. otooto wanijuu issai desu.)
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How many people are in your family?ใใใใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใใใใใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 How many people are in your family? (As for family, how many people are they?)
ใใใใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใใใใใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใ (gokazoku wa nan-nin desu ka.)
2 family ใใใใใใ (kazoku)
3 family ใใใใใใใใ (gokazoku)
4 Notice that we need ใใ instead of ใใ to politely say "family" in Japanese.
5 how many people ใชใใซใใชใใซใ (nan-nin)
6 ใซใใซใ in the question word ใชใใซใใชใใซใ is the counter for people.
7 How many people are they? ใชใใซใใงใใใใชใใซใใงใใใ (nan-nin desu ka.)
8 one person ใฒใจใใฒใจใ (hitori)
9 two people ใตใใใตใใ (futari)
10 Although the counter for people is ใซใใซใ , we say ใฒใจใใฒใจใ for "one person" and ใตใใใตใใ for "twopeople." These are two special cases that need to be memorized!
11 three people ใใใซใใใใซใ (san-nin)
12 four people ใใซใใใซใ (yonin)
13 To count three or more people, we attach ใซใใซใ to the number, as in ใใใซใใใใซใ . The exception isfor "four people": the number four is ใใใใ , but we say ใใซใใใซใ .
14 There are four people in my family. (As for family, they are four people.)
ใใใใฏใใซใใงใใใใใใฏใใซใใงใใ (kazoku wa yonin desu.)
15 father ใกใกใกใก (chichi)
16 mother ใฏใฏใฏใฏ (haha)
17 There are four people in my family: my father,my mother, my elder brother, and me.
ใใใใฏใใซใใงใใใกใกใจใฏใฏใจใใซใจใใใใใใฏใใซใใงใใใกใกใจใฏใฏใจใใซใจใใใใงใใใใงใใ (kazoku wa yonin desu. chichi to haha toani to watashi desu.)
18 sibling ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ (kyoodai)
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English Japanese
19 Strictly speaking, ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ means "brother(s)," but it also means "sibling(s)" in general. If thereare only sisters, we can use the term ใใพใใใพใ (sisters).
20 siblings ใใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใ (gokyoodai)
21 How many siblings do you have? (How many are your siblings?)
ใใใใใ ใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใใใใใใ ใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใ (gokyoodai wa nan-nin desu ka.)
22 There are two siblings in my family. (As for siblings, they are two.)
ใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใใใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใใ (kyoodai wa futari desu.)
23 When we say ใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใ in Japanese, it usually includes ourselves. To avoid amisunderstanding, however, it's a good idea to list all the members!
24 There are three siblings in my family. My elderbrother, my elder sister and me.
ใใใใ ใใฏใใใซใใงใใใใซใจใใญใจใใใใใใ ใใฏใใใซใใงใใใใซใจใใญใจใใใใงใใใใงใใ (kyoodai wa san-nin desu. ani to ane towatashi desu.)
25 only child (one child)
ใฒใจใใฃใใฒใจใใฃใ (hitorikko)
26 Do you remember that ใใ means a "child"? ใฒใจใใฃใใฒใจใใฃใ literally means "one child." Did you noticethat the pronunciation slightly changes when ใฒใจใใฒใจใ and ใใ are combined?
27 I am the only child. ใใใใฏใฒใจใใฃใใงใใใใใใฏใฒใจใใฃใใงใใ (watashi wa hitorikko desu.)
28
The concept of family has been rapidly changing in Japan. Three-generation households wereonce common. The eldest son would take care of his parents in their old age, and youngergenerations would learn to respect their elders by living with their grandparents. Now nuclearfamilies with fewer children are the norm, especially in urban society. The average size of familyin 1975 was 3.35. It shrank to 2.65 in 2008.
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Do you have pets? ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Do you have pets? ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (petto ga imasu ka.)
2 to have (when referring to living creatures) ใใใใ (iru)
3 We have so far learned the verb ใใใใ as the equivalent of "to exist/to be" when we are talkingabout people, animals, and other living creatures. ใใใใ can also mean "to have."
4 have (when referring to living creatures) ใใพใใใพใ (imasu)
5 pet ใใใใใใ (petto)
6 I have a pet. ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (petto ga imasu.)
7Did you notice that we need ใใ after ใใใใใใ and say ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใ (I have a pet)? Some verbsrequire us to use ใใ , not ใใ , to mark their objects. It's the same ใใ we used in the question ใกใใกใใใใใพใใใใใใพใใ (Do you have maps?).
8
As the number of children per household is decreasing in Japan, the number of pets seems to begoing up! It is said that almost half the Japanese households with two or more people have somekind of pet. The most popular pets are dogs, followed by cats, fish, and birds. Among dogs, themost popular breeds are Dachshund, Chihuahua, and Poodle--all small breeds, reflecting,perhaps, the Japanese taste for dainty things and the size of Japanese houses!
9 Now let's figure out a simple way to answer the question, ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (Do you have pets?)!
10 Yes, I have them. ใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ (ee, imasu.)
11 No, I don't have any. ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (iie, imasen.)
12 dog ใใฌใใฌ (inu)
13 Do you have dogs? ใใฌใใใพใใใใใฌใใใพใใใ (inu ga imasu ka.)
14 how many (small animals, fish, or insects) ใชใใณใใชใใณใ (nanbiki)
15The counter for small animals (such as dogs and cats), fish, and insects is ใฒใใฒใ . Please note thatthe pronunciation of ใฒใใฒใ changes just like ใปใใปใ (the counter for thin, long objects), depending onwhat word or number comes before it. When combined with the question word ใชใใชใ , it becomes ใณใณใใ as in ใชใใณใใชใใณใ .
16 How many dogs do you have? ใใฌใใชใใณใใใพใใใใใฌใใชใใณใใใพใใใ (inu ga nanbiki imasu ka.)
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English Japanese
17 one dog ใใฌใใใฃใดใใใฌใใใฃใดใ (inu ga ippiki)
18 two dogs ใใฌใใซใฒใใใฌใใซใฒใ (inu ga nihiki)
19 three dogs ใใฌใใใใณใใใฌใใใใณใ (inu ga sanbiki)
20 I have three dogs. ใใฌใใใใณใใใพใใใใฌใใใใณใใใพใใ (inu ga sanbiki imasu.)
21 six cats ใญใใใใฃใดใใญใใใใฃใดใ (neko ga roppiki)
22 I have two dogs and six cats. ใใฌใใซใฒใใจใญใใใใฃใดใใใพใใใใฌใใซใฒใใจใญใใใใฃใดใใใพใใ (inu ga nihiki to neko ga roppiki imasu.)
23Did you know that animals in Japan speak Japanese? Japanese dogs, for example, don't bark"bow-wow" but say ใฏใณใฏใณใฏใณใฏใณ . Cats don't "meow" but say ใใฃใขใใฃใขใใฃใขใใฃใข . Cows bellow ใขใผใขใผ , sheepbleat ใกใงใผใกใงใผ , and crows croak ใซใขใซใขใซใขใซใข . Roosters? They will wake you up with a loud ใณใฑใณใใณใฑใณใใณใผใณใผ while you are in Japan!
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What kind of dog is it? ใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 What kind of dog is it? ใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใ (don-na inu desu ka.)
2 what kind of dog ใฉใใชใใฌใฉใใชใใฌ (don-na inu)
3When someone asks you ใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใฉใใชใใฌใงใใ (What kind of dog is it?), he or she may be askingabout your dog's breed or characteristics such as its size, color, or disposition. Let's assume thelatter is the case here.
4 a big dog ใใใใใใฌใใใใใใฌ (ookii inu)
5 cute ใใใใใใใใ (kawaii)
6 a cute cat ใใใใใญใใใใใใญใ (kawaii neko)
7Have you noticed that both ใใใใใใใใ (big) and ใใใใใใใใ (cute) end with ใใ? So does ใใใใใใ (red)and ใใใใใใ (white), right? In fact, the dictionary form of many adjectives in Japanese ends withใใ . That's why we call this type of adjective the "ใใ-adjective."
8 Wow, she is a cute cat, isn't she! ใใใใใใใใญใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใใใใญใใงใใญ๏ผ (waa, kawaii neko desu ne!)
9 gentle (as for animals) ใใจใชใใใใจใชใใ (otonashii)
10 gentle dog ใใจใชใใใใฌใใจใชใใใใฌ (otonashii inu)
11 the Akita ใใใใใฌใใใใใฌ (akita inu)
12 The Chinese character for ใใฌใใฌ (dog) can be read as ใใใใ , and many people in Japan call the Akitaใใใใใใใใใใ . The official name for the breed, however, is ใใใใใฌใใใใใฌ .
13 The Akitas are big, but they are gentle dogs.ใใใใใฌใฏใใใใใงใใใใใจใชใใใใฌใใใใใฌใฏใใใใใงใใใใใจใชใใใใฌใงใใใงใใ (akita inu wa ookii desu ga, otonashii inudesu.)
14 beautiful ใใใใใใ (kiree)
15 beautiful dog ใใใใชใใฌใใใใชใใฌ (kireena inu)
16
Did you notice that we say ใใใใชใใฌใใใใชใใฌ (beautiful dog) with ใชใช added after the adjective ใใใใใใ? Even though ใใใใใใ ends with ใใ , it's a type of adjective different from ใใ-adjectives such as ใใใใใใใใ . Since this type of adjective always needs ใชใช when used before a noun to modify it, we call it"ใชใช-adjective." There are not many ใชใช-adjectives that end with ใใ . So, let's memorize ใใใใใใ as aใชใช-adjective and use it accordingly!
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English Japanese
17 What is her name? ใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใ (namae wa nan desu ka.)
18 She is a beautiful dog, isn't she! What is hername?
ใใใใชใใฌใงใใญใใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใชใใฌใงใใญใใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใ (kireena inu desu ne. namae wa nandesu ka.)
19
Some Japanese dog breeds have gained popularity in North America as well as in Europe. ใใใใใใใใฌใใฌ (the Akita) is a large dog originally bred for dog fighting in northern Japan that is highly loyaland intelligent. ใใฐใใฌใใฐใใฌ (the Shiba) is an ancient breed used for hunting in mountains, smaller insize but brave and patient. ใกใใกใ (the Japanese Spaniel) is a small dog with a beautiful long coat,playful yet quiet and affectionate.
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My grandmother is still full of energy.ใใผใฏใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใใผใฏใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 My grandmother is still full of energy. ใใผใฏใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใใผใฏใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใ (sobo wa mada mada genki desu.)
2 full of energy ใใใใใใ (genki)
3 ใใใใใใ can be either a noun ("good health," "good cheer," or "vitality") or a ใชใช-adjective ("healthy,""fine," "cheerful," "spry," or "full of energy"). Here we use it as a ใชใช-adjective.
4 My grandmother is full of energy. ใใผใฏใใใใงใใใใผใฏใใใใงใใ (sobo wa genki desu.)
5Did you notice that ใใใใใใ (which is a ใชใช-adjective) does not need ใชใช when it's used as thesentence-ending word along with ใงใใงใ as in ใใใใงใใใใใงใ? Let's call sentences that end with anadjective and ใงใใงใ "adjective sentences"!
6 quiet ใใใใใใ (shizuka)
7 My grandfather is quiet. ใใตใฏใใใใงใใใใตใฏใใใใงใใ (sofu wa shizuka desu.)
8 strict ใใณใใใใณใใ (kibishii)
9 My father is a little strict. ใกใกใฏใกใใฃใจใใณใใใงใใใกใกใฏใกใใฃใจใใณใใใงใใ (chichi wa chotto kibishii desu.)
10 cheerful ใใใใใใใใ (akarui)
11 My mother is very cheerful. ใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใ (haha wa totemo akarui desu.)
12 funny ใใใใใใใใใใ (omoshiroi)
13 My mother is very cheerful. And she is funny.ใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใใใใฆใใใใใใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใใใใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใงใใ (haha wa totemo akarui desu. soshite,omoshiroi desu.)
14 a hundred years old ใฒใใใใใฒใใใใ (hyaku sai)
15 My grandmother is a hundred years old. But,she is still full of energy.
ใใผใฏใฒใใใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใใผใฏใฒใใใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใงใใ (sobo wa hyaku sai desu. demo, madamada genki desu.)
16 most desirable ใชใซใใใชใซใใ (nani yori)
17 That's good to hear. (That is most desirable.)
ใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใ (sore wa nani yori desu.)
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English Japanese
18
Japan is a country of longevity. Based on the government's 2010 estimate, people over 65consist of 23% of the entire population--the highest rate in the world. Women generally livelonger than men: of 8,220,000 people over 80, about the two-thirds are female. Long life is ablessing, but with the shrinking birth rate and the erosion of the traditional family arrangement,how to take care of the aging population has become a serious challenge for society.
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Chapter 3: Work and Pastimes ไปไบใจไฝๆไปไบใจไฝๆ
Chapter 3: Work and Pastimes
Conversational GoalsOffer or Accept an InvitationPolitely Decline an InvitationShare Likes and DislikesTalk about Careers and ProfessionsTalk about Pastimes and Celebrations
Grammar GoalsLearn the Functions of Conjunction ใใใใ andthe Particle ใใUse the "ใพใใพใ-from + ใพใใใใพใใใ" Pattern forInvitationUse the "ใพใใพใ-from + ใพใใใใพใใใ" Pattern forInvitationUse the Particle ใใ for Adjectives DescribingPreference & Ability
ConversationEnglish Japanese
We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow.
ใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ (ashita, ohanami o shimasu.)
Won't you come with us? ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (issho ni ikimasen ka.)
Well..., who's going? ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใ (soo desu ne.... don-na menbaa desu ka.)
My coworkers and my gym friends.ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใงใใใงใใ (kaisha no hitotachi ya, supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)
One of them is a doctor. The other is a highschool teacher.
ใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (hitori wa isha desu. moo hitori wa kookoono kyooshi desu.)
Are you going to have karaoke too? ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใ (karaoke mo arimasu ka.)
Of course! 'Cause we all love karaoke.ใใกใใใงใ๏ผใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใใใกใใใงใ๏ผใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใ (mochiron desu! min-na karaoke ga sukidesu kara.)
I don't care for karaoke much.... I'm sorry.ใใใใฏใซใฉใชใฑใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใฟใพใใใใใฏใซใฉใชใฑใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใฟใพใใใใใ (watashi wa karaoke wa chotto....
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sumimasen.)
I'm sorry to hear that. Well, maybe next time. ใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใฉใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใฉใ (sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, mata kondo.)
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We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow.ใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 We are going to have a cherry-blossomviewing picnic tomorrow.
ใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ (ashita, ohanami o shimasu.)
2 to do ใใใใ (suru)
3Do you remember the verb ใใพใใใพใ (do) and its past form ใใพใใใใพใใ (did)? ใใใใ (to do) is itsdictionary form. This verb is very versatile. It takes a wide range of nouns as its object, includingsports, events, games, chores, or other various activities, and it means that the activity is carriedout. The translation, therefore, varies depending on the object.
4 do ใใพใใใพใ (shimasu)
5 cherry-blossom viewing picnic ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ (ohanami)
6 As in the case of ใใกใใใกใ , people often say ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ with the polite-word maker ใใ even in a casualconversation.
7ใฏใชใฟใฏใชใฟ or ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ (literally, "flower viewing") is a cherry-blossom viewing picnic, a very popularspring activity in Japan. Contrary to the serene image the word might evoke, real ใฏใชใฟใฏใชใฟ is oftena quite boisterous outdoor party under bloomed cherry trees, where people eat, drink, and singwith their coworkers, friends, and family!
8 We have a cherry-blossom viewing picnic. (We do a cherry-blossom viewing picnic.)
ใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ (ohanami o shimasu.)
9 We are going to have a cherry-blossomviewing picnic.
ใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ (ohanami o shimasu.)
10 tomorrow ใใใใใใ (ashita)
11 Please note that ใใใใใใ (tomorrow) is a noun, but it's often used as an adverb without anyaccompanying particle.
12
Japanese people love to get together and enjoy food, drink, and karaoke! There are manychances for celebration. In January, they celebrate the new year. In March, they hold send-offparties for coworkers who are going to be transferred. In April, they have cherry-blossom-viewingpicnics as well as welcome parties for employees newly-transferred to their departments. But thebusiest season of all is December when they have a ใผใใญใใใใผใใญใใใ (forget-the-old-year party)almost every night!
13 party ใใผใใฃใผใใผใใฃใผ (paatii)
14 to have a party (to do party)
ใใผใใฃใผใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใ (paatii o suru)
15 Christmas ใฏใชในใในใฏใชในใใน (kurisumasu)
16 Christmas party ใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผ (kurisumasu paatii)
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English Japanese
17
Japanese people have adopted Christmas from the West and celebrate it big time - though not forreligious reasons. Families celebrate it with artificial ใฏใชในใในใใชใผใฏใชในใในใใชใผ (Christmas trees) andstore-bought ใฏใชในใในใฑใผใญใฏใชในใในใฑใผใญ (Christmas cakes). Friends celebrate it with boisterous ใฏใชในใใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผในใใผใใฃใผ (Christmas parties), and couples celebrate it with expensive ใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใ(Christmas presents). And shop keepers? They celebrate it with lucrative ใฏใชในใในใปใผใซใฏใชในใในใปใผใซ(Christmas sales)!
18 We'll have a Christmas party tomorrow. ใใใใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใใใใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใ (ashita kurisumasu paatii o shimasu.)
19 What are you going to do? ใชใซใใใพใใใใชใซใใใพใใใ (nani o shimasu ka.)
20 Did you use the question word ใชใซใชใซ instead of ใชใใชใ because the word that follows it is ใใ , whichstarts with neither the "t," "d," nor "n" sound?
21 today ใใใใใใ (kyoo)
22 Like ใใใใใใ (tomorrow), ใใใใใใ is a noun that is often used as an adverb.
23 What are you going to do today? ใใใใชใซใใใพใใใใใใใชใซใใใพใใใ (kyoo nani o shimasu ka.)
24 birthday ใใใใใใณใใใใใใณ (tanjoobi)
25Until the early 1900s, Japanese people counted their age not based on their birthdays, but on thenumber of New Year's Days they had. Consequently, people did not put much significance ontheir birthdays back then. Today, it's a special day for many. Family members and close friendsoften celebrate each other's birthday with ใใผในใใผใฑใผใญใใผในใใผใฑใผใญ (birthday cake) and gifts.
26 Let's assume that our listener knows that we are talking about our own mother in the followingquestions. This means we can safely omit the pronoun ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (my).
27 my mother's birthday ใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณ (haha no tanjoobi)
28 Today is my mother's birthday. ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใ (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu.)
29Did you notice that the sentence ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใ (Today is my mother'sbirthday) has the familiar "X ใฏใฏ Y ใงใใงใ" pattern, in which X is the topic of the sentence? Since ใใใใใใ (today) is actually a noun, we can use it as the topic.
30 birthday party ใใใใใใณใใผใใฃใผใใใใใใณใใผใใฃใผ (tanjoobi paatii)
31 Today is my mother's birthday. We are goingto have a birthday party!
ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใใณใใผใใฃใผใใใพใ๏ผใใณใใผใใฃใผใใใพใ๏ผ (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu.tanjoobi paatii o shimasu!)
32While most birthdays are private affairs, there is one special birthday celebrated nationwide inJapan. The Emperor's birthday (ใฆใใฎใใใใใใใณใฆใใฎใใใใใใใณ) is on December 23, and it's a nationalholiday!
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Why don't you come with us?ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Why don't you come with us? (Won't you go together?)
ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (issho ni ikimasen ka.)
2 to go ใใใใ (iku)
3 go ใใใพใใใใพใ (ikimasu)
4 don't go ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (ikimasen)
5 won't go ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (ikimasen)
6 why don't you go? (won't you go?)
ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ (ikimasen ka)
7When you want to politely invite someone to do something, you replace the polite verb ending ใพใพใใ with the negative form ใพใใใพใใ and attach the question marker ใใ . ๏ฝใพใใใ๏ฝใพใใใ is equivalent to"Why don't you ~?" or "Why don't we ~?" depending on the context.
8 together ใใฃใใใซใใฃใใใซ (issho ni)
9ใใฃใใใซใใฃใใใซ consists of ใใฃใใใใฃใใ (which means "being together") and the particle ใซใซ . We can useใใฃใใใซใใฃใใใซ with regular verbs such as ใใใพใใใใพใ (go) or ใใพใใใพใ (do) to mean "together" or "with(someone)."
10
When we are going out and want to invite someone to join us, we say in English, "Why don't youcome with us?" When we want to issue the same invitation in Japanese, we need to say ใใฃใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใซใใใพใใใ ("Why don't you go with us?"). In general, we use ใใใใ (to go) to describe themovement in the direction away from the place where the speaker is as she or he speaks, whileใใใใ (to come) is used to describe the movement toward the speaker.
11We are going to have a cherry-blossomviewing picnic tomorrow. Why don't you comewith us?
ใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใ (ashita ohanami o shimasu. issho niikimasen ka.)
12 meal ใใใใใใใใ (shokuji)
13 to have a meal ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (shokuji suru)
14
The generic verb ใใใใ (to do) sometimes attaches itself directly to a common activity noun suchas ใใใใใใใใ (a meal) or ใใใฝใใใฝ (a walk) without using the particle ใใ . The longer verbs thusformed (as in ใใใใใใใใใใใใ or ใใใฝใใใใใฝใใ) are called "compound verbs." In theory, it's possibleto create an infinite number of compound verbs in this way, but only well-established expressionsare considered grammatically legitimate verbs!
15 dine (have a meal)
ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใ (shokuji shimasu)
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English Japanese
16 why don't we dine? ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (shokuji shimasen ka)
17 tonight ใใใฐใใใใฐใ (konban)
18
ใใใใ in ใใใฐใใใใฐใ means "this" or "now" (used only as a part of time expression) and ใฐใใฐใ means"evening" or "night." ใใใฐใใใใฐใ (tonight), therefore, literally means "this evening." If you arewondering whether ใใใฐใใใใฐใ is related to the greeting ใใใฐใใฏใใใฐใใฏ , which we use when we meetsomeone after dark, you are right! The greeting, in fact, is derived from a sentence that beginswith ใใใฐใใฏใใใฐใใฏ or "As for tonight."
19 Why don't we dine together tonight? ใใใฐใใใฃใใใซใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฐใใใฃใใใซใใใใใใพใใใใ (konban issho ni shokuji shimasen ka.)
20 to watch or to look at ใฟใใฟใ (miru)
21 watch ใฟใพใใฟใพใ (mimasu)
22 why don't we watch? ใฟใพใใใใฟใพใใใ (mimasen ka)
23 movie ใใใใใใ (eega)
24 Why don't we watch a movie? ใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใ (eega o mimasen ka.)
25 Um, why don't we watch a movie togethertomorrow?
ใใฎใใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใใใฟใพใใใใฎใใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใ (anoo, ashita issho ni eega o mimasenka.)
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Let's go together. ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Let's go together. ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (issho ni ikimashoo.)
2 Let's go. ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (ikimashoo.)
3When you want to invite someone to do something with you or accept an invitation withenthusiasm, we can replace the polite verb ending ใพใใพใ with ใพใใใใพใใใ , as in ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ . It'sequivalent to "Let's ~" in English. Compared with ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ (literally, "Won't you go?"), ใใใพใใใพใใใใใใ sounds more positive and direct.
4 Let's go together by all means. ใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)
5 good ใใใใ (ii)
6 It sounds good! (It is good, isn't it!)
ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใงใใญ๏ผ (ii desu ne!)
7 It sounds good! Let's go together by allmeans.
ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (ii desu ne! zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)
8 Well.... ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใ (soo desu ne....)
9 When we don't want to give a straight answer right away or need time to think, we can buy time bysaying ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใงใใญใปใปใป . It's equivalent to "Well...," "Let's see...," or "Let me think..." in English!
10 Sometimes you have to decline an invitation. Let's learn how to do it politely a la Japanese!
11 Today isn't good for me... (Today is a little bit....)
ใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (kyoo wa chotto....)
12 Well..., today isn't good for me... ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ(soo desu ne..., kyoo wa chotto....)
13 next time ใใใฉใใใฉ (kondo)
14 Maybe next time. (Again next time.)
ใพใใใใฉใใพใใใใฉใ (mata kondo.)
15 I'm sorry. Tomorrow isn't good for me.... But,maybe next time!
ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใงใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใงใใใพใใใใฉ๏ผใพใใใใฉ๏ผ (sumimasen. ashita wa chotto.... demo,mata kondo!)
16 regrettable ใใใญใใใใญใ (zan-nen)
17 It's regrettable. ใใใญใใงใใใใใญใใงใใ (zan-nen desu.)
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46
English Japanese18 Now, let's learn how to reply graciously when someone has declined your invitation!
19 I'm sorry to hear that. (That is regrettable, isn't it!)
ใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใ (sore wa zan-nen desu ne.)
20 Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. Well then, maybenext time!
ใใใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใฉ๏ผใใฉ๏ผ (aa, sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, matakondo!)
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Who will be there? ใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Who will be there? (What kind of members are they?)
ใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใ (don-na menbaa desu ka.)
2 member ใกใณใใผใกใณใใผ (menbaa)
3 people ใฒใจใใกใฒใจใใก (hitotachi)
4Do you remember how to say "we" in Japanese? That's right, it's ใใใใใกใใใใใก . ใใกใใก in ใใใใใกใใใใใกand ใฒใจใใกใฒใจใใก is one of the several "plural markers." In general, we don't need to create thespecific plural form for Japanese nouns. However, personal pronouns (such as "we" or "you") and"human" nouns (such as "people" or "children") are exceptions!
5 company ใใใใใใใใ (kaisha)
6 coworkers (people of company)
ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใก (kaisha no hitotachi)
7 gym ในใใผใใธใ ในใใผใใธใ (supootsu jimu)
8 gym friends ในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใก (supootsu jimu no tomodachi)
9 They are my coworkers, gym friends, andothers.
ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใงใใใงใใ (kaisha no hitotachi ya supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)
10 medical doctor ใใใใใใ (isha)
11 One person is a doctor. ใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใ (hitori wa isha desu.)
12 teacher ใใใใใใใใ (kyooshi)
13There are two words for "teacher" in Japanese: ใใใใใใใใ and ใใใใใใใใ . ใใใใใใใใ is a generic termfor the occupation. Use this word when you are describing your family members, your friends, oryourself. If you want to show your respect to the person whom you are describing, as in the caseof introducing a teacher to someone else, use ใใใใใใใใ instead.
14 high school ใใใใใใใใ (kookoo)
15 high school teacher ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใใฎใใใใ (kookoo no kyooshi)
16 another person ใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจใ (moo hitori)
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English Japanese
17 We can use ใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจใ to mean either "another person" or "the other person," depending on thecontext.
18 Another person is a high school teacher. ใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใ (moo hitori wa kookoo no kyooshi desu.)
19 One person is a doctor. Another person is ahigh school teacher.
ใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (hitori wa isha desu. moo hitori wakookoo no kyooshi desu.)
20 company employee ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (kaisha-in)
21ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (company employee) means a "(staff) member" in Japanese. ใใใใใใใใใใใใ ,therefore, literally means a "company staff member." Please note that ใใใใ is always used withother words, as in ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (bank employee) or ใใใใใใใใ (station worker)!
22ใใใใใใใใใใใใ is a generic term for company employees, regardless of industry or gender. Malecompany employees are often called ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ (salary man). Female office workers are calledOL, the acronym for "office lady"!
23 all ใฟใใชใฟใใช (min-na)
24 Oh, they are all company employees, youknow.
ใใใใฟใใชใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใฟใใชใใใใใใใงใใใ (aa, min-na kaisha-in desu yo.)
25
Among various occupations available in Japan, arguably the least popular among youth, but themost ubiquitous in the adult world is ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ (literary "salary man"). They are white-collarsalary-earners who work for a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, sales, finance,and construction. Clean-shaven, dark-suit-clad, unhappy-looking men in packed commutertrains--the term ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ has negative connotations, but they are the backbone of Japan'seconomic power!
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Are you going to have karaoke, too?ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 Are you going to have karaoke, too? ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใ (karaoke mo arimasu ka.)
2 We are going to have karaoke. ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใ (karaoke ga arimasu.)
3 We are going to have karaoke, too. ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใ (karaoke mo arimasu.)
4 ใใ in ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใ is equivalent to "too," "also," or "either" in English. Please note that ใใ isa particle--that is, it usually appears right after a noun or a noun phrase!ใใ
5
ใซใฉใชใฑใซใฉใชใฑ (karaoke) once was a side entertainment for bar customers, but it has evolved into anational pastime in Japan! Portable karaoke machines allow people to turn any gathering into akaraoke party. Die-hard enthusiasts can also go to ใซใฉใชใฑใใใฏในใซใฉใชใฑใใใฏใน (Karaoke Box), a place withsmall sound-proof rooms where you and your friends can sing your hearts out without worryingabout other people's reactions!
6 of course ใใกใใใใกใใ (mochiron)
7 Of course we have karaoke, too. ใใกใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใใกใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใ (mochiron karaoke mo arimasu.)
8 Karaoke? Of course! ใซใฉใชใฑใงใใใใใกใใใงใ๏ผใซใฉใชใฑใงใใใใใกใใใงใ๏ผ (karaoke desu ka. mochiron desu!)
9 tennis ใใในใใใน (tenisu)
10 I'll play tennis. (I'll do tennis.)
ใใในใใใพใใใใในใใใพใใ (tenisu o shimasu.)
11 golf ใดใซใใดใซใ (gorufu)
12 I'll play golf. ใดใซใใใใพใใใดใซใใใใพใใ (gorufu o shimasu.)
13 I'll play tennis tomorrow. I'll play golf, too.ใใใใใในใใใพใใใดใซใใใใพใใใใใใใในใใใพใใใดใซใใใใพใใ (ashita tenisu o shimasu. gorufu moshimasu.)
14 both tennis and golf ใใในใใดใซใใใใในใใดใซใใ (tenisu mo gorufu mo)
15 X ใใ Y ใใ is equivalent to "both X and Y" or "neither X nor Y" in English.
16 I played both tennis and golf yesterday. ใใฎใใใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใ (ki-noo, tenisu mo gorufu mo shimashita.)
17 Japanese pinball ใใใณใณใใใณใณ (pachinko)
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English Japanese
18ใใใณใณใใใณใณ is a noisy pinball-meets-slot-machine game with colorful, mesmerizing designs. It's avery popular form of entertainment for adults, and you'll see garishly decorated ใใใณใณใใใใณใณใ(pachinko parlors) in every town you visit in Japan!
19 mahjong ใใผใธใฃใณใใผใธใฃใณ (maajan)
20ใใผใธใฃใณใใผใธใฃใณ is a Chinese game usually played with four participants. Though its popularity haswaned in the U.S., ใใผใธใฃใณใใผใธใฃใณ is still popular among Japanese men. Though not as visible as ใใใใใณใณใใณใณใ , you'll find ใใใใใใใใใใ (mahjong parlors) in most Japanese towns.
21 neither Japanese pinball nor mahjong ใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใ (pachinko mo maajan mo)
22 My father plays neither Japanese pinball normahjong.
ใกใกใฏใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใกใกใฏใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใ (chichi wa pachinko mo maajan moshimasen.)
23Did you notice that we use the expression "X ใใ Y ใใ" (neither X nor Y) with the negative form ofverb, but it does not form double-negative? It's similar to the usage of ใใพใใใพใ ("not very much" or"not very well").
24
Typical middle-aged Japanese businessmen or ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ spend long hours with theircoworkers and/or clients. After a day's work they go out together to bars to entertain their clientsor each other. Some nights, they might prefer to play mahjong or Japanese pinball games (ใใใใใณใณใณใณ). On the weekends, they may play golf with their clients on the company tab. When theyfinally get home, tired ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ usually take a nap or watch TV to relax!
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I like tennis. ใใใใฏใใในใใใใงใใใใใใฏใใในใใใใงใใEnglish Japanese
1 I like tennis. (As for me, I like tennis.)
ใใใใฏใใในใใใใงใใใใใใฏใใในใใใใงใใ (watashi wa tenisu ga suki desu.)
2 like ใใใงใใใใงใ (suki desu)
3 When we want to say "(I) like" in Japanese, we say ใใใงใใใใงใ . Please note that ใใใใ is a ใชใช-adjectivethat is equivalent to "fond" or "favorite" in English.
4 I like tennis. ใใในใใใใงใใใใในใใใใงใใ (tenisu ga suki desu.)
5Did you notice that we need to use the particle ใใ to say ใใในใใใใงใใใในใใใใงใ (I like tennis)? As inthe case of ใใใพใใใใพใ or ใใพใใใพใ (have), ใใใงใใใใงใ use ใใ , not ใใ , to mark the object. Let'smemorize "Xใใใใงใใใใใงใ" (I like X) as a set phrase!
6 baseball ใใใ ใใใใ ใ (yakyuu)
7For Japanese males over 30, the most popular sport to watch on TV is ใใใ ใใใใ ใ (baseball),whether it's ใใญใใใ ใใใญใใใ ใ (professional baseball) or ใใใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใ (high school baseball). Younger men prefer ใตใใซใผใตใใซใผ (soccer), and women generally prefer ใใฃใฎใฅใขในใฑใผใใใฃใฎใฅใขในใฑใผใ (figureskating) and ใใฌใผใใผใซใใฌใผใใผใซ (volleyball).
8 love ใ ใใใใงใใ ใใใใงใ (daisuki desu.)
9ใ ใใ ใ in ใ ใใใใงใใ ใใใใงใ literally means "big" or "great." When combined with ใใใงใใใใงใ , it works like"very much." The English equivalent of "Xใใ ใใใใงใใใ ใใใใงใ ," therefore, is "(I) like X very much" or"(I) love X"!
10 My husband loves baseball. ใใฃใจใฏใใใ ใใใ ใใใใงใใใใฃใจใฏใใใ ใใใ ใใใใงใใ (otto wa yakyuu ga daisuki desu.)
11 sports ในใใผใในใใผใ (supootsu)
12 hate ใใใใงใใใใใงใ (kirai desu)
13ใใใใใใ is a ใชใช-adjective, which can mean "hateful," "disgusting," "offensive," or "detestable"--anything that is the opposite of ใใใใ ("fond" or "favorite")! To say "(I) hate," we say ใใใใงใใใใใงใ . Ifyou want to emphasize your negative feelings even more, you can say ใ ใใใใใงใใ ใใใใใงใ!
14 My wife hates sports. ใคใพใฏในใใผใใใใใใงใใใคใพใฏในใใผใใใใใใงใใ (tuma wa supootsu ga kirai desu.)
15 don't like ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (suki ja arimasen)
16
Do you remember that Japanese people try to avoid strong statements especially when they haveto give a negative answer to a question? When we are asked about our preference, it's probablybetter to avoid strong words such as ใใใใใใ ("hate" or "dislike") even though that might be theway you actually feel. One way to soften the impact of your statement is to use a negative formsuch as ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (I don't like).
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52
English Japanese
17 don't like very much ใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (amari suki ja arimasen)
18 Did you remember that ใใพใใใพใ ("not very" or "not much") is only used in a negative sentence, butit does not make the sentence double-negative?
19 professional wrestling ใใญใฌในใใญใฌใน (puroresu)
20 neither my husband nor I ใใฃใจใใใใใใใฃใจใใใใใ (otto mo watashi mo )
21 Neither my husband nor I like professionalwrestling very much.
ใใฃใจใใใใใใใญใฌในใใใพใใใใใใใใฃใจใใใใใใใญใฌในใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใ (otto mo watashi mo puroresu ga amarisuki ja arimasen.)
22 Now let's use the simple yet discreet way to give a negative answer.
23 I don't care for professional wrestling much... (Professional wrestling is a little bit....)
ใใญใฌในใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใญใฌในใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (puroresu wa chotto....)
24 sumo wrestling ใใใใใใ (sumoo)
25 I like sumo, but (As for sumo, I like it, but)
ใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใใฏใใใงใใ (sumoo wa suki desu ga)
26Did you notice that we used the particle ใฏใฏ instead of ใใ in ใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใใฏใใใงใใ (I like sumo,but...)? In a two-part sentence such as "I like X, but I don't like Y," we use the particle ใฏใฏ for bothparts to emphasize that we are contrasting two things.
27 I'm sorry. I like sumo, but I don't care forprofessional wrestling much....
ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใญใฌในใฏใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใญใฌในใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (sumimasen. sumoo wa suki desu ga,puroresu wa chotto....)
28
ใใใใใใ is a form of wrestling with its roots in ancient Shinto rituals in Japan. In a ใใใใใใ match,two wrestlers (ใใใใใใ), who are clad only with stiff thongs called ใพใใใพใใ , fight in a sandy ring calledใฉใฒใใใฉใฒใใ . The one who successfully pushes the other off the ring or lets any part of theopponent's body (except for his soles) touch the ground wins. The popularity of professional ใใใใใใ is said to be waning, but it's still holding up among older generations.
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Because we all like karaoke.ใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Because we all like karaoke. ใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใ (min-na karaoke ga suki desu kara.)
2 We like karaoke. ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใ (karaoke ga suki desu.)
3 We all like karaoke. ใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใ (min-na karaoke ga suki desu.)
4 because ใใใใ (kara)
5ใใใใ connects two sentences together by appearing at the end of the first sentence and indicatesthat the first sentence is the cause or reason for the second sentence. It's equivalent to"because," "since" or "so" in English. In conversations, the second sentence (one that tells theeffect or result) is often omitted and only implied.
6 often ใใใใ (yoku)
7 I often play mahjong. ใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใ (yoku maajan o shimasu.)
8 enjoyable ใใใใใใใใใใ (omoshiroi)
9 Do you remember that the equivalent of "funny" in Japanese is ใใใใใใใใใใ? ใใใใใใใใใใ can alsomean "enjoyable" or "interesting."
10 Because it is enjoyable, I often play mahjong.ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใ (omoshiroi desu kara, yoku maajan oshimasu.)
11 a practice ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ (renshuu )
12 to practice (to do practice)
ใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใ (renshuu suru)
13 Did you notice that ใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใ (to practice) is a compound verb using the noun ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ (apractice) and the generic verb ใใใใ (to do)?
14 practice ใใใใ ใใใพใใใใใ ใใใพใ (renshuu shimasu)
15 every day ใพใใซใกใพใใซใก (mai-nichi)
16 I practice every day. ใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใใใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใใ (mai-nichi renshuu shimasu.)
17 Because I like golf, I practice it every day.ใดใซใใใใใงใใใใใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใดใซใใใใใงใใใใใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใใใพใใ (gorufu ga suki desu kara, mai-nichirenshuu shimasu.)
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English Japanese
18 We are going to have a party tomorrow. ใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใ (ashita paatii o shimasu.)
19 why ใฉใใใฆใฉใใใฆ (dooshite)
20 Why are you going to have a party tomorrow? ใฉใใใฆใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใใฉใใใฆใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใ (dooshite ashita paatii o shimasu ka.)
21 Because tomorrow is my mother's birthday. ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใ (ashita wa, haha no tanjoobi desu kara.)
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Chapter 4: Dating 101 ใใผใๅ ฅ้ใใผใๅ ฅ้
Chapter 4: Dating 101
Conversational GoalsAsk or Tell the TimeInquire about Somebody's HabitsOffer an ExplanationPresent Yourself ModestlyStrike Up a Conversation
Grammar GoalsAdd Counters for Time to NumbersUnderstand Different Functions of the ParticleใจใจUse the "ใชใช-adjective or Noun + ใชใใงใใชใใงใ"Form to Offer an ExplanationUse the Particle ใงใง to Indicate the Place ofAction
ConversationEnglish Japanese
Excuse me. Is someone sitting here? ใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (sumimasen. koko, dareka imasu ka.)
No. Go ahead. ใใใใใฉใใใใใใใใฉใใใ (iie. doozo.)
Thanks. It's terribly crowded, isn't it! ใฉใใใใใใจใใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใฉใใใใใใจใใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใ (doomo arigatoo. sugoi hito desu ne.)
Yes. Are you by yourself? ใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใ (ee. o-hitori desu ka.)
No. As a matter of fact, I'm here for a blind dateparty, but I'm a poor dancer.
ใใใใใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใใใใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใงใใ (iie, gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)
Oh? Same here. My name is Takashi. What'syours?
ใธใใใผใใใงใใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใธใใใผใใใงใใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใใชใพใใฏ๏ผใใชใพใใฏ๏ผ (hee, boku mo desu yo. boku wa takashi toiimasu. o-namae wa?)
I'm Yoko. Nice to meet you. ใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใใ (yooko desu. doozo yoroshiku.)
It's noisy here, isn't it! Why don't we have coffee orsomething at the cafe next door?
ใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no kafe dekoohii demo nomimasen ka.)
ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใ
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Sounds good! Let's do so. ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใ (ii desu ne! soo shimashoo.)
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Is someone sitting here? ใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Is someone sitting here? (Is there someone here?)
ใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (koko, dare ka imasu ka.)
2 In everyday conversation, the particle ใซใซ in ใใใซใใใซ (here) is often omitted. Let's try it!
3
You have learned that Japanese people usually don't greet or talk to total strangers. Don't think,however, that you'll be lonely while visiting Japan! It all depends on opportunities--where you areand whom you are with. The easiest way to meet many people and make new friends is to visitpopular nightclubs, local festivals, or outdoor concerts, where various people gather together withopen minds and a common goal: to have fun!
4 someone or anyone ใ ใใใ ใใ (dareka)
5 There is someone. ใ ใใใใพใใใ ใใใใพใใ (dareka imasu.)
6Do you remember we used the particle ใใ to mark the subject of verbs as in ใใใใใพใใใใใใพใ (Thereare carp)? In everyday conversations, the particle ใใ is often omitted when the subject of thesentence is ใ ใใใ ใใ (someone) or its counterpart ใชใซใใชใซใ (something).
7 Is there someone? ใ ใใใใพใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (dareka imasu ka.)
8 Is there someone here? ใใใซใ ใใใใพใใใใใใซใ ใใใใพใใใ (koko ni dareka imasu ka.)
9 Um, excuse me. Is someone sitting here?ใใฎใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ(anoo, sumimasen. koko, dareka imasuka.)
10 there is not (when referring to living creatures) ใใพใใใใพใใ (imasen)
11 no one ใ ใใใ ใใ (daremo)
12 Please note that though ใ ใใใ ใใ means "no one" or "nobody," it must be used with the negativeform of a verb in a sentence.
13 There is no one. ใ ใใใใพใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (daremo imasen.)
14 Did you notice that we don't need the particle ใใ after ใ ใใใ ใใ?
15 Go ahead. ใฉใใใใฉใใใ (doozo.)
16 So far, we have used ใฉใใใฉใใ to mean "Here you go," "Please come in," or "Please get on." We canalso use ใฉใใใฉใใ to allow someone to take an action. It's equivalent to "Go ahead" or "Please do"!
17 No, there is no one. Go ahead. ใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใฉใใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใฉใใใ (iie, daremo imasen. doozo.)
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English Japanese
18 boyfriend (he/him)
ใใใใ (kare)
19Do you remember that Japanese people usually avoid using pronouns as long as the contextallows it? ใใใใ literally means "he" or "him," but it is often used to mean a very special "he"--(one's) boyfriend!
20 my boyfriend's seat ใใใฎใใใใใฎใใ (kare no seki)
21 I'm sorry. That is my boyfriend's seat. ใใฟใพใใใใใใฏใใใฎใใใงใใใใฟใพใใใใใใฏใใใฎใใใงใใ (sumimasen. soko wa kare no seki desu.)
22 Did you use the pointing word ใใใใ (that place) instead of ใใใใ (that thing) to point to ใใใใ (seat),which is considered as a place rather than an object?
23
In Japanese, terms of endearment such as "Honey" or "Sweetheart" are almost non-existent. Unmarried couples call each other by their first names or nicknames. Wives may call theirhusbands ใใชใใใชใ (literally, "You"), which is perhaps the closest thing to "Honey" in English. Morecommonly, wives call their husbands ใใจใใใใใจใใใ (Father) or ใใใใ (Papa) while husbands call theirwives ใใใใใใใใใใ (Mother) or ใใใใ (Mom)--depending on how their children call them!
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Are you by yourself? ใใฒใจใใงใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Are you by yourself? ใใฒใจใใงใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใ (ohitori desu ka.)
2 being by oneself ใฒใจใใฒใจใ (hitori)
3Do you remember that we count people as ใฒใจใใฒใจใ (one person), ใตใใใตใใ (two people), ใใใซใใใใซใ(three people), and so on? ใฒใจใใฒใจใ can also mean "(being) single," "(being) alone," or "(being) byoneself"!
4 is/am/are by oneself ใฒใจใใงใใฒใจใใงใ (hitori desu)
5 Are you by yourself? ใฒใจใใงใใใใฒใจใใงใใใ (hitori desu ka.)
6 being by oneself ใใฒใจใใใฒใจใ (ohitori)
7 Yes, I'm by myself. ใใใใฒใจใใงใใใใใใฒใจใใงใใ (ee, hitori desu.)
8 No, I'm not by myself. ใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใ (iie, hitori ja arimasen.)
9 with my boyfriend ใใใจใใใจ (kare to)
10So far we have used the particle ใจใจ as the Japanese equivalent of "and," as in ใกใกใจใฏใฏใกใกใจใฏใฏ (fatherand mother). The same particle has another function: in the phrase ใใใจใใใจ , ใจใจ means "with" inEnglish!
11 I'm together with my boyfriend. ใใใจใใฃใใใงใใใใใจใใฃใใใงใใ (kare to issho desu.)
12 Did you notice that we don't need the particle ใซใซ when we use the word ใใฃใใใใฃใใ (being together)along with ใงใใงใ , as in ใใใจใใฃใใใงใใใใจใใฃใใใงใ (I'm together with my boyfriend)?
13 girlfriend ใใฎใใใใฎใใ (kanojo)
14 Like ใใใใ ("[one's] boyfriend"; literally, "he" or "him"), ใใฎใใใใฎใใ is the pronoun for "she" or "her,"but is often used to mean "(one's) girlfriend"!
15 No, I'm not by myself. I'm together with mygirlfriend, you know.
ใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใจใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใจใใฃใใใงใใใใใฃใใใงใใใ (iie, hitori ja arimasen. kanojo to isshodesu yo.)
16
"Love" in Japanese is ใใใใ , and the standard translation for "I love you" is ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใฆใใพใ (literally,"am loving"). This expression, however, sounds rather foreign to native speakers. The morecommon and natural-sounding expression for confession of love is ใใใงใใใใงใ (literally, "like"). Established Japanese couples, by the way, don't tell each other "I love you" as often as Americansdo. For most Japanese, true love is something that should be understood without words!
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Is this your first time to come to this place ofbusiness?ใใฎใฟใใฏใฏใใใฆใงใใใใใฎใฟใใฏใฏใใใฆใงใใใ
English Japanese
1Is this your first time to come to this place ofbusiness? (As for this place of business, is it for the firsttime?)
ใใฎใฟใใฏใฏใใใฆใงใใใใใฎใฟใใฏใฏใใใฆใงใใใ (kono mise wa hajimete desu ka.)
2You have already learned that most Japanese don't walk up to a total stranger and introducethemselves. If you want to make new friends in Japan, start with small talk. Commenting on yoursurroundings (such as the weather or the size of the crowd) is an age-old icebreaker, and so isasking about the person's familiarity with the particular place you are both in!
3 for the first time ใฏใใใฆใฏใใใฆ (hajimete)
4 It's my first time. (It is for the first time.)
ใฏใใใฆใงใใใฏใใใฆใงใใ (hajimete desu.)
5 store or place of business ใฟใใฟใ (mise)
6
ใฟใใฟใ is a generic term for a place of business that is open for customers, including retail stores,restaurants, and bars. Native speakers often use the term whenever they assume that theirlisteners understand which place of business they are talking about. It's one of those words thatis very simple and useful, but it's hard to find an English equivalent! For convenience, let's use a"place of business" for its English translation even though it may sound a bit strange.
7 this place of business ใใฎใฟใใใฎใฟใ (kono mise)
8 Yes, it's my first time. ใใใใฏใใใฆใงใใใใใใฏใใใฆใงใใ (ee, hajimete desu.)
9 No, it's not my first time. ใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (iie, hajimete ja arimasen.)
10 the second time ใซใใใใซใใใ (nikaime )
11ใใใใใใ in ใซใใใใซใใใ (the second time) is the counter indicating the status of the current action inregard to the frequency. Please note that in order to say "(for) the first time" in Japanese, weoften say ใฏใใใฆใฏใใใฆ without using the combination of the number and the counter.
12 This is my second time. ใซใใใใงใใใซใใใใงใใ (nikaime desu.)
13 the third time ใใใใใใใใใใ (sankaime)
14 No, it's not my first time. It's my third time.ใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใงใใใงใใ (iie, hajimete ja arimasen. sankaimedesu.)
15 to come ใใใใ (kuru)
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English Japanese
16 come ใใพใใใพใ (kimasu)
17 Do you come often? ใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใ (yoku kimasu ka.)
18 night club ใฏใฉใใฏใฉใ (kurabu)
19 Do you come to this club often? (As for this club, do you come often?)
ใใฎใฏใฉใใฏใใใใพใใใใใฎใฏใฉใใฏใใใใพใใใ (kono kurabu wa yoku kimasu ka.)
20 Yes, I come often. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (ee, yoku kimasu.)
21 ใใพใใใพใ ("not very" or "not much") can also mean "not very often." Let's use it in this way in thenext question!
22 No, I don't come very often. ใใใใใใพใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใพใใใ (iie, amari kimasen.)
23 sometimes ใจใใฉใใจใใฉใ (tokidoki)
24 I come sometimes. ใจใใฉใใใพใใใจใใฉใใใพใใ (tokidoki kimasu.)
25 together with my boyfriend ใใใจใใฃใใใซใใใจใใฃใใใซ (kare to issho ni)
26The two expressions "X ใจใจ" (with X) and "X ใจใใฃใใใซใจใใฃใใใซ" (together with X) mean the same thing. We can use them interchangeably to indicate that X is the person with whom you share an action,such as going to a club or watching a movie.
27 I come sometimes together with myboyfriend.
ใใใจใใฃใใใซใจใใฉใใใพใใใใใจใใฃใใใซใจใใฉใใใพใใ (kare to issho ni tokidoki kimasu.)
28 with whom ใ ใใจใ ใใจ (dare to)
29 With whom do you come? ใ ใใจใใพใใใใ ใใจใใพใใใ (dare to kimasu ka.)
30 my coworkers, my friends, and others ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใก (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi)
31 I come with my coworkers, my friends, andothers, you know.
ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใกใจใใพใใใใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใกใจใใพใใใ (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi tokimasu yo.)
32
From the 1970s to the early 1990s, the ใใฃในใณใใฃในใณ (discotheque) was the rage all over Japan. Today, the name of ใใฃในใณใใฃในใณ has become a thing of the past. It's now called a ใฏใฉใใฏใฉใ (nightclub),and that's the place young crowds gather for dancing. If you are planning to visit one, bewarethat there is another kind of ใฏใฉใใฏใฉใ in Japan. These are expensive nightclubs staffed with kimono-clad hostesses, where the bill for a sip of whiskey might bust your entire travel budget!
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As a matter of fact, I am a poor dancer.ใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 As a matter of fact, I am a poor dancer. (As a matter of fact, I am poor at dancing.)
ใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใ (dansu ga nigate nandesu.)
2 poor at ใซใใฆใซใใฆ (nigate)
3 ใซใใฆใซใใฆ is a ใชใช-adjective we can use to describe our weak points. It's equivalent to "poor at" or"weak in" in English!
4 I am poor at it. ใซใใฆใงใใใซใใฆใงใใ (nigate desu.)
5 As a matter of fact, I am poor at it. ใซใใฆใชใใงใใใซใใฆใชใใงใใ (nigate nandesu.)
6
When you say ใซใใฆใงใใซใใฆใงใ , you are simply stating (or "reporting") that you are not good atsomething. When you say ใซใใฆใชใใงใใซใใฆใชใใงใ , however, you are offering the fact to your listener asan explanation for your action or your previous remark. The ending ใชใใงใใชใใงใ , attached to eithernouns, ใชใช-adjectives, or adverbs, adds the nuance of "as a matter of fact" or "to tell you the truth"to the sentence. For the sake of convenience, let's call this mode of speech the "explanationmode"!
7 dancing ใใณในใใณใน (dansu)
8 I am poor at dancing. ใใณในใใซใใฆใงใใใใณในใใซใใฆใงใใ (dansu ga nigate desu.)
9Do you remember the expression ใซใปใใใใใใใใงใใซใปใใใใใใใใงใ (You are good at Japanese) or ใใในใใในใใใใงใใใใใงใ (I like tennis)? As in the case of ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใ or ใใใงใใใใงใ , we use the particle ใใ toindicate the object of ใซใใฆใงใใซใใฆใงใ--that is, what we are poor at --as in ใใณในใใซใใฆใงใใใณในใใซใใฆใงใ .
10 I hate sports. ในใใผใใใใใใงใใในใใผใใใใใใงใใ (supootsu ga kirai desu.)
11 As a matter of fact, I hate sports. ในใใผใใใใใใชใใงใใในใใผใใใใใใชใใงใใ (supootsu ga kirai nandesu.)
12 neither tennis nor golf ใใในใใดใซใใใใในใใดใซใใ (tenisu mo gorufu mo)
13 I play neither tennis nor golf. As a matter offact, I hate sports.
ใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใในใใผใใใใใใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใในใใผใใใใใใชใใงใใใชใใงใใ (tenisu mo gorufu mo shimasen.supootsu ga kirai nandesu.)
14 blind-date party ใใใณใณใใใณใณ (gookon)
15
ใณใณใใณใณใ (a slang derived from the English word "company") is a form of a party popular with youngpeople, particularly college students. They go out to a pub or restaurant with classmates or clubmembers and enjoy each other's company over food and drinks. When ใณใณใใณใณใ is organized tomeet new people of the opposite sex, it's called a ใใใฉใใณใณใใใใฉใใณใณใ (literally, "joint ใณใณใใณใณใ") or ใใใใใณใณใณใณ in short. The closest English equivalent would be a "blind-date party"!
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English Japanese
16 It's a blind-date party. ใใใณใณใงใใใใใณใณใงใใ (gookon desu.)
17 As a matter of fact, it's a blind-date party. ใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณใณใชใใงใใ (gookon nandesu.)
18 As a matter of fact, it's a blind-date party, butI am a poor dancer.
ใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใ (gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)
19 Me, too. (I am too.)
ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (watashi mo desu.)
20 Oh? ใธใ๏ผใธใ๏ผ (hee?)
21 ใธใ๏ผใธใ๏ผ is a casual way to express your surprise or doubt. It's equivalent to "Indeed?" "Really?" or"Oh?" in English!
22 Can you answer the next question using the casual "I" for a male speaker?
23 Oh, is that so? Me, too. ใธใใใใใงใใใใผใใใงใใใธใใใใใงใใใใผใใใงใใ (hee, soo desu ka. boku mo desu.)
24
Once upon a time, ใฟใใใฟใใ or ใใฟใใใใฟใใ , chaperoned dates arranged by relatives or family friendswho acted as matchmakers, was the way to find one's better half in Japan. Today, less than 10%of marriages go through such a traditional method while "love matches" have become the norm. The concept of ใใฟใใใใฟใใ , however, seems to still be thriving. ใใฟใใใใผใใฃใผใใฟใใใใผใใฃใผ , organizedcollective dating similar to speed dating in the US, has become a big business all over Japan!
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My name is Takashi. ใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใEnglish Japanese
1 My name is Takashi. (As for me, I am called Takashi.)
ใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใ (boku wa takashi to iimasu.)
2
You have met someone whom you want to be friends with. You approach him or her and strike upan innocent conversation. After making small talk for some time, you are ready to introduceyourself and find out the person's name. If you find yourself in such a scenario, it sounds morenatural and polite to tell your name in an indirect manner, using the expression ใใใใฏใใใใฏ X ใจใใใจใใใพใใพใ . It's equivalent to "My name is X," but you are actually saying, "I'm called X"!
3 to say ใใใใ (yuu)
4 is/am/are called ใจใใใพใใจใใใพใ (to iimasu)
5Do you remember the expression ใใใซใใจใใใพใใใใซใใจใใใพใ (We call it "uni")? ใจใใใพใใจใใใพใ is a commonexpression we use to introduce the name of a thing or a person in somewhat indirect manner. It'sequivalent to "is/am/are called ~" or "we call (something) ~." Let's memorize it as a phrase sothat all we have to do is to insert the name before ใจใจ!
6 I'm called Takashi. ใใใใจใใใพใใใใใใจใใใพใใ (takashi to iimasu.)
7 My name is Takashi. What's your name? ใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใใชใพใใฏ๏ผใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใใชใพใใฏ๏ผ (boku wa takashi to iimasu. onamae wa?)
8 I'm Yoko. Nice to meet you. ใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใใ (yooko desu. doozo yoroshiku.)
9
Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer to be asked out by men rather than asking men outthemselves. It does not mean, however, that Japanese women are all shy and passive--especiallyyounger generations! In fact, as more women strive for economic independence, they have alsobecome more assertive in relationships. More men, on the other hand, are said to have becomegentler and more passive. Such males are sometimes called ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ--a "herbivorouskind"!
10Though we often get by without using any pronouns such as ใใใใใใ (I or me) or ใใชใใใชใ (you) inJapanese, sometimes we have to be specific to avoid misunderstandings or mix-ups--especially inrelationships! In the following questions, let's clearly state whose boyfriend we are talking about!
11 my boyfriend ใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใ (watashi no kare)
12 My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. (As for my boyfriend, he is called Ichiro.)
ใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใ (watashi no kare)
13 wonderful ใใฆใใใฆใ (suteki)
14 ใใฆใใใฆใ is a ใชใช-adjective that means "wonderful," "lovely," or "nice."
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English Japanese
15 a wonderful person ใใฆใใชใฒใจใใฆใใชใฒใจ (sutekina hito)
16 Did you remember to add ใชใช and say ใใฆใใชใฒใจใใฆใใชใฒใจ since ใใฆใใใฆใ is a ใชใช-adjective?
17 My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. He is awonderful person, you know!
ใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใใใฆใใชใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใใใฆใใชใฒใจใงใใ๏ผใฒใจใงใใ๏ผ (watashi no kare wa ichiroo to iimasu.sutekina hito desu yo!)
18In general, Japanese people are modest and try not to sound boastful. People in love, however,can't help talking proudly about their partners--even in Japan! Such affectionate remarks arecalled ใฎใใใฎใใ or ใใฎใใใใฎใใ and are generally well-tolerated among good friends.
19
While mild ใฎใใใฎใใ (affectionate boasting about one's partner) is kindly received among friends,public display of affection by couples is not well-tolerated in Japan. Holding hands is ok, but publickissing and hugging would compel people around you to avert their eyes quickly or stare at you asif you are characters from an American TV show. Either way, it's not very pleasant for any of theparties involved. Let's do in Japan as the Japanese do and be modest in your actions!
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Why don't we have coffee or something at the cafenext-door?ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Why don't we have coffee or something at thecafe next-door?
ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ(tonari no kafe de koohii demonomimasen ka.)
2 to drink ใฎใใฎใ (nomu)
3 drink ใฎใฟใพใใฎใฟใพใ (nomimasu)
4 I drink coffee. ใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใ (koohii o nomimasu.)
5 Why don't we have coffee? (Why don't we drink coffee?)
ใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koohii o nomimasen ka.)
6 cafe ใซใใงใซใใง (kafe)
7
The Japanese term for "coffee shop" is ใใฃใใฆใใใฃใใฆใ (literally, "drinking-tea shop"), but the term isfast becoming obsolete while ใซใใงใซใใง (cafe) has become quite popular. Strictly speaking, ใซใใงใซใใงand ใใฃใใฆใใใฃใใฆใ are different: ใซใใงใซใใง serves alcohol while ใใฃใใฆใใใฃใใฆใ doesn't. However, even non-alcohol coffee shops often call themselves ใซใใงใซใใง or ใณใผใใผใใฆในใณใผใใผใใฆใน (coffee house), hoping tocreate more sophisticated images with the use of the "borrowed" words!
8 cafe next-door (cafe at the next-door)
ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใจใชใใฎใซใใง (tonari no kafe)
9Can you see the difference between ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใจใชใใฎใซใใง and ใซใใงใฎใจใชใใซใใงใฎใจใชใ? While ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใจใชใใฎใซใใง(literally, "cafe at the next-door") describes the cafe in regard to its location, ใซใใงใฎใจใชใใซใใงใฎใจใชใ(literally, "the next-door of the cafe") indicates the location of something else in relation to thecafe.
10 Why don't we have coffee at the cafe next-door?
ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (tonari no kafe de koohii o nomimasenka.)
11
Did you notice that we need to use the particle ใงใง and say ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใจใชใใฎใซใใงใง? This is the sameparticle we learned to use in the sentence ใใใงใใใพใใใใงใใใพใ (I'm getting off at this place). Theparticle ใงใง attaches itself to a noun denoting a place, just as the particle ใซใซ does, and works as"at," "in," or "on" in English. While ใซใซ indicates the place where something or someone exists, ใงใงindicates the place where some action takes place.
12 coffee or something ใณใผใใผใงใใณใผใใผใงใ (koohii demo)
13
When we want to give an example while making a suggestion, we use ใงใใงใ , instead of the particleใใ , after the noun. For instance, when suggesting that someone join us for refreshments, we canpick ใณใผใใผใณใผใใผ (coffee) as an example out of other drinks available and say ใณใผใใผใงใใณใผใใผใงใ , whichmeans "coffee or something" or "coffee, for example." Please note that this ใงใใงใ is different fromใงใใงใ that means "but"!
14 Why don't we have coffee or something? ใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koohii demo nomimasen ka.)
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15 noisy ใใใใใใใใ (urusai)
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English Japanese
16 It is noisy. ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (urusai desu.)
17 This place is noisy, isn't it! ใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใ (koko wa urusai desu ne.)
18 the place of business next-door ใจใชใใฎใฟใใจใชใใฎใฟใ (tonari no mise)
19 tea or something ใใกใใงใใใกใใงใ (ocha demo)
20This place is noisy, isn't it! Why don't we havetea or something at the place of businessnext-door?
ใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใฟใใงใใกใใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใฟใใงใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no misede ocha demo nomimasen ka.)
21
When people say ใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใ (Why don't we have tea or something?), chances arethat they are not really thinking of a cup of green tea or even black tea. It's an idiomaticexpression native speakers use to mean "Let's have a break." It's also an age-old pick-up lineadopted by guys on the streets! Nowadays, young people often opt for the pseudo-verb ใใกใใใใกใใใใ (literally, "to do tea"), saying ใใกใใใพใใใใใกใใใพใใใ or more casually, ใใกใใใชใ๏ผใใกใใใชใ๏ผ
22 terrible or amazing ใใใใใใ (sugoi)
23 terribly crowded (amazing person)
ใใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจ (sugoi hito)
24 ใใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจ can mean either an "amazing person" or "terribly crowded." Let's use it in the lattersense here!
25 It's terribly crowded, isn't it! ใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใ (sugoi hito desu ne.)
26 bar ใใผใใผ (baa)
27 bar across the street (bar on the opposite side)
ใใใใฎใใผใใใใฎใใผ (mukai no baa)
28 ใใใใฎใใผใใใใฎใใผ can mean either "the bar across the street" or "the bar across the hallway (oraisle)."
29 cocktail ใซใฏใใซใซใฏใใซ (kakuteru)
30It's terribly crowded, isn't it! Why don't we havecocktails or something at the bar across thestreet?
ใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใใใใฎใใผใงใซใฏใใซใงใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใใใใฎใใผใงใซใฏใใซใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (sugoi hito desu ne. mukai no baa dekakuteru demo nomimasen ka.)
31 I'll do so. ใใใใพใใใใใใพใใ (soo shimasu.)
32 Let's do so. ใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใ (soo shimashoo.)
33 It sounds good! Let's do so. ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใ (ii desu ne! soo shimashoo.)
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English Japanese
34Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer paying their own way when they wine and dine withfriends--whether these friends are male or female. However, when asked out by men for the firsttime, many women probably expect their dates to pay the whole tab. "Going Dutch" in Japaneseis ใใใใใใใใ . If you want to suggest to split the cost, you can say ใใใใใซใใพใใใใใใใใซใใพใใใ!
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What time is it now? ใใพใใชใใใงใใใใใพใใชใใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 What time is it now? ใใพใใชใใใงใใใใใพใใชใใใงใใใ (ima, nanji desu ka.)
2 what time (what o'clock)
ใชใใใชใใ (nanji)
3 ใใ in ใชใใใชใใ is the counter for the hour. It's equivalent to "o'clock" in English!
4 What time is it? ใชใใใงใใใใชใใใงใใใ (nanji desu ka.)
5 now ใใพใใพ (ima)
6Asking the time is the simplest and most innocent way to strike up a conversation with astranger. It can also be a convenient segue for a safe retreat after you have decided that yournew acquaintance is not the right one for you!
7 three o'clock ใใใใใใ (sanji)
8 It's three o'clock now. ใใพใใใใใงใใใใพใใใใใงใใ (ima, sanji desu.)
9 four o'clock ใใใใ (yoji)
10 Did you notice that the pronunciation of ใใใใ (four) changes when it's used to tell the hour?
11 half (referring to time period) ใฏใใฏใ (han)
12 half past four ใใใฏใใใใฏใ (yoji han)
13 afternoon or p.m. ใใใใ (gogo)
14 half past four in the afternoon ใใใใใฏใใใใใใฏใ (gogo yoji han)
15 seven o'clock ใใกใใใกใ (shichiji )
16
Some Japanese numbers have two different pronunciations. For example, we have so far learned"seven" is ใชใชใชใช , but the same number can be read as ใใกใใก . In general, we can use bothpronunciations interchangeably, but sometimes we have to use a particular one, depending onthe counter that follows it. When we say "seven o'clock," for example, we have to say ใใกใใใกใ . Let'smemorize it and use it as it is!
17 morning or a.m. ใใใใใใ (gozen)
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English Japanese
18 It's seven o'clock in the morning now. ใใพใใใใใใกใใงใใใใพใใใใใใกใใงใใ (ima, gozen shichiji desu.)
19 nine o'clock ใใใใ (kuji)
20 Like "seven," "nine" in Japanese has two pronunciations: ใใ ใใใ ใ and ใใ . When we tell the hour, wehave to say ใใใใ (nine o'clock). Let's memorize this one, too!
21 already ใใใใ (moo)
22 It's already half past nine. ใใใใใฏใใงใใใใใใใฏใใงใใ (moo kuji han desu.)
23 What!? ใใฃใใฃ!? (e!?)
24 What!? It's eleven o'clock already? ใใฃใใฃ!? ใใใใ ใใใกใใงใใใใใใใ ใใใกใใงใใใ (e!? moo juuichiji desu ka.)
25 to go home ใใใใใใ (kaeru)
26 ใใใใใใ means "to return," but we often use it to mean "to go home."
27 go home ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (kaerimasu)
28 I'm sorry, but I'm going home. ใใฟใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (sumimasen ga, kaerimasu.)
29 Good night. ใใใใฟใชใใใใใใใฟใชใใใ (oyasuminasai.)
30 What!? It's twelve o'clock already? I'm sorry,but I'm going home. Good night!
ใใฃใใฃ!? ใใใใ ใใซใใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใ ใใซใใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใฟใชใใ๏ผใใใใใใพใใใใใใฟใชใใ๏ผ (e!? moo juuniji desu ka. sumimasen ga,kaerimasu. oyasuminasai!)
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Chapter 5: Planning for the Weekend ้ฑๆซใฎ่จ็ป้ฑๆซใฎ่จ็ป
Chapter 5: Planning for the Weekend
Conversational GoalsDiscuss Plans for the WeekendMake AppointmentsName the Days of the WeekRemind Someone to Bring SomethingSuggest What to Do or Where to Go
Grammar GoalsForm the "ใพใใพใ-form + ใใใงใใใใงใ" PatternRecognize the "ใพใใพใ-form/Noun + ใซใซ + ใใใใ /ใใใใ" PatternUse the Particle ใซใซ to Indicate the Point ofTime of ActionUse the Particle ใธใธ to Indicate the Direction ofMovement
ConversationEnglish Japanese
Do you have any plans for the weekend, Yoko?ใใใใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (yooko san, shuumatsu yotee ga arimasuka.)
No, nothing in particular. ใใใใใจใใซใใใพใใใใใใใใจใใซใใใพใใใ (iie, toku ni arimasen.)
Well then, why don't we go for a hike on Saturday? ใใใใใฉใใใณใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใใใใฉใใใณใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ (jaa, do-yoobi haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)
Sounds good! Where do you want to go? ใใใงใใญใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใ (ii desu ne. doko e ikitai desu ka.)
How about Mt. Takao? It offers a very fine view,you know.
ใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใใ (takaosan wa doo desu ka. totemo ii keshikidesu yo.)
OK. We need tea and box lunch, right?ใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใญใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใญ?(wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo ga irimasune?)
Don't forget your hat and camera, either! ใผใใใจใซใกใฉใใใใใใชใ๏ผใผใใใจใซใกใฉใใใใใใชใ๏ผ (booshi to kamera mo owasurenaku!)
Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nine o'clockin the morning.
ใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ (asa, ku-ji ni shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
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Do you have any plans for the weekend?ใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 Do you have any plans for the weekend? ใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu ka.)
2
Until late 1980s, most businesses and schools in Japan were open for half a day on Saturdays.Today, the ใใ ใใใ ใใตใคใใใ ใใใ ใใตใคใ (two-day weekend) has become the norm, and the concept of aweekend has expanded to include not only Saturdays and Sundays but also Friday evenings. Though most Japanese calenders now start with Sundays, many people still think that the first dayof the week is Monday!
3 plan ใใฆใใใฆใ (yotee)
4 I have plans. ใใฆใใใใใพใใใใฆใใใใใพใใ (yotee ga arimasu.)
5 weekend ใใ ใใพใคใใ ใใพใค (shuumatsu)
6 I have plans for the weekend. ใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใ (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu.)
7Did you notice that we don't need any particle after ใใ ใใพใคใใ ใใพใค (weekend) to say "for theweekend"? Most time expressions that do not include specific numbers such as the hour or thedate can be used as they are without particles equivalent to "at," "on," "in," or "for."
8 Monday ใใคใใใณใใคใใใณ (getsu-yoobi)
9
Japanese terms for the day of the week originate in the ancient Babylonian traditions that hadbeen transmitted to Japan through China in the ninth century. Each term corresponds to theJapanese names for the sun, the moon, and five planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, andSaturn). ใใใใ in ใใใณใใใณ (the day of the week) literally means "to shine"--a reference to shiningstars--while ใณใณ means "day." ใใคใใใณใใคใใใณ , therefore, literally means the "Moon-shining Day"!
10 Do you have plans for Monday, Yoko?ใใใใใใใใคใใใณใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใคใใใณใใฆใใใใใพใใใ(yooko san, getsu-yoobi yotee gaarimasu ka.)
11 Tuesday ใใใใณใใใใณ (ka-yoobi)
12 ใใ in ใใใใณใใใใณ (Tuesday) means "fire," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Mars, ใใใใใใ(literally, "Fire Star").
13 Wednesday ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (sui-yoobi)
14 ใใใใ in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (Wednesday) means "water," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forMercury, ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "Water Star").
15 Thursday ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (moku-yoobi)
16 ใใใใ in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (Thursday) means "wood" or "tree," and it corresponds to the Japanese termfor Jupiter, ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "Wood Star").
17 Friday ใใใใใณใใใใใณ
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17 Friday (kin-yoobi)
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English Japanese
18 ใใใใ in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (Friday) means "metal" or "gold," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forVenus, ใใใใใใใใ ("Gold Star").
19 Saturday ใฉใใใณใฉใใใณ (do-yoobi)
20 ใฉใฉ in ใฉใใใณใฉใใใณ (Saturday) means "earth," "soil" or "dirt," and it corresponds to the Japanese termfor Saturn, ใฉใใใฉใใ (literally, "Dirt Star").
21 Sunday ใซใกใใใณใซใกใใใณ (nichi-yoobi)
22ใซใกใซใก in ใซใกใใใณใซใกใใใณ (Sunday) means "the sun," just like in English! Please note, however, ใซใกใซใกitself cannot be used independently to mean the sun. Neither are the corresponding parts inother days of the week such as ใใคใใค in ใใคใใใณใใคใใใณ or ใใ in ใใใใณใใใใณ , except for ใใใใ (gold) in ใใใใใใใณใใใณ!
23
Here is the simple, yet effective way to memorize all the Japanese terms for the days of the week:say, "ใใคใใค, ใใ(ใใ), ใใใใ, ใใใใ, ใใใใ, ใฉใฉ(ใใ), ใซใกใซใก" (the extra vowels are added after ใใ and ใฉใฉ forthe sake of the rhythm). Repeat it, like a mantra, until it gets stuck in your head. Then, all youneed to do is to add ใใใณใใใณ after each component. Make sure, though, to remember that this"week mantra" starts with Monday!
24 things to do ใใใใใใ (yooji)
25 I have things to do. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (yooji ga arimasu.)
26 Do you have things to do on Sunday? ใซใกใใใณใใใใใใใพใใใใซใกใใใณใใใใใใใพใใใ (nichi-yoobi yooji ga arimasu ka.)
27 No, I don't have any. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (iie, arimasen.)
28 in particular ใจใใซใจใใซ (toku ni)
29 No, nothing in particular. (No, I don't have in particular.)
ใใใใใจใใซใใใพใใใใใใใใจใใซใใใพใใใ (iie, toku ni arimasen.)
30 busy ใใใใใใใใใใ (isogashii)
31 I'm busy. ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใงใใ (isogashii desu.)
32 free (when referring to one's schedule) ใฒใพใฒใพ (hima)
33 I'm free on Friday. (As for Friday, I am free.)
ใใใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใใใใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใ (kin-yoobi wa hima desu.)
34 Well.... I'm busy on Saturday, but free onSunday.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใใใงใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใใใงใใใใซใกใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใใใใซใกใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใ (soo desu ne.... do-yoobi wa isogashiidesu ga, nichi-yoobi wa hima desu.)
35 Did you remember that we use the particle ใฏใฏ as in "XใฏใฏใปใปใปใปใปใปใใใใYใฏใฏใปใปใปใปใปใป" (X is..., but Y is...)when we contrast two statements in one sentence?
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English Japanese
36
In Japan, we officially have Happy Mondays! The ใใใใผใใณใใผใใใฉใใใใผใใณใใผใใใฉ (Happy Mondayssystem) was introduced in the year 2000, and the government has since changed the dates offour national holidays to Mondays in order to create three-day weekends. These blessed holidaysare ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ or "Coming-of-Age Day" in January, ใใฟใฎใฒใใฟใฎใฒ or "Ocean Day" in July, ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใฒใฒ or "Respect-for-the-Aged Day" in September, and ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ or "Physical Education Day" inOctober.
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Why don't we go to a mountain for a hike?ใใพใธใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใพใธใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Why don't we go to a mountain for a hike? ใใพใธใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใพใธใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ (yama e haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)
2
ใขใฆใใใขใฉใคใใขใฆใใใขใฉใคใ (outdoor life) has become fashionable among city dwellers in Japan. Unfortunately, there are a very limited number of accessible nature spots close to home. Whether on hiking trails, camping grounds, or fishing spots, those who try to escape the hubbubof city life often find themselves trapped among similarly-minded crowds at their destinations andstuck in traffic jams on the way to and from home!
3 Why don't we go? ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (ikimasen ka.)
4 mountain ใใพใใพ (yama)
5 to a mountain ใใพใธใใพใธ (yama e)
6Do you remember the expression ใจใใใใใใใพใงใจใใใใใใใพใง (to Tokyo station)? Both ใพใงใพใง and ใธใธ canbe used to indicate a destination, but while ใพใงใพใง emphasizes the end of a movement, like "as faras" in English, the particle ใธใธ puts more emphasis on the direction of movement as in "toward." In this section, let's use ใธใธ as the equivalent of "to" in English!
7 Why don't we go to a mountain? ใใพใธใใใพใใใใใใพใธใใใพใใใใ (yama e ikimasen ka.)
8 for a hike ใใคใญใณใฐใซใใคใญใณใฐใซ (haikingu ni)
9
We have learned to use the particle ใซใซ to indicate a location where something exists, as in ใใใซใใใซใใใพใใใใพใ (It exists here). We can also use the particle ใซใซ to express the purpose of movementwith verbs such as ใใใใ (to go), ใใใใ (to come), or ใใใใใใ (to go home). In such a case, the nounthat comes before ใซใซ is an activity noun like hiking or shopping. Sometimes, an event such as aconcert or a festival can be used before the particle ใซใซ as well.
10 Why don't we go for a hike? ใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ (haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)
11 Why don't we go to the park? ใใใใใธใใใพใใใใใใใใใธใใใพใใใใ (kooen e ikimasen ka.)
12 for a walk ใใใฝใซใใใฝใซ (sanpo ni)
13 Why don't we go to the park for a walk onSaturday?
ใฉใใใณใใใใใธใใใฝใซใใใพใใใใใฉใใใณใใใใใธใใใฝใซใใใพใใใใ (do-yoobi kooen e sanpo ni ikimasen ka.)
14 river ใใใใ (kawa)
15 I'm going to the river with my friends. ใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใใใพใใใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใใใพใใ (tomodachi to kawa e ikimasu.)
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16 fishing ใคใใคใ (tsuri)
17 I'm going to the river with my friends forfishing.
ใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใ (tomodachi to kawa e tsuri ni ikimasu.)
18I'm going to the river with my friends forfishing on Sunday. Why don't you come withus?
ใซใกใใใณใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใใซใกใใใณใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (nichi-yoobi tomodachi to kawa e tsuri niikimasu. issho ni ikimasen ka.)
19
If you want to try some fishing in Japan but have no idea where to go, try ใคใใผใใคใใผใ or artificialfishing ponds! There you can rent different kinds of fishing rods with all the necessary accessoriesand catch various fish for an hourly fee. Some ใคใใผใใคใใผใ are catch-and-release only; others allowyou to keep what you catch within a certain limit. Some places even rent barbecue pits whereyou can cook the fish you've just caught.
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Let's go to the beach to swim.ใใฟใธใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฟใธใใใใซใใใพใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Let's go to the beach to swim. ใใฟใธใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฟใธใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (umi e oyogi ni ikimashoo.)
2
Japan is an island nation, and even the northern parts of the country have beaches open forswimming in summer. Except for Okinawa, however, the swimming season is usually limited toJuly and August. The short season means...crowded beaches! For example, ใใฎใใพใใฎใใพ , arguablythe most famous beach near Tokyo, is said to host more than three million people in onesummer!
3 to swim ใใใใใใ (oyogu)
4 swim ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (oyogimasu)
5 go to swim ใใใใซใใใพใใใใใซใใใพใ (oyogi ni ikimasu)
6We have learned that the particle ใซใซ indicates the purpose of movement. The word that comesbefore ใซใซ can be either an activity noun or a verb! When we use a verb, simply drop ใพใใพใ fromthe polite form and add ใซใซ . For example, to say "I go to swim," we drop ใพใใพใ from ใใใใพใใใใใพใ(swim) and say ใใใใซใใใพใใใใใซใใใพใ .
7 Let's go to swim. ใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (oyogi ni ikimashoo.)
8 ocean or sea ใใฟใใฟ (umi)
9 ใใฟใใฟ means the "ocean" or "sea," but we can also use it to mean the "beach" when we want to say"Let's go to the beach" or "This beach is clean."
10 Let's go to the beach. (Let's go to the ocean.)
ใใฟใธใใใพใใใใใใฟใธใใใพใใใใ (umi e ikimashoo.)
11 to play or to have fun ใใใถใใใถ (asobu)
12 have fun ใใใณใพใใใใณใพใ (asobimasu)
13 go to have fun ใใใณใซใใใพใใใใณใซใใใพใ (asobi ni ikimasu)
14 amusement park ใใใใใกใใใใใก (yuuenchi)
15 We'll go to the amusement park to have fun. ใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใพใใใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใพใใ (yuuenchi e asobi ni ikimasu.)
16 next Sunday (Sunday of the next time)
ใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณ (kondo no nichi-yoobi)
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17 Let's go to the amusement park to have funnext Sunday.
ใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณใใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณใใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใพใใใใใใพใใใใ (kondo no nichi-yoobi, yuuenchi e asobini ikimashoo.)
18Theme parks or ใใผใใใผใฏใใผใใใผใฏ are big business in Japan. They attract not only families withchildren but also adults who cannot have enough of all the fun rides they offer! The most famousones are ใจใใใใใใฃใบใใผใฉใณใใจใใใใใใฃใบใใผใฉใณใ (Tokyo Disneyland) and ใใฃใบใใผใทใผใใฃใบใใผใทใผ (DisneySea) in ใใใใใใใใ in Chiba Prefecture, which, combined, boast about 25,000,000 visitors a year.
19 to come over for a visit ใใใณใซใใใใใณใซใใ (asobi ni kuru)
20ใใใณใซใใใใใณใซใใ literally means "to come to have fun," but we can use the phrase to mean "to comeover for a visit" when we invite others to our own home. In turn, we can say ใใใณใซใใใใใณใซใใ (literally,"to go to have fun") when we go to someone's home for a visit!
21 Why don't you come over for a visit? ใใใณใซใใพใใใใใใใณใซใใพใใใใ (asobi ni kimasen ka.)
22 next Saturday ใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณ (kondo no do-yoobi)
23 Why don't you come over to my house for avisit next Saturday?
ใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณใใใกใธใใใณใซใใพใใใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณใใใกใธใใใณใซใใพใใใใใใ (kondo no do-yoobi, uchi e asobi nikimasen ka.)
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Where do you want to go? ใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Where do you want to go? ใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใ (doko e ikitai desu ka.)
2 want to go ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใ (ikitai desu)
3
Here is another formula that uses the ใพใใพใ-form of a verb: when we want to express our desire todo something, we drop ใพใใพใ from the polite form of the verb and add ใใใงใใใใงใ . For example, ใใใใใใงใใใใใงใ means "(I) want to go." Please note that we cannot use ๏ฝใใใงใ๏ฝใใใงใ to describe thedesire of the third person. Neither can we use it when we are making offers or issuing invitationsas in "Would you like to have some coffee?"
4 Where do you go? ใฉใใธใใใพใใใใฉใใธใใใพใใใ (doko e ikimasu ka.)
5 Did you add ใธใธ after the question word ใฉใใฉใ (where) and say ใฉใใธใใใพใใใฉใใธใใใพใใ (Where do yougo)? We need the particle ใธใธ to indicate the destination, even when we are asking about it!
6 Where do you want to go on the weekend? ใใ ใใพใคใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใใ ใใพใคใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใ (shuumatsu doko e ikitai desu ka.)
7 Where do you want to go to swim? ใฉใใธใใใใซใใใใใงใใใใฉใใธใใใใซใใใใใงใใใ (doko e oyogi ni ikitai desu ka.)
8 What do you want to do? ใชใซใใใใใงใใใใชใซใใใใใงใใใ (nani o shitai desu ka.)
9 evening ใฐใใฐใ (ban)
10 Friday evening ใใใใใณใฎใฐใใใใใใณใฎใฐใ (kin-yoobi no ban)
11 What do you want to do on Friday evening? ใใใใใณใฎใฐใใใชใซใใใใใงใใใใใใใใณใฎใฐใใใชใซใใใใใงใใใ (kin-yoobi no ban, nani o shitai desu ka.)
12 want to watch ใฟใใใงใใฟใใใงใ (mitai desu)
13 What do you want to watch? ใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใ (nani o mitai desu ka.)
14 Now, for the next question, let's pretend that someone has suggested that you go to a movietogether. Can you come up with an enthusiastic response?
15 A movie? It sounds good! What do you want towatch?
ใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใใใ (eega desu ka. ii desu ne! nani o mitaidesu ka.)
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How about Mt. Takao? ใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 How about Mt. Takao? ใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใ (takaosan wa doo desu ka.)
2
Only a one-hour train ride from central Tokyo, ใใใใใใใใใใ (Mt. Takao) offers popular day-hike trailsthat award hikers with a nice view of ใตใใใใตใใใ (Mt. Fuji). ใใใใใใใใใใ is only about 2,000 ft. high,but it's the starting point for the 1,000-mile-long Tokai Nature Trails. Besides well-preservedforests and great views, points of interest include the tram and lift rides, a monkey park, a beergarden, and a Buddhist temple with 1,200 years of history!
3 How about ~? (How is it?)
ใฉใใงใใใใฉใใงใใใ (doo desu ka.)
4 We can use ใฉใใงใใใฉใใงใใ (literally, "How is it?") not only to ask how something is, but also to make asuggestion, like saying "How about ~?" in English!
5 Mt. Takao ใใใใใใใใใใ (takaosan)
6Do you remember that the Japanese word for a "mountain" is ใใพใใพ? The Chinese character for ใใใพใพ (ๅฑฑๅฑฑ) is often read as ใใใใ when it's used in the names of mountains, as in ใใใใใใใใใใ (Mt.Takao). It may sound like a person's name, but ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใใใ and ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใใใ (Ms.Yoko) are completely different things!
7 It offers a fine view, you know. (It is a fine view, you know.)
ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใงใใใ (ii keshiki desu yo.)
8 How about Mt. Takao? It offers a very fineview, you know.
ใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใใใ (takaosan wa doo desu ka. totemo iikeshiki desu yo.)
9 famous ใใใใใใใใ (yuumee)
10 ใใใใใใใใ ends with ใใ , but it's a ใชใช-adjective that means "famous" or "well-known."
11 beach ใใผใใใผใ (biichi)
12 famous beach ใใใใใชใใผใใใใใใชใใผใ (yuumeena biichi)
13 Enoshima ใใฎใใพใใฎใใพ (enoshima)
14 How about Enoshima? It's a very famousbeach, you know.
ใใฎใใพใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใชใใผใใฎใใพใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใชใใผใใงใใใใใงใใใ (enoshima wa doo desu ka. totemoyuumeena biichi desu yo.)
15 "Seven Samurai" ใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใ ("shichi-nin no samurai")
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16
ใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใ (Seven Samurai), directed by ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ and starring ใฟใตใญใจใใใใฟใตใญใจใใใ , isone of the most popular Japanese films inside and outside Japan. Originally released in 1954, theblack-and-white film features the story of seven unemployed samurai warriors, or ใใใซใใใใซใ , whohelp poor villagers defend their livelihood against bandits. ใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใ inspired manyother works, including the popular American film, The Magnificent Seven.
17 interesting movie ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ (omoshiroi eega)
18 How about "Seven Samurai"? It's a veryinteresting movie, you know.
ใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใ ("shichi-nin no samurai" wa doo desu ka.totemo omoshiroi eega desu yo.)
19
ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ is arguably the most famous and influential Japanese film director, nicknamed ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใฎใใใใ (Kurosawa of the World). Born in 1910, ใใใใใใใใ started his long career in 1943and won numerous awards worldwide with highly acclaimed films such as ใใใใใใใใใใใใ(Rashomon), ใใใใใใ (Ikiru; literally, "To Live"), ใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใ (Seven Samurai), and ใใใใ(Ran; literally, "War"). He died in 1998 at age 88.
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We need tea and a box lunch.ใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 We need tea and a box lunch. ใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใ (ocha to obentoo ga irimasu.)
2
Buying ใในใใจใใในใใจใ (box lunch) is not an easy task in Japan: there are too many kinds to choosefrom! If you just can't settle on a single kind, try the type called ใพใใฎใใกใพใใฎใใก (literally, "inside-the-curtains"). Its name originates from the box lunch eaten by theater goers between acts duringthe Edo period (1603-1868). A typical ใพใใฎใใกในใใจใใพใใฎใใกในใใจใ has small ใใซใใใใซใใ (rice balls) andvariety of savory pieces such as grilled fish, omelet, vegetables, pickles, and more!
3 to need ใใใใ (iru)
4 need ใใใพใใใใพใ (irimasu)
5 We need tea. ใใกใใใใใพใใใใกใใใใใพใใ (ocha ga irimasu.)
6Did you notice that we need to use the particle ใใ , not ใใ , along with the verb ใใใพใใใใพใ (I need)? As you have already learned, some verbs and adjectives need ใใ to mark their objects, as in ใใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใ (I have a pet) or ใใในใใใใงใใใในใใใใงใ (I like tennis). Let's remember that ใใใพใใใใพใ is oneof them!
7 box lunch ใในใใจใใในใใจใ (obentoo)
8
ในใใจใในใใจใ or ใในใใจใใในใใจใ can be a bring-your-own lunch in general, or a meal-in-a box in particular.If you don't have time to fix your own box lunch in the morning, you can buy one at anyconvenience store, supermarket, or Japanese-style deli specialized for ใในใใจใใในใใจใ . As is the casewith ใใกใใใกใ (tea), many people say ใในใใจใใในใใจใ , adding the polite-word maker ใใ to avoidsounding rude.
9 tea and a box lunch ใใกใใจใในใใจใใใกใใจใในใใจใ (ocha to obentoo)
10 You can buy various bottled teas in Japan, including ใใใใกใใใใใกใ (green tea), ใใใกใใใใกใ (black tea),and ใฆใผใญใณใกใใฆใผใญใณใกใ (oolong tea or Chinese tea)!
11 OK. (I understood.)
ใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใ (wakarimashita.)
12 OK. We need tea and a box lunch, right?ใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใญ๏ผใญ๏ผ (wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo gairimasu ne?)
13 Did you remember that the sentence-ending particle ใญใญ can be used to seek a confirmation with arising intonation? It's equivalent to "..., right?" in English!
14 camera ใซใกใฉใซใกใฉ (kamera)
15 We need a camera and a hat. ใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใ (kamera to booshi ga irimasu.)
16 We need a camera and a hat, too, you know. ใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใใใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใใ (kamera to booshi mo irimasu yo.)
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English Japanese
17 Did you replace the particle ใใ with the particle ใใ to add the meaning of "also" or "too"? Alsoremember that we can use ใใ in a negative sentence, as in "either" in English!
18 Don't forget! ใใใใใชใ๏ผใใใใใชใ๏ผ (owasurenaku!)
19 ใใใใใชใใใใใใชใ is a polite way to say "Don't forget!" in everyday conversation. It's based on thenegative form of the verb ใใใใใใใใ (to forget).
20 Don't forget a camera and a hat, either! ใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใใใชใ๏ผใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใใใชใ๏ผ (kamera to booshi mo owasurenaku!)
21
Many Japanese women hate getting suntan (ใฒใใใฒใใ). Besides putting on strong sunscreens (ใฒใใฒใใใฉใใใฉใ), they wear long sleeves and even gloves in the summer heat. On top of that, many ofthem carry black parasols (ใฒใใใฒใใ) to shade themselves. Lately, ใฒใใใฒใใ for men are gainingpopularity among older men, who are trying to protect themselves not from suntan but fromheatstroke!
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Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nine o'clock inthe morning.ใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nineo'clock in the morning.
ใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ(asa, ku-ji ni shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
2
If you are planning to meet up with your friends at a station in Japan, be forewarned: Japanesestations in urban areas are extremely crowded during morning and evening rush hours! With somany people passing in every direction, it's almost impossible to spot someone unless you andyour friends are very specific about the meeting place. Also hard to spot are public phones, whichhave become less and less needed in the age of cell phones!
3 to meet ใใใใ (au)
4 meet ใใใพใใใใพใ (aimasu)
5 Let's meet. ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (aimashoo)
6 Shinjuku station ใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใ (shinjuku eki)
7 Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station. ใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ (shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
8 Did you remember to use the particle ใงใง to indicate the location where the action takes place?
9 morning ใใใใ (asa)
10 Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station in themorning.
ใใใใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ (asa, shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
11 at nine o'clock ใใใซใใใซ (ku-ji ni)
12 Here is another use for the particle ใซใซ . When we indicate the point in time that an action takesplace, we need to use ใซใซ after the time, as in ใใใซใใใซ (at nine o'clock).
13 to eat ใในใใในใ (taberu)
14 eat ใในใพใใในใพใ (tabemasu)
15 Let's eat box lunch. ใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใ (obentoo o tabemashoo)
16 Let's eat box lunch at the park. ใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใ (kooen de obentoo o tabemashoo.)
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English Japanese
17 half past twelve ใใ ใใซใใฏใใใ ใใซใใฏใ (juuni-ji han)
18 Let's eat box lunch in the park at half pasttwelve.
ใใ ใใซใใฏใใซใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใใ ใใซใใฏใใซใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใใพใใใใ (juuni-ji han ni kooen de obentoo otabemashoo.)
19 We are going to watch a movie on Thursday. ใใใใใณใใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใใใใใใณใใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใ (moku-yoobi, eega o mi ni ikimasu.)
20 What time are you going to watch a movie onThursday?
ใใใใใณใใชใใใซใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใใใใใณใใชใใใซใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใใใใ (moku-yoobi, nan-ji ni eega o mi niikimasu ka.)
21 Did you remember to add the particle ใซใซ after the question word ใชใใใชใใ (what time) to find outthe point in time when an action (here going to a movie) takes place?
22 around four o'clock ใใใใใใใใ (yo-ji goro)
23 When we mention approximate times, we add ใใใใ after the time, as in ใใใใใใใใ . When we useใใใใ , we can omit the particle ใซใซ that indicates the time of action.
24 We are going around four o'clock. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (yoji goro ikimasu.)
25 front of Hachiko ใใใใใฎใพใใใใใใฎใพใ (hachikoo no mae)
26
ใใใใใใใใ is the name of a legendary dog, famous for his loyalty. The male Akita is said to havecome to the JR Shibuya Station in Tokyo every evening for almost ten years to patiently wait forhis master's return after the master, a university professor, had died at work. The bronze statueof ใใใใใใใใ now stands in front of Shibuya Station and is used by many people as a meetingplace. The nearest ticket gate of the station is also named ใใใใใใกใใใใใใก (Hachiko Ticket Gate)!
27 We are going around four o'clock. Let's meetin front of Hachiko.
ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใพใใงใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใพใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใ (yoji goro ikimasu. hachikoo no mae deaimashoo.)
28The real ใใใใใใใใ died in 1935, but his legend has lived on and inspired many people all overJapan and beyond. A Japanese movie called ใใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใใฎใใใ (The Story of Hachiko) wasreleased in 1987. The movie was recently remade in Hollywood under the title "Hachiko: A Dog'sStory" starring Richard Gere and three Akitas!
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Chapter 6: Weather and Land ๆฐๅใจๅฐๅฝขๆฐๅใจๅฐๅฝข
Chapter 6: Weather and Land
Conversational GoalsDescribe the LandDescribe the Weather, Climate, and SeasonsDiscuss Your or Others' Assumption onSomethingMake Small Talk on ExcursionsUse Proper Measurement for Temperatureand Distance
Grammar GoalsForm Comparison Sentences and QuestionsForm the Past Tense of Noun and AdjectiveSentencesUse ใใใงใใใใงใ to Express Your ObservationUse ใงใใใใงใใใ to Express Your Assumption
ConversationEnglish Japanese
We are tired, aren't we! Shall we rest a little bit?ใคใใใพใใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใใคใใใพใใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใ (tsukaremashita ne. chotto yasumimashooka.)
Sure. It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you thinkit is now, approximately?
ใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใ (ee. mushiatsui desu ne. ima, nando guraideshoo ka.)
It's probably about thirty degrees, I think. It'scooler than yesterday, you know.
ใใถใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใถใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใงใใใ (tabun sanjuu do gurai deshoo. ki-noo yorisuzushii desu yo.)
Yes. It was very hot yesterday, wasn't it, since itwas sunny.
ใใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใญใใใงใใญใ (ee. ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu ne.)
How far is it from here to the summit?ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใ (koko kara choojoo made, donokurai desuka.)
Well.... We have about one more kilometer to go. ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใกใญใญใใใใงใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใกใญใญใใใใงใใ (soo desu ne.... ato ichi kiro gurai desu.)
It kind of looks like it's going to rain, doesn't it! ใชใใ ใใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใใชใใ ใใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใ (nandaka, ame ga furisoo desu ne.)
ใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใ๏ผใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใ๏ผ
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Yes. Let's hurry a little bit! ใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใ๏ผใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใ๏ผ (ee, chotto isogimashoo!)
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Shall we rest a little bit? ใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Shall we rest a little bit? ใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใ (chotto yasumimashoo ka.)
2
Here are some tips on how to use three similar phrases. We use ใใใฟใพใใใใใใฟใพใใใ (Let's rest) toexpress our will to involve our listener directly or to enthusiastically support another person'ssuggestion. We use ใใใฟใพใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใ (Shall we rest?) when we want to prompt our listener tostart a mutual action. ใใใฟใพใใใใใใฟใพใใใ (Why don't we rest?) is a gentler invitation in the form of anegative question, showing our respect to our listener's will.
3 to rest ใใใใใใ (yasumu)
4 rest ใใใฟใพใใใใฟใพใ (yasumimasu)
5 We'll rest a little bit. ใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใ (chotto yasumimasu.)
6 Shall we rest? ใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใใ (yasumimashoo ka.)
7Do you remember the expression ใฟใฏใทใผใใใณใพใใใใใฟใฏใทใผใใใณใพใใใใ (Should I call a taxi?). We used theverb ending ใพใใใใใพใใใใ to offer a service to someone. Now, we can use the same ending whenwe want to make a polite suggestion. It's equivalent to "Shall we ~?" in English!
8 to tire oneself ใคใใใใคใใใ (tsukareru)
9 tire oneself ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ (tsukaremasu)
10 I'm tired. (I tired myself. )
ใคใใใพใใใใคใใใพใใใ (tsukaremashita.)
11 We are tired, aren't we! ใคใใใพใใใญใใคใใใพใใใญใ (tsukaremashita ne.)
12
As you already know, Japanese people often end their sentences with ใญใญ , sharing their feelings oropinions and seeking agreement or confirmation from their listeners. ใคใใใพใใใญใคใใใพใใใญ is anotherexample. In this expression, the tired speaker assumes that the other person is also tired andseeks an agreement from him or her. It's a very common way of communicating in Japanese,though the English equivalent--"We're tired, aren't we?"--may sound a bit strange!
13 We are tired, aren't we! Shall we rest a littlebit?
ใคใใใพใใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใใคใใใพใใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใ (tsukaremashita ne. chottoyasumimashoo ka.)
14 stifling hot ใใใใคใใใใใคใ (mushiatsui)
15With the exception of northern regions, summer in Japan is hot and humid. ใใใใคใใใใใคใ ("muggy"or "stifling hot") is the very word that describes how you would feel out there! ใใใใ in ใใใใคใใใใใคใderives from the verb ใใใใ ("to steam" or "to be muggy").
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English Japanese
16 It's stifling hot today. ใใใใฏใใใใคใใงใใใใใใฏใใใใคใใงใใ (kyoo wa mushiatsui desu.)
17 shade ใฒใใใฒใใ (hikage)
18 Shall we rest in the shade? ใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใ (hikage de yasumimashoo ka.)
19 It's stifling hot, isn't it! Shall we rest in theshade?
ใใใใคใใงใใญใใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ (mushiatsui desu ne. hikage deyasumimashoo ka.)
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How hot do you think it is now?ใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใ
English Japanese
1 How hot do you think it is now? (What degree do you think it is now?)
ใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใ (ima nando deshoo ka.)
2For temperature, Japanese use the degree Celsius (โ) or ใใฃใใใฃใ while Americans use the degreeFahrenheit (ยฐF) or ใใใใ . 0โ is 32ยฐF; 10โ is 50ยฐF; 20โ is 68ยฐF; and 30โ is 86ยฐF. In this course,we'll use the degree Celsius as the Japanese do!
3 what degree ใชใใฉใชใใฉ (nan-do)
4 The counter for the temperature in Japanese is ใฉใฉ . We can also use ใฉใฉ for the degree of an angle.
5 How hot is it? (What degree is it?)
ใชใใฉใงใใใใชใใฉใงใใใ (nan-do desu ka.)
6 We can use ใชใใฉใงใใใชใใฉใงใใ (literally, "What degree is it?") to ask how hot or coldใใsomething is.
7 How hot do you think it is? ใชใใฉใงใใใใใใชใใฉใงใใใใใ (nan-do deshoo ka.)
8
When we end our sentence with ใงใใงใ , we imply that what we are saying is a fact. When we want toavoid sounding definite and imply that what we are saying is only our assumption, we can end oursentence with ใงใใใใงใใใ instead of ใงใใงใ . To ask your listener his or her assumption, simply addthe question marker ใใ and end the sentence with ใงใใใใใงใใใใ . It's equivalent to "do you think?"or "I wonder" in English.
9 It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you think itis now?
ใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใ (mushiatsui desu ne. ima nan-do deshooka.)
10 thirty degrees ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใ ใใฉ (sanjuu-do)
11 around thirty degrees ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใ (sanjuu-do gurai)
12Do you remember that we use ใใใใ to tell an approximate time as in ใใใใใใใใ (around fouro'clock)? When we talk about the approximate amount of something (such as temperature, time,distance, weight, or price), we use ใใใใใใ after the number to mean "about," "around," or"approximately." For example, ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใ means "around thirty degrees."
13 It's around thirty degrees, I think. ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใ (sanjuu-do gurai deshoo.)
14 probably ใใถใใใถใ (tabun)
15 Well.... It's probably around thirty-five degrees,I think.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใใ ใใใฉใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใใ ใใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun sanjuu-go-do guraideshoo.)
16 How cold is it, approximately? (About what degree is it?)
ใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใ (nan-do gurai desu ka.)
17 It's cold, isn't it! How cold do you think it isใใใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใ
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17 now, approximately? (samui desu ne. ima, nan-do guraideshoo ka.)
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English Japanese
18 zero ใใใใ (ree)
19 zero degrees ใใใฉใใใฉ (ree-do)
20 "Zero" in Japanese can be either ใใใใ or ใผใญใผใญ . When talking about the temperature, however, wemust use ใใใใ and say ใใใฉใใใฉ (zero degrees).
21 Let me see.... ใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใ (eetto....)
22When we want to signal our listeners that we are thinking, as in "Let me see..." in English, we cansay ใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใผใฃใจใปใปใป . It's similar to ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใงใใญใปใปใป (Well...), but ใใผใฃใจใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใปใปใป is more casualand spontaneous!
23 In the next question, let's assume that someone has asked about the outside temperature, andyou are looking at a thermometer to find the information.
24 Let me see.... Wow, it's zero degrees, youknow!
ใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใใใใฉใงใใใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใใใใฉใงใใ! (eetto.... waa, ree do desu yo!)
25
Winter in Japan is relatively mild, except for the northern interior regions where the lowesttemperature can be as low as -30โ. The average temperature for January is -4.1โ in Sapporo,5.8โ in Tokyo, and 16.6โ in Naha, Okinawa. That said, you may feel a lot colder than thethermometer tells you while visiting Japan in winter months. It may be due to windiness, higherhumidity, or the lack of central heating systems in most private residences!
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It's cooler today than yesterday.ใใใใฏใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใฏใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 It's cooler today than yesterday. ใใใใฏใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใฏใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใ (kyoo wa ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)
2 cool ใใใใใใใใ (suzushii)
3Please note that we mainly use ใใใใใใใใ (cool) to describe the temperature of the air or theclimate with a positive connotation. Make sure not to use it as the equivalent of "cool" inexpressions like "He's so cool!"
4 It's cool. ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (suzushii desu.)
5 more than ใใใใ (yori)
6 ใใใใ is a particle that comes after the word used as the counterpart of a comparison. It'sequivalent to "than" or "more than" in English!
7 more than yesterday ใใฎใใใใใฎใใใ (ki-noo yori)
8 It's cooler than yesterday. (It is more cool than yesterday.)
ใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใ (ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)
9Did you notice that in ใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใฎใใใใใใใใงใ (It's cooler than yesterday), the adjective (ใใใใใใใใ) itself does not change its form? What tells us that this is a comparison sentence? That'sright! It's the particle ใใใใ!
10 spring ใฏใใฏใ (haru)
11 this year ใใจใใใจใ (kotoshi)
12 this spring (spring of this year)
ใใจใใฎใฏใใใจใใฎใฏใ (kotoshi no haru)
13 last year ใใใญใใใใญใ (kyo-nen)
14 last spring (spring of last year)
ใใใญใใฎใฏใใใใญใใฎใฏใ (kyo-nen no haru)
15 warm ใใใใใใใใใใ (atatakai)
16 This spring is warmer than last spring, isn't it!ใใจใใฎใฏใใฏใใใญใใฎใฏใใใใใใใใใใจใใฎใฏใใฏใใใญใใฎใฏใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใงใใญใ (kotoshi no haru wa kyo-nen no haru yoriatatakai desu ne.)
17 summer ใชใคใชใค (natsu)
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English Japanese
18 mountains in summer ใชใคใฎใใพใชใคใฎใใพ (natsu no yama)
19 autumn ใใใใ (aki)
20 Mountains in autumn are more beautiful thanmountains in summer, you know.
ใใใฎใใพใฏใชใคใฎใใพใใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใพใฏใชใคใฎใใพใใใใใใงใใใ (aki no yama wa natsu no yama yori kireedesu yo.)
21While Japanese people love the fragile beauty of ใใใใใใ (cherry blossoms) in spring, they also lovethe colorful displays of autumn leaves that paint the nation vivid red, yellow, and orange! Onsunny weekends, popular nature spots are filled with people enjoying "autumn-leaves viewing" orใใฟใใใใใฟใใใ (literally, "red-leaves hunting") with their friends and family.
22 winter ใตใใตใ (fuyu)
23 Hokkaido ใปใฃใใใฉใใปใฃใใใฉใ (hokkaidoo)
24
Japan is an arc-shaped island country, consisting of four major "islands" and about 7,000 smallerones. These four major "islands" are (from north to south) ใปใฃใใใฉใใปใฃใใใฉใ , ใปใใใ ใใปใใใ ใ , ใใใใใใ , andใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใ . ใปใใใ ใใปใใใ ใ , the largest, is a little bigger than Minnesota, while ใใใใใใ , thesmallest, is slightly smaller than Vermont. Since they are all fairly large, people who live in themdon't consider themselves as living on islands!
25 winter in Hokkaido ใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใ (hokkaidoo no fuyu)
26 Kyushu ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใ (kyuushuu)
27 much more ใใฃใจใใฃใจ (zutto)
28 It's much colder. ใใฃใจใใใใงใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใ (zutto samui desu.)
29 The winter in Hokkaido is much colder thanthe winter in Kyushu.
ใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใใฏใใ ใใใ ใใฎใตใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใใฏใใ ใใใ ใใฎใตใใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใ (hokkaidoo no fuyu wa kyuushuu no fuyuyori zutto samui desu.)
30
Japan has four distinct seasons or ใใใใ . ใฏใใฏใ (spring) is warm and nice, and people enjoy ใใชใฏใฟใใชใฏใฟ(cherry-blossom viewing picnic) and other outdoor activities. ใชใคใชใค (summer) is hot and humid,and the deafening chorus of cicadas fill the air. ใใใใ (autumn) is cool and crisp, and it's theseason for sports, cultural events, and ใใฟใใใใใฟใใใ (autumn-leaves viewing). ใตใใตใ (winter) isrelatively mild although the northern parts of Japan receive much snow.
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Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains?ใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 Which do you like better, the ocean ormountains?
ใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใ (umi to yama to, dochira ga suki desu ka.)
2
The total area of Japan is slightly smaller than Montana. 73% of its land is mountains, and half ofthe population lives in plains (ใธใใใธใใ) that occupy 14% of the land. Rivers (ใใใใ) are relativelyshort, running down mountain sides and pouring into the surrounding seas, which include the ใซใปใซใปใใใใใใ (Japan Sea), ใฒใใใทใใใใฒใใใทใใใ (East China Sea), ใชใใผใใฏใใใชใใผใใฏใใ (the Sea of Okhotsk), andใใใธใใใใใใธใใใ (the Pacific Ocean).
3 which ใฉใกใใฉใกใ (dochira)
4Do you remember that we have so far used ใฉใกใใฉใกใ as the polite version of ใฉใใฉใ (where)? We canalso use ใฉใกใใฉใกใ as the equivalent of "which" in English in a question asking our listener tocompare two things and choose one of them.
5 Which do you like better? (Which do you like?)
ใฉใกใใใใใงใใใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใ (dochira ga suki desu ka.)
6 Did you remember that we use the particle ใใ to indicate what we like? We also need to add ใใafter the question word ใฉใกใใฉใกใ to say ใฉใกใใใใใงใใใฉใกใใใใใงใใ (Which do you like?).
7 the ocean or mountains (in a comparisonquestion)
ใใฟใจใใพใจใใฟใจใใพใจ (umi to yama to)
8 To form a comparison question using the question word ใฉใกใใฉใกใ , we mention two things by addingthe particle ใจใจ after each word, as in "X ใจใจ Y ใจใจ ." It's the equivalent of "X or Y" in English.
9 I like the ocean better. ใใฟใฎใปใใใใใงใใใใฟใฎใปใใใใใงใใ (umi no hoo ga suki desu.)
10When we want to pick one over the other in our answer to the comparison question, such as ใใฟใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใ (Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains?), we can usethe pattern "X ใฎใปใใใปใปใปใงใใฎใปใใใปใปใปใงใ ." Let's memorize the pattern and practice using it in aconversation!
11 Well.... I like mountains better, you know.ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใพใฎใปใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใพใฎใปใใใใใงใใใ(soo desu ne.... yama no hoo ga sukidesu yo.)
12 both or neither ใฉใกใใใฉใกใใ (dochira mo)
13 We can use ใฉใกใใใฉใกใใ in both affirmative and negative sentences.
14 I like both. ใฉใกใใใใใงใใใฉใกใใใใใงใใ (dochira mo suki desu.)
15 I like neither. ใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (dochira mo suki ja arimasen.)
16 Did you notice that although ใฉใกใใใฉใกใใ is the equivalent of "neither," we have to use it along withthe negative sentence ending, as in ใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใ?
17 Which is bigger, Hokkaido or Kyushu?ใปใฃใใใฉใใจใใ ใใใ ใใจใใฉใกใใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใจใใ ใใใ ใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใ (hokkaidoo to kyuushuu to, dochira ga
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ookii desu ka.)
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English Japanese
18 Hokkaido is bigger. ใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใปใใใใใใใงใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใปใใใใใใใงใใ (hokkaidoo no hoo ga ookii desu.)
19 Mt. Aso ใใใใใใใใ (asosan)
20
Japan has many volcanoes or ใใใใใใ (literally, "fire mountain"), and that's why it also has so manyhot springs and earthquakes! ใใใใใใใใ (Mt. Aso) is an active volcano located in KumamotoPrefecture and is well-known for its huge caldera. The highest peak is 1,592 meters high. Visitorscan drive up to the main crater that is filled with turquoise-colored hot water and hike around itwhen the wind is blowing the sulfurous gas away from the visitor access area.
21 Mt. Fuji ใตใใใใตใใใ (fujisan)
22ใตใใใใตใใใ (Mt. Fuji) is 3,776 meters or 12,388 feet high and the tallest mountain in Japan. It'slocated at the border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures and visible from Tokyo on cleardays. Though not as visibly active as ใใใใใใใใ , ใตใใใใตใใใ is actually an active volcano, whose lastexplosion was in 1707.
23 high or tall ใใใใใใ (takai)
24 Which is taller, Mt. Aso or Mt. Fuji?ใใใใใจใตใใใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใงใใใใใใจใตใใใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใงใใใใใ (asosan to fujisan to, dochira ga takaidesu ka.)
25 Mt. Fuji is much taller, you know. ใตใใใใฎใปใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใใใตใใใใฎใปใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใใ (fujisan no hoo ga zutto takai desu yo.)
26
ใตใใใใตใใใ has long been considered a sacred mountain, and women couldn't climb it until 1800. Today, anyone can drive half way up the mountain and hike the rest of the way to the summit,using one of the four well-established routes. The official climbing season is July and August,during which lodges and kiosks are available on the trails. Many people hike up the mountain atnight in order to watch the sunrise from the top!
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Which season do you like best?ใใใคใงใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใใใคใงใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 Which season do you like best? (Among seasons, when do you like best?)
ใใใคใงใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใใใคใงใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (kisetsu de, itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)
2
The Japanese love of seasonal beauty is reflected in the famous four-season garden described inthe eleventh-century Japanese classic, ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใฎใใใ or "The Tale of Genji." This fictionalgarden consists of four parts, each occupying a corner of the great mansion built by thehandsome (and rich) protagonist. Each part is designed to accentuate the beauty of an individualseason: flowers for spring, water and shade for summer, color-changing leaves for autumn, andsnow-clad pine trees for winter!
3 best or most (number one)
ใใกใฐใใใกใฐใ (ichiban)
4When we want to compare more than three things and pick one as the highest (or the lowest)ranking among them, we add ใใกใฐใใใกใฐใ (literally, the "number one") before the adjective. It'sequivalent to "(the) most" or "(the) best" in English.
5 I like it best. ใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใ (ichiban suki desu.)
6 when ใใคใใค (itsu)
7 Which time period do you like best? (When do you like best?)
ใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)
8 season ใใใคใใใค (kisetsu)
9 among seasons ใใใคใงใใใคใง (kisetsu de)
10 In order to indicate the range of choices, we use the particle ใงใง as in ใใใคใงใใใคใง (among seasons)or ใซใปใใงใซใปใใง (in Japan).
11 I like spring best. ใฏใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใฏใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใ (haru ga ichiban suki desu.)
12 What do you like best? ใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (nani ga ichiban suki desu ka.)
13 Japanese flowers ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใซใปใใฎใฏใช (nihon no hana)
14 What do you like best among Japaneseflowers?
ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ(nihon no hana de, nani ga ichiban sukidesu ka.)
15 cherry blossom ใใใใใใ (sakura)
16 Japanese flowers? I like cherry blossoms best.ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใใใใใใใใกใฐใใใใงใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใใใใใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใ (nihon no hana desu ka. sakura gaichiban suki desu.)
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English Japanese
17
The Japanese people's fondness for cherry blossoms, or ใใใใใใ , has a long history, but it was notalways "the flower" of Japan. Poems written in the eighth century praise plum blossoms or ใใใใmore often than ใใใใใใ . The popularity of ใใใใใใ increased around the tenth century, when theJapanese began establishing their own cultural identity, leaving the Chinese influence behind. Since then, ใใใใใใ has come to symbolize spring as well as the Japanese spirit!
18 coldest (most cold)
ใใกใฐใใใใใใกใฐใใใใ (ichiban samui)
19 Where is the coldest place? (Where is the coldest?)
ใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใ (doko ga ichiban samui desu ka.)
20 in Japan ใซใปใใงใซใปใใง (nihon de)
21 Where is the coldest place in Japan?ใซใปใใงใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใซใปใใงใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใ (nihon de doko ga ichiban samui desuka.)
22 Well.... Hokkaido is the coldest, I think.ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใปใฃใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใปใฃใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... hokkaidoo ga ichibansamui deshoo.)
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Since yesterday was sunny, it was very hot.ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 Since yesterday was sunny, it was very hot.ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใ (ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu.)
2 sunny weather ใฏใใฏใ (hare)
3ใฏใใฏใ is a noun that describes sunny or clear weather. That's the word you'll be looking for whenyou watch the weather forecast on Japanese TV! You can also describe the same nice weather asใใใฆใใใใใฆใใ (fine weather) in everyday conversations.
4 It is sunny today. ใใใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใฏใฏใใงใใ (kyoo wa hare desu.)
5 was or were ใงใใใงใใ (deshita)
6 It was sunny yesterday. ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใ (ki-noo wa hare deshita.)
7 It was hot. ใใคใใฃใใงใใใใคใใฃใใงใใ (atsukatta desu.)
8Did you notice that the past form of ใใคใใงใใใคใใงใ is different from the past form of ใฏใใงใใฏใใงใ? It'sbecause ใใคใใงใใใคใใงใ is made of an ใใ-adjective (ใใคใใใคใ) and ใงใใงใ , while ใฏใใงใใฏใใงใ consists of anoun (ใฏใใฏใ) and ใงใใงใ . If the sentence ends with an ใใ-adjective and ใงใใงใ , the past form takes thesame pattern as ใใคใใฃใใงใใใคใใฃใใงใ : simply drop ใใงใใใงใ at the end and replace it with ใใฃใใงใใใฃใใงใ!
9 Now, do you remember ใใใใ ("because" or "since") that marks the sentence as the cause of thesubsequent sentence? Let's use it in the next question!
10 Since it was sunny yesterday, it was hot.ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใ (kinoo wa hare deshita kara, atsukattadesu.)
11 rain or rainy weather ใใใใ (ame)
12 It was rainy. ใใใงใใใใใใงใใใ (ame deshita.)
13
Japan receives much rainfall every year. The annual average is 1,718mm, about twice the worldaverage. Much of it falls during two distinct periods: June to mid-July and September. June to mid-July is the rainy season called ใคใใคใ or ใฐใใใฐใใ (literally, "plum rain"), notorious for mold-yieldingmugginess. September rain is brought on by ใใใตใใใใตใ (typhoons), which often cause floods andlandslides.
14 It was cool. ใใใใใฃใใงใใใใใใใฃใใงใใ (suzushikatta desu.)
15 Since it was rainy yesterday, it was cool,wasn't it!
ใใฎใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใใใใฃใใงใใใฎใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใใใใฃใใงใใญใใญใ (ki-noo wa ame deshita kara,suzushikatta desu ne.)
ใใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใ
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16 It was stifling hot. ใใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใ (mushiatsukatta desu.)
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English Japanese
17 cloudy weather ใใใใใใ (kumori)
18 It was cloudy. ใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ (kumori deshita.)
19 It was cloudy in Tokyo. (As for Tokyo, it was cloudy.)
ใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใ (tookyoo wa kumori deshita.)
20 It was cloudy in Tokyo, but it was stifling hot.ใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใใใใใใคใใฃใใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใใงใใ (tookyoo wa kumori deshita ga,mushiatsukatta desu.)
21 It was beautiful. ใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ (kiree deshita.)
22Did you notice that the past form of ใใใใงใใใใใงใ is different from the past form of ใใคใใงใใใคใใงใ? It'sbecause ใใใใใใ is a ใชใช-adjective! If the sentence ends with a ใชใช-adjective and ใงใใงใ , simplyreplace ใงใใงใ with ใงใใใงใใ!
23 snow or snowy weather ใใใใ (yuki)
24 It was snowy in Hokkaido. ใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใ (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita.)
25 It was cold. ใใใใฃใใงใใใใใใฃใใงใใ (samukatta desu.)
26 It was snowy in Hokkaido. It was cold, but itwas beautiful, you know!
ใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใฃใใงใใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใฃใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ๏ผใใใใใใงใใใ๏ผ (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita. samukattadesu ga, kiree deshita yo!)
27
Much of northern Japan receives heavy snowfall every year. The thick layers of snow that coverthese regions easily reach 2 meters (6.6ft) or more, and people struggle to stay ahead of the fastaccumulating snow. The famous Japanese novel ใใใใซใใใใซ (Snow Country), written by the Nobel-Prize winner ใใใฐใใใใชใใใใฐใใใใชใ , features a snowy mountain village as the backdrop for thebeautiful but sad story of a love triangle.
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How far is it from here to the summit?ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 How far is it from here to the summit?ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใใ (koko kara choojoo made, donokuraidesu ka.)
2Because ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ can be used in many situations, you may find that some questions soundrather vague. ใกใใใใใใพใงใฉใฎใใใใงใใใกใใใใใใพใงใฉใฎใใใใงใใ , for example, can be asking about the distanceto the summit or time that it takes to get there. In this section, let's assume that the question isabout the distance!
3 how far ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ (donokurai)
4ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ is a very versatile question word that we can use to ask the amount or degree ofsomething, including distance, temperature, weight, duration of time, cost, and size. Thetranslation, therefore, can vary, depending on what measurement we are dealing with. To bespecific, we can use ใชใใชใ (what) plus the counter as in ใชใใฉใชใใฉ for the temperature.
5 How far is it? ใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใ (donokurai desu ka.)
6 from here ใใใใใใใใ (koko kara)
7 summit ใกใใใใใใกใใใใใ (choojoo)
8 from here to the summit ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใใใใกใใใใใใพใง (koko kara choojoo made)
9Did you use the particle ใพใงใพใง , not ใธใธ , as the equivalent of "to" in the phrase "from here to thesummit"? When talking about the distance between two points, we use ใใใใ (from) to indicatethe starting point and ใพใงใพใง ("to" or "as far as") to indicate the end. Let's memorize "X ใใใใ Y ใพใงใพใง"as a stock phrase! When the starting point is obvious, it's often omitted.
10 meter ใกใผใใซใกใผใใซ (meetoru)
11 kilometer ใญใญใกใผใใซใญใญใกใผใใซ (kiro-meetoru)
12 one kilometer ใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใกใญใญใกใผใใซ (ichi kiro-meetoru)
13Japanese people use the metric system for measurement. One kilometer is equal to about 0.6miles, and 1 meter is about 1.1 yards or 3.3 feet. When it's clear that we are talking aboutdistance and not weight, we can simply say ใญใญใญใญ (kilo), as in ใใกใญใญใใกใญใญ (one kilo), instead of sayingใญใญใกใผใใซใญใญใกใผใใซ (kilometer).
14 about one kilometer ใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใ (ichi kiro-meetoru gurai)
15 It's about one kilometer from here to thesummit.
ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใงใใใใใงใใ (koko kara choojoo made ichi kiro-meetoru gurai desu.)
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16 one more kilometer to go ใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซ (ato ichi kiro-meetoru)
17ใใจใใจ is a word that points to a place that is behind, a time that comes later, or things thatremain. We can use ใใจใใจ before some numbers (such as distance, time, or quantity) to indicatethe remaining amount. ใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซ , for example, means "one more kilometer to go"!
18 We have one more kilometer to go. (It's one more kilometer to go.)
ใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใงใใใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใงใใ (ato ichi kiro-meetoru desu.)
19 Well.... We have about three more kilometersto go, I think.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... ato san kiro-meetorugurai deshoo.)
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It seems that it's going to rain. ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใใตใใใใงใใEnglish Japanese
1 It seems that it's going to rain. (Rain seems to fall. )
ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใใตใใใใงใใ (ame ga furisoo desu.)
2
The Japanese are weather-conscious people who watch ใฆใใใใปใใฆใใใใปใ (weather forecasts)religiously. It's not only the possibility of rain or shine that they care about. In the nation whereone in every five people suffers hay fever, getting ใใตใใใใใปใใใตใใใใใปใ (pollen info) is a matter ofsurvival. Weather forecasters also offer ใใใใใใใปใใใใใใใใปใ (cherry-blossoms info) to the viewersso that they can plan when and where to have ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ (cherry-blossom viewing picnic)!
3 to fall (referring to rain or snow) ใตใใตใ (furu)
4 fall (referring to rain or snow) ใตใใพใใตใใพใ (furimasu)
5 It rains. (Rain falls. )
ใใใใตใใพใใใใใใตใใพใใ (ame ga furimasu.)
6 When we describe a natural phenomenon, we use the particle ใใ to mark the subject, as in ใใใใใใใตใใพใใตใใพใ (literally, "Rain falls"). In this case, we can't replace ใใ with the topic marker ใฏใฏ .
7 seems to fall (referring to rain or snow) ใตใใใใงใใตใใใใงใ (furisoo desu.)
8
Do you remember the sentence ending ใงใใใใงใใใ , which implies that what we are telling is ourassumption? When we want to indicate that what we are telling is our conjecture based onobservation, we end the sentence with ใใใงใใใใงใ instead. It's equivalent to "it seems" or "it looks"in English. For regular verbs such as ใตใใตใ (to fall), simply drop ใพใใพใ from the polite form and addใใใงใใใใงใ to form the pattern, as in ใตใใใใงใใตใใใใงใ .
9 somewhat ใชใใ ใใชใใ ใ (nandaka)
10ใชใใ ใใชใใ ใ is a phrase we can use in everyday conversations to express the vagueness of ourfeelings or judgments. It's equivalent to "I don't know why, but ...," "somewhat," "a little," "kind of,"or "somehow" in English!
11 It somewhat seems that it's going to rain. ใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใ (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu.)
12 to hurry ใใใใใใ (isogu)
13 hurry ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (isogimasu)
14 Let's hurry. ใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใ (isogimashoo.)
15 It somewhat seems that it's going to rain,doesn't it! Let's hurry a little bit.
ใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใใใใพใใใใ (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu ne. chottoisogimashoo.)
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16 to stop (when referring to rain or snow) ใใใใ (yamu)
17 stop (when referring to rain or snow) ใใฟใพใใใฟใพใ (yamimasu)
18 seems to stop (when referring to rain or snow) ใใฟใใใงใใใฟใใใงใ (yamisoo desu)
19 It seems that it's going to stop snowing. (Snow seems to stop.)
ใใใใใฟใใใงใใใใใใใฟใใใงใใ (yuki ga yamisoo desu.)
20 by and by ใใใใใใใใ (soro soro)
21Some Japanese adverbs mimetically describe movements with repeated words. ใใใใใใใใ is one ofthem, giving the listener a sense of slowness. The English equivalents include "slowly," "softly,""gradually," "(not right now but) soon," or "by and by."
22 We'd better be going. (Shall we go by and by?)
ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (soro soro ikimashoo ka.)
23ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใ literally means "Shall we go by and by?"ใผใผa suggestion to start in a shorttime. However, people sometimes use the same expression to hurry others in a polite way. Inthat case, the English equivalent would be "It's about time for us to go" or "We'd better be going!"
24 Oh, it seems that it's going to stop snowing,doesn't it! We'd better be going.
ใใใใใใใใฟใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฟใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใ (aa, yuki ga yamisoo desu ne. soro soroikimashoo ka.)
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Chapter 7: Cooking and Food Culture ๆ็ใจ้ฃๆๅๆ็ใจ้ฃๆๅ
Chapter 7: Cooking and Food Culture
Conversational GoalsAsk or Tell How to Cook SomethingAsk or Tell What You or Others Are DoingDiscuss What Is in a Dish or What It Is MadeFromLearn Common Local or Cultural Foods inJapanRefer to Food Preparation Processes
Grammar GoalsConnect Two or More Verbs Using the ใฆใฆ-formIdentify Three Types of Verbs and TheirConjugation PatternsUse the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใพใใใพใ" Pattern for Actionin Progress and Continuous StateUse the Particle ใงใง to Indicate a Method orMeans
ConversationEnglish Japanese
Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko. What are youdoing now?
ใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu. ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)
I'm making chicken curry. ใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใ (chikin karee o tsukutte imasu.)
Oh? Tell me, how do you make it? ใธใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใธใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (hee. doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)
First, we sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, add water,and cook for twenty minutes or so.
ใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใฆใ๏ผ๏ผใทใใใใใซใพใใใฆใ๏ผ๏ผใทใใใใใซใพใใ (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)
Then, we add the curry roux, and cook for a littlewhile over low heat.
ใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใฆใใใฐใใใใใณใงใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใฆใใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใใซใพใใ (sore kara karee ruu o irete, shibarakuyowabi de nimasu.)
It sounds delicious, doesn't it! ใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผ (oishisoo desu ne!)
It's almost ready, you know. Why don't you comeover for a bite?
ใใใใใงใใพใใใใในใซใใพใใใใใใใใใงใใพใใใใในใซใใพใใใใ (moo sugu dekimasu yo. tabe ni kimasen ka.)
Oh, are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringใใฃใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใฃใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใใพใใ
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desserts. (e, iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)
It sounds good! Well, I'll be waiting for you. ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใ (ii desu ne! jaa, matte imasu.)
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What are you doing now?ใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 What are you doing now? ใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ (ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)
2There are only two basic Group III verbs whose conjugation patterns we have to memorize: ใใใใ(to do) and ใใใใ (to come). The rest of Group III verbs are "compound" verbs based on these two,and they conjugate just as the basic verbs do.
3 to do (in the "te"-form) ใใฆใใฆ (shite)
4In Japanese, there is a verb form called the ใฆใฆ-form, which we can use in various verb phrases. Tocreate the ใฆใฆ-form for a Group III (or irregular) verb, we simply delete ใพใใพใ from its polite form andadd ใฆใฆ . The ใฆใฆ-form for ใใใใ (or ใใพใใใพใ) therefore is ใใฆใใฆ .
5 is/am/are doing ใใฆใใพใใใฆใใพใ (shite imasu)
6 When we want to talk about some action or motion in progress, we use the ใฆใฆ-form of the verbfollowed by ใใพใใใพใ . ใใฆใใพใใใฆใใพใ is equivalent to "is/am/are doing" in English!
7 are you doing? ใใฆใใพใใใใฆใใพใใ (shite imasu ka)
8 What are you doing? ใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ (nani o shite imasu ka.)
9 hello (for telephone calls) ใใใใใใใใ (moshi moshi)
10ใใใใใใใใ is an everyday expression we can use when we make a phone call, pick up the phone, ormake sure that the person on the other end of the phone line is still there. This funny soundingphrase is derived from the verb ใใใใใใ (humble version of "to say"). The English equivalent is"Hello," but remember that ใใใใใใใใ is almost exclusively used during phone conversations!
11 In the next questions, let's pretend that you are making a phone call!
12 Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko.ใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu.)
13 Hello, it's Ichiro. What are you doing now?ใใใใใใใกใใใงใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใใใใใใใกใใใงใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใใ (moshi moshi, ichiroo desu. ima, nani oshite imasu ka.)
14 cooking ใใใใใใใใ (ryoori)
15 We can use ใใใใใใใใ to mean not only "cooking" but also "a dish" (as in ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ or "atasty dish") or cuisine (as in ใซใปใใใใใใซใปใใใใใ or "Japanese cuisine").
16 to cook (to do cooking)
ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (ryoori suru)
17 cook ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใ (ryoori shimasu)
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English Japanese
18 is/am/are cooking ใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใฆใใพใ (ryoori shite imasu)
19 I am cooking at my house now. ใใพใใใกใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใใกใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (ima, uchi de ryoori shite imasu.)
20 is/am/are having a meal ใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใฆใใพใ (shokuji shite imasu)
21 I am having a meal at the restaurant with myfriends now.
ใใพใใจใใ ใกใจใฌในใใฉใณใงใใใใใใฆใใใพใใจใใ ใกใจใฌในใใฉใณใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใพใใ (ima, tomodachi to resutoran de shokujishite imasu.)
22
"Eating out" in Japanese is ใใใใใใใใใใ (literally, "outside eating") and "cooking at home" is ใใใใใใ(literally, "self cooking"). Between these two options lies the thriving category of takeouts anddeliveries, providing the convenience and relative economy for busy Japanese people. Theconcept, however, is not at all modern. The quick home delivery service called ใงใพใใงใพใ has beenaround since the eighteenth century for the patrons of ใใฐใใใฐใ (buckwheat noodle shops)!
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I am having supper now.ใใพใใฐใใใฏใใใในใฆใใพใใใใพใใฐใใใฏใใใในใฆใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 I am having supper now. (I am eating evening meal now.)
ใใพใใฐใใใฏใใใในใฆใใพใใใใพใใฐใใใฏใใใในใฆใใพใใ (ima, bangohan o tabete imasu.)
2
The Japanese alphabet chart consists of five columns (or lines) and ten rows with the addition ofthe single letter ใใ . The first row is all vowels, ใใใใใใใใใใ , each of which heads each line, as in ใใ-line or ใใ-line. Each of the remaining rows is made of the combination of a vowel and aconsonant, in the order of k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w. The additional chart covers consonants g, z, d,b, p. In other words, each row uses the same consonant, while each line uses the same vowel.
3
The conjugation pattern for Group II verbs involves a single "line" of the alphabet chart: either ใใ-line or ใใ-line. For example, all the conjugated forms of the verb ใในใใในใ (to eat) contain ในใน (whichbelongs to the ใใ-line), as in ใในใพใใในใพใ and ใในใฆใในใฆ . Because it involves a single line (or ใใกใ ใใใกใ ใ inJapanese), the conjugation pattern for Group II verbs is called ใใกใ ใใใคใใใใกใ ใใใคใใ (single-lineconjugation).
4 to eat (in the "te"-form) ใในใฆใในใฆ (tabete)
5Forming the ใฆใฆ-form for Group II verbs is easy! All you have to do is to drop ใพใใพใ from the polite-form (or drop ใใ from the dictionary form) and add ใฆใฆ instead! So, the ใฆใฆ-form for ใในใใในใ or ใในใในใพใใพใ is ใในใฆใในใฆ!
6 is/am/are eating ใในใฆใใพใใในใฆใใพใ (tabete imasu)
7 supper (evening meal)
ใฐใใใฏใใฐใใใฏใ (ban gohan)
8Do you remember that ใใฏใใใฏใ means "steamed rice" in Japan? Because steamed rice is thestaple food for Japanese people, they also use the same word to mean "meal" in general. ใฐใใใฐใใใฏใใฏใ , therefore, literally means "evening meal"--that is, "supper"!
9 to make (a telephone call) ใใใใใใ (kakeru)
10 make (a telephone call) ใใใพใใใใพใ (kakemasu)
11The dictionary form for "to make (a telephone call)" is ใใใใใใ , and the polite form is ใใใพใใใใพใ . Can you tell what type of verb this is? That's right! It's Group II. We can easily tell that becauseใใใใ in ใใใพใใใใพใ matches perfectly with ใใใใ in ใใใใใใ . We are now ready to figure out the ใฆใฆ-form of the verb!
12 to make (a telephone call) (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (kakete)
13 is/am/are making (a telephone call) ใใใฆใใพใใใใฆใใพใ (kakete imasu)
14 ใงใใใงใใ can mean either a "telephone" as an instrument or a "telephone call." Let's use the wordin the latter meaning in the next question!
15 I am making a telephone call. ใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (denwa o kakete imasu.)
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English Japanese
16 I'm sorry. I am making a telephone call now. ใใฟใพใใใใใพใใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใฟใพใใใใใพใใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (sumimasen. ima, denwa o kakete imasu.)
17 to watch (in the "te"-form) ใฟใฆใฟใฆ (mite)
18 is/am/are watching ใฟใฆใใพใใฟใฆใใพใ (mite imasu)
19 I am watching TV now. ใใพใใฌใใใฟใฆใใพใใใใพใใฌใใใฟใฆใใพใใ (ima terebi o mite imasu.)
20 program (for TV and radio) ใฐใใใฟใฐใใใฟ (bangumi)
21 cooking show (cooking program)
ใใใใใฐใใใฟใใใใใฐใใใฟ (ryoori bangumi)
22 Now? I am watching a cooking show, youknow.
ใใพใงใใใใใใใใฐใใใฟใใฟใฆใใพใใใพใงใใใใใใใใฐใใใฟใใฟใฆใใพใใใใใ (ima desu ka. ryoori bangumi o miteimasu yo.)
23
Among numerous cooking shows in Japan, arguably the most popular and influential was ใใใใใใใใใฎใฆใคใใใฎใฆใคใใ (literally, "Iron Man of Cooking"). The elaborate TV cook-offs ran between 1993 and1999 and reportedly spent more than ยฅ840,000,000 (or about eight million dollars) on cookingingredients (ใใใใใใใใใใ)! It has been shown in the United State under the title "Iron Chef" andbecame the model for the American show called "Iron Chef America."
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I am making chicken curry.ใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 I am making chicken curry. ใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใ (chikin karee o tsukutte imasu.)
2
Let's have a closer look at the Group I verb ใคใใใคใใ . When we compare ใคใใใคใใ and ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ , wesee that the first part ใคใใคใ is unchanged. Since the ใพใใพใ ending of ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ is a commonaddition to all the polite forms, let's put it aside. Now, what is changed is the dictionary formending ใใ , which becomes ใใ in the polite form. ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line of the Japanese alphabetchart, while ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line. Let's see whether other Group I verbs follow the pattern!
3 to make ใคใใใคใใ (tsukuru)
4 make ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ (tsukurimasu)
5Let's figure out which verb group ใคใใใคใใ belongs to. Though ใคใใใคใใ ends with ใใ , what is left afterdropping ใพใใพใ from ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ does not match what comes before ใใ in the dictionary form,right? Therefore, this verb belongs not to Group II but to Group I.
6 to make (in the "te"-form) ใคใใฃใฆใคใใฃใฆ (tsukutte)
7How to make the ใฆใฆ-form for Group I verbs is a little more involved than Group II or III: it dependson the verb ending of the dictionary form. For the Group I verb whose dictionary form ends withใใ or ใคใค or ใใ , drop the ending and add ใฃใฆใฃใฆ . Since ใคใใใคใใ is a Group I verb and ends with ใใ , theใฆใฆ-form will be ใคใใฃใฆใคใใฃใฆ!
8 is/am/are making ใคใใฃใฆใใพใใคใใฃใฆใใพใ (tsukutte imasu)
9 chicken curry ใใญใณใซใฌใผใใญใณใซใฌใผ (chikin karee)
10 to cook (rice) ใใใใ (taku)
11Can you tell what kind of verb ใใใใ (to cook [rice]) is? It does not belong to Group III, whichconsists of only two verbs, ใใใใ (to do) and ใใใใ (to come). Neither does it belong to Group II,whose dictionary form always ends with ใใ . Therefore, we can safely conclude that ใใใใ is aGroup I verb!
12 cook (rice) ใใใพใใใใพใ (takimasu)
13Let's compare ใใใใ and ใใใพใใใใพใ . For this Group I verb, what is unchanged is ใใ , and what ischanged is the dictionary form ending ใใ , which becomes ใใ in the polite form. ใใ belongs to theใใ-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, and ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line. So, we can tell that ใใใใfollows the same basic conjugation pattern as ใคใใใคใใ!
14 To make the ใฆใฆ-form for the Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with ใใ , we drop ใใ fromthe dictionary form and add ใใฆใใฆ . Now, let's figure out the ใฆใฆ-form for ใใใใ!
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English Japanese
15 to cook (rice) (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (taite)
16 I am cooking rice now. (I am cooking steamed rice now.)
ใใพใใใฏใใใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใใฏใใใใใฆใใพใใ (ima, gohan o taite imasu.)
17
If language is the window into a culture, then the existence of various Japanese verbs that mean"to boil" or "to cook in liquid" tells us that that's probably been the primary cooking method forgenerations in Japan! The verb ใใใใ is one of them, and it's almost exclusively used for cookingrice as in ใใฏใใใใใใฏใใใใ (to cook rice). Please note that ใใฏใใใใใใฏใใใใ literally means "to cooksteamed rice," but it doesn't mean that you have to cook rice twice!
18 to boil (water) ใใใใใใ (wakasu)
19 ใใใใใใ (to boil) is used as the method for boiling water or some kind of liquid such as tea or soup. We can't use it to say, for example, "to boil an egg (or potato)"!
20 boil (water) ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (wakashimasu)
21
Let's examine one more Group I verb for the conjugation pattern. ใใใใใใ does not end with ใใ , sowe know that this is a Group I verb. When we compare ใใใใใใ and ใใใใพใใใใใพใ , the unchangedpart is ใใใใ , and the changed part is the dictionary form ending ใใ , which is changed to ใใ in thepolite form. ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, while ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line. So, ใใใใใใ also follows the same conjugation pattern as ใคใใใคใใ and ใใใใ!
22For those Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with ใใ , we make the ใฆใฆ-form by dropping theverb ending ใใ from the dictionary form and adding ใใฆใใฆ . Now, what do you think the ใฆใฆ-form forใใใใใใ is?
23 to boil (water) (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (wakashite)
24 hot water ใใใใ (oyu)
25 The Japanese equivalent to "hot water" is ใใ , but most people say ใใใใ in everyday conversation!
26 I am boiling water. (I am boiling hot water.)
ใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (oyu o wakashite imasu.)
27Just like ใใฏใใใใใใฏใใใใ (to cook rice), ใใใใใใใใใใใใ is a commonly used expression. Literally, itmeans "to boil hot water," which sounds like a waste of energy, but it actually means "to boilwater"!
28We have learned from our examination of three Group I verbs that the conjugation pattern for thisverb type involves at least two lines from the Japanese alphabet chart: the ใใ-line and ใใ-line. Infact, most Group I verbs use all five lines to complete their conjugation pattern. That's why we callthe conjugation pattern for Group I verbs ใใ ใใใคใใใใ ใใใคใใ (five-line conjugation)!
29 I am boiling water now. Why don't we have teaor something?
ใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใงใใฎใฟใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใพใใใใ (ima, oyu o wakashite imasu. ocha demonomimasen ka.)
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30
To make a perfect cup of English tea, we have to use boiling water. For most green tea, boilingwater would be too hot to draw out the best aroma and flavor. The rule of thumb is that the moreexpensive the tea leaf is, the lower the water temperature and the longer the brewing time shouldbe. The lower temperature, however, does not mean half-boiled water! You have to boil freshwater first and then let it cool down to the perfect temperature for your particular kind of tea.
31 come over to eat (come to eat)
ใในใซใใพใใในใซใใพใ (tabe ni kimasu)
32 Did you remember that to tell the purpose of movement (in this case "to come"), we drop ใพใใพใfrom the polite form of verbs and add the particle ใซใซ , as in ใในใซใใพใใในใซใใพใ (come to eat)?
33 Why don't you come over for a bite? (Won't you come to eat?)
ใในใซใใพใใใใใในใซใใพใใใใ (tabe ni kimasen ka.)
34 ramen noodle soup ใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ (raamen)
35 I am making ramen noodle soup now. Whydon't you come over for a bite?
ใใพใใฉใผใกใณใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใในใซใใพใใพใใฉใผใกใณใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใในใซใใพใใใใใใใใ (ima, raamen o tsukutte imasu. tabe nikimasen ka.)
36
ใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ (ramen noodle soup) is originally a Chinese dish, but Japanese people loved it so muchthat not only did they adopt it as their own but also created unique regional brands or ใใจใใกใใจใใกใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ . In Sapporo, for example, you'll enjoy the garlic-flavored ใใฃใฝใใฉใผใกใณใใฃใฝใใฉใผใกใณ with themiso-based soup. In Fukuoka, you'll find ใฏใใใฉใผใกใณใฏใใใฉใผใกใณ featuring the milky "pork-bone" soupgarnished with pickled red ginger. They are all yummy, filling, and inexpensive!
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Tell me, how do you make chicken curry?ใใญใณใซใฌใผใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ
English Japanese
1Tell me, how do you make chicken curry? (Tell me, as for chicken curry, how do youmake it?)
ใใญใณใซใฌใผใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (chikin karee wa doo-yatte tsukurundesuka.)
2
ใซใฌใผใฉใคในใซใฌใผใฉใคใน (curry and rice), or ใซใฌใผใซใฌใผ for short, originally came to Japan as an English dish inthe late nineteenth century. As in the case of ใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ , Japanese people loved it so much thatthey adopted it as their own. Now it's one of the most popular home-cooked dishes in Japan! Themain ingredients are onions, potatoes, carrots, some type of meat, and ใซใฌใผใซใผใซใฌใผใซใผ --a solidsauce-mix that contains curry powder, flour, and other spices.
3 how (when asking the method) ใฉใใใฃใฆใฉใใใฃใฆ (doo-yatte)
4 How do you make it? ใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใพใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใพใใใ (doo-yatte tsukurimasu ka.)
5 Tell me, how do you make it? ใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)
6
Do you remember the "explanation" mode of speech we used to say ใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใ (Asa matter of fact, I'm a poor dancer)? While using ใชใใงใใชใใงใ after nouns, ใชใช-adjectives andadverbs, we use ใใงใใใงใ after ใใ-adjectives and verbs. When asking for an explanation for theother person's current or future action, simply add ใใงใใใใงใใ after the dictionary form of the verb,as in ใคใใใใงใใใคใใใใงใใ . It adds to your question the nuance of "Tell me" or "I'm wondering."
7 to broil ใใใใ (yaku)
8 The verb ใใใใ can mean "to broil," "to roast," "to grill," "to barbecue," "to sear," "to bake," "totoast," or even "to burn." It's very versatile, isn't it!
9 broil ใใใพใใใใพใ (yakimasu)
10 I broil fish. ใใใชใใใใพใใใใใชใใใใพใใ (sakana o yakimasu.)
11 How do you broil fish? ใฉใใใฃใฆใใใชใใใใพใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใใใชใใใใพใใใ (doo-yatte sakana o yakimasu ka.)
12 Tell me, how do you broil fish? (Tell me, as for fish, how do you broil it?)
ใใใชใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใใชใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (sakana wa doo-yatte yakundesu ka.)
13 It looks tasty. ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใงใใ (oishisoo desu.)
14
Do you remember that ใใใงใใใใงใ in ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใตใใใใงใ (It seems that it's going to rain) indicatesthe speaker's judgment based on his or her observation? We can use the same ending withadjectives as well to mean "it seems..." or "it looks...." For ใชใช-adjectives such as ใใใใใใ (quiet),simply add ใใใงใใใใงใ to the dictionary form, as in ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใ (It seems quiet). For ใใ-adjectives such as ใใใใใใใใ , we drop the word-ending ใใ and add ใใใงใใใใงใ , as in ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใ(It looks tasty).
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English Japanese
15 An observation can be made not only through our eyes, but also our ears or noses. Let's figureout the next question!
16 It sounds tasty. ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใงใใ (oishisoo desu.)
17 It sounds tasty, doesn't it! Tell me, how doyou make it?
ใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใใ (oishisoo desu ne. doo-yattetsukurundesu ka.)
18 Tell me, how do you eat it? ใฉใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใ (doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)
19 shabu shabu ใใใถใใใถใใใถใใใถ (shabu shabu)
20 Shabu shabu? It looks tasty, doesn't it! Tellme, how do you eat it?
ใใใถใใใถใงใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใใถใใใถใงใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใ (shabu shabu desu ka. oishisoo desu ne.doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)
21
ใใใถใใใถใใใถใใใถ is a simple yet savory one-pot dish, eaten as you cook right on the dining table. The main ingredients are thinly sliced beef or pork, often accompanied with tofu, mushrooms, andvarious vegetables. You lift a piece of meat with your chopsticks, swish it back and forth in the potof simmering kelp broth or ใใใถใ ใใใใถใ ใ , and eat the cooked meat after dipping it in the citrus-based sauce called ใใณใใใณใ . The dish is allegedly named after the sound of the meat swishing inthe pot!
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We sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, and add water.ใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 We sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, and addwater.
ใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใใใ (tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oiremasu.)
2Did you get it right? Just as we can connect as many nouns as we like using the particle ใจใจ , wecan, at least theoretically, connect an infinite number of verbs by using the ใฆใฆ-form. This "ใฆใฆ-form,ใฆใฆ-form" pattern indicates that the action is taking place in the order stated. Please note that thelast verb in the sentence remains in the ใพใใพใ-form.
3 to sautรฉ ใใใใใใใใ (itameru)
4 sautรฉ ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (itamemasu)
5 Can you figure out what type of verb ใใใใใใใใ is by comparing it with the polite form, ใใใใพใใใใใพใ? That's right! It's a Group II verb!
6 to sautรฉ (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (itamete)
7 chicken (as meat) (bird meat)
ใจใใซใใจใใซใ (tori-niku)
8 vegetable ใใใใใใ (yasai)
9 chicken and vegetable ใจใใซใใจใใใใจใใซใใจใใใ (tori-niku to yasai)
10We have so far learned that we can use the particle ใจใจ (and) to connect two or more nouns ornoun phrases, right? When we want to connect two or more verbs, however, we can't use theparticle ใจใจ . Instead, we use the ใฆใฆ-form of the verb!
11 We sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, and ใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆ (tori-niku to yasai o itamete)
12 to put in or to add ใใใใใใ (ireru)
13 add ใใใพใใใใพใ (iremasu)
14 ใใใใใใ ("to put in" or "to add") becomes ใใใพใใใใพใ in the polite form. Which verb group does ใใใใใใ belong to? Group II, of course!
15 We add water. ใฟใใใใใพใใใฟใใใใใพใใ (mizu o iremasu.)
16 two minutes ใซใตใใซใตใ (ni-fun)
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17
ใตใใตใ is the counter for minutes. We can use it to talk about the duration of time (as in "for twentyminutes") or the point of time (as in "3:20"). Please note that the pronunciation of ใตใใตใsometimes changes to ใทใใทใ , depending on what number or word comes before it. One to tenminutes goes like this: ใใฃใทใใใฃใทใ , ใซใตใใซใตใ , ใใใทใใใใทใ , ใใใทใใใใทใ๏ผ๏ผor ใใใตใใใใตใ๏ผ๏ผ , ใใตใใใตใ , ใใฃใทใใใฃใทใ , ใชใชใชใตใใชใตใ , ใฏใฃใทใใฏใฃใทใ , ใใ ใใตใใใ ใใตใ , and ใใ ใฃใทใใใ ใฃใทใ! The question word is ใชใใทใใชใใทใ (literally, "whatminute").
18 ten minutes ใใ ใฃใทใใใ ใฃใทใ (juppun)
19 about ten minutes ใใ ใฃใทใใใใใใ ใฃใทใใใใ (juppun gurai)
20 to cook (in liquid) ใซใใซใ (niru)
21So far we have learned two verbs that are the equivalents of "to boil" or "to cook in liquid" inEnglish: ใใใใ for rice and ใใใใใใ for water. ใซใใซใ also means "to boil" or "cook in liquid." We use ใซใซใใ when cooking things like vegetables, meat, and fish in broth or any kind of seasoned liquid. Forboiling food in plain water, we have to use either ใใงใใใงใ or ใใใใใใ .
22 cook (in liquid) ใซใพใใซใพใ (nimasu)
23 We cook for about ten minutes. ใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใ (juppun gurai nimasu.)
24 Do you remember that ใใใใใใ ("to put in" or "to add") is a Group II verb? Now let's figure out itsใฆใฆ-form!
25 to put in or to add (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (irete)
26 we add water, and ใฟใใใใใฆใฟใใใใใฆ (mizu o irete)
27 about twenty minutes ใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใ (nijuppun gurai)
28 We add water, and cook it for about twentyminutes.
ใฟใใใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใใฟใใใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใ (mizu o irete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)
29 first of all ใพใใพใ (mazu)
30Though the "ใฆใฆ-formใใใฆใฆ-form" pattern indicates the order of events, we can throw in some"signaling" words to help our listeners understand what's going on! ใพใใพใ ("first" or "first of all") isone of such signaling words, alerting the listeners that a series of events will follow.
31 First, we sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, addwater, and cook it for about twenty minutes.
ใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใ (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)
32 then ใใใใใใใใ (sore kara)
33 curry roux ใซใฌใผใซใผใซใฌใผใซใผ (karee ruu)
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34The word ใซใฌใผใซใผใซใฌใผใซใผ (curry roux) is made up of the English word "curry" and the French word"roux." It's a solid mixture of curry powder, flour, and other spices neatly packaged in a smallbox. There are various brands with different levels of spiciness. You can pick just one or mixthem together to create more complex flavors!
35 Then, we add the curry roux. ใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใพใใใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใพใใ (sore kara karee ruu o iremasu.)
36 low heat ใใใณใใใณ (yowabi)
37ใใใณใใใณ (low heat; literally, "weak fire") is the word that describes the level of heat for cookingstoves. Other options include ใคใใณใคใใณ (high heat; literally "strong fire"), ใกใ ใใณใกใ ใใณ (medium heat),and ใจใใณใจใใณ (slow heat).
38 over low heat (by means of low heat)
ใใใณใงใใใณใง (yowabi de)
39The particle ใงใง in the phrase ใใใณใงใใใณใง indicates some kind of method or means for actions,including cooking heat (as in "over low heat"), utensils (as in "with chopsticks"), communicationtools (as in "by phone" or "on TV"), transportation (as in "by bus"), language (as in "in Japanese"),and so on. Very versatile, isn't it!
40 We cook it over low heat. ใใใณใงใซใพใใใใใณใงใซใพใใ (yowabi de nimasu.)
41 for a while ใใฐใใใใฐใใ (shibaraku)
42 We cook it over low heat for a while. ใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใ (shibaraku yowabi de nimasu.)
43 Then, we add the curry roux and cook over lowheat for a while.
ใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใฆใใใฐใใใใใณใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใฆใใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใใงใซใพใใ (sore kara karee ruu o irete, shibarakuyowabi de nimasu.)
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How much water do you add?ใฉใฎใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใใฉใฎใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 How much water do you add? ใฉใฎใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใใฉใฎใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใ (dono kurai mizu o iremasu ka.)
2 Do you add water? ใฟใใใใใพใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใ (mizu o iremasu ka.)
3 how much (for quantities) ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ (donokurai)
4 cup ใซใใใซใใ (kappu)
5
The regular Japanese measuring cup (ใใใใใใซใใใใใใใใซใใ or ใซใใใซใใ in short) is smaller than itsAmerican counterpart. While the American cup holds 8 onces (or about 237 milliliters) of water,the Japanese cup holds 200 milliliters. Japanese people also use a special cup for measuringuncooked rice. The rice measuring cup can hold 180 milliliters or ใใกใใใใกใใ--the amount ofuncooked rice traditionally considered as one serving!
6 The counter for the measuring cup is the same as the counter for a coffee cup or a glass. Do youremember what it is?
7 one cupful (one cup)
ใซใใใใฃใฑใใซใใใใฃใฑใ (kappu ippai)
8 two cupfuls ใซใใใซใฏใใซใใใซใฏใ (kappu ni-hai)
9 three cupfuls ใซใใใใใฐใใซใใใใใฐใ (kappu san-bai)
10 First, we add three cupfuls of water. ใพใใใฟใใใซใใใใใฐใใใใพใใใพใใใฟใใใซใใใใใฐใใใใพใใ (mazu, mizu o kappu san-bai iremasu.)
11 tablespoon (big spoon)
ใใใใใใใใ (oosaji)
12Japanese measuring spoons (ใใใใใในใใผใณใใใใใในใใผใณ) have two basic types: ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "bigspoon") and ใใใใใใ (small spoon). ใใใใใใใใ is equivalent to the "tablespoon" in English and holds15 milliliters of water. ใใใใใใ is equivalent to the "teaspoon" and holds 5 milliliters of water. Forboth types, we can use the counter ใฏใใฏใ .
13 four tablespoonfuls ใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใใใฏใ (oosaji yon-hai)
14 next (when referring to the order of events) ใคใใซใคใใซ (tsugi ni)
15 soy sauce ใใใใใใใใ (shooyu)
16 Next, we add four tablespoonfuls of soysauce.
ใคใใซใใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใพใคใใซใใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใพใใใใ (tsugi ni, shooyu o oosaji yon-haiiremasu.)
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17 teaspoon (small spoon)
ใใใใใใ (kosaji)
18 two teaspoonfuls ใใใใซใฏใใใใใซใฏใ (kosaji ni-hai)
19 sugar ใใจใใใจใ (satoo)
20 Then, we add two teaspoonfuls of sugar. ใใใใใใใจใใใใใใซใฏใใใใพใใใใใใใใใจใใใใใใซใฏใใใใพใใ (sore kara, satoo o kosaji nihai iremasu.)
21 salt ใใใใ (shio)
22 one pinch ใฒใจใคใพใฟใฒใจใคใพใฟ (hitotsumami)
23 We add a pinch of salt. ใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใพใใใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใพใใ (shio o hitotsumami iremasu.)
24 pepper ใใใใใใใใ (koshoo)
25 ใใใใใใใใใใใใ , the polite version of ใใใใใใ (a little), is often used as a cooking term that isequivalent to "a dash" in English. Let's try to use it in the next question!
26 We add a dash of pepper. ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใ (koshoo o shoo shoo iremasu.)
27 one hour ใใกใใใใใกใใใ (ichi jikan)
28ใใใใใใ means "time" in general, but we can also use it as the counter for hours. Please don't mixit up with the counter for the hour, ใใ . For example, ใใกใใใใใกใใใ means "one hour," and ใใกใใใกใmeans "one o'clock"!
29 We cook it for one hour over low heat. ใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใพใใใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใพใใ (yowabi de ichi-jikan nimasu.)
30 the end or the last ใใใใใใ (saigo )
31 We can use the noun ใใใใใใ ("the end" or "the last") to talk about the end of a time period,action, event, place, and so on.
32 lastly (at the end)
ใใใใซใใใใซ (saigo ni)
33 Lastly, we add a pinch of salt, and cook forone hour over low heat.
ใใใใซใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใฆใใใใณใงใใใใใซใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใฆใใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใพใใใกใใใใซใพใใ (saigo ni shio o hitotsumami irete,yowabi de ichi-jikan nimasu.)
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34
Some Japanese cookbooks use exact measurements in grams and milliliters that require us toown a scale. Many people, however, get by with less rigid definitions. For example, ใฒใจใคใพใฟใฒใจใคใพใฟ (apinch) means the amount that our thumb, index finger and middle finger can pinch. ใใใใใใใใใใใใ(a dash), on the other hand, means the amount that our thumb and index finger can pinch. When we forget about measuring altogether and go with our experience (or instinct), it's called ใใใถใใใใใถใใใใ--the "amount measured by eyes"!
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What is miso paste made from?ใฟใใฏใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใฟใใฏใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 What is miso paste made from? ใฟใใฏใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใฟใใฏใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ (miso wa nani kara dekite imasu ka.)
2 to be made ใงใใใงใใ (dekiru)
3 The verb ใงใใใงใใ has several meanings. Here, we use it as the equivalent of "to be made" inEnglish.
4 is made ใงใใพใใงใใพใ (dekimasu)
5 Can you tell what type of verb ใงใใใงใใ is? That's right! It's Group II.
6 to be made (in the "te"-form) ใงใใฆใงใใฆ (dekite)
7 is being made ใงใใฆใใพใใงใใฆใใพใ (dekite imasu)
8
When we are looking at something and want to ask or describe what it is made from, we use ใงใใงใใฆใใพใใฆใใพใ instead of ใงใใพใใงใใพใ . ใงใใฆใใพใใงใใฆใใพใ (literally, "is being made") describes not the action inprogress but the continuing state resulting from what has happened in the past. That is,someone has made something using certain ingredients, and as the result, the ingredients arestill in it. This is another function of the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใพใใใพใ" pattern!
9 from what ใชใซใใใชใซใใ (nani kara)
10 We have so far used ใใใใ (from) to indicate the starting point as in ใใใใใใใใ (from here). We canalso use ใใใใ to indicate materials from which something is made.
11 What is it made from? (From what is it being made?)
ใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ (nani kara dekite imasu ka.)
12 miso paste ใฟใใฟใ (miso)
13 soybeans ใ ใใใ ใใ (daizu)
14 Miso paste? It is made from soybeans. ใฟใใงใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใใฟใใงใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใ (miso desu ka. daizu kara dekite imasu.)
15 both miso paste and soy sauce ใฟใใใใใใใใฟใใใใใใใ (miso mo shooyu mo)
16 Both miso paste and soy sauce are madefrom soybeans, you know.
ใฟใใใใใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใฟใใใใใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ(miso mo shooyu mo daizu kara dekiteimasu yo.)
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17
There are several basic Japanese seasonings. ใฟใใฟใ is made from soybeans fermented with eitherrice, wheat, or soybean itself. ใใใใใใใใ is also made from soybeans fermented with wheat. Bothใฟใใฟใ and ใใใใใใใใ contain a fairly large amount of ใใใใ (salt). ใใ (vinegar), on the other hand, ismade from rice or grains. ใฟใใใฟใใ is Japanese cooking wine made from sweet rice, and it's quitesweet like ใใจใใใจใ (sugar)!
18 ingredient ใใใใใใใใใใ (zai-ryoo)
19 What are the ingredients? ใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใ (zai-ryoo wa nan desu ka.)
20 "parent-child" rice bowl ใใใใฉใใถใใใใใฉใใถใ (oyako donburi)
21 the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl ใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใ (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo)
22 Um, what are the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl?
ใใฎใใใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใฎใใใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใ (anoo, oyako donburi no zai-ryoo wa nandesu ka.)
23 egg ใใพใใใพใ (tamago)
24The ingredients for the "parent-child" ricebowl? They are steamed rice, chicken, andeggs, you know.
ใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใงใใใใใฏใใจใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใงใใใใใฏใใจใจใใซใใจใใพใใงใใใใจใใซใใจใใพใใงใใใ (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo desu ka.gohan to tori-niku to tamago desu yo.)
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I'll bring desserts. ใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใEnglish Japanese
1 I'll bring desserts. (I'll take desserts.)
ใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใ (dezaato o motte ikimasu.)
2
Do you remember that we use ใใใใ (to go) when we describe the movement in the direction awayfrom where we are as we speak, while ใใใใ (to come) is used to describe the movement towardus? The same basic rule applies to the verb ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ and its counterpart ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ . Forexample, when we tell our friends on the phone that we will bring desserts, we say ใใถใผใใใใฃใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใฆใใใพใ because we are going to their house, moving away from where we are!
3 to take (something with one) ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ (motte iku)
4ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ consists of two parts: the ใฆใฆ-form of the Group I verb ใใคใใค (to hold or have) and theGroup I verb ใใใใ (to go). Here, let's use it as a compound verb equivalent to "to take(something with)."
5 take (something with one) ใใฃใฆใใใพใใใฃใฆใใใพใ (motte ikimasu)
6 dessert ใใถใผใใใถใผใ (dezaato)
7
Traditional Japanese sweets or ใใใใใใ are treats not only for our palate but also for our eyes! They are so beautiful in shape and color that you almost regret that you have to eat them--untilyou put them in your mouth...then all you can think of is their excellent taste! Typical ingredientsare rice flour and sweetened red-bean paste called ใใใใใใ . They should be accompanied by aperfect cup of green tea!
8 to be ready ใงใใใงใใ (dekiru)
9 We have so far used ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be made" as in ใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใ (Misopaste is made from soybeans). We can also use ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be ready."
10 will be ready ใงใใพใใงใใพใ (dekimasu)
11 in no time ใใใใใใใใ (moo sugu)
12 It will be ready in no time. ใใใใใงใใพใใใใใใใงใใพใใ (moo sugu dekimasu.)
13 It will be ready in no time, you know. Why don'tyou come over for a bite?
ใใใใใงใใพใใใใในใซใใพใใใใใใใใใงใใพใใใใในใซใใพใใใใ (moo sugu dekimasu yo. tabe ni kimasenka.)
14 ใใใใ ("good," "fine," or "OK") is a ใใ-adjective. Do you remember how to turn it into the"explanation" mode?
15 Are you sure it's OK? (Tell me, is it OK?)
ใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ (iindesu ka.)
16 Oh! Are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringdesserts.
ใใฃ๏ผใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใใฃ๏ผใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใฆใใใพใใ (e! iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)
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17 to wait ใพใคใพใค (matsu)
18Can you tell what type of verb ใพใคใพใค (to wait) is? That's right! Since it does not end with ใใ , it's aGroup I verb! Now based on what you have learned about the conjugation pattern for Group I,can you tell what the polite form for ใพใคใพใค is?
19 wait ใพใกใพใใพใกใพใ (machimasu)
20 Now, ใพใคใพใค (to wait) is a Group I verb that ends with ใคใค . Do you remember how to make the ใฆใฆ-form for Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with ใใ or ใคใค or ใใ , as in ใคใใใคใใ (to make)?
21 to wait (in the "te"-form) ใพใฃใฆใพใฃใฆ (matte)
22 I'll be waiting for you. (I am waiting.)
ใพใฃใฆใใพใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใ (matte imasu.)
23 It sounds good! Well then, I'll be waiting foryou.
ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใ (ii desu ne! jaa, matte imasu.)
24
When visiting someone's house, Japanese people almost always take small gifts called ใใฟใใใใฟใใwith them. These gifts are usually some type of sweets or fruits (or drinks if it's a dinner party),which the host can serve right away. Don't consider it as an obligation, but think of it as athoughtful gesture from guests, who naturally want to spare their host the anxiety of being caughtbetween the arrival of visitors and the bareness of his or her cupboard!
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Chapter 8: Shopping ่ฒทใ็ฉ่ฒทใ็ฉ
Chapter 8: Shopping
Conversational GoalsCommunicate Your Shopping NeedsInquire about Store Hours and LocationRefer to Different Types of StoresRequest Someone to Do SomethingUnderstand Sizing in Japan
Grammar GoalsCommunicate Desires Using the "Noun + ใใใปใใใงใใปใใใงใ" PatternCreate the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใ ใใใใ ใใ" Pattern toMake RequestsForm the "ใใ-Adjective + ใชใใพใใชใใพใ" Pattern toIndicate ChangesUse the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใพใใใพใ" Pattern toDescribe the Continuing State
ConversationEnglish Japanese
Oh, hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?ใใใใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใใใ (are, yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimono desuka.)
Yes. Since it's getting cooler, I'm looking for somelong-sleeved blouses and sweaters.
ใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใใฆในใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใ (ee, suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasodeno burausu to seetaa o sagashite imasu.)
But, I haven't found exactly what I want. ใงใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใงใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ (demo, choodo ii no ga arimasen.)
How about Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya? They arehaving a sale now, you know.
ใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใฉใใงใใใใใพใใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใฉใใงใใใใใพใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใใ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa doo desu ka.ima, seeruchuu desu yo.)
Really? What time do they close? ใธใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใใธใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (hee, nanji made desu ka.)
They are open until 9 o'clock on Saturdays. Doyou know where it is?
ใฉใใใณใฏใใใพใงใงใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใฉใใใณใฏใใใพใงใงใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใ (do-yoobi wa ku-ji made desu. basho o shitteimasu ka.)
No, I don't. Please tell me where. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (iie, shirimasen. oshiete kudasai.)
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As a matter of fact, I want some new clothes, too.Let's go together.
ใผใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใใงใใใใฃใใใผใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใใงใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (boku mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiindesu.issho ni ikimashoo.)
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The price of suits has gone down.ในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 The price of suits has gone down. (Suits became inexpensive.)
ในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใ (suutsu ga yasuku narimashita.)
2
Did you notice that we needed to use the particle ใใ to mark the subject of the sentence? Wecan't use the topic marker ใฏใฏ here because the whole sentence, ในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใ (Theprice of suits has gone down), is communicating a new piece of information; that is, the speakerhas "discovered" (or otherwise observed) some fact or phenomenon and is reporting it to thelistener for the first time in the conversation. It's similar to the case of ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใตใใใใงใ (Itseems that it is going to rain).
3 to become ใชใใชใ (naru)
4 become ใชใใพใใชใใพใ (narimasu)
5 became ใชใใพใใใชใใพใใ (narimashita)
6 inexpensive ใใใใใใ (yasui)
7 ใใใใใใ is equivalent to "inexpensive," "cheap," or "low (price)" in English. It doesn't, however,necessarily carry a negative connotation as "cheap" often does.
8 become inexpensive ใใใใชใใพใใใใใชใใพใ (yasuku narimasu)
9We can describe how things change by using the "adjective plus ใชใใพใใชใใพใ" pattern. Please notethat if the adjective is an ใใ-adjective such as ใใใใใใ , we have to drop the ending ใใ and insteadadd ใใ before ใชใใพใใชใใพใ as in ใใใใชใใพใใใใใชใใพใ (become inexpensive).
10 The price has gone down. (It became inexpensive.)
ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใชใใพใใใ (yasuku narimashita.)
11 suits ในใผใในใผใ (suutsu)
12 discount sale ใปใผใซใปใผใซ (seeru)
13 having a sale (in the middle of discount sale)
ใปใผใซใกใ ใใปใผใซใกใ ใ (seeruchuu)
14ใกใ ใใกใ ใ attaches itself to nouns for events such as ใปใผใซใปใผใซ (a sale) or for activities such as ใใใฝใใใฝ(a walk), indicating that the event or activity is in progress. It's equivalent to "in the middle of" inEnglish, but it can be translated differently according to the context, as in "on (sale)," "under(repair)," or "in (conversation)"!
15 They are having a sale now. ใใพใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใใใพใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใ (ima, seeruchuu desu.)
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English Japanese
16 Tokyo Plaza ใจใใใใใใฉใถใจใใใใใใฉใถ (tookyoo puraza)
17 Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya ใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza)
18ใใถใใใถใ is one of the busiest shopping districts in Tokyo and quite popular among youngshoppers. As you may recall, this is the place where the statue of the famous Akita, ใใใใใใใใ ,stands. ใจใใใใใใฉใถใจใใใใใใฉใถ , by the way, is a fictional shopping mall.
19 Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya is having a sale now.The price of suits has gone down, you know.
ใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใใพใปใผใซใกใ ใใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใใพใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใงใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใใ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa imaseeruchuu desu. suutsu ga yasukunarimashita yo.)
20ใปใผใซใปใผใซ (discount sale) is another popular "borrowed" word in Japan. Lately, traditional Japaneseterms such as ใใใ ใใใใ ใ (literally, "selling out") or ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "cheap selling") are replacedby ใปใผใซใปใผใซ , ใใผใฒใณใใผใฒใณ (bargain), or even "SALE" in the English spelling.
21 won't become inexpensive ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใพใใ (yasuku narimasen)
22 Can't you lower the price? (Won't it become inexpensive?)
ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใ (yasuku narimasen ka.)
23 a little more ใใใใใใใใใใ (moo sukoshi)
24 Can't you lower the price a little more? ใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใ (moo sukoshi yasuku narimasen ka.)
25 expensive ใใใใใใ (takai)
26 That is expensive, isn't it! Can't you lower theprice a little more?
ใใใฏใใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใฏใใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใ (sore wa takai desu ne. moo sukoshiyasuku narimasen ka.)
27Generally speaking, you don't see many Japanese customers haggling for discounts. You may try,however, some modest negotiations in open markets or friendly neighborhood stores selling freshproducts. Sometimes, shopkeepers may give you discounts for bulk purchases, or they mightthrow in something extra as a ใใพใใใพใ (giveaway) if you are a good customer!
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I am looking for some long sleeve blouses.ใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 I am looking for some long sleeve blouses.ใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใ (nagasode no burausu o sagashiteimasu.)
2 to look for ใใใใใใ (sagasu)
3 look for ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (sagashimasu)
4 ใใใใใใ is a Group I verb that ends with ใใ like ใใใใใใ (to boil water), right? Do you remember howto make the ใฆใฆ-form for the verb like this?
5 to look for (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (sagashite)
6 am looking for ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใฆใใพใ (sagashite imasu)
7 blouse ใใฉใฆในใใฉใฆใน (burausu)
8 I am looking for a blouse. ใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใ (burausu o sagashite imasu.)
9 sleeve ใใงใใง (sode)
10 long sleeve ใชใใใงใชใใใง (nagasode)
11 The Japanese word for "long" is ใชใใใชใใ . ใชใใใงใชใใใง is the shortened form of ใชใใใใงใชใใใใง (literally,"long sleeve"), but it's used as one word!
12 long sleeve blouse (blouse with long sleeves)
ใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆใน (nagasode no burausu)
13 are you looking for? ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (sagashige imasu ka)
14 are you looking for? ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (osagashi desu ka)
15 ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ is the polite form of ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (Are you looking for?). You'll hear thephrase a lot in Japanese retail stores!
16 something ใชใซใใชใซใ (nanika)
17 Are you looking for something? ใชใซใใใใใใงใใใใชใซใใใใใใงใใใ (nanika osagashi desu ka.)
18 Did you remember that we don't have to use the particle ใใ after ใชใซใใชใซใ (something) or ใ ใใใ ใใ(someone) in everyday conversation?
19We have so far used the word ใฏใใฏใ (half) to talk about time, as in ใซใใฏใใซใใฏใ (half past two). Wecan't use ใฏใใฏใ by itself, but we can combine it not only with time expressions but also with othernouns. Let's try it in the next question!
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English Japanese
20 short sleeve (half sleeve)
ใฏใใใงใฏใใใง (hansode)
21 short sleeve T-shirt ใฏใใใงใฎใฏใใใงใฎTใทใฃใใทใฃใ (hansode no tiishatsu)
22 I am looking for some short sleeve T-shirts.ใฏใใใงใฎใฏใใใงใฎTใทใฃใใใใใใฆใใพใใใทใฃใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (hansode no tiishatsu o sagashiteimasu.)
23 thing ใใฎใใฎ (mono)
24 summer item (summer thing)
ใชใคใใฎใชใคใใฎ (natsumono)
25ใชใคใใฎใชใคใใฎ (literally, "summer thing") means any personal items made for summer includingclothes, shoes, and hats. Please note that we don't need to use the particle ใฎใฎ to connect ใชใคใชใคand ใใฎใใฎ since ใชใคใใฎใชใคใใฎ has gained the status of a single word!
26 inexpensive winter item ใใใใตใใใฎใใใใตใใใฎ (yasui fuyumono)
27 I am looking for some inexpensive winteritems.
ใใใใตใใใฎใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใตใใใฎใใใใใฆใใพใใ (yasui fuyumono o sagashite imasu.)
28 It has become cool. ใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใ (suzushiku narimashita.)
29 Since it has become cool, I am looking forsome long sleeve blouses and sweaters.
ใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใ (suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasodeno burausu to seetaa o sagashiteimasu.)
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They don't have what I really want.ใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 They don't have what I really want. (They don't have one that is just right.)
ใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ (choodo ii no ga arimasen.)
2 just ใกใใใฉใกใใใฉ (choodo)
3 right or suitable ใใใใ (ii)
4So far, we have been using ใใใใ as "fine" (as in ใใใฆใใใใใฆใใ or "fine weather"), "good" (as in ใใใงใใใงใใญใใญ or "It sounds good"), or "okay" (as in ใใใงใใใใใงใใ or "Is it okay?"). We can also use ใใใใ tomean "right" or "suitable." Let's use the word in this last way here!
5 just right ใกใใใฉใใใกใใใฉใใ (choodo ii)
6 Do you remember that we can have ใฎใฎ as a generic substitute for a noun as in ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (redone)? Let's use it like this in the next question.
7 one that is just right (just right one)
ใกใใใฉใใใฎใกใใใฉใใใฎ (choodo ii no)
8 size ใตใคใบใตใคใบ (saizu)
9 the right size (just right size)
ใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบ (choodo ii saizu)
10 They don't have the right size. ใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใ (choodo ii saizu ga arimasen.)
11 It's a little bit small. ใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใ (chotto chiisai desu.)
12 bigger size (big size)
ใใใใใตใคใบใใใใใตใคใบ (ookii saizu)
13 Do you have a bigger size? ใใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใใใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใ (ookii saizu ga arimasu ka.)
14 a pair of boots (boots)
ใใผใใใผใ (buutsu)
15 This pair of boots is a little bit small. Do youhave a bigger size?
ใใฎใใผใใฏใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใใใใใใใฎใใผใใฏใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใใใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใ (kono buutsu wa chotto chiisai desu.ookii saizu ga arimasu ka.)
16 coat ใณใผใใณใผใ (kooto)
17 Do you remember that ใใฆใใใฆใ (wonderful) can also be used to mean "nice" or "lovely"?
18 nice coat ใใฆใใชใณใผใใใฆใใชใณใผใ (sutekina kooto)
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English Japanese
19 short ใฟใใใใฟใใใ (mijikai)
20 The sleeves are short. ใใงใใฟใใใใงใใใใงใใฟใใใใงใใ (sode ga mijikai desu.)
21 It's a nice coat, but the sleeves are a little bitshort.
ใใฆใใชใณใผใใงใใใใใงใใกใใฃใจใฟใใใใฆใใชใณใผใใงใใใใใงใใกใใฃใจใฟใใใใงใใใใงใใ (sutekina kooto desu ga, sode ga chottomijikai desu.)
22 shopping ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (kaimono)
23 Are you out shopping? (Is it shopping?)
ใใใใฎใงใใใใใใใฎใงใใใ (kaimono desu ka.)
24 Ah! ใใใใ! (are!)
25 We can use ใใใใ! to show our surprise at something or some event that is unexpected. It'sequivalent to "Ah!" or "Oh!" in English.
26 Ah! Hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?ใใ๏ผใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใ๏ผใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใใใ (are! yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimonodesu ka.)
27 winter coat (coat for winter)
ใตใใฎใณใผใใตใใฎใณใผใ (fuyu no kooto)
28 Yes. I am looking for a winter coat, but theydon't have what I really want.
ใใใใตใใฎใณใผใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใใใใตใใฎใณใผใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ (ee. fuyu no kooto o sagashite imasu ga,choodo ii no ga arimasen.)
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What is your shoe size? ใใคใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใใใคใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 What is your shoe size? ใใคใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใใใคใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใ (kutsu no saizu wa nan desu ka.)
2
Japanese shoe sizes are in centimeters or ใปใณใใปใณใ , including half sizes. For women, Americansizes 7, 8, and 9 roughly match Japanese sizes 23.5, 24.5, and 25.5, respectively. For men,American sizes 8, 9, and 10 are Japanese sizes 26, 27, and 28, respectively. In general, Japanese(especially women) have smaller feet than Americans. If you wear a women's size 9 or larger, youmay have a difficult time finding a nice-looking pair of Japanese shoes!
3 shoes ใใคใใค (kutsu)
4 shoe size (size of shoes)
ใใคใฎใตใคใบใใคใฎใตใคใบ (kutsu no saizu)
5 What is it? ใชใใงใใใใชใใงใใใ (nan desu ka.)
6 twenty-three centimeters ใซใใ ใใใใปใณใใซใใ ใใใใปใณใ (ni-juu-san senchi)
7 twenty-six point five centimeters ใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใปใณใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใปใณใ (ni-juu-roku ten go senchi)
8 The decimal point in Japanese is read as ใฆใใฆใ (literally, a "dot" or "point") as in ใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใ(twenty-six point five).
9 When we are talking about our shoe size in Japan, we can often omit the word ใปใณใใปใณใ(centimeter). Let's try it in the next question.
10 My shoe size? It's twenty-six point five.ใใคใฎใตใคใบใงใใใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใงใใคใฎใตใคใบใงใใใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใงใใใใ (kutsu no saizu desu ka. ni-juu-roku tengo desu.)
11 clothes ใตใใตใ (fuku)
12 ใตใใตใ is a general term for "clothes." To be more specific, we can say ใใใตใใใใตใ for Western-styleclothes and ใใตใใใตใ or ใใใฎใใใฎ for traditional Japanese-style clothes.
13 What is your size for clothes? ใตใใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใใตใใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใ (fuku no saizu wa nan desu ka.)
14 dress (one-piece)
ใฏใณใใผในใฏใณใใผใน (wanpiisu)
15 ใฏใณใใผในใฏใณใใผใน (literally, "one piece") is a one-piece dress with an above-floor hem length. A formal,or otherwise fancy, long dress is called ใใฌในใใฌใน (literally, "dress").
16 size nine ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ (kyuugoo)
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English Japanese
17
Japanese sizes for women's clothes are often indicated by odd numbers followed by the counterfor size, ใใใใ . In general, Japanese dress sizes run small. For example, American sizes 6, 8, 10roughly match Japanese sizes 9, 11, and 13, respectively. Please note that these sizes varydepending on the manufacturer and design. When you buy clothes in Japan, make sure to trythem on before you buy!
18 size nine dress ใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผในใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผใน (kyuugoo no wanpiisu)
19 Do you have a size nine dress? ใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผในใใใใพใใใใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผในใใใใพใใใ (kyuugoo no wanpiisu ga arimasu ka.)
20 medium size (M-size)
ใจใ ใตใคใบใจใ ใตใคใบ (emu saizu)
21In addition to numbers, Japanese manufacturers use the letter sizes: XS (extra small), S (small),M (medium), L (large), and XL or LL (extra large). The sizes bigger than XL are written as 3L,4L, and so on.
22 swimsuit ใฟใใใฟใใ (mizugi)
23 I am looking for a swimsuit. My size ismedium.
ใฟใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใตใคใบใฏใฟใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใตใคใบใฏMใงใใใงใใ (mizugi o sagashite imasu. saizu wa emudesu.)
24 Japanese sizes ใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใซใปใใฎใตใคใบ (nihon no saizu)
25 I don't understand Japanese sizes. ใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใพใใใใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใพใใใ (nihon no saizu ga wakarimasen.)
26 fitting room ใใกใใใใคใใกใใใใค (shichaku-shitsu)
27 Do you have a fitting room? ใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใ (shichaku-shitsu ga arimasu ka.)
28 jacket ใใใใใใ (uwagi)
29 It's a nice jacket, but I don't understandJapanese sizes. Do you have a fitting room?
ใใฆใใชใใใใงใใใใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใฆใใชใใใใงใใใใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใพใใใใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใ (sutekina uwagi desu ga, nihon no saizuga wakarimasen. shichaku-shitsu gaarimasu ka.)
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What time does that store close?ใใฎใฟใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใใใฎใฟใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 What time does that store close? (Until what time is that store?)
ใใฎใฟใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใใใฎใฟใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (sono mise wa nan-ji made desu ka.)
2We have so far used ใพใงใพใง to indicate a destination as in ใจใใใใใใใพใงใจใใใใใใใพใง (to Tokyo Station) orใกใใใใใใพใงใกใใใใใใพใง (to the summit). We can also use ใพใงใพใง to indicate the end point in time like"until" in English!
3 until what time ใชใใใพใงใชใใใพใง (nan-ji made)
4 What time does it close? (Until what time is it?)
ใชใใใพใงใงใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (nan-ji made desu ka.)
5 shoe store ใใคใใใคใ (kutsu-ya)
6Have you noticed that many Japanese terms for stores end with ใใ? ใใ means a "store," "shop,"or "place of business" in general. ใปใใใปใใ is a book store, ใใคใใใคใ a shoe store, and ใฉใผใกใณใใฉใผใกใณใ aramen-noodle shop. Some stores and restaurants use ใใ in their business names, as in ใใใใใใใใor ใใพใใใพใ!
7 the station-front area (station front)
ใใใพใใใใพใ (ekimae)
8
The area developed on the main entrance side of a train station is called ใใใพใใใใพใ (literally,"station-front"). It's a prime location for stores, restaurants, and hotels that cater to busycommuters, business travelers, and tourists. Please note that, as in the case of ใชใคใใฎใชใคใใฎ(summer item), we don't have to use the particle ใฎใฎ to connect two nouns (ใใใใ and ใพใใพใ)because ใใใพใใใใพใ is used as a single word!
9 the shoe store in the station-front area ใใใพใใฎใใคใใใใพใใฎใใคใ (ekimae no kutsu-ya)
10 What time does the shoe store in the station-front area close?
ใใใพใใฎใใคใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใใใใพใใฎใใคใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (ekimae no kutsu-ya wa nan-ji made desuka.)
11 evening (before dark) ใใใใใใใใ (yuugata)
12We have learned that ใฐใใฐใ means "evening" and used it in expressions such as ใใใฐใใฏใใใฐใใฏ (Goodevening) or ใฐใใใฏใใฐใใใฏใ ("evening meal" or "supper"). While we generally use ใฐใใฐใ to mean thetime period after dark, we use ใใใใใใใใ to point to the time period between around four andsunset.
13 half past six in the evening ใใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใใใใฏใ (yuugata roku-ji han)
14 We can say ใใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใใใใฏใ or ใใใใใฎใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใใใฏใ . They mean the same--"half past six inthe evening"!
15 It is open until half past six in the evening. (It is until half past six in the evening.)
ใใใใใใใใฏใใพใงใงใใใใใใใใใใฏใใพใงใงใใ (yuugata roku-ji han made desu.)
16 from what time ใชใใใใใชใใใใ (nan-ji kara)
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17 Did you remember that we can use ใใใใ to indicate the starting point in time as well as in space?
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18 What are the store hours? (From what time until what time is it?)
ใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka.)
19 supermarket ในใผใใผในใผใใผ (suupaa)
20 What are the store hours for the supermarketin the station-front area?
ใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใใงใใใ (ekimae no suupaa wa, nan-ji kara nan-jimade desu ka.)
21
Large shopping malls have become ubiquitous sights in Japanese suburbs, catering to weekendshoppers who arrive in their cars. For many people, however, grocery shopping is still a daily affairperformed on foot, by bicycle or by moped. In the evenings, shoppers crowd ในใผใใผในใผใใผ(supermarkets) on the way home from work, taking advantage of the end-of-the-day discounthours to find bargains for the dinner table!
22 night ใใใใ (yoru)
23ใใใใ and ใฐใใฐใ are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are certain distinctions. In general,ใใใใ means after dark until sunrise. ใฐใใฐใ is the early part of night when people are still awake andactive. The English equivalents would be "night" for ใใใใ and "evening (after dark)" for ใฐใใฐใ .
24 ten o'clock at night ใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใใ (yoru juu-ji)
25The supermarket in the station-front area isopen from nine o'clock in the morning untilten o'clock at night.
ใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใพใงใงใใใใใพใงใงใใ (ekimae no suupaa wa, asa ku-ji karayoru juu-ji made desu.)
26 shopping district ใใใใฆใใใใใใใฆใใใ (shootengai)
27The shopping district in the station-front area?It is open until nine o'clock at night onSaturdays.
ใใใพใใฎใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใฉใใใณใฏใใใพใใฎใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใใพใงใงใใใใใใใพใงใงใใ (ekimae no shootengai desu ka. do-yoobiwa yoru ku-ji made desu.)
28
Shopping at ในใผใใผในใผใใผ or ใใใผใใใใผใ is convenient, but not as fun as browsing through the local ใใใใใใฆใใใใใฆใใใ (shopping district), where many retail stores and fresh produce vendors congregatealong narrow streets. There, you can buy ใใใชใใใช (fish) at ใใใชใใใใชใ , ใซใใซใ (meat) at ใซใใใซใใ , ใใณใใณ(bread) at ใใณใใใณใ , and ใจใใตใจใใต (tofu) at ใจใใตใใจใใตใ--all fresh and inexpensive. Best of all, you'll beable to have a little chat with friendly shopkeepers, which is a great way to get to know thecountry and the culture better!
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Do you know the location? ใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใEnglish Japanese
1 Do you know the location? ใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใ (basho o shitte imasu ka.)
2 to know ใใใใ (shiru)
3 know ใใใพใใใใพใ (shirimasu)
4 Can you tell what type of verb ใใใใ is? That's right! It's a Group I verb whose dictionary form endswith ใใ like ใคใใใคใใ (to make). Do you remember how to make the ใฆใฆ-form for these verbs?
5 to know (in the "te"-form) ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ (shitte)
6 I know. (I am knowing.)
ใใฃใฆใใพใใใใฃใฆใใพใใ (shitte imasu.)
7Please note that to say "I know" in Japanese, we have to say ใใฃใฆใใพใใใฃใฆใใพใ . Like ใงใใฆใใพใใงใใฆใใพใ (it ismade), ใใฃใฆใใพใใใฃใฆใใพใ describes not an action in progress, but a "continuing state" that hasresulted from some action taken in the past. Let's memorize it as a phrase!
8 location ใฐใใใฐใใ (basho)
9 the name of that store ใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใ (sono mise no namae)
10 Do you know the name of that store? ใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใ (sono mise no namae o shitte imasu ka.)
11 Yes, I know. ใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใ (ee, shitte imasu.)
12 No, I don't know. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (iie, shirimasen.)
13 Did you notice that the negative form of ใใฃใฆใใพใใใฃใฆใใพใ (I know) is ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (I don't know)? Let'smemorize both the affirmative and negative form of the verb ใใใใ as a pair!
14 price ใญใ ใใญใ ใ (nedan)
15 the price of this coat ใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใ (kono kooto no nedan)
16 The price of this coat? I don't know. How muchis it?
ใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใใงใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใใงใใใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใใใใงใใใ (kono kooto no nedan desu ka.shirimasen. ikura desu ka.)
17 cake ใฑใผใญใฑใผใญ (keeki)
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18 cake shop ใฑใผใญใใฑใผใญใ (keeki-ya)
19Japanese people, particularly women and children, often add the honorific title ใใใใ after thenames of stores as in ใฑใผใญใใใใฑใผใญใใใ or ใปใใใใใปใใใใ . It's a friendly way to mention neighborhoodbusinesses. Let's try this in the next questions.
20 great cake shop (tasty cake shop)
ใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใใใฑใผใญใใใ (oishii keeki-ya san)
21ใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใใใฑใผใญใใใ (literally, "tasty cake shop") may sound as if the cake shop is edible like agingerbread house. This, however, is a common way in Japanese to describe a great cake shopthat serves delicious cakes!
22 Do you know any great cake shop? ใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใ (oishii keeki-ya san o shitte imasu ka.)
23 Yes, I know. The cake shop in the station-frontarea is the best, you know.
ใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใพใใฎใฑใผใญใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใพใใฎใฑใผใญใใใใใใกใฐใใงใใใใใใกใฐใใงใใใ (ee, shitte imasu. ekimae no keeki-ya sanga ichiban desu yo.)
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Please tell me the location.ใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ
English Japanese
1 Please tell me the location. ใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (basho o oshiete kudasai.)
2 to teach or to tell ใใใใใใใใ (oshieru)
3 teach or tell ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (oshiemasu)
4 to tell (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (oshiete)
5 Please tell me. ใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (oshiete kudasai.)
6Do you remember that we used ใใ ใใใใ ใใ to mean "Please give me" in the sentence such as ใใฎใใฎใทใฃใใใ ใใใทใฃใใใ ใใ (Please give me this shirt)? When we want to ask or instruct someone to dosomething, we use the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใ ใใใใ ใใ" pattern as in ใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใฆใใ ใใ ("Please tell me" or"Please teach me").
7 Please tell me the location of Tokyo Plaza.ใจใใใใใใฉใถใฎใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใจใใใใใใฉใถใฎใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใ (tookyoo puraza no basho o oshietekudasai.)
8 Excuse me, but please tell me the name ofthat store.
ใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใใใฆใใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใ ใใใ (sumimasen ga, sono mise no namae ooshiete kudasai.)
9 to show ใฟใใใฟใใ (miseru)
10 show ใฟใใพใใฟใใพใ (misemasu)
11 to show (in the "te"-form) ใฟใใฆใฟใใฆ (misete)
12 Please show me. ใฟใใฆใใ ใใใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใ (misete kudasai.)
13 Excuse me, but please show me that sweater.ใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใปใผใฟใผใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใปใผใฟใผใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใใใ (sumimasen ga, sono seetaa o misetekudasai.)
14 to wrap ใคใคใใคใคใ (tsutsumu)
15 wrap ใคใคใฟใพใใคใคใฟใพใ (tsutsumimasu)
16What group of verbs does ใคใคใใคใคใ belong to? That's right! It's a Group I verb. When the dictionaryform for a Group I verb ends with either ใใ or ใถใถ or ใฌใฌ , we drop the last letter and add ใใงใใง tomake the ใฆใฆ-form. Can you figure out the ใฆใฆ-form for ใคใคใใคใคใ?
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17 to wrap (in the "te"-form) ใคใคใใงใคใคใใง (tsutsunde)
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English Japanese
18 Please wrap them. ใคใคใใงใใ ใใใใคใคใใงใใ ใใใ (tsutsunde kudasai.)
19 Excuse me, but please wrap them together.ใใฟใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใคใคใใงใใ ใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใคใคใใงใใ ใใใ(sumimasen ga, issho ni tsutsundekudasai.)
20
Here's the summary of the ใฆใฆ-form formation for Group I verbs. If the dictionary form ends withใใ or ใคใค or ใใ , like ใพใคใพใค (to wait), delete the last letter and add ใฃใฆใฃใฆ as in ใพใฃใฆใพใฃใฆ . If the ending isใใ or ใถใถ or ใฌใฌ , like ใคใคใใคใคใ (to wrap), delete it and add ใใงใใง as in ใคใคใใงใคใคใใง . For the ใใ-ending like ใใใใใใ (to boil water), replace it with ใใฆใใฆ ; for the ใใ-ending like ใใใใ (to cook rice), use ใใฆใใฆ ; and forthe ใใ-ending like ใใใใใใ (to hurry), use ใใงใใง .
21
Here is a little mantra to help you memorize how to form the ใฆใฆ-form for Group I verbs, irregularverbs, and Group II verbs, respectively. You can either repeat the following aloud or make a jingleout of it ("Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" fits): ใใคใใใคใ ใใฃใฆใใใฃใฆใ , ใใถใฌใใถใฌ ใใใงใใใใงใ , ใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ ,ใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใใ ใใใงใใใใงใ , ใใใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใใใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใฟใใฟใ ใใฟใฆใใใฟใฆใ . Please note that it liststhe whole ใฆใฆ-form for the irregular verbs (ใใใใ and ใใใใ) and Group II verbs (ใฟใใฟใ is used as anexample), but only the verb endings for Group I verbs and their ใฆใฆ-forms.
22 box ใฏใใฏใ (hako)
23We have learned that ใซใซ is a versatile particle. Here's another use: when we use verbs such as"to put in," "to get in," "to get on," or "to arrive," we use the particle ใซใซ to indicate the goal. It'sequivalent to "at," "on," or "in" in English. Let's figure out the next question!
24 Please put it in the box. ใฏใใซใใใฆใใ ใใใใฏใใซใใใฆใใ ใใใ (hako ni irete kudasai.)
25 Excuse me, but please put it in the box andwrap it.
ใใฟใพใใใใใฏใใซใใใฆใใคใคใใงใใ ใใใฟใพใใใใใฏใใซใใใฆใใคใคใใงใใ ใใใใใ (sumimasen ga, hako ni irete, tsutsundekudasai.)
26 Did you remember that we could use the ใฆใฆ-form to connect two or more verbs to describe thechain of events or actions?
27
Gift wrapping is a serious business in Japan. Let's take a box of sweets as an example. Eachsweet would be individually wrapped and placed in a box. The box then would be wrapped with apretty wrapping paper. Sometimes, the retail-store clerk wraps the already gift-wrapped box witha signature wrapping paper of the store. Finally, the neatly wrapped box would be put in amatching paper or plastic tote bag. Now your gift has as many layers as a Russian nesting doll!
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I want some new clothes too.ใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 I want some new clothes too.ใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใ (watashi mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiidesu.)
2
Please note that we can only use ใปใใใงใใปใใใงใ (I want) or ใใใใงใใใใใงใ (I want to do) to talk about ourown desires or to find out the desires of our listeners in casual conversation. We can't use themto talk about the desires of the third person. Also, we shouldn't use these expressions when wewant to offer something or issue invitations. For example, if you want to invite your friend to havesome tea with you, you should say ใใกใใใฎใฟใพใใใใใกใใใฎใฟใพใใใ (Why don't we have some tea?) instead.
3 to want ใปใใใปใใ (hoshii)
4 ใปใใใปใใ is an ใใ-adjective, but it functions as the equivalent of "to want" in English.
5 want ใปใใใงใใปใใใงใ (hoshii desu)
6 new ใใใใใใใใใใ (atarashii)
7 new clothes ใใใใใใตใใใใใใใตใ (atarashii fuku )
8 I want some new clothes. ใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใ (atarashii fuku ga hoshii desu.)
9
Do you remember that we sometimes use the particle ใใ , not ใใ , to indicate the "object" of theverb such as ใใใพใใใใพใ (I have) or the adjective such as ใใใงใใใใงใ (I like)? When we use theexpression ใปใใใงใใปใใใงใ (I want), we also need to use ใใ to indicate what we want, as in ใใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใตใใใปใใใงใ (I want some new clothes). Let's memorize "Xใใปใใใงใใใปใใใงใ" (I want X) as a setphrase!
10 new swimsuit ใใใใใใฟใใใใใใใใฟใใ (atarashii mizugi)
11 a pair of sandals (sandal)
ใตใณใใซใตใณใใซ (sandaru)
12 I want a new swimsuit and a pair of sandals.ใใใใใใฟใใใจใตใณใใซใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใฟใใใจใตใณใใซใใปใใใงใใ (atarashii mizugi to sandaru ga hoshiidesu.)
13 warm coat and a pair of boots ใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใ (atatakai kooto to buutsu)
14 I want a warm coat and a pair of boots.ใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใปใใใงใใ (atatakai kooto to buutsu ga hoshiidesu.)
15 It has become cold. ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใชใใพใใใ (samuku narimashita.)
16 Since it has become cold, I want a warm coatand a pair of boots.
ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใปใใใงใใใใผใใใปใใใงใใ (samuku narimashita kara, atatakaikooto to buutsu ga hoshii desu.)
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kooto to buutsu ga hoshii desu.)
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English Japanese
17 As a matter of fact, I want it too. ใผใใใปใใใใงใใใผใใใปใใใใงใใ (boku mo hoshiindesu.)
18 Did you remember that in order to add the nuance of "As a matter of fact..." to our statement, weadd ใใงใใใงใ after ใใ-adjectives as well as verbs?
19 Let's go together. ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (issho ni ikimashoo.)
20 As a matter of fact, I want some new clothestoo. Let's go together.
ใผใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใใงใใใใฃใผใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใใงใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (boku mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiindesu.issho ni ikimashoo.)
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Chapter 9: Bank and Post Office ้่กใจ้ตไพฟๅฑ้่กใจ้ตไพฟๅฑ
Chapter 9: Bank and Post Office
Conversational GoalsAsk or Grant PermissionAsk or Tell the DateCount Things Up to Ten Using the TraditionalCounting SystemOffer Your Services to SomeoneRun Errands at the Bank and the Post Office
Grammar GoalsApply the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใใใงใใใใใงใ" Pattern toGrant PermissionUnderstand Double ParticlesUnderstand the Pattern "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใใใ +Verb"Use the "Verb + ใพใใใใพใใใ" Pattern to OfferYour ServiceUse the Polite Past Negative Form of Verbs
ConversationEnglish Japanese
You are carrying a lot of packages, aren't you! Letme carry one for you.
ใซใใคใใใใใงใใญใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใใซใใคใใใใใงใใญใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใ (nimotsu ga ooi desu ne. hitotsumochimashoo.)
Thank you. May I ask you to carry it to the postoffice?
ใใฟใพใใใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใฟใพใใใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ (sumimasen. yuubinkyoku made, o-negaishite mo ii desu ka.)
Sure, I don't mind, you know. Are they for theU.S.?
ใใใใใพใใพใใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใงใใใใใใใใพใใพใใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใงใใใ (ee, kamaimasen yo. amerika made desuka.)
Yes. As a matter of fact, they are Christmaspresents for my family and friends.
ใใใใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใใใชใใงใใ (ee. kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento nandesu.)
About how much do you think it will cost to sendthem by airmail?
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใ (kookuubin de ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)
Well.... Probably, it will cost close to twentythousand yen in total, I think.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun zenbu de niman enchikaku kakaru deshoo.)
ใใฃใใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใใใฃใใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใ
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Oh, that much? I'm sorry, but may I stop by at thebank first?
ใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (e, son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki ni ginkooni yotte mo ii desu ka.)
To exchange money? If so, you can do it also inthe post office, you know.
ใใใใใใงใใใใใใชใใใใใณใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใใใใชใใใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใใใใงใใพใใใ (ryoogae desu ka. sore nara, yuubinkyokude mo dekimasu yo.)
Oh, I didn't know that. It's convenient, isn't it! ใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใในใใใงใใญใใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใในใใใงใใญใ (hee, shirimasen deshita. benri desu ne.)
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Let me carry one of the packages for you.ใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใ
English Japanese
1 Let me carry one of the packages for you. ใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใ (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimashoo.)
2ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค or ใตใใคใตใใค is the original Japanese way of counting things. The combination of a numberand a counter as in ใใฃใฑใใใฃใฑใ (one cup) or ใซใปใใซใปใ (two bottles) is based on the Chinese tradition,though they are perfectly blended into Japanese as many other Chinese-based vocabularies are!
3 to carry ใใคใใค (motsu)
4 carry ใใกใพใใใกใพใ (mochimasu)
5 package ใซใใคใซใใค (nimotsu)
6 We have so far learned that the word ใซใใคใซใใค means "luggage." In fact, ใซใใคใซใใค can be used tomean "luggage," "baggage," "parcel," "pack," or "bag"--anything that has to be carried or sent.
7 I will carry a package. ใซใใคใใใกใพใใใซใใคใใใกใพใใ (nimotsu o mochimasu.)
8 one (item) ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค (hitotsu)
9
In Japanese, we use the combination of a number and a specific counter to count something,right? There is an alternate way to count things up to 10. For example, we can use ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค tocount one item such as a key, an apple, a computer, a chair, a house, or even a planet, withoutadding any counters. We can also use it to count an abstract thing such as an idea or a story. Convenient, isn't it!
10 I will carry one of the packages. (I carry one package.)
ใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใ (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimasu.)
11 Let me carry it for you. ใใกใพใใใใใใกใพใใใใ (mochimashoo.)
12We have so far used the "ใพใใพใ-form plus ใพใใใใพใใใ" pattern to invite someone to do somethingwith us, as in "Let's ~." We can use the same pattern to offer our service to someone. It'sequivalent to "Let me (do something) for you" in English.
13 many ใใใใใใ (ooi)
14 You have many packages. (Packages are many.)
ใซใใคใใใใใงใใใซใใคใใใใใงใใ (nimotsu ga ooi desu.)
15 You have many packages, don't you! Let mecarry one for you.
ใซใใคใใใใใงใใญใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใใซใใคใใใใใงใใญใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใ(nimotsu ga ooi desu ne. hitotsumochimashoo.)
16 one (item) ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค (hitotsu)
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17 two (items) ใตใใคใตใใค (futatsu)
18 three (items) ใฟใฃใคใฟใฃใค (mittsu)
19 four (items) ใใฃใคใใฃใค (yottsu)
20 five (items) ใใคใคใใคใค (itsutsu)
21 six (items) ใใฃใคใใฃใค (muttsu)
22 seven (items) ใชใชใคใชใชใค (nanatsu)
23 eight (items) ใใฃใคใใฃใค (yattsu)
24 nine (items) ใใใฎใคใใใฎใค (kokonotsu)
25 ten (items) ใจใใจใ (too)
26 To continue counting past ten using the Japanese counting system, like ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค or ใตใใคใตใใค , simplyuse numbers with no counter, as in ใใ ใใใกใใ ใใใก or ใซใใ ใใซใใ ใ!
27 I have five packages. ใซใใคใใใคใคใใใพใใใซใใคใใใคใคใใใพใใ (nimotsu ga itsutsu arimasu.)
28 how many (items) ใใใคใใใค (ikutsu)
29 How many do you have? ใใใคใใใพใใใใใใคใใใพใใใ (ikutsu arimasu ka.)
30 How many packages do you have? ใซใใคใใใใคใใใพใใใใซใใคใใใใคใใใพใใใ (nimotsu ga ikutsu arimasu ka.)
31 You have four packages, don't you! Let mecarry two for you.
ใซใใคใใใฃใคใใใพใใญใใตใใคใใกใพใใใซใใคใใใฃใคใใใพใใญใใตใใคใใกใพใใใใใใ (nimotsu ga yottsu arimasu ne. futatsumochimashoo.)
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May I ask you to carry it to the post office?ใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใ
English Japanese
1 May I ask you to carry it to the post office? (May I request to the post office?)
ใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใ (yuubinkyoku made, onegai shite mo iidesu ka.)
2 Now, let's assume that you have to take several packages to the post office. Can you figure outhow to ask someone politely to help you?
3 a request ใใญใใใใญใใ (onegai)
4 to request (to do a request)
ใใญใใใใใใญใใใใ (onegai suru)
5
Do you remember the expression ใใญใใใใพใใใญใใใใพใ which we use to order something inrestaurants, as in ใณใผใใผใใญใใใใพใใณใผใใผใใญใใใใพใ (Coffee, please)? ใใญใใใใใใญใใใใ ("to request" or "to askfor") is the dictionary form of ใใญใใใใพใใใญใใใใพใ and consists of the noun ใใญใใใใญใใ (a "request" or"wish") and the irregular verb ใใใใ (to do). It's another compound verb! Can you figure out its ใฆใฆ-form?
6 to request (in the "te"-form) ใใญใใใใฆใใญใใใใฆ (onegai shite)
7 May I ask you? (May I request?)
ใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใ (onegai shite mo ii desu ka.)
8When we want to ask for permission, we add ใใใใงใใใใใใงใใ (equivalent to "May I~?" in English) tothe ใฆใฆ-form of the verb, as in ใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใ (May I request?) ใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใ is a polite expression we can use in various situations. The translation, therefore, will varydepending on the context.
9 In the next question, let's use the particle that indicates the final destination.
10 to the post office ใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใณใใใใใพใง (yuubinkyoku made)
11 to stop by ใใใใ (yoru)
12 stop by ใใใพใใใใพใ (yorimasu)
13 I will stop by at the bank. ใใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใซใใใพใใ (ginkoo ni yorimasu.)
14 Did you remember that we use the particle ใซใซ to indicate the spot that is the goal or target of anaction?
15Judging from the way the dictionary form (ใใใใ) changes its shape in the polite form (ใใใพใใใใพใ),we can tell that ใใใใ (to stop by) is a ใใ-ending Group I verb, right? Do you remember how tomake the ใฆใฆ-form for it?
16 to stop by (in the "te"-form) ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ (yotte)
17 May I stop by? ใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (yotte mo ii desu ka.)
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English Japanese
18 first ใใใซใใใซ (saki ni)
19 ใใใซใใใซ is the expression we can use when we want to do something before doing other things. It'sequivalent to "first" or "before that" in English.
20 May I stop by at the bank first? ใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (saki ni ginkoo ni yotte mo ii desu ka.)
21 so much ใใใชใซใใใชใซ (son-na ni)
22 What?! So much? I'm sorry, but may I stop byat the bank first?
ใใฃ๏ผ๏ผใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใฃ๏ผ๏ผใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (e?! son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki niginkoo ni yotte mo ii desu ka.)
23 Yes, sure. Please go ahead. ใใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใใใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใ (ee, ii desu yo. doozo.)
24 I don't mind. ใใพใใพใใใใใพใใพใใใ (kamaimasen.)
25 ใใพใใพใใใใพใใพใใ is the polite negative form of the verb ใใพใใใพใ (to mind). Let's memorize it as auseful expression that is equivalent to "I don't mind" in English.
26No, I don't mind, you know. Let's go together. (Yes, I don't mind, you know. Let's gotogether.)
ใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใ (ee, kamaimasen yo. issho ni ikimashoo.)
27
Did you notice that we answer a yes/no question differently in Japanese? In English, we say "Yes" ifthe answer is affirmative and "No" if the answer is negative, right? In Japanese, we say "Yes" if weagree to the question and say "No" if we disagree, regardless of whether the question is in thenegative or affirmative form. So, if someone asks your permission and if you don't mind grantingit, then you should say ใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใพใใพใใ (literally, "Yes, I don't mind")!
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As a matter of fact, they are presents for my family.ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใ
English Japanese
1 As a matter of fact, they are presents for myfamily.
ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใ (kazoku e no purezento nandesu.)
2Please note that we can use the particle ใฎใฎ along with some particles such as ใธใธ (to), ใจใจ (with), ใงใง("at," "on," or "in"), ใใใใ (from), or ใพใงใพใง ("to" or "as far as"), but we can't use it with other particlessuch as ใใ , ใใ , or ใซใซ .
3 a present ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ (purezento)
4We can use the particle ใธใธ , which indicates the direction of movement, not only with the placenoun (as in ใจใใใใใธใจใใใใใธ) but also with a noun that denotes a person (or persons) to whom wesend something. Let's use it in the next question!
5 to my family ใใใใธใใใใธ (kazoku e)
6 presents for my family ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใ (kazoku e no purezento)
7
We have been using the particle ใฎใฎ to connect two nouns (or pronouns) as in ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใซใปใใฎใฏใช(Japanese flowers) or ใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใ (my boyfriend). The particle ใฎใฎ sometimes attaches itself toanother particle, connecting the noun phrase such as ใใใใธใใใใธ (to my family) with a noun such asใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ (presents). In the phrase ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใ (presents for my family), ใฎใฎ indicatesthat ใใใใธใใใใธ is the explanation of ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ (or in other words, ใใใใธใใใใธ modifies ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ). For convenience, we can call the structure "double particles"!
8 They are presents for my family. ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใงใใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใงใใ (kazoku e no purezento desu.)
9 my family, friends, and others ใใใใใจใใ ใกใใใใใจใใ ใก (kazoku ya tomodachi)
10 Christmas presents for my family, friends, andothers
ใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใ (kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento)
11 a birthday present for my mother ใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใ (haha e no tanjoobi purezento)
12 to send ใใใใใใ (okuru)
13 send ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (okurimasu)
14 I'll send it to America. ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใพใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใพใใ (amerika made okurimasu)
15
Here are some tips on how to use the particles ใพใงใพใง , ใธใธ , and ใซใซ that are the equivalents of "to"when we talk about movement. ใพใงใพใง emphasizes the end of the course, implying "as far as" or"up to." ใธใธ , on the other hand, focuses on the direction of the movement, as in "toward" or "in thedirection of." ใซใซ implies the goal (or target) of action, as in "to arrive at" or "to get into." Thoughwe can sometimes use these particles interchangeably, idiomatic usage often determines ourchoice.
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English Japanese
16 I will send a birthday present for my mother toAmerica.
ใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใใใขใกใชใซใพใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใพใใใงใใใใพใใ (haha e no tanjoobi purezento o amerikamade okurimasu.)
17 from my girlfriend ใใฎใใใใใใฎใใใใ (ka-nojo kara)
18 Did you use the particle ใใใใ (from)? ใใใใ indicates the starting point or origin, and the origin canbe a time, a place, or even a person!
19 a present from my girlfriend ใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใ (ka-nojo kara no purezento)
20 necktie ใใฏใฟใคใใฏใฟใค (nekutai)
21 This necktie? It's a present from my girlfriend.ใใฎใใฏใฟใคใงใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใใฎใใฏใฟใคใงใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใใงใใใใงใใ (kono nekutai desu ka. ka-nojo kara nopurezento desu.)
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How much does it cost to send it to America byairmail?ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 How much does it cost to send it to Americaby airmail?
ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (amerika made kookuubin de ikurakakarimasu ka.)
2 to cost ใใใใใใ (kakaru)
3 cost ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (kakarimasu)
4 How much does it cost? ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (ikura kakarimasu ka.)
5 How much does it cost to send it to America? (How much does it cost to America?)
ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใใใพใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใใใพใใใ (amerika made ikura kakarimasu ka.)
6 Please note that when we are talking about the mailing or traveling cost or time spent deliveringsomething, we use ใพใงใพใง to indicate the final destination.
7 airmail ใใใใใณใใใใใใณใ (kookuubin)
8 by airmail ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใณใใง (kookuubin de)
9 Did you remember to use the particle ใงใง to indicate the method or means of action?
10 sea mail ใตใชใณใใตใชใณใ (funabin)
11 Excuse me. How much does it cost to send itto Canada by sea mail?
ใใฟใพใใใใซใใใพใงใตใชใณใใงใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใซใใใพใงใตใชใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใ (sumimasen. kanada made funabin deikura kakarimasu ka.)
12 Sea mail? It costs two thousand five hundredyen.
ใตใชใณใใงใใใใซใใใใฒใใใใใใใใพใตใชใณใใงใใใใซใใใใฒใใใใใใใใพใใใใ (funabin desu ka. nisen gohyaku enkakarimasu.)
13 letter ใฆใใฟใฆใใฟ (tegami)
14The answers to ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (How much does it cost?) can be, for example, ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใพใ (It costs one thousand yen) or ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใ (It's one thousand yen). Both sentencesconvey the same meaning. Let's try them both in the next question.
15 Airmail? As for the postcard, it is seventy yen.As for the letter, it costs a hundred ten yen.
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใฏใใใฏใชใชใใ ใใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใฏใใใฏใชใชใใ ใใใใงใใใฆใใฟใฏใฒใใใใ ใใใใใใใพใใใงใใใฆใใฟใฏใฒใใใใ ใใใใใใใพใใ(kookuubin desu ka. hagaki wa nanajuuen desu. tegami wa hyaku juu enkakarimasu.)
ใใใใคใใใใค
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16 special delivery ใใใใคใใใใค (sokutatsu)
17 By special delivery, please. How much does itcost?
ใใใใคใงใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใคใงใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (sokutatsu de onegai shimasu. ikurakakarimasu ka.)
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English Japanese
18 How much do you think it will cost? ใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใ (ikura kakaru deshoo ka.)
19
Do you remember the sentence ending ใงใใใใงใใใ and its question form ใงใใใใใงใใใใ that we canuse to talk about our assumption? So far we used them after a noun or an adjective, as in ใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใ (It's about thirty degrees, I think) or ใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใ(Where do you think is the coldest?) We can also use them after the dictionary form of verbs, asin ใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใ (How much do you think it will cost?).
20 about how much ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (ikura gurai)
21 About how much do you think it will cost tosend it by airmail?
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใ (kookuubin de, ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)
22 close to twenty thousand yen ใซใพใใใใกใใใซใพใใใใกใใ (niman en chikaku)
23We have so far used the word ใกใใใกใใ to describe a nearness in geography, as in ใใใฎใกใใใใใฎใกใใ(near the station). We can also use ใกใใใกใใ to indicate a proximity in numbers, regardless ofwhether they are measuring time or money.
24 in total ใใใถใงใใใถใง (zenbu de)
25 close to twenty thousand yen in total ใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใ (zenbu de niman en chikaku)
26 Well.... Probably, it will cost close to twentythousand yen in total, I think.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใใใใงใใใใใกใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun zenbu de niman enchikaku kakaru deshoo.)
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How long does it take to send it by sea mail?ใตใชใณใใงใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใใตใชใณใใงใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 How long does it take to send it by sea mail? ใตใชใณใใงใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใใตใชใณใใงใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใ (funabin de donokurai kakarimasu ka.)
2
Japanese post offices offer four options to send packages overseas. The fastest is EMS (ExpressMail Service), which delivers packages in 2 to 4 days worldwide. The second fastest is ใใใใใณใใใใใณใใ (airmail) that takes 3 to 6 days. ใจใณใใใผใใใใใณใใจใณใใใผใใใใใณใ (economy airmail) or SALใณใใณใ(Surface Air Lifted), which uses the combination of land and air transportation, takes 6 to 13days. The slowest but least expensive option is ใตใชใณใใตใชใณใ (sea mail) that delivers packages in 1 to3 months.
3 to take (when referring to time) ใใใใใใ (kakaru)
4We used ใใใใใใ as the Japanese equivalent of "to cost" in the previous section. We can also usethe same verb to talk about time spent to carry out an action. It's the equivalent of "to take" inEnglish.
5 take (when referring to time) ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (kakarimasu)
6 ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ is a versatile question word we can use to ask the amount or degree, as in "how far?"or "how hot (or cold)?" Let's use it to ask about the period of time in this section.
7 How long does it take? ใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใ (donokurai kakarimasu ka.)
8 one month ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (ikkagetsu)
9ใใใคใใใค in ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (one month) is the counter for months when we are talking about a length oftime. Though the basic rule is to add the counter after a number as in ใซใใใคใซใใใค (two months) orใใใใใคใใใใใค (three months), the pronunciation of certain numbers changes. ใใกใใก (one) in ใใฃใใใใฃใใใคใค is one of them!
10 one month or more ใใฃใใใคใใใใใใฃใใใคใใใใ (ikkagetsu ijoo)
11 Sea mail? It takes one month or more, youknow.
ใตใชใณใใงใใใใใฃใใใคใใใใใใใใพใตใชใณใใงใใใใใฃใใใคใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใ (funabin desu ka. ikkagetsu ijookakarimasu yo.)
12In addition to ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (one month), the pronunciation of the numbers "six" (ใใใใ), "eight" (ใฏใฏใกใก), and "ten" (ใใ ใใใ ใ) also changes in a similar manner when combined with ใใใคใใใค , the counterfor month. Let's see if you can figure them out!
13 six months ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (rokkagetsu)
14 eight months ใฏใฃใใใคใฏใฃใใใค (hakkagetsu)
15 ten months ใใ ใฃใใใคใใ ใฃใใใค (jukkagetsu)
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English Japanese
16In place of the generic question word ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ , we can use a more specific one, such as ใชใใฉใชใใฉ(literally, "what degrees") or ใชใใกใผใใซใชใใกใผใใซ (literally, "what meters"). Let's figure out the questionword for "months"!
17 how many months ใชใใใใคใชใใใใค (nan kagetsu)
18 How many months do you think it takes tosend it to America by sea mail?
ใขใกใชใซใพใงใตใชใณใใงใชใใใใคใใใใงใขใกใชใซใพใงใตใชใณใใงใชใใใใคใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใ (amerika made funabin de nan kagetsukakaru deshoo ka.)
19 Well.... Probably it takes close to two months, Ithink.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใซใใใคใกใใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใซใใใคใกใใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun nikagetsu chikakukakaru deshoo.)
20 one week ใใฃใใ ใใใใใฃใใ ใใใ (isshuukan)
21
ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ in ใใฃใใ ใใใใใฃใใ ใใใ (one week) is the counter for "week" as a duration of time. If webreak down the word further, ใใ ใใใ ใ means "week," and ใใใใ literally means "in-between" or a"range." (Do you remember the word ใใกใใใใใกใใใ or "one hour"? It's the same ใใใใ as ใใฃใใ ใใใฃใใ ใใใใใ!) Please note that the pronunciation of ใใกใใก (one) is changed when it is combined with ใใ ใใ ใใใใใใ .
22The pronunciation of ใฏใกใฏใก (eight) and ใใ ใใใ ใ (ten) will change when these numbers are combinedwith ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ , the counter for "week" as the duration of time. Let's try to figure them out in thenext two questions!
23 eight weeks ใฏใฃใใ ใใใใฏใฃใใ ใใใ (hasshuukan)
24 ten weeks ใใ ใฃใใ ใใใใใ ใฃใใ ใใใ (jusshuukan)
25 Now, let's figure out the question word for "weeks"!
26 how many weeks ใชใใใ ใใใใชใใใ ใใใ (nanshuukan)
27 How many weeks does it take to send it toCanada by airmail?
ใซใใใพใงใใใใใณใใงใชใใใ ใใใใใใซใใใพใงใใใใใณใใงใชใใใ ใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใ (kanada made kookuubin de nanshuukankakarimasu ka.)
28 if that's the case ใใใชใใใใชใ (sore nara)
29 Airmail? If that's the case, it's about oneweek.
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใชใใใใฃใใ ใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใชใใใใฃใใ ใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (kookuubin desu ka. sore nara,isshuukan gurai desu.)
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I'd like to exchange some dollars with yen.ใใซใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใซใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใ
English Japanese
1 I'd like to exchange some dollars with yen.ใใซใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใงใใใซใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใปใปใปใ (doru o en to ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)
2 money exchange ใใใใใใใใใใ (ryoogae)
3 to exchange (money) (to do money exchange)
ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ (ryoogae suru)
4 exchange (money) ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใ (ryoogae shimasu)
5 I want to exchange money. ใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใ (ryoogae shitai desu.)
6I'd like to exchange money. (As a matter of fact, I want to exchangemoney, but....)
ใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใ (ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)
7
We have already learned that in Japanese unfinished sentences are sometimes more polite thancomplete sentences, as in ใใชใพใใฏ๏ผใใชใพใใฏ๏ผ (literally, "As for name?") or ใฉใใใณใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใฉใใใณใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใป(literally, "Saturday is a little bit..."). ใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใ is another example. It literallymeans "As a matter of fact, I want to exchange some money, but..." It works, however, as theequivalent of "I'd like to exchange some money."
8 I'd like to exchange some dollars. ใใซใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใซใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใ (doru o ryoogae shitaindes ga....)
9 with yen ใใใจใใใจ (en to)
10 the exchange rate (a rate)
ใฌใผใใฌใผใ (reeto)
11 How much is the exchange rate? ใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใ (reeto wa ikura desu ka.)
12 one thousand dollars ใใใใซใใใใซ (sen doru)
13 I'd like to exchange one thousand dollars. Howmuch is the exchange rate now?
ใใใใซใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใใใใซใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใพใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใใพใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใ (sen doru ryoogae shitaindesu ga.... imareeto wa ikura desu ka.)
14 eighty-five yen to the dollar (one dollar eighty-five yen)
ใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใ (ichi doru hachijuu-go en )
15 The exchange rate? It's eighty-five yen to thedollar now.
ใฌใผใใงใใใใใพใใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใฌใผใใงใใใใใพใใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใใงใใใใงใใ (reeto desu ka. ima, ichi doru hachijuu-goen desu.)
16 Where do you recommend? (Where is good?)
ใฉใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใใใงใใใ (doko ga ii desu ka.)
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English Japanese
17 I'd like to exchange some traveler's cheques.Where do you recommend?
ใใฉใใฉใผใบใใงใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใงใใฉใใฉใผใบใใงใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใฉใใใใใงใใใใใใปใปใปใใฉใใใใใงใใใ (toraberaazu chekku o ryoogaeshitaindesu ga.... doko ga ii desu ka.)
18 to be able to do ใงใใใงใใ (dekiru)
19We have so far used the verb ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be ready" as in ใใใใใงใใพใใใใใใงใใพใ (It will beready in no time) and "to be made" as in ใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใ (Miso paste is made ofsoybeans). We can also use ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be able to do," using the particle ใใ to mark theobject of the verb--that is, what we can do. Let's use it with this meaning here.
20 can do (is/am/are able to do)
ใงใใพใใงใใพใ (dekimasu)
21 You can do it at the post office. ใใใณใใใใใงใงใใพใใใใใณใใใใใงใงใใพใใ (yuubinkyoku de dekimasu.)
22 You can do it at the post office too. ใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใ (yuubinkyoku de mo dekimasu.)
23Did you get it right? ใใใณใใใใใงใใใใณใใใใใงใ (at the post office too) is another example of the"double particles" structure--that is, adding a particle to the phrase that ends with a particle sothat the two particles appear back to back, as in ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใ (presents for my family).
24 Money exchange? If that's the case, you cando it at the post office too, you know.
ใใใใใใงใใใใใใชใใใใใณใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใชใใใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใใใงใใงใใพใใใ (ryoogae desu ka. sore nara,yuubinkyoku de mo dekimasu yo.)
25 I didn't know. ใใใพใใใงใใใใใใพใใใงใใใ (shirimasendeshita.)
26When we want to talk about actions we didn't perform or events that didn't happen, we can add ใงใงใใใใ to the negative verb form ใพใใใพใใ , as in ใในใพใใใงใใใในใพใใใงใใ (I didn't eat) or ใใใพใใใงใใใใใพใใใงใใ (Ididn't know).
27 convenient ในใใในใใ (benri)
28 Oh, I didn't know it. That is convenient, isn't it!ใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใใใใฏในใใใงใใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใใใใฏในใใใงใใญใใญใ (hee, shirimasendeshita. sore wa benridesu ne.)
29 to withdraw (money) ใใใใใใ (orosu)
30 withdraw (money) ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (oroshimasu)
31 money ใใใญใใใญ (okane)
32 ใใญใใญ means "money," but people almost always say ใใใญใใใญ to avoid sounding rude, as in the caseof ใใกใใใกใ (tea).
33 I'd like to withdraw some money. ใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใ (okane o oroshitaindesu ga.)
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34 window or teller ใพใฉใใกใพใฉใใก (madoguchi)
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English Japanese
35
ใพใฉใพใฉ in ใพใฉใใกใพใฉใใก means a "window," and ใใกใใก (or its regular form ใใกใใก) means a "mouth" or anykind of opening. So, ใพใฉใใกใพใฉใใก literally means a "window opening." This is the term you will oftenhear in banks, post offices, ticket counters, or government offices in Japan. For example, ifsomeone tells you ใใใฐใใพใฉใใกใธใฉใใใใใฐใใพใฉใใกใธใฉใใ , the person is saying, "Please proceed to thenumber 3 window."
36 Can I do it at this window? ใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใ (kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)
37 Excuse me. I'd like to withdraw some money.Can I do it at this window?
ใใฟใพใใใใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใใใปใปใปใใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใ (sumimasen. okane o oroshitaindesuga.... kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)
38
Some large banks in Japan let you withdraw money at their counters with major credit cards andyour passport. However, the most convenient way to withdraw money is probably to useinternational ATMs at post offices. Not only do they accept foreign-issued major credit cards, butthey also allow you to conduct business in English! Please be aware, though, these ATMs are notavailable 24 hours a day. Also remember to get your PIN number before leaving home.
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The money will arrive four days after you remit it.ใใใใใใฆใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใ
English Japanese
1The money will arrive four days after you remitit. (After you remit it, it will arrive in four days.)
ใใใใใใฆใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใ (sookin shite kara, yokka detodokimasu.)
2 to arrive ใจใฉใใจใฉใ (todoku)
3 ใจใฉใใจใฉใ means that something is delivered and arrives at the final destination.
4 arrive ใจใฉใใพใใจใฉใใพใ (todokimasu)
5 four days ใใฃใใใฃใ (yokka)
6 When we are talking about the duration of time that is spent to do something, we can consider itas the means used to complete the action. Now, can you figure out the next question?
7 in four days ใใฃใใงใใฃใใง (yokka de)
8 It will arrive in four days. ใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใ (yokka de todokimasu.)
9 remittance (sending money)
ใใใใใใใใ (sookin)
10 to remit (to do remittance)
ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (sookin suru)
11 to remit (in the "te"-form) ใใใใใใฆใใใใใใฆ (sookin shite)
12 after you remit it ใใใใใใฆใใใใใใใใฆใใ (sookin shite kara)
13When we want to indicate that an action takes place upon completion of another, the action thatprecedes the other one takes the pattern "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใใใ ," as in ใใใใใใฆใใใใใใใใฆใใ (after youremit it). ใใใใ in this case is equivalent to "after" or "since" in English. Please note that we canuse the same "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใใใ" pattern regardless of when the action takes place.
14 one day ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก (ichi-nichi)
15
ใซใกใซใก in ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก (one day) is the counter for day--for both the point of time (date) and theduration of time. The basic rule is that we combine a number with ใซใกใซใก , as in ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก or ใใ ใใใ ใใใกใซใกใใกใซใก (eleven days). The exceptions are the numbers 2 to 10, 20, and any numbers that endwith 4 or 9. For these numbers, we use the pronunciation based on the original Japanesenumbers. Let's learn these exceptions.
16 two days ใตใคใใตใคใ (futsuka)
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17 three days ใฟใฃใใฟใฃใ (mikka)
18 four days ใใฃใใใฃใ (yokka)
19 five days ใใคใใใคใ (itsuka)
20 six days ใใใใใใ (muika)
21 seven days ใชใฎใใชใฎใ (nanoka)
22 eight days ใใใใใใ (yooka)
23 nine days ใใใฎใใใใฎใ (kokonoka)
24 ten days ใจใใใจใใ (tooka)
25 The money arrived ten days after I hadremitted it.
ใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใ (sookin shite kara, tooka detodokimashita.)
26
When we use the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใใใ" pattern to indicate the completion of an action, the tense ofthe first part of the sentence is not apparent because we use the ใฆใฆ-form. We can, however,determine it by the tense of the last verb that appears in the sentence. For example, in ใใใใใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใ , the last verb ใจใฉใใพใใใจใฉใใพใใ is in the past form. Therefore, theEnglish equivalent would be "It arrived ten days after I had remitted it."
27 twelve days ใใ ใใซใซใกใใ ใใซใซใก (juu-ni-nichi)
28 fourteen days ใใ ใใใฃใใใ ใใใฃใ (juu-yokka)
29 nineteen days ใใ ใใใซใกใใ ใใใซใก (juu-ku-nichi)
30 twenty days ใฏใคใใฏใคใ (hatsuka)
31 twenty-one days ใซใใ ใใใกใซใกใซใใ ใใใกใซใก (nijuu-ichi-nichi)
32 two to three days (two days to three days)
ใตใคใใใใฟใฃใใตใคใใใใฟใฃใ (futsuka kara mikka)
33Here is another function for the particle ใใใใ! When we want to indicate the range of time, wecan use ใใใใ as in ใตใคใใใใฟใฃใใตใคใใใใฟใฃใ (two to three days) or ใใกใใใใใใซใใใใใกใใใใใใซใใใ (one to twohours).
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English Japanese
34 to send (in the "te"-form) ใใใฃใฆใใใฃใฆ (okutte)
35 after you send it ใใใฃใฆใใใใใฃใฆใใ (okutte kara)
36 Special delivery? It will arrive two to four daysafter you send it, you know.
ใใใใคใงใใใใใใฃใฆใใใใตใคใใใใใใใคใงใใใใใใฃใฆใใใใตใคใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใ (sokutatsu desu ka. okutte kara, futsukakara yokka de todokimasu yo.)
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What is today's date? ใใใใฎใฒใฅใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใฎใฒใฅใใฏใชใใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 What is today's date? ใใใใฎใฒใฅใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใฎใฒใฅใใฏใชใใงใใใ (kyoo no hizuke wa nan desu ka.)
2 date (for calendar) ใฒใฅใใฒใฅใ (hizuke)
3 today's date ใใใใฎใฒใฅใใใใใฎใฒใฅใ (kyoo no hizuke)
4 January (the first month)
ใใกใใคใใกใใค (ichi-gatsu)
5 The names of the months are easy! They are a combination of a number and ใใคใใค (month).
6 the first day of the month ใคใใใกใคใใใก (tsuitachi)
7In general, we can use the same terms to indicate the date and the number of days. Forexample, ใตใคใใตใคใ can mean both "two days" and "the second day of the month." However, thefirst day of the month is an exception! "One day" is ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก , but "the first day of the month" isใคใใใกใคใใใก .
8 January 1st ใใกใใคใคใใใกใใกใใคใคใใใก (ichi-gatsu tsuitachi)
9
ใใกใใคใคใใใกใใกใใคใคใใใก is ใใใใใคใใใใใค or ใใใใใใคใใใใใใค (New Year's Day). For many people, ใใใใใใใใใใใคใใใฟใคใใใฟ (New Year's Day holidays) starts on December 29th and lasts through January 3rd. Theyspend the last few days of the year doing ใใใใใใใใใใ (literally, a "big cleaning") and preparingtons of special dishes for the new year. When the new year arrives, they celebrate it by visitingShinto shrines, having big feasts, and enjoying the company of family and friends!
10 March 3rd ใใใใคใฟใฃใใใใใคใฟใฃใ (san-gatsu mikka)
11ใใใใคใฟใฃใใใใใคใฟใฃใ (March 3rd) is ใฒใชใพใคใใฒใชใพใคใ (Doll's Festival). Traditionally, it's a day for girls, whoenjoy wearing a kimono and having a tea party in front of a gorgeous doll set created after thefashion of the ancient court.
12 April ใใใคใใใค (shi-gatsu)
13Do you remember that the numbers 4, 7, and 9 have two ways of reading in Japanese and that wesometimes use only one of them for a specific purpose? For example, the number 4 can be readas ใใใใ or ใใ , but we have to use ใใ for "April" and say ใใใคใใใค!
14 April 4th ใใใคใใฃใใใใคใใฃใ (shi-gatsu yokka)
15 May 5th ใใใคใใคใใใใคใใคใ (go-gatsu itsuka)
16ใใใคใใคใใใใคใใคใ (May 5th) is ใใฉใใฎใฒใใฉใใฎใฒ (Children's Day). Traditionally, it's a day for boys. Familieswith boys celebrate the day by hoisting the colorful carp-shaped streamers and eating ใกใพใใกใพใ--special rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves.
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English Japanese
17 July ใใกใใคใใกใใค (shichi-gatsu)
18 Though the number 7 can be read as ใชใชใชใช or ใใกใใก , we have to say ใใกใใคใใกใใค to mean "July."
19 July 7th ใใกใใคใชใฎใใใกใใคใชใฎใ (shichi-gatsu nanoka)
20ใใกใใคใชใฎใใใกใใคใชใฎใ (July 7th) is ใใชใฐใใใชใฐใ , the Star Festival. Legend has it that this is the only day the"star-crossed" lovers--a weaver and a cowboy who live on the opposite sides of the Milky Way, orใใพใฎใใใใพใฎใใ (literally, "river in the sky")--can meet, crossing a legendary bridge formed byhundreds of magpies!
21 September ใใใคใใใค (ku-gatsu)
22 The number 9 can be read as ใใ ใใใ ใ or ใใ , but in the case of September, we always have to sayใใใคใใใค .
23 September 9th ใใใคใใใฎใใใใคใใใฎใ (ku-gatsu kokonoka)
24 what month ใชใใใคใชใใใค (nan-gatsu)
25 what day ใชใใซใกใชใใซใก (nan-nichi)
26 what date (what month what day)
ใชใใใคใชใใซใกใชใใใคใชใใซใก (nan-gatsu nan-nichi)
27 ใชใใใคใชใใซใกใชใใใคใชใใซใก (literally, "what month what day") is the question word commonly used to askthe calendar date.
28 Excuse me. What date is it today?ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใชใใใคใชใใซใกใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใชใใใคใชใใซใกใงใใใใใ (sumimasen. kyoo wa nan-gatsu nan-nichi desu ka.)
29 Today is November 20th. ใใใใฏใใ ใใใกใใคใฏใคใใงใใใใใใฏใใ ใใใกใใคใฏใคใใงใใ (kyoo wa juu-ichi-gatsu hatsuka desu.)
30 When is your birthday? ใใใใใใณใฏใใคใงใใใใใใใใใณใฏใใคใงใใใ (tanjoobi wa itsu desu ka.)
31 My birthday? It's on March 16th, you know.ใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใคใใ ใใใใซใกใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใคใใ ใใใใซใกใงใใใใงใใใ (tanjoobi desu ka. san-gatsu juu-roku-nichi desu yo.)
32 I want to send a present. ใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใ (purezento o okuritai desu.)
33 My father's birthday is on April 27th. I want tosend a present from Japan.
ใกใกใฎใใใใใใณใฏใใใคใซใใ ใใใกใซใกใกใกใฎใใใใใใณใฏใใใคใซใใ ใใใกใซใกใงใใใซใปใใใใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใงใใใซใปใใใใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใใใ (chichi no tanjoobi wa shi-gatsu ni-juu-shichi-nichi desu. nihon kara purezento ookuritai desu.)
Besides the everyday terms such as ใใกใใคใใกใใค or ใซใใคใซใใค , Japanese has a traditional term for each
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34month. ใใ ใใใคใใ ใใใค (October), for example, is also called ใใใชใฅใใใใชใฅใ (literally, "the month withoutgods"). This is because October is the month when all the gods in Japan (eight million of them)are said to travel to the ancient Shinto shrine in ใใใใใใ (located in Shimane Prefecture) for theirannual conference. For this reason, October in ใใใใใใ is called ใใฟใใใฅใใใฟใใใฅใ (the month withgods)!
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Chapter 10: At the Hospital ็ ้ขใซใฆ็ ้ขใซใฆ
Chapter 10: At the Hospital
Conversational GoalsDescribe Feelings of Pain or IllnessName Types of MedicineRespond to Medical QuestionsUnderstand Common Expressions Used inMedical Clinics
Grammar GoalsConnect an Adjective Sentence with AnotherSentenceTurn an Adjective into an AdverbUnderstand the Order of Events Expressed byใพใใใใพใใใ and ใพใใซใพใใซUse the "Period + ใซใซ + Number +ใใใใ" toIndicate FrequencyUse the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใฏใใใพใใใฏใใใพใใ" Pattern toExpress Prohibition
ConversationEnglish Japanese
What seems to be the problem? ใฉใใใพใใใใใฉใใใพใใใใ (doo shimashita ka.)
I have a headache and the chills. ใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใ (atama ga itakute, samuke ga shimasu.)
I have no appetite, either, since three days ago. ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (mikka mae kara shokuyoku mo arimasen.)
You have a fever of 38 degrees, I see. Open yourmouth wide, please.
ใญใคใ๏ผ๏ผใฉใใใพใใญใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใญใคใ๏ผ๏ผใฉใใใพใใญใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne. kuchio ookiku akete kudasai.)
Your throat is red, I see. You have a common cold,I think.
ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใ (nodo ga akai desu ne. tada no kazedeshoo.)
I'm going to prescribe cold medicine, so pleasetake two tablets before going to bed.
ใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใญใใพใใซใซใใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใญใใพใใซใซใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kazegusuri o dashimasu kara, neru mae nini-joo nonde kudasai.)
Um, may I take a bath tonight?ใใฎใใใใใฐใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใฎใใใใใฐใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใ (anoo, konban, ofuro ni haitte mo ii desuka.)
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No, not today. ใใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใ (iie, kyoo wa ikemasen yo.)
Take your medicine and go to bed early today,please. Take care.
ใใใใฏใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใใใฏใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใ ใใใซใใใ ใใใซใ (kyoo wa kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)
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I have had no appetite since three days ago.ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 I have had no appetite since three days ago. (I don't have appetite since three days ago.)
ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (mikka mae kara, shokuyoku gaarimasen.)
2 appetite ใใใใใใใใใใ (shokuyoku)
3 ใใใใใใ in both ใใใใใใใใใใ (appetite) and ใใใใใใใใ (meal) means "eating." ใใใใใใใใใใ literallymeans an "eating desire," while ใใใใใใใใ literally means an "eating affair"!
4 I don't have an appetite. ใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (shokuyoku ga arimasen.)
5 since three days ago ใฟใฃใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใ (mikka mae kara)
6The expression ใฟใฃใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใ indicates that some action or state has begun three days ago,has continued since, and is still happening as we speak. It is equivalent to "since three days ago"or "for three days now." Please note that the word ใพใใพใ is a noun, though its meaning in thisphrase is equivalent to "before" or "ago" in English.
7 What seems to be the problem? (How did you do?)
ใฉใใใพใใใใใฉใใใพใใใใ (doo shimashita ka.)
8 a cold ใใใใ (kaze)
9 to catch a cold ใใใใฒใใใใใฒใ (kaze o hiku)
10When we want to say "to catch a cold," we say ใใใใฒใใใใใฒใ in Japanese. The idiom is said tooriginate in the ancient Chinese belief that people get sick when they "pull" (ใฒใใฒใ) the "evil spirit inthe wind" (ใใใใ) into their body. Let's memorize this phrase as a whole unit.
11 I have caught a cold. ใใใใฒใใพใใใใใใใฒใใพใใใ (kaze o hikimashita.)
12 to catch a cold (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฒใใฆใใใใฒใใฆ (kaze o hiite)
13Do you remember that the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใพใใใพใ " pattern can be used to describe not only anaction in progress but also a "continuing state"--a state that has been continuing as the result ofsome past action? In the next question, let's use this pattern to tell someone you have a cold!
14 I have a cold. ใใใใฒใใฆใใพใใใใใใฒใใฆใใพใใ (kaze o hiite imasu.)
15 condition ใกใใใใกใใใ (chooshi)
16 the condition of stomach ใใชใใฎใกใใใใใชใใฎใกใใใ (onaka no chooshi)
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English Japanese
17 I have an upset stomach. (The condition of stomach is bad.)
ใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใ (onaka no chooshi ga warui desu.)
18ใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใ (literally, "The condition of stomach is bad") is a euphemism for"I'm having diarrhea." In this case, ใใชใใใชใ means the lower abdomen. If you specifically want tomean the stomach (or the upper abdomen), use the Japanese term ใใ and say ใใฎใกใใใใใใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใใงใ .
19 I have had an upset stomach since a weekago.
ใใฃใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใฃใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใ (isshuukan mae kara, onaka no chooshiga warui desu.)
20 My stomach hurts. (Stomach is painful.)
ใใชใใใใใใงใใใใชใใใใใใงใใ (onaka ga itai desu.)
21 since when ใใคใใใใคใใ (itsu kara)
22 Since when has your stomach been hurting? ใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใใใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใใ (itsu kara onaka ga itai desu ka.)
23 It has been hurting since five hours ago. ใใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใ (go jikan mae kara itai desu.)
24 To answer the question ใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใ (Since when has your stomach beenhurting?), we can also say, ใใใใใพใใใใงใใใใใใพใใใใงใ (It has since five hours ago).
25 Do you think I am all right? ใ ใใใใใถใงใใใใใใ ใใใใใถใงใใใใใ (daijoobu deshoo ka.)
26As a matter of fact, my stomach has beenhurting since three days ago. Do you think Iam all right?
ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใชใใใใใใใงใใใ ใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใชใใใใใใใงใใใ ใใใใใถใงใใใใใใใใใถใงใใใใใ (mikka mae kara onaka ga itaindesu.daijoobu deshoo ka.)
27
The best thing about the Japanese health care system is that all the citizens are covered byhealth insurance! There are two types: ใใใใใปใใใใใใใปใใ (Social Insurance) for those whoseemployers participate in the program and ใใใฟใใใใใใปใใใใใฟใใใใใใปใใ (National Health Insurance) forthe rest of the population. Foreigners can join the program as long as they are registered aslegal alien residents and are allowed to stay in Japan for more than one year.
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I have a headache and chills.ใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใ
English Japanese
1 I have a headache and chills. (My head is painful, and I feel a chill.)
ใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใ (atama ga itakute, samuke ga shimasu.)
2 to feel, smell, or hear ใใใใ (suru)
3So far, we have been using the verb ใใใใ to mean "to do." We can also use ใใใใ to express whatwe experience through our different senses (except for the faculty of sight). The Englishequivalent would be "to feel," "to smell," or "to hear." In this usage, what is felt, smelled, or heardis marked by the particle ใใ .
4 a chill ใใใใใใ (samuke)
5 Do you remember that the Japanese word for "cold" is ใใใใใใ? ใใ in ใใใใใใ (a chill) means"feeling," so the word literally means a "cold feeling."
6 to have chills (to feel a chill)
ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (samuke ga suru)
7 I have chills. ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (samuke ga shimasu.)
8 I have a headache. (My head is painful. )
ใใใพใใใใใงใใใใใพใใใใใงใใ (atama ga itai desu.)
9 painful and ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (itakute)
10When we want to connect a sentence that ends with an ใใ-adjective and ใงใใงใ (as in ใใใใงใใใใใงใ or"It's painful") with another sentence, we drop ใงใใงใ and replace the adjective ending ใใ with ใใฆใใฆ ,as in ใใใใฆใใใใฆ . It's the equivalent of "It's painful, and ...."
11 I have a headache, and (My head is painful, and)
ใใใพใใใใใฆใใใพใใใใใฆ (atama ga itakute)
12 Many of the expressions used to describe medical conditions are established as idioms. Let's tryto memorize them as a whole, including the particles.
13 nausea ใฏใใใฏใใ (hakike)
14 ใฏใใฏใ in ใฏใใใฏใใ (nausea) is derived from the verb ใฏใใฏใ (to throw up). ใฏใใใฏใใ , therefore, literallymeans a "throwing-up feeling."
15 I feel nauseous. (I feel nausea.)
ใฏใใใใใพใใใฏใใใใใพใใ (hakike ga shimasu.)
16 My stomach hurts, and I feel nauseous. (My stomach is painful, and I feel nausea.)
ใใชใใใใใใฆใใฏใใใใใพใใใใชใใใใใใฆใใฏใใใใใพใใ (onaka ga itakute, hakike ga shimasu.)
17 dizziness ใใพใใใพใ (memai)
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18 I feel dizzy. (I feel dizziness.)
ใใพใใใใพใใใใพใใใใพใใ (memai ga shimasu.)
19 distressing ใใใใใใใใ (kurushii)
20 While the word ใใใใใใ describes direct pain such as a muscle pain or a headache, ใใใใใใใใ isused to describe the strong sense of discomfort felt in the chest or the abdomen.
21 chest ใใญใใญ (mune)
22 I feel a pain in my chest. (Chest is distressing.)
ใใญใใใใใใงใใใใญใใใใใใงใใ (mune ga kurushii desu.)
23 I feel a pain in my chest, and I feel dizzy.ใใญใใใใใใฆใใใพใใใใพใใใใญใใใใใใฆใใใพใใใใพใใ (mune ga kurushikute, memai gashimasu.)
24 to come out ใงใใงใ (deru)
25 come out ใงใพใใงใพใ (demasu)
26 nasal drip (nose water)
ใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟใ (hanamizu)
27 If you are wondering why Japanese people call nasal drips "flower water," please note that ใฏใชใฏใช(flower) and ใฏใชใฏใช (nose) are completely different words even though they sound identical!
28 I have a runny nose. (Nasal drips come out.)
ใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใ (hanamizu ga demasu.)
29 cough ใใใใ (seki)
30 I have a cough. (A cough comes out.)
ใใใใงใพใใใใใใงใพใใ (seki ga demasu.)
31 My throat hurts. (My throat is painful.)
ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใ (nodo ga itai desu.)
32 My throat hurts, and I have a cough and arunny nose. I don't have an appetite, either.
ใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใใใจใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใใใจใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (nodo ga itakute, seki to hanamizu gademasu. shokuyoku mo arimasen.)
33
In general, Japanese hospitals (ใณใใใใใณใใใใ) and smaller private practices (generally called ใใใใใใ)adopt the "first-come, first-serve" system except for emergencies. Arrive early, otherwise youend up sitting in the waiting room for long hours! For most private practices, you go straight tospecialists; no referrals are needed. For example, if you have pink eye, you go to ใใใใใใ (eyeclinic). If you have the flu or suffer from a general malaise, try ใชใใใชใใ (internal medicine clinic).
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What kind of pain is it? ใฉใใชใใใฟใงใใใใฉใใชใใใฟใงใใใEnglish Japanese
1 What kind of pain is it? ใฉใใชใใใฟใงใใใใฉใใชใใใฟใงใใใ (don-na itami desu ka.)
2 pain ใใใฟใใใฟ (itami)
3 what kind of pain ใฉใใชใใใฟใฉใใชใใใฟ (don-na itami)
4Do you remember that many expressions in Japanese are made of a pair of identical "words" thatmimic a sound or a motion, such as ใใใใใใใใ (by and by)? Let's learn some of them in thissection so that you will be able to describe your pain more accurately in Japan.
5 to throb with pain ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (zuki zuki suru)
6 It throbs with pain. ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (zuki zuki shimasu.)
7 a wound ใใใใ (kizu)
8 a wound on my hand ใฆใฎใใใฆใฎใใ (te no kizu)
9 The wound on my hand throbs with pain. ใฆใฎใใใใใใใใใพใใใฆใฎใใใใใใใใใพใใ (te no kizu ga zuki zuki shimasu.)
10 to suffer from a splitting headache ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (gan gan suru)
11 I have a splitting headache. (My head suffers from a splitting headache.)
ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ (atama ga gan gan shimasu.)
12 to hurt ใใใใใใ (itamu)
13 It hurts. ใใใฟใพใใใใใฟใพใใ (itamimasu.)
14 to have persistent dull pain ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ (shiku shiku itamu)
15 I have persistent dull pain in my stomach. ใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใ (onaka ga shiku shiku itamimasu.)
16 to have excruciating pain ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ (kiri kiri itamu)
17 I have excruciating pain in my stomach. ใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใ (onaka ga kiri kiri itamimasu.)
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English Japanese
18 I burnt myself. (I did a burn.)
ใใใฉใใใพใใใใใใฉใใใพใใใ (yakedo o shimashita.)
19We learned the expressions ใใใฉใใใพใใใใใฉใใใพใใ and ใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ in the previous unit. In thesecases, the verb ใใใใ works like "suffer" in English. They are very commonly used expressions. Let's memorize them as idioms.
20 I burnt my hand. ใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใ (te ni yakedo o shimashita.)
21 Did you remember that we use the particle ใซใซ to indicate the part of the body that suffers theinjury, burn, or any other affliction?
22 to burn (when referring to a pain) ใฒใใฒใใใใฒใใฒใใใ (hiri hiri suru)
23ใฒใใฒใใฒใใฒใ is a painful sensation you feel on your skin when you get a bad sunburn or put medicineon raw skin. Also, you feel it on your tongue after licking a hot pepper! The English equivalent ofthe verb ใฒใใฒใใใใฒใใฒใใใ can be "to burn," "to feel irritated," or "to be tingling."
24 still or yet ใพใ ใพใ (mada)
25 It still burns. ใพใ ใใฒใใฒใใใพใใใพใ ใใฒใใฒใใใพใใ (mada, hiri hiri shimasu.)
26 I burnt my hand yesterday. It still burns.ใใฎใใใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใใพใ ใฒใใฒใใใฎใใใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใใพใ ใฒใใฒใใใพใใใใพใใ (ki-noo, te ni yakedo o shimashita. madahiri hiri shimasu.)
27
Japanese people are known to visit doctors for the slightest symptoms, but some people still trynatural remedies using what is available around their house or yard. ใขใญใจใขใญใจ (aloe) works for aburn; so do the green leaves of ใณใใณใ (Japanese medlar). ใใใซใใใใใซใใ (konjak jelly) is said to workfor kidneys, when eaten, and for muscle pains as a hot compress. And at the first sign of a cold? Have some hot ใฟใใใใฟใใใ (miso soup) with chopped green onion and go to bed early!
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194
You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees, I see.ใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใญใใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใญใ
English Japanese
1 You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees, I see. ใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใญใใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใญใ (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne.)
2So far we have been using the sentence-ending particle ใญใญ to solicit an agreement from thelistener (as in "It's cold, isn't it!") or to request a confirmation from the listener (as in "TempuraSpecial, right?"). We can also use it simply to air our observation in a matter-of-a-fact tone. Inthis case, ใญใญ is equivalent to "...., I see" in English. Let's try it in the next question.
3 You have a fever. ใญใคใใใใพใใใญใคใใใใพใใ (netsu ga arimasu.)
4 thirty-eight degrees ใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉ (san-juu-hachi do)
5 Please note the temperature here is in ใใฃใใใฃใ or Celsius. 38โ is equivalent to 100.4ยฐF.
6 You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees. ใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใ (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu.)
7 to go up ใใใใใใ (agaru)
8 go up ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (agarimasu)
9 The fever has gone up, I see. ใญใคใใใใใพใใใญใใญใคใใใใใพใใใญใ (netsu ga agarimashita ne.)
10 to go down or to come down ใใใใใใ (sagaru)
11 come down ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (sagarimasu)
12 thirty-seven point five degrees ใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถ (san-juu-nana do go bu)
13When we talk about the body temperature, we often use ใถใถ to indicate decimal numbers. Forexample, many people read 37.5 degrees as ใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถ in Japanese. We can also sayใใใใ ใใชใชใฆใใใฉใใใใ ใใชใชใฆใใใฉ .
14 The fever has come down to thirty-sevenpoint five degrees, I see.
ใญใคใใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใพใงใใใใพใใใญใคใใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใพใงใใใใพใใใญใใญใ (netsu ga san-juu-nana do go bu madesagarimashita ne.)
15 Let me take a peek at your throat. (Please show me your throat a little bit.)
ใกใใฃใจใฎใฉใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใใกใใฃใจใฎใฉใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใ (chotto nodo o misete kudasai.)
16 Your throat is red, I see. ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใ (nodo ga akai desu ne.)
17 Your throat is red, and you also have a fever, Isee.
ใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใญใคใใใใพใใญใใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใญใคใใใใพใใญใ (nodo ga akakute, netsu mo arimasu ne.)
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English Japanese
18 common ใใ ใฎใใ ใฎ (tadano)
19 a common cold ใใ ใฎใใใใ ใฎใใ (tada no kaze)
20 It is a common cold, I think. ใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใ (tada no kaze deshoo.)
21 a worry ใใใฑใใใใฑใ (shinpai)
22 ใใใฑใใใใฑใ can be a noun (worry, anxiety, or care) or a ใชใช-adjective (worrisome).
23 don't need ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (irimasen)
24 There is no need to worry. (As for a worry, you don't need it.)
ใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใ (shinpai wa irimasen.)
25We have learned to use the particle ใใ along with the verb ใใใใ (to need) as in ใฟใใใใใพใใฟใใใใใพใ(We need water), right? However, to say "Don't worry," we always use the particle ใฏใฏ and say ใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใ (literally, "As for worry, you don't need it"). Let's learn it as an idiom. Ineveryday conversations, you can omit the particle ใฏใฏ and say ใใใฑใใใใพใใใใใฑใใใใพใใ .
26 It is a common cold, I think. There is no needto worry, you know.
ใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใใใ (tada no kaze deshoo. shinpai wairimasen yo.)
27 Now, let's use ใใใฑใใใใฑใ as a ใชใช-adjective in the next question.
28 It is a little bit worrisome. ใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใ (chotto shinpai desu.)
29 test or inspection ใใใใใใ (kensa)
30 We can use ใใใใใใ to mean either a medical test such as a blood test, or an inspection such as abaggage check.
31 to have a test (to do a test)
ใใใใใใใใใใ (kensa suru)
32 Let's have some tests. ใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใใ (kensa shimashoo.)
33 hmmm ใใผใใใผใ (uun)
34ใใผใใใผใ can be a groan or a sound the speaker makes when he or she is considering some weightymatter. It's like "Hmmm" in English. Please don't mix it up with ใใใใ , which is a casual way to say"yes" in Japanese!
35 Hmmm, this is a little bit worrisome, I see.Let's have some tests.
ใใผใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใญใใใใใผใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (uun, kore wa chotto shinpai desu ne.kensa shimashoo.)
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36
Until recently, most Japanese doctors would avoid giving bad news to their patients in person. They would instead tell the truth to the patients' family, who in turn might decide not to relay thenews to the patients. Today, the idea of "informed consent" has become more prevalent, but stillmany doctors try to soften the impact of blunt truth by choosing roundabout expressions in theirexplanation.
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Open your mouth wide, please.ใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ
English Japanese
1 Open your mouth wide, please. (Please open mouth widely.)
ใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (kuchi o ookiku akete kudasai.)
2
Here are some sound effects you'll be making when you are sick in Japan! If you have a drycough, you go ใณใณใณใณใณใณใณใณ ; if it's a wet cough, the sound changes to ใดใใดใใดใใดใ . When you havecongestion, your breath sounds like ใผใผใผใผใผใผใผใผ , and your sneeze will come out as ใใฏใทใงใณใใฏใทใงใณ! Speaking of sneezing, don't expect to receive a "Bless you!" while in Japan. The most likelyreaction you'll get from people around you upon sneezing is the discreet shifting of their positionaway from you!
3 to open (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (akete)
4 Please open. ใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (akete kudasai.)
5 mouth ใใกใใก (kuchi)
6 Please open your mouth. ใใกใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใกใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (kuchi o akete kudasai.)
7 widely ใใใใใใใใ (ookiku)
8When we want to turn an ใใ-adjective such as ใใใใใใใใ (big) into an adverb, we can drop the lastใใ and add ใใ instead, as in ใใใใใใใใ .ใใใใใใใใใใ can be translated as "widely," "deeply," "loudly,"and so on depending on the context.
9 to inhale ใใใใ (suu)
10 a breath ใใใใ (iki)
11 You take a breath. (You inhale a breath.)
ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (iki o suimasu.)
12 to inhale (in the "te"-form) ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ (sutte)
13 Please take a breath. ใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (iki o sutte kudasai.)
14 Please take a deep breath. (Please inhale a breath deeply.)
ใใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (iki o ookiku sutte kudasai.)
15 to sleep or to go to bed ใญใใญใ (neru)
16 sleep or go to bed ใญใพใใญใพใ (nemasu)
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17 to go to bed (in the "te"-form) ใญใฆใญใฆ (nete)
18 Please go to bed. ใญใฆใใ ใใใใญใฆใใ ใใใ (nete kudasai.)
19 fast or early (adjective) ใฏใใใฏใใ (hayai)
20 Please go to bed early. ใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใ (hayaku nete kudasai.)
21 Since you have a fever, please go to bed earlytoday.
ใญใคใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใญใคใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใใ (netsu ga arimasu kara, kyoo wa hayakunete kudasai.)
22 gargling ใใใใใใ (ugai )
23 to gargle (to do gargling)
ใใใใใใใใใใ (ugai suru)
24 Please gargle well. ใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (yoku ugai shite kudasai.)
25 Do you remember that ใใกใใก can mean not only a "house," but also "(one's own) home"? Let'suse it in the next question!
26 Your throat is red, I see. Please gargle well athome.
ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใกใงใใใใใใใฆใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใกใงใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใ ใใใ (nodo ga akai desu ne. uchi de yoku ugaishite kudasai.)
27Many Japanese firmly believe that ใใใใใใ (gargling) is one of the most fundamental preventivepractices against common cold and flu. There are many ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (literally, "garglingmedicine") on the shelves of drugstores, and parents diligently teach their children to do ใฌใฉใฌใฉใฌใฉใฌใฉใใ๏ผใใ๏ผ ("Gargle, gargle, ptui!") as soon as they come home after being outside!
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Please take this medicine three times a day.ใใฎใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใฎใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ
English Japanese
1 Please take this medicine three times a day.ใใฎใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใฎใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใ (kono kusuri o ichi-nichi ni sankai nondekudasai.)
2
ใซใปใใใใฎใใใใใใซใปใใใใฎใใใใใ (Japanese love of medicine) is a well-known fact. Serious about theirhealth, many people take multiple prescribed drugs even for a simple cold. In addition, theyspend a small fortune on alternative medicines, such as ใใใฝใใใใใใฝใใใ (Chinese herbal medicine),and various health supplements, such as ใใใใใใใใ (green-leaf juice), ใใใใใใ (egg oil), and ใใฃใฝใใฃใฝใใจใญในใใจใญใน (the extract of Chinese soft-shelled turtle)!
3 to take (medicine) ใฎใใฎใ (nomu)
4 We have so far used the verb ใฎใใฎใ to mean "to drink." We can also use it to mean "to take(medicine)."
5 take (medicine) ใฎใฟใพใใฎใฟใพใ (nomimasu)
6 to take (medicine) (in the "te"-form) ใฎใใงใฎใใง (nonde)
7 please take (medicine) ใฎใใงใใ ใใใฎใใงใใ ใใ (nonde kudasai)
8 medicine ใใใใใใ (kusuri)
9 Please take this medicine. ใใฎใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono kusuri o nonde kudasai.)
10 three times ใใใใใใใใ (sankai)
11 ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใ (three times) is the counter for occurrence.
12 three times a day ใใกใซใกใซใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใ (ichi-nichi ni sankai)
13When we want to describe how often we do something or how often something happens, we canuse the "(time period) ใซใซ X ใใใใ" pattern. For example, to say "three times a day," we can say ใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใ in Japanese.
14 once a day ใใกใซใกใซใใฃใใใใกใซใกใซใใฃใใ (ichi-nichi ni ikkai)
15 Did you notice that the pronunciation of ใใกใใก (one) changes in ใใฃใใใใฃใใ (once)?
16 twice a day ใใกใซใกใซใซใใใใกใซใกใซใซใใ (ichi-nichi ni nikai)
17 one tablet ใใกใใใใใกใใใ (ichi-joo)
18 ใใใใใใ is the counter for tablets of medicine.
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19 two tablets ใซใใใใซใใใ (ni-joo)
20 two tablets at a time ใซใใใใใคใซใใใใใค (ni-joo zutsu)
21 Please take this medicine twice a day, twotablets at a time.
ใใฎใใใใใใใกใซใกใซใซใใใใซใใใใใใฎใใใใใใใกใซใกใซใซใใใใซใใใใใคใฎใใงใใ ใใใใคใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono kusuri o, ichi-nichi ni nikai, ni-joozutsu nonde kudasai.)
22 before a meal ใใใใใฎใพใใซใใใใใฎใพใใซ (shokuji no mae ni)
23ใพใใซใพใใซ ("before" or "ago") is one of the expressions that indicate the order of events. When ใพใใพใใซใซ (before) follows a noun, we need the particle ใฎใฎ to connect the noun and ใพใใซใพใใซ . Please notethat the nouns that come before ใพใใซใพใใซ are those that either denote actions or events (such as awalk or a concert) or imply actions (such as a bath or a meal).
24 Please take one tablet of this medicine beforea meal.
ใใใใใฎใพใใซใใใฎใใใใใใกใใใใฎใใใใใฎใพใใซใใใฎใใใใใใกใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใงใใ ใใใ (shokuji no mae ni, kono kusuri o ichi-joononde kudasai.)
25 two hours ago ใซใใใใพใใซใซใใใใพใใซ (ni-jikan mae ni)
26 Please note that we don't need the particle ใฎใฎ when ใพใใซใพใใซ comes right after a time period as inใซใใใใพใใซใซใใใใพใใซ (two hours ago).
27 I took one tablet of the medicine two hoursago.
ใซใใใใพใใซใใใใใใกใใใใฎใฟใพใใซใใใใพใใซใใใใใใกใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใใ (ni-jikan mae ni kusuri o ichi-joonomimashita.)
28 thirty minutes before a meal ใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใพใใซใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใพใใซ (shokuji no sanjuppun mae ni)
29 As for this red medicine, please take it thirtyminutes before a meal.
ใใฎใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใฎใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใพใใซใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใพใใซใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono akai kusuri wa, shokuji nosanjuppun mae ni nonde kudasai.)
30
Here are some terminologies and their meanings regarding when to take medicine. If theinstruction says ใใใใใใใใใใ (before meals), you take it within thirty minutes before a meal; if itsays ใใใใใใใใ , you take it within thirty minutes after a meal. ใใใฃใใใใใฃใใ (between meals) meansabout two to three hours after your last meal, and ใญใใพใใญใใพใ (before going to bed) means thirtyminutes to one hour before your bedtime. If the instruction says ใจใใทใใจใใทใ , you take it when thesymptom appears.
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Please take this cough medicine before going tobed.ใญใใพใใซใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใญใใพใใซใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ
English Japanese
1 Please take this cough medicine before goingto bed.
ใญใใพใใซใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใญใใพใใซใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ(neru mae ni, kono sekidome o nondekudasai.)
2 cough medicine ใใใฉใใใใฉใ (sekidome)
3 ใฉใใฉใ in ใใใฉใใใใฉใ (cough medicine) derives from the verb ใจใใใจใใ (to stop). ใใใฉใใใใฉใ , therefore, isliterally a "cough stopper"!
4 Please take this cough medicine. ใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono sekidome o nonde kudasai.)
5 before going to bed ใญใใพใใซใญใใพใใซ (neru mae ni)
6 When we want to say that some action or event happens before another action or event, we usethe dictionary form of a verb before ใพใใซใพใใซ , as in ใญใใพใใซใญใใพใใซ (before going to bed).
7 before eating ใในใใพใใซใในใใพใใซ (taberu mae ni)
8 a rich meal ใใกใใใใกใใ (gochisoo)
9 ใใกใใใใกใใ means a "feast," "banquet," "treat," or "rich meal." Do you remember that Japanese sayใใกใใใใพใงใใใใกใใใใพใงใใ after every meal? It literally means something like "I appreciated the feast"!
10 before eating a rich meal ใใกใใใใในใใพใใซใใกใใใใในใใพใใซ (gochisoo o taberu mae ni)
11 digestive medicine ใใใใใใใใ (igusuri)
12 Before eating the rich meal, I took a digestivemedicine.
ใใกใใใใในใใพใใซใใใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใกใใใใในใใพใใซใใใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใใ (gochisoo o taberu mae ni, igusuri onomimashita.)
13Please note that you can use the "dictionary form of the verb plus ใพใใซใพใใซ" pattern regardless ofthe tense of the sentence that follows the phrase. For example, when we want to say, "I took themedicine before I ate," we can say, ใในใใพใใซใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใในใใพใใซใใใใใฎใฟใพใใ .
14 apply (medicine) ใฌใใฌใ (nuru)
15 ใฌใใฌใ can mean "to paint" or "to apply (medicine, paint, or cosmetics)."
16 before applying (medicine) ใฌใใพใใซใฌใใพใใซ (nuru mae ni)
17 ointment ใชใใใใชใใใ (nankoo)
18 before applying the ointment ใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซ (nankoo o nuru mae ni)
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19 to wash ใใใใใใ (arau)
20 wash ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (araimasu)
21 to wash (in the "te"-form) ใใใฃใฆใใใฃใฆ (aratte)
22 Please wash your hands. ใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (te o aratte kudasai.)
23 Before applying the ointment, please washyour hands.
ใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใใ (nankoo o nuru mae ni, te o arattekudasai.)
24 to serve ใ ใใ ใ (dasu)
25ใ ใใ ใ is a common verb with many meanings, but here we use it to mean "to serve" or "offer"something, including tea, food, medicine, or prescriptions. The translation will vary depending onthe object.
26 serve ใ ใใพใใ ใใพใ (dashimasu)
27 prescription ใใใปใใใใใใปใใใ (sho-hoosen)
28 I will write a prescription. (I will serve a prescription.)
ใใใปใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใปใใใใใ ใใพใใ (sho-hoosen o dashimasu.)
29 cold medicine ใใใใใใใใใใ (kazegusuri)
30 I will dispense a cold medicine. (I will serve a cold medicine.)
ใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใใ (kazegusuri o dashimasu.)
31
Traditionally, Japanese doctors dispensed medicines directly to their patients, but since WWII thegovernment has promoted the division of labor between doctors and pharmacists. Today, it isreported that more than 50% of doctors in Japan write "out-of-the-clinic" prescriptions (ใใใใใใใใใใใปใใใใใใปใใใ) so that their patients can take the prescriptions to pharmacies to get theirmedicines. The rest of the doctors, however, still keep their own dispensaries.
32The particle ใใใใ that indicates the cause or the reason is often used even in cases where thecause-effect relation between two sentences is not very clear. In such a case, the Englishequivalent would be "X, so Y." Let's try this usage in the next question.
33 I'll dispense a cold medicine, so please taketwo tablets before going to bed.
ใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใญใใพใใซใซใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใญใใพใใซใซใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kazegusuri o dashimasu kara, neru maeni ni-joo nonde kudasai.)
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You must not drink alcoholic beverages.ใใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใ
English Japanese
1 You must not drink alcoholic beverages. ใใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใ (osake o nonde wa ikemasen.)
2
In general, drinking alcohol or ใใใใ ใใใใ is not only well-accepted in society, but even encouragedat social gatherings in Japan. Many people believe that drinking together promotes goodrelationships, and it's common for businessmen to make a deal with their clients at bars andrestaurants. In such occasions, you may say, "No, thank you," but well-wishers would likely keepnagging you to empty your glass. A good excuse, then, is to invoke ใใฏใฟใผในใใใใใฏใฟใผในใใใ or yourdoctor's order to stop drinking!
3 You must not drink. ใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใ (nonde wa ikemasen.)
4We can use the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใฏใใใพใใใฏใใใพใใ" pattern to prohibit someone from doing something. It's equivalent to "(You) must not...." Please note that this is a polite yet rather strong expression,and you will probably hear it used by some authority figures, such as parents, teachers, anddoctors.
5 alcoholic beverage ใใใใใใ (osake)
6 ใใใใใใ (or ใใใใ) can mean either "rice wine" or "alcoholic beverages" in general. Please note thatmany people say ใใใใใใ even in casual conversations, as in the case of ใใกใใใกใ (tea).
7 cigarette ใใฐใใใฐใ (tabako)
8 I smoke cigarettes. (I inhale cigarettes.)
ใใฐใใใใใพใใใใฐใใใใใพใใ (tabako o suimasu.)
9 You must not smoke cigarettes. ใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใ (tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.)
10 terrible ใฒใฉใใฒใฉใ (hidoi)
11 You have a terrible cough. (Cough is terrible.)
ใใใใฒใฉใใงใใใใใใฒใฉใใงใใ (seki ga hidoi desu.)
12 You have a terrible cough, I see. You must notsmoke cigarettes for a while, you know.
ใใใใฒใฉใใงใใญใใใฐใใใใฐใใใใฃใฆใใใใฒใฉใใงใใญใใใฐใใใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใ (seki ga hidoi desu ne. shibaraku tabakoo sutte wa ikemasen yo.)
13
Quitting smoking, or ใใใใใใใใ , has lately become a social trend in Japan. While Western anti-smoking campaigns seem to focus on the health of smokers themselves, Japanese campaignstend to emphasize how one's smoking affects other people. For those who refuse to quitsmoking, the long list of ใใฐใใฎใใใผใใฐใใฎใใใผ (cigarette-smoking etiquette) has been widelypropagated, offering detailed instructions on how to smoke without troubling others around them!
14 to get in ใฏใใใฏใใ (hairu)
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English Japanese
15 get in ใฏใใใพใใฏใใใพใ (hairimasu)
16 I take a bath. (I get into a bath.)
ใใตใใซใฏใใใพใใใใตใใซใฏใใใพใใ (ofuro ni hairimasu.)
17Did you remember that of the three particles (ใพใงใพใง , ใธใธ , and ใซใซ๏ผ๏ผ that function as the equivalent of"to" in English, ใซใซ emphasizes the "point of contact"? Let's memorize ๏ฝใซใฏใใ๏ฝใซใฏใใ (to get into ~)as an idiom.
18 to get in (in the "te"-form) ใฏใใฃใฆใฏใใฃใฆ (haitte)
19 May I take a bath? ใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (ofuro ni haitte mo ii desu ka.)
20 Um, may I take a bath tonight?ใใฎใใใใใฐใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใฎใใใใใฐใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใ (anoo, konban ofuro ni haitte mo ii desuka.)
21To take a bath or not to take a bath...that is an important question when you get sick in Japan. Because most Japanese people have no central heating system at home, they are afraid of ใใใใใใ--getting a chill after a bath--during cold winter days. Also, they are afraid that putting a sickperson into a hot tub would exacerbate the illness by wearing him or her out.
22 Let's figure out short answers to the question ใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใ (May I take a bath?).
23 Yes, you may, you know. ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใงใใใ (ee, ii desu yo.)
24 You must not. ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ (ikemasen.)
25Instead of using the whole structure of the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใฏใใใพใใใฏใใใพใใ" pattern, we can use theshort version ใใใพใใใใใพใใ to tell others not to do something. It's equivalent to "You must not" inEnglish.
26 No, not today, you know. (No, as for today, you must not, you know.)
ใใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใ (iie, kyoo wa ikemasen yo.)
27 Please take the medicine and go to bed earlytoday. Take good care of yourself.
ใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใ ใใใซใใใใใ ใใใซใ (kyoo wa, kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)
28
The Japanese love of medicines might originate in the old saying, ใใใฏใพใใณใใใฎใใจใใใฏใพใใณใใใฎใใจ (A coldis the father of ten thousand illness). Yet, they also know that ใใพใใฏใใใใใพใใฏใใใ (Our illness mirrorsour mental state). They try to stay healthy by following the old advice, ใฏใใฏใกใถใใซใใใใใใฏใใฏใกใถใใซใใใใใใใ (Eat less and you'll need no doctor), or ใฏใใญใฏใใใใใใใใใใฏใใญใฏใใใใใใใใใ (If you go to bed early andget up early, you'll never see a doctor).ใใOnce they get sick, they may try ใใใใใใญใคใใใใใใญใค (Keepyour head cold and your feet warm) to get well soon!
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Vocabulary ReviewEnglish Japanese
"Seven Samurai" ใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใ ("shichi-nin no samurai")
"parent-child" rice bowl ใใใใฉใใถใใใใใฉใใถใ (oyako donburi)
Ah! ใใใใ! (are!)
April ใใใคใใใค (shi-gatsu)
As a matter of fact, I am poor at it. ใซใใฆใชใใงใใใซใใฆใชใใงใใ (nigate nandesu.)
Christmas ใฏใชในใในใฏใชในใใน (kurisumasu)
Don't forget! ใใใใใชใ๏ผใใใใใชใ๏ผ (owasurenaku!)
Enoshima ใใฎใใพใใฎใใพ (enoshima)
Friday ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (kin-yoobi)
Go ahead. ใฉใใใใฉใใใ (doozo.)
Good night. ใใใใฟใชใใใใใใใฟใชใใใ (oyasuminasai.)
Hello (when announcing one's arrival atsomeone's house).
ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใใใ (gomenkudasai.)
Hokkaido ใปใฃใใใฉใใปใฃใใใฉใ (hokkaidoo)
How hot do you think it is? ใชใใฉใงใใใใใใชใใฉใงใใใใใ (nan-do deshoo ka.)
How much do you think it will cost? ใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใ (ikura kakaru deshoo ka.)
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English Japanese
I didn't know. ใใใพใใใงใใใใใใพใใใงใใใ (shirimasendeshita.)
I don't mind. ใใพใใพใใใใใพใใพใใใ (kamaimasen.)
I like the ocean better. ใใฟใฎใปใใใใใงใใใใฟใฎใปใใใใใงใใ (umi no hoo ga suki desu.)
I'd like to exchange money. (As a matter of fact, I want to exchange money,but....)
ใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใ (ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)
I'll do so. ใใใใพใใใใใใพใใ (soo shimasu.)
I'm tired. (I tired myself. )
ใคใใใพใใใใคใใใพใใใ (tsukaremashita.)
I/me ใผใใผใ (boku)
It hurts. ใใใฟใพใใใใใฟใพใใ (itamimasu.)
It was hot. ใใคใใฃใใงใใใใคใใฃใใงใใ (atsukatta desu.)
January (the first month)
ใใกใใคใใกใใค (ichi-gatsu)
Japanese pinball ใใใณใณใใใณใณ (pachinko)
Japanese-style bedding ใตใจใใตใจใ (futon)
Japanese-style closet ใใใใใใใใ (oshi-ire)
Japanese-style drawing room ใใใใใใ (zashiki)
Japanese-style family room (space for tea)
ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ (chanoma)
July ใใกใใคใใกใใค (shichi-gatsu)
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English Japanese
Kyushu ใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใใใ ใ (kyuushuu)
Let me carry it for you. ใใกใพใใใใใใกใพใใใใ (mochimashoo.)
Let me see.... ใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใ (eetto....)
Let's go. ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (ikimashoo.)
Let's hurry. ใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใ (isogimashoo.)
Let's meet. ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (aimashoo)
May I ask you? (May I request?)
ใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใ (onegai shite mo ii desu ka.)
Monday ใใคใใใณใใคใใใณ (getsu-yoobi)
Mt. Aso ใใใใใใใใ (asosan)
Mt. Fuji ใตใใใใตใใใ (fujisan)
Mt. Takao ใใใใใใใใใใ (takaosan)
No, no. ใใใใใใใใใใ (ie ie.)
Not so much. ใใใปใฉใงใใใใใปใฉใงใใ (sore hodo demo.)
OK. (I understood.)
ใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใ (wakarimashita.)
Oh? ใธใ๏ผใธใ๏ผ (hee?)
Please come in. ใฉใใใใฉใใใ (doozo.)
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English Japanese
Please tell me. ใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (oshiete kudasai.)
Saturday ใฉใใใณใฉใใใณ (do-yoobi)
September ใใใคใใใค (ku-gatsu)
Shall I show you around? ใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (an-nai shimashoo ka.)
Shall we rest? ใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใใ (yasumimashoo ka.)
Sunday ใซใกใใใณใซใกใใใณ (nichi-yoobi)
TV ใใฌใใใฌใ (terebi)
Tell me, how do you make it? ใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)
Thank you for inviting me in. (I'll hinder you.)
ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใพใใพใใ (ojama shimasu.)
Thank you for your time and hospitality. (I hindered you.)
ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใพใใพใใใ (ojama shimashita.)
Thursday ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (moku-yoobi)
Tokyo Plaza ใจใใใใใใฉใถใจใใใใใใฉใถ (tookyoo puraza)
Tuesday ใใใใณใใใใณ (ka-yoobi)
We are going to have karaoke, too. ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใ (karaoke mo arimasu.)
Wednesday ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (sui-yoobi)
Welcome. ใใใฃใใใใใใใฃใใใใ (irasshai.)
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English Japanese
Well.... ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใ (soo desu ne....)
What!? ใใฃใใฃ!? (e!?)
Wow! ใใ๏ผใใ๏ผ (waa!)
You must not drink. ใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใ (nonde wa ikemasen.)
You must not. ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ (ikemasen.)
a breath ใใใใ (iki)
a chill ใใใใใใ (samuke)
a cold ใใใใ (kaze)
a little more ใใใใใใใใใใ (moo sukoshi)
a pair of boots (boots)
ใใผใใใผใ (buutsu)
a pair of sandals (sandal)
ใตใณใใซใตใณใใซ (sandaru)
a practice ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ (renshuu )
a present ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ (purezento)
a request ใใญใใใใญใใ (onegai)
a rich meal ใใกใใใใกใใ (gochisoo)
a room with the family Buddhist altar ใถใคใพใถใคใพ (butsuma)
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English Japanese
a worry ใใใฑใใใใฑใ (shinpai)
a wound ใใใใ (kizu)
add ใใใพใใใใพใ (iremasu)
after you remit it ใใใใใใฆใใใใใใใใฆใใ (sookin shite kara)
afternoon or p.m. ใใใใ (gogo)
airmail ใใใใใณใใใใใใณใ (kookuubin)
alcoholic beverage ใใใใใใ (osake)
all ใฟใใชใฟใใช (min-na)
already ใใใใ (moo)
among seasons ใใใคใงใใใคใง (kisetsu de)
amusement park ใใใใใกใใใใใก (yuuenchi)
another person ใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจใ (moo hitori)
appetite ใใใใใใใใใใ (shokuyoku)
apply (medicine) ใฌใใฌใ (nuru)
are you looking for? ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (osagashi desu ka)
around four o'clock ใใใใใใใใ (yo-ji goro)
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around thirty degrees ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใ (sanjuu-do gurai)
arrive ใจใฉใใพใใจใฉใใพใ (todokimasu)
at nine o'clock ใใใซใใใซ (ku-ji ni)
autumn ใใใใ (aki)
bar ใใผใใผ (baa)
baseball ใใใ ใใใใ ใ (yakyuu)
bathroom ใตใใฐใตใใฐ (furoba)
beach ใใผใใใผใ (biichi)
beautiful ใใใใใใ (kiree)
became ใชใใพใใใชใใพใใ (narimashita)
because ใใใใ (kara)
become ใชใใพใใชใใพใ (narimasu)
become inexpensive ใใใใชใใพใใใใใชใใพใ (yasuku narimasu)
bed ใใใใใใ (beddo)
before a meal ใใใใใฎใพใใซใใใใใฎใพใใซ (shokuji no mae ni)
before going to bed ใญใใพใใซใญใใพใใซ (neru mae ni)
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being by oneself ใฒใจใใฒใจใ (hitori)
being by oneself ใใฒใจใใใฒใจใ (ohitori)
best or most (number one)
ใใกใฐใใใกใฐใ (ichiban)
birthday ใใใใใใณใใใใใใณ (tanjoobi)
black ใใใใใใ (kuroi)
blind-date party ใใใณใณใใใณใณ (gookon)
blouse ใใฉใฆในใใฉใฆใน (burausu)
boil (water) ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (wakashimasu)
bookshelf ใปใใ ใชใปใใ ใช (hondana)
both or neither ใฉใกใใใฉใกใใ (dochira mo)
both tennis and golf ใใในใใดใซใใใใในใใดใซใใ (tenisu mo gorufu mo)
box ใฏใใฏใ (hako)
box lunch ใในใใจใใในใใจใ (obentoo)
boy (male child)
ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ (otoko no ko)
boyfriend (he/him)
ใใใใ (kare)
broil ใใใพใใใใพใ (yakimasu)
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busy ใใใใใใใใใใ (isogashii)
by all means ใใฒใใฒ (zehi)
by and by ใใใใใใใใ (soro soro)
cafe ใซใใงใซใใง (kafe)
cake ใฑใผใญใฑใผใญ (keeki)
cake shop ใฑใผใญใใฑใผใญใ (keeki-ya)
camera ใซใกใฉใซใกใฉ (kamera)
can do (is/am/are able to do)
ใงใใพใใงใใพใ (dekimasu)
carp ใใใใ (koi)
carry ใใกใพใใใกใพใ (mochimasu)
cat ใญใใญใ (neko)
cheerful ใใใใใใใใ (akarui)
cherry blossom ใใใใใใ (sakura)
cherry-blossom viewing picnic ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ (ohanami)
chest ใใญใใญ (mune)
chicken (as meat) (bird meat)
ใจใใซใใจใใซใ (tori-niku)
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chicken curry ใใญใณใซใฌใผใใญใณใซใฌใผ (chikin karee)
cigarette ใใฐใใใฐใ (tabako)
close ใใใพใใใใพใ (shimemasu)
close to twenty thousand yen ใซใพใใใใกใใใซใพใใใใกใใ (niman en chikaku)
clothes ใตใใตใ (fuku)
cloudy weather ใใใใใใ (kumori)
coat ใณใผใใณใผใ (kooto)
cocktail ใซใฏใใซใซใฏใใซ (kakuteru)
coffee or something ใณใผใใผใงใใณใผใใผใงใ (koohii demo)
cold medicine ใใใใใใใใใใ (kazegusuri)
color ใใใใ (iro)
come ใใพใใใพใ (kimasu)
come down ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (sagarimasu)
come out ใงใพใใงใพใ (demasu)
common ใใ ใฎใใ ใฎ (tadano)
company ใใใใใใใใ (kaisha)
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company employee ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (kaisha-in)
condition ใกใใใใกใใใ (chooshi)
convenient ในใใในใใ (benri)
cook (in liquid) ใซใพใใซใพใ (nimasu)
cook (rice) ใใใพใใใใพใ (takimasu)
cooking ใใใใใใใใ (ryoori)
cool ใใใใใใใใ (suzushii)
cost ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (kakarimasu)
cough ใใใใ (seki)
cough medicine ใใใฉใใใใฉใ (sekidome)
cup ใซใใใซใใ (kappu)
curry roux ใซใฌใผใซใผใซใฌใผใซใผ (karee ruu)
cute ใใใใใใใใ (kawaii)
dancing ใใณในใใณใน (dansu)
date (for calendar) ใฒใฅใใฒใฅใ (hizuke)
desk ใคใใใคใใ (tsukue)
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dessert ใใถใผใใใถใผใ (dezaato)
digestive medicine ใใใใใใใใ (igusuri)
discount sale ใปใผใซใปใผใซ (seeru)
distressing ใใใใใใใใ (kurushii)
dizziness ใใพใใใพใ (memai)
do ใใพใใใพใ (shimasu)
dog ใใฌใใฌ (inu)
don't go ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (ikimasen)
don't like ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (suki ja arimasen)
don't need ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (irimasen)
dress (one-piece)
ใฏใณใใผในใฏใณใใผใน (wanpiisu)
drink ใฎใฟใพใใฎใฟใพใ (nomimasu)
eat ใในใพใใในใพใ (tabemasu)
egg ใใพใใใพใ (tamago)
eight (items) ใใฃใคใใฃใค (yattsu)
eight days ใใใใใใ (yooka)
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eight months ใฏใฃใใใคใฏใฃใใใค (hakkagetsu)
eight weeks ใฏใฃใใ ใใใใฏใฃใใ ใใใ (hasshuukan)
eight years old ใฏใฃใใใฏใฃใใ (hassai)
eighteen years old ใใ ใใฏใฃใใใใ ใใฏใฃใใ (juu hassai)
elder brother ใใซใใซ (ani)
elder sister ใใญใใญ (ane)
enjoyable ใใใใใใใใใใ (omoshiroi)
entrance hall ใใใใใใใใ (genkan)
evening ใฐใใฐใ (ban)
evening (before dark) ใใใใใใใใ (yuugata)
every day ใพใใซใกใพใใซใก (mai-nichi)
expensive ใใใใใใ (takai)
fall (referring to rain or snow) ใตใใพใใตใใพใ (furimasu)
family ใใใใใใ (kazoku)
family ใใใใใใใใ (gokazoku)
famous ใใใใใใใใ (yuumee)
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fast or early (adjective) ใฏใใใฏใใ (hayai)
father ใกใกใกใก (chichi)
female (for humans) ใใใชใใใช (on-na)
first ใใใซใใใซ (saki ni)
first of all ใพใใพใ (mazu)
fishing ใคใใคใ (tsuri)
fitting room ใใกใใใใคใใกใใใใค (shichaku-shitsu)
five (items) ใใคใคใใคใค (itsutsu)
five days ใใคใใใคใ (itsuka)
for a hike ใใคใญใณใฐใซใใคใญใณใฐใซ (haikingu ni)
for a while ใใฐใใใใฐใใ (shibaraku)
for the first time ใฏใใใฆใฏใใใฆ (hajimete)
four (items) ใใฃใคใใฃใค (yottsu)
four days ใใฃใใใฃใ (yokka)
four days ใใฃใใใฃใ (yokka)
four o'clock ใใใใ (yoji)
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four people ใใซใใใซใ (yonin)
fourteen days ใใ ใใใฃใใใ ใใใฃใ (juu-yokka)
free (when referring to one's schedule) ใฒใพใฒใพ (hima)
full of energy ใใใใใใ (genki)
funny ใใใใใใใใใใ (omoshiroi)
garden ใใซใใใซใ (oniwa)
garden/yard ใซใใซใ (niwa)
gargling ใใใใใใ (ugai )
gentle (as for animals) ใใจใชใใใใจใชใใ (otonashii)
get in ใฏใใใพใใฏใใใพใ (hairimasu)
girlfriend ใใฎใใใใฎใใ (kanojo)
go ใใใพใใใใพใ (ikimasu)
go home ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (kaerimasu)
go to swim ใใใใซใใใพใใใใใซใใใพใ (oyogi ni ikimasu)
go up ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (agarimasu)
gold color ใใใใใใใใ (kin-iro)
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golf ใดใซใใดใซใ (gorufu)
good ใใใใ (ii)
grandfather ใใตใใต (sofu)
grandfather ใใใใใใใใใใ (ojiisan)
grandmother ใใฐใใใใใฐใใใ (obaasan)
grandmother ใใผใใผ (sobo)
gym ในใใผใใธใ ในใใผใใธใ (supootsu jimu)
half (referring to time period) ใฏใใฏใ (han)
hate ใใใใงใใใใใงใ (kirai desu)
have (when referring to living creatures) ใใพใใใพใ (imasu)
have fun ใใใณใพใใใใณใพใ (asobimasu)
having a sale (in the middle of discount sale)
ใปใผใซใกใ ใใปใผใซใกใ ใ (seeruchuu)
hello (for telephone calls) ใใใใใใใใ (moshi moshi)
high or tall ใใใใใใ (takai)
high school ใใใใใใใใ (kookoo)
hmmm ใใผใใใผใ (uun)
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hot water ใใใใ (oyu)
house ใใใกใใใก (ouchi)
house ใใกใใก (uchi)
how (when asking the method) ใฉใใใฃใฆใฉใใใฃใฆ (doo-yatte)
how far ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ (donokurai)
how many (items) ใใใคใใใค (ikutsu)
how many (small animals, fish, or insects) ใชใใณใใชใใณใ (nanbiki)
how many months ใชใใใใคใชใใใใค (nan kagetsu)
how many people ใชใใซใใชใใซใ (nan-nin)
how many weeks ใชใใใ ใใใใชใใใ ใใใ (nanshuukan)
how much (for quantities) ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ (donokurai)
how old ใชใใใใชใใใ (nansai)
how old ใใใใคใใใใค (oikutsu)
hurry ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (isogimasu)
if that's the case ใใใชใใใใชใ (sore nara)
in no time ใใใใใใใใ (moo sugu)
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in particular ใจใใซใจใใซ (toku ni)
in total ใใใถใงใใใถใง (zenbu de)
inexpensive ใใใใใใ (yasui)
ingredient ใใใใใใใใใใ (zai-ryoo)
inside ใชใใชใ (naka)
is made ใงใใพใใงใใพใ (dekimasu)
is/am/are called ใจใใใพใใจใใใพใ (to iimasu)
is/am/are doing ใใฆใใพใใใฆใใพใ (shite imasu)
jacket ใใใใใใ (uwagi)
just ใกใใใฉใกใใใฉ (choodo)
kilometer ใญใญใกใผใใซใญใญใกใผใใซ (kiro-meetoru)
kitchen ใ ใใฉใใใ ใใฉใใ (daidokoro)
know ใใใพใใใใพใ (shirimasu)
last year ใใใญใใใใญใ (kyo-nen)
letter ใฆใใฟใฆใใฟ (tegami)
like ใใใงใใใใงใ (suki desu)
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English Japanese
living room ใชใใณใฐใชใใณใฐ (ribingu)
location ใฐใใใฐใใ (basho)
long sleeve ใชใใใงใชใใใง (nagasode)
look for ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (sagashimasu)
love ใ ใใใใงใใ ใใใใงใ (daisuki desu.)
low heat ใใใณใใใณ (yowabi)
mahjong ใใผใธใฃใณใใผใธใฃใณ (maajan)
make ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ (tsukurimasu)
make (a telephone call) ใใใพใใใใพใ (kakemasu)
male (for humans) ใใจใใใจใ (otoko)
many ใใใใใใ (ooi)
meal ใใใใใใใใ (shokuji)
medical doctor ใใใใใใ (isha)
medicine ใใใใใใ (kusuri)
meet ใใใพใใใใพใ (aimasu)
member ใกใณใใผใกใณใใผ (menbaa)
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meter ใกใผใใซใกใผใใซ (meetoru)
miso paste ใฟใใฟใ (miso)
money ใใใญใใใญ (okane)
money exchange ใใใใใใใใใใ (ryoogae)
more than ใใใใ (yori)
morning ใใใใ (asa)
morning or a.m. ใใใใใใ (gozen)
most desirable ใชใซใใใชใซใใ (nani yori)
mother ใฏใฏใฏใฏ (haha)
mountain ใใพใใพ (yama)
mouth ใใกใใก (kuchi)
movie ใใใใใใ (eega)
much more ใใฃใจใใฃใจ (zutto)
nasal drip (nose water)
ใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟใ (hanamizu)
nausea ใฏใใใฏใใ (hakike)
necktie ใใฏใฟใคใใฏใฟใค (nekutai)
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need ใใใพใใใใพใ (irimasu)
new ใใใใใใใใใใ (atarashii)
newspaper ใใใถใใใใถใ (shinbun)
next (when referring to the order of events) ใคใใซใคใใซ (tsugi ni)
next time ใใใฉใใใฉ (kondo)
next-door ใจใชใใจใชใ (tonari)
night ใใใใ (yoru)
night club ใฏใฉใใฏใฉใ (kurabu)
nine (items) ใใใฎใคใใใฎใค (kokonotsu)
nine days ใใใฎใใใใฎใ (kokonoka)
nine o'clock ใใใใ (kuji)
nineteen days ใใ ใใใซใกใใ ใใใซใก (juu-ku-nichi)
ninety-six years old ใใ ใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใใ (kyuujuu roku sai)
no one ใ ใใใ ใใ (daremo)
noisy ใใใใใใใใ (urusai)
now ใใพใใพ (ima)
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English Japanese
now (when encouraging some course of action) ใใใใ (saa)
ocean or sea ใใฟใใฟ (umi)
of course ใใกใใใใกใใ (mochiron)
often ใใใใ (yoku)
ointment ใชใใใใชใใใ (nankoo)
old ใตใใใตใใ (furui)
one (item) ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค (hitotsu)
one (item) ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค (hitotsu)
one day ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก (ichi-nichi)
one hour ใใกใใใใใกใใใ (ichi jikan)
one month ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (ikkagetsu)
one month or more ใใฃใใใคใใใใใใฃใใใคใใใใ (ikkagetsu ijoo)
one more kilometer to go ใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซ (ato ichi kiro-meetoru)
one person ใฒใจใใฒใจใ (hitori)
one pinch ใฒใจใคใพใฟใฒใจใคใพใฟ (hitotsumami)
one tablet ใใกใใใใใกใใใ (ichi-joo)
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English Japanese
one week ใใฃใใ ใใใใใฃใใ ใใใ (isshuukan)
only child (one child)
ใฒใจใใฃใใฒใจใใฃใ (hitorikko)
open ใใใพใใใใพใ (akemasu)
orange color ใชใฌใณใธใใใชใฌใณใธใใ (orenji iro)
ornamental carp ใซใใใใใซใใใใ (nishikigoi)
over low heat (by means of low heat)
ใใใณใงใใใณใง (yowabi de)
package ใซใใคใซใใค (nimotsu)
pain ใใใฟใใใฟ (itami)
painful and ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (itakute)
party ใใผใใฃใผใใผใใฃใผ (paatii)
people ใฒใจใใกใฒใจใใก (hitotachi)
pepper ใใใใใใใใ (koshoo)
person ใฒใจใฒใจ (hito)
pet ใใใใใใ (petto)
photograph ใใใใใใใใ (shashin)
plan ใใฆใใใฆใ (yotee)
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English Japanese
plentifully ใใใใใใใใ (takusan)
pond ใใใใ (ike)
poor at ใซใใฆใซใใฆ (nigate)
prescription ใใใปใใใใใใปใใใ (sho-hoosen)
presents for my family ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใ (kazoku e no purezento)
price ใญใ ใใญใ ใ (nedan)
probably ใใถใใใถใ (tabun)
professional wrestling ใใญใฌในใใญใฌใน (puroresu)
program (for TV and radio) ใฐใใใฟใฐใใใฟ (bangumi)
quiet ใใใใใใ (shizuka)
rain or rainy weather ใใใใ (ame)
ramen noodle soup ใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ (raamen)
red ใใใใใใ (akai)
red one ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (akai no)
red ones, white ones, and others ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใใฎใใใใใฎ (akai no ya shiroi no)
regrettable ใใใญใใใใญใ (zan-nen)
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English Japaneseremittance (sending money)
ใใใใใใใใ (sookin)
rented house ใใใใใใใใ (shakuya)
rest ใใใฟใพใใใใฟใพใ (yasumimasu)
right or suitable ใใใใ (ii)
river ใใใใ (kawa)
room ใธใใธใ (heya)
salt ใใใใ (shio)
sautรฉ ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (itamemasu)
sea mail ใตใชใณใใตใชใณใ (funabin)
season ใใใคใใใค (kisetsu)
seems to fall (referring to rain or snow) ใตใใใใงใใตใใใใงใ (furisoo desu.)
send ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (okurimasu)
serve ใ ใใพใใ ใใพใ (dashimasu)
seven (items) ใชใชใคใชใชใค (nanatsu)
seven days ใชใฎใใชใฎใ (nanoka)
seven o'clock ใใกใใใกใ (shichiji )
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English Japanese
shabu shabu ใใใถใใใถใใใถใใใถ (shabu shabu)
shade ใฒใใใฒใใ (hikage)
shoe store ใใคใใใคใ (kutsu-ya)
shoes ใใคใใค (kutsu)
shopping ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (kaimono)
shopping district ใใใใฆใใใใใใใฆใใใ (shootengai)
short ใฟใใใใฟใใใ (mijikai)
show ใฟใใพใใฟใใพใ (misemasu)
show around ใใใชใใใพใใใใชใใใพใ (an-nai shimasu)
sibling ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ (kyoodai)
siblings ใใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใ (gokyoodai)
side ใใใใ (yoko)
since three days ago ใฟใฃใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใ (mikka mae kara)
six (items) ใใฃใคใใฃใค (muttsu)
six days ใใใใใใ (muika)
six months ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (rokkagetsu)
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English Japanese
size ใตใคใบใตใคใบ (saizu)
size nine ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ (kyuugoo)
sleep or go to bed ใญใพใใญใพใ (nemasu)
sleeve ใใงใใง (sode)
snow or snowy weather ใใใใ (yuki)
so much ใใใชใซใใใชใซ (son-na ni)
someone or anyone ใ ใใใ ใใ (dareka)
something ใชใซใใชใซใ (nanika)
sometimes ใจใใฉใใจใใฉใ (tokidoki)
somewhat ใชใใ ใใชใใ ใ (nandaka)
soy sauce ใใใใใใใใ (shooyu)
soybeans ใ ใใใ ใใ (daizu)
spacious ใฒใใใฒใใ (hiroi)
special delivery ใใใใคใใใใค (sokutatsu)
sports ในใใผใในใใผใ (supootsu)
spring ใฏใใฏใ (haru)
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English Japanese
stifling hot ใใใใคใใใใใคใ (mushiatsui)
still or yet ใพใ ใพใ (mada)
stop (when referring to rain or snow) ใใฟใพใใใฟใพใ (yamimasu)
stop by ใใใพใใใใพใ (yorimasu)
store or place of business ใฟใใฟใ (mise)
strict ใใณใใใใณใใ (kibishii)
sugar ใใจใใใจใ (satoo)
suits ในใผใในใผใ (suutsu)
summer ใชใคใชใค (natsu)
summit ใกใใใใใใกใใใใใ (choojoo)
sumo wrestling ใใใใใใ (sumoo)
sunny weather ใฏใใฏใ (hare)
supermarket ในใผใใผในใผใใผ (suupaa)
supper (evening meal)
ใฐใใใฏใใฐใใใฏใ (ban gohan)
swim ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (oyogimasu)
swimsuit ใฟใใใฟใใ (mizugi)
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English Japanese
table ใใผใใซใใผใใซ (teeburu)
tablespoon (big spoon)
ใใใใใใใใ (oosaji)
take (medicine) ใฎใฟใพใใฎใฟใพใ (nomimasu)
take (when referring to time) ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (kakarimasu)
tea-ceremony room ใกใใใคใกใใใค (chashitsu)
teach or tell ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (oshiemasu)
teacher ใใใใใใใใ (kyooshi)
teaspoon (small spoon)
ใใใใใใ (kosaji)
ten (items) ใจใใจใ (too)
ten days ใจใใใจใใ (tooka)
ten minutes ใใ ใฃใทใใใ ใฃใทใ (juppun)
ten months ใใ ใฃใใใคใใ ใฃใใใค (jukkagetsu)
ten weeks ใใ ใฃใใ ใใใใใ ใฃใใ ใใใ (jusshuukan)
tennis ใใในใใใน (tenisu)
terrible ใฒใฉใใฒใฉใ (hidoi)
terrible or amazing ใใใใใใ (sugoi)
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English Japanese
test or inspection ใใใใใใ (kensa)
the Akita ใใใใใฌใใใใใฌ (akita inu)
the end or the last ใใใใใใ (saigo )
the exchange rate (a rate)
ใฌใผใใฌใผใ (reeto)
the first day of the month ใคใใใกใคใใใก (tsuitachi)
the ocean or mountains (in a comparisonquestion)
ใใฟใจใใพใจใใฟใจใใพใจ (umi to yama to)
the second time ใซใใใใซใใใ (nikaime )
the station-front area (station front)
ใใใพใใใใพใ (ekimae)
then ใใใใใใใใ (sore kara)
there is (when referring to living creatures) ใใพใใใพใ (imasu)
there is (when referring to things) ใใใพใใใใพใ (arimasu)
there is not (when referring to living creatures) ใใพใใใใพใใ (imasen)
thing ใใฎใใฎ (mono)
things to do ใใใใใใ (yooji)
thirty-seven point five degrees ใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถ (san-juu-nana do go bu)
this place ใใกใใใกใ (kochira)
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English Japanese
this year ใใจใใใจใ (kotoshi)
though ใใฉใใฉ (kedo)
three (items) ใฟใฃใคใฟใฃใค (mittsu)
three days ใฟใฃใใฟใฃใ (mikka)
three people ใใใซใใใใซใ (san-nin)
three times ใใใใใใใใ (sankai)
three times a day ใใกใซใกใซใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใ (ichi-nichi ni sankai)
tire oneself ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ (tsukaremasu)
to a mountain ใใพใธใใพใธ (yama e)
to arrive ใจใฉใใจใฉใ (todoku)
to be able to do ใงใใใงใใ (dekiru)
to be made ใงใใใงใใ (dekiru)
to be made (in the "te"-form) ใงใใฆใงใใฆ (dekite)
to be ready ใงใใใงใใ (dekiru)
to become ใชใใชใ (naru)
to boil (water) ใใใใใใ (wakasu)
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English Japanese
to boil (water) (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (wakashite)
to broil ใใใใ (yaku)
to burn (when referring to a pain) ใฒใใฒใใใใฒใใฒใใใ (hiri hiri suru)
to carry ใใคใใค (motsu)
to catch a cold ใใใใฒใใใใใฒใ (kaze o hiku)
to close ใใใใใใ (shimeru)
to come ใใใใ (kuru)
to come out ใงใใงใ (deru)
to come over for a visit ใใใณใซใใใใใณใซใใ (asobi ni kuru)
to cook (in liquid) ใซใใซใ (niru)
to cook (rice) ใใใใ (taku)
to cook (rice) (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (taite)
to cost ใใใใใใ (kakaru)
to do ใใใใ (suru)
to do (in the "te"-form) ใใฆใใฆ (shite)
to drink ใฎใใฎใ (nomu)
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English Japanese
to eat ใในใใในใ (taberu)
to eat (in the "te"-form) ใในใฆใในใฆ (tabete)
to exist or to be (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใใใใ (iru)
to exist or to be (when referring to things) ใใใใ (aru)
to fall (referring to rain or snow) ใตใใตใ (furu)
to feel, smell, or hear ใใใใ (suru)
to get in ใฏใใใฏใใ (hairu)
to get in (in the "te"-form) ใฏใใฃใฆใฏใใฃใฆ (haitte)
to go ใใใใ (iku)
to go down or to come down ใใใใใใ (sagaru)
to go home ใใใใใใ (kaeru)
to go to bed (in the "te"-form) ใญใฆใญใฆ (nete)
to go up ใใใใใใ (agaru)
to have (when referring to living creatures) ใใใใ (iru)
to have a meal ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (shokuji suru)
to have excruciating pain ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ (kiri kiri itamu)
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English Japanese
to have persistent dull pain ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ (shiku shiku itamu)
to hurry ใใใใใใ (isogu)
to hurt ใใใใใใ (itamu)
to inhale ใใใใ (suu)
to inhale (in the "te"-form) ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ (sutte)
to know ใใใใ (shiru)
to know (in the "te"-form) ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ (shitte)
to look for ใใใใใใ (sagasu)
to look for (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (sagashite)
to make ใคใใใคใใ (tsukuru)
to make (a telephone call) ใใใใใใ (kakeru)
to make (a telephone call) (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (kakete)
to make (in the "te"-form) ใคใใฃใฆใคใใฃใฆ (tsukutte)
to meet ใใใใ (au)
to need ใใใใ (iru)
to open ใใใใใใ (akeru)
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English Japanese
to open (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (akete)
to play or to have fun ใใใถใใใถ (asobu)
to put in or to add ใใใใใใ (ireru)
to put in or to add (in the "te"-form) ใใใฆใใใฆ (irete)
to rest ใใใใใใ (yasumu)
to sautรฉ ใใใใใใใใ (itameru)
to sautรฉ (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (itamete)
to say ใใใใ (yuu)
to send ใใใใใใ (okuru)
to send (in the "te"-form) ใใใฃใฆใใใฃใฆ (okutte)
to serve ใ ใใ ใ (dasu)
to show ใฟใใใฟใใ (miseru)
to show (in the "te"-form) ใฟใใฆใฟใใฆ (misete)
to show around ใใใชใใใใใใชใใใ (an-nai suru)
to sleep or to go to bed ใญใใญใ (neru)
to stop (when referring to rain or snow) ใใใใ (yamu)
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English Japanese
to stop by ใใใใ (yoru)
to stop by (in the "te"-form) ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ (yotte)
to suffer from a splitting headache ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (gan gan suru)
to swim ใใใใใใ (oyogu)
to take (medicine) ใฎใใฎใ (nomu)
to take (medicine) (in the "te"-form) ใฎใใงใฎใใง (nonde)
to take (something with one) ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ (motte iku)
to take (when referring to time) ใใใใใใ (kakaru)
to teach or to tell ใใใใใใใใ (oshieru)
to tell (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฆใใใใฆ (oshiete)
to throb with pain ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (zuki zuki suru)
to tire oneself ใคใใใใคใใใ (tsukareru)
to wait ใพใคใพใค (matsu)
to wait (in the "te"-form) ใพใฃใฆใพใฃใฆ (matte)
to want ใปใใใปใใ (hoshii)
to wash ใใใใใใ (arau)
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English Japanese
to wash (in the "te"-form) ใใใฃใฆใใใฃใฆ (aratte)
to watch (in the "te"-form) ใฟใฆใฟใฆ (mite)
to watch or to look at ใฟใใฟใ (miru)
to withdraw (money) ใใใใใใ (orosu)
to wrap ใคใคใใคใคใ (tsutsumu)
to wrap (in the "te"-form) ใคใคใใงใคใคใใง (tsutsunde)
today ใใใใใใ (kyoo)
together ใใฃใใใซใใฃใใใซ (issho ni)
tomorrow ใใใใใใ (ashita)
tonight ใใใฐใใใใฐใ (konban)
topside or upper part ใใใใ (ue)
twenty days ใฏใคใใฏใคใ (hatsuka)
twenty-six point five centimeters ใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใปใณใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใปใณใ (ni-juu-roku ten go senchi)
two (items) ใตใใคใตใใค (futatsu)
two days ใตใคใใตใคใ (futsuka)
two hours ago ใซใใใใพใใซใซใใใใพใใซ (ni-jikan mae ni)
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two minutes ใซใตใใซใตใ (ni-fun)
two people ใตใใใตใใ (futari)
two tablets ใซใใใใซใใใ (ni-joo)
two tablets at a time ใซใใใใใคใซใใใใใค (ni-joo zutsu)
two to three days (two days to three days)
ใตใคใใใใฟใฃใใตใคใใใใฟใฃใ (futsuka kara mikka)
underneath or lower part ใใใใ (shita)
vegetable ใใใใใใ (yasai)
wait ใพใกใพใใพใกใพใ (machimasu)
want to go ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใ (ikitai desu)
warm ใใใใใใใใใใ (atatakai)
was or were ใงใใใงใใ (deshita)
wash ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (araimasu)
watch ใฟใพใใฟใพใ (mimasu)
weekend ใใ ใใพใคใใ ใใพใค (shuumatsu)
what day ใชใใซใกใชใใซใก (nan-nichi)
what degree ใชใใฉใชใใฉ (nan-do)
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English Japanese
what month ใชใใใคใชใใใค (nan-gatsu)
what time (what o'clock)
ใชใใใชใใ (nanji)
when ใใคใใค (itsu)
which ใฉใกใใฉใกใ (dochira)
white ใใใใใใ (shiroi)
who/whom ใ ใใ ใ (dare)
who/whom ใฉใชใใฉใชใ (donata)
why ใฉใใใฆใฉใใใฆ (dooshite)
widely ใใใใใใใใ (ookiku)
will be ready ใงใใพใใงใใพใ (dekimasu)
window ใพใฉใพใฉ (mado)
window or teller ใพใฉใใกใพใฉใใก (madoguchi)
winter ใตใใตใ (fuyu)
with my boyfriend ใใใจใใใจ (kare to)
withdraw (money) ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (oroshimasu)
won't go ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (ikimasen)
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English Japanese
wonderful ใใฆใใใฆใ (suteki)
wrap ใคใคใฟใพใใคใคใฟใพใ (tsutsumimasu)
younger brother ใใจใใจใใจใใจ (otooto)
younger sister ใใใใจใใใใจ (imooto)
zero ใใใใ (ree)
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Phrase ReviewEnglish Japanese
Hello. ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใใใ (gomenkudasai.)
Welcome! Now, please come in. ใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใฉใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใฉใใใ (irasshai! saa, doozo.)
Thank you. This is a big house, isn't it! ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใใใกใงใใญใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใใใกใงใใญใ (ojama shimasu. ookii oochi desu ne.)
It's old, though. Shall I show you around the housea bit?
ใตใใใงใใใฉใใกใใฃใจใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใตใใใงใใใฉใใกใใฃใจใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (furui desu kedo. chotto uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
Yes, by all means. ใใใใใฒใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใฒใใญใใใใพใใ (ee, zehi onegai shimasu.)
This is the drawing room. Next to it is the roomwith the family Buddhist altar.
ใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใถใคใพใงใใใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใถใคใพใงใใ (kochira wa zashiki desu. sono tonari wabutsuma desu.)
There is a tea-ceremony room in the garden. ใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใใซใใซใกใใใคใใใใพใใ (niwa ni chashitsu ga arimasu.)
Wow, there are a lot of carp in the pond, aren'tthere!
ใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญ๏ผใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญ๏ผ (waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusan imasune!)
They are ornamental carp. There are red ones,gold ones, orange ones and others, you know.
ใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใพใใใใธใใใฎใใใพใใใ (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu yo.)
Oh, Yoko. Welcome! ใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใใใ๏ผ (aa, yooko san. irasshai!)
It's old, though. ใตใใใงใใใฉใใตใใใงใใใฉใ (furui desu kedo.)
It's a big house, isn't it! ใใใใใใใกใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใใใกใงใใญ๏ผ (ookii ouchi desu ne!)
It's a rented house, though. ใใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใงใใใฉใ (shakuya desu kedo.)
Wow, it's a spacious garden, isn't it! ใใใใฒใใใใซใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใฒใใใใซใใงใใญ๏ผ (waa, hiroi oniwa desu ne!)
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No, no, not so much. ใใใใใใใใปใฉใงใใใใใใใใใใปใฉใงใใ (ie ie, sore hodo demo.)
Shall I show you around the house? ใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใกใฎใชใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (uchi no naka o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
the inside of the house ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ (uchi no naka)
I'll show you around the house. (I'll show you around the inside of the house.)
ใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใพใใใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใพใใ (uchi no naka o an-nai shimasu.)
Shall I show you around the garden? ใซใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใใซใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใใ (niwa o go-an-nai shimashoo ka.)
Shall I open the window? ใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใ (mado o akemashoo ka.)
Shall I close the window? ใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใ (mado o shimemashoo ka.)
It's a little bit cold, isn't it! Shall I close thewindow?
ใกใใฃใจใใใใงใใญใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใงใใญใใพใฉใใใใพใใใใใ (chotto samui desu ne. mado oshimemashoo ka.)
This is the Japanese-style drawing room. ใใกใใฏใใใใงใใใใกใใฏใใใใงใใ (kochira wa zashiki desu.)
This is the bathroom. The restroom is that way.ใใกใใฏใตใใฐใงใใใใฆใใใใฏใใกใใงใใใใกใใฏใตใใฐใงใใใใฆใใใใฏใใกใใงใใ (kochira wa furoba desu. otearai wa sochiradesu.)
What is this room? ใใฎใธใใฏใชใใงใใใใใฎใธใใฏใชใใงใใใ (kono heya wa nan desu ka.)
That room is the room with the family Buddhistaltar.
ใใฎใธใใฏใถใคใพใงใใใใฎใธใใฏใถใคใพใงใใ (sono heya wa butsuma desu.)
next to the kitchen (next-door of kitchen)
ใ ใใฉใใใฎใจใชใใ ใใฉใใใฎใจใชใ (daidokoro no tonari)
This is the kitchen. Next to it is the Japanese-stylefamily room.
ใใกใใฏใ ใใฉใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใกใใฎใพใใกใใฏใ ใใฉใใใงใใใใฎใจใชใใฏใกใใฎใพใงใใใงใใ (kochira wa daidokoro desu. sono tonari wachanoma desu.)
There is a tea-ceremony room. ใกใใใคใใใใพใใใกใใใคใใใใพใใ (chashitsu ga arimasu.)
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the next-door of the entrance hall ใใใใใฎใจใชใใใใใใฎใจใชใ (genkan no tonari)
next to the entrance hall (at the next-door of the entrance hall)
ใใใใใฎใจใชใใซใใใใใฎใจใชใใซ (genkan no tonari ni)
There is a spacious Japanese-style drawing roomnext to the entrance hall.
ใใใใใฎใจใชใใซใฒใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใจใชใใซใฒใใใใใใใใใพใใ (genkan no tonari ni hiroi zashiki gaarimasu.)
What is there? ใชใซใใใใพใใใใชใซใใใใพใใใ (nani ga arimasu ka.)
the inside of the Japanese-style closet ใใใใใฎใชใใใใใใฎใชใ (oshi-ire no naka)
in the Japanese-style closet (at the inside of the Japanese-style closet)
ใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใฎใชใใซ (oshi-ire no naka ni)
What is in the Japanese-style closet? ใใใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใใพใใใ (oshi-ire no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka.)
There is Japanese-style bedding in the Japanese-style closet, you know.
ใใใใใฎใชใใซใตใจใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใชใใซใตใจใใใใใพใใใ (oshi-ire no naka ni futon ga arimasu yo.)
There are carp in the pond. ใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใพใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใพใใ (ike no naka ni koi ga imasu.)
There are carp. ใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ (koi ga imasu.)
the inside of the pond ใใใฎใชใใใใฎใชใ (ike no naka)
There are a lot of carp. (There are carp plentifully.)
ใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใพใใ (koi ga takusan imasu.)
Wow, there are a lot of carp in the pond, aren'tthere!
ใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญใใใใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใใใใพใใญใ (waa, ike no naka ni koi ga takusan imasune.)
What is there? (when referring to living creatures) ใชใซใใใพใใใใชใซใใใพใใใ (nani ga imasu ka.)
What is in the pond? (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใพใใใใใใฎใชใใซใชใซใใใพใใใ (ike no naka ni nani ga imasu ka.)
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red carp and black carp ใใใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใใจใใใใใ (akai koi to kuroi koi)
There are red carp and black carp in the pond,you know.
ใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใจใใใใใใใใพใใใใฎใชใใซใใใใใใจใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (ike no naka ni akai koi to kuroi koi ga imasuyo.)
There are red ones, white ones, and others. (whenreferring to living creatures)
ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใพใใ (akai no ya shiroi no ga imasu.)
There are red ones. (when referring to livingcreatures)
ใใใใฎใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใพใใ (akai no ga imasu.)
red ones and white ones ใใใใฎใจใใใใฎใใใใฎใจใใใใฎ (akai no to shiroi no)
orange-colored carp (carp in orange color)
ใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใ (orenji iro no koi)
gold-colored carp ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใฎใใ (kin iro no koi)
They are ornamental carp. There are red ones,gold-colored ones, orange-colored ones, andothers.
ใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใซใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใพใใใธใใใฎใใใพใใ (nishikigoi desu. akai no ya kin-iro no yaorenji-iro no ga imasu.)
The TV is in the living room. (As for TV, it exists in the living room.)
ใใฌใใฏใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใฌใใฏใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใ (terebi wa ribingu ni arimasu.)
It is in the living room. ใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใ (ribingu ni arimasu.)
the side of the desk ใคใใใฎใใใคใใใฎใใ (tsukue no yoko)
by the desk (at the side of the desk)
ใคใใใฎใใใซใคใใใฎใใใซ (tsukue no yoko ni)
The bookshelf is by the desk. ใปใใ ใชใฏใคใใใฎใใใซใใใพใใใปใใ ใชใฏใคใใใฎใใใซใใใพใใ (hondana wa tsukue no yoko ni arimasu.)
Where is it? ใฉใใซใใใพใใใใฉใใซใใใพใใใ (doko ni arimasu ka.)
Um, where is the newspaper? ใใฎใใใใใถใใฏใฉใใซใใใพใใใใใฎใใใใใถใใฏใฉใใซใใใพใใใ (anoo, shinbun wa doko ni arimasu ka.)
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the topside of the table ใใผใใซใฎใใใใผใใซใฎใใ (teeburu no ue)
on the table (at the topside of the table)
ใใผใใซใฎใใใซใใผใใซใฎใใใซ (teeburu no ue ni)
Oh, the newspaper is on the table, you know.ใใใใใใถใใฏใใผใใซใฎใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใใใถใใฏใใผใใซใฎใใใซใใใพใใใ (aa, shinbun wa teeburu no ue ni arimasuyo.)
Where is your cat? ใญใใฏใฉใใซใใพใใใใญใใฏใฉใใซใใพใใใ (neko wa doko ni imasu ka.)
the underneath of the bed ใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใ (beddo no shita)
under the bed (at the underneath of the bed)
ใใใใฎใใใซใใใใฎใใใซ (beddo no shita ni)
The cat is under the bed, you know. ใญใใฏใใใใฎใใใซใใพใใใใญใใฏใใใใฎใใใซใใพใใใ (neko wa beddo no shita ni imasu yo.)
Who is this? ใใใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใใฏใฉใชใใงใใใ (kore wa donata desu ka.)
That's my grandmother. ใผใใฎใใผใงใใใผใใฎใใผใงใใ (boku no sobo desu.)
How old is she? ใใใใคใงใใใใใใใคใงใใใ (oikutsu desu ka.)
She is 96. But, she's still full of energy, you know.๏ผ๏ผใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใ๏ผ๏ผใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใ (kyuujuu-roku sai desu. demo, mada madagenki desu yo.)
That's good to hear, isn't it! ใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใญ๏ผ (sore wa naniyori desu ne!)
Do you have pets? ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (petto ga imasu ka.)
Yes, we have two dogs. ใใใใใฌใใซใฒใใใพใใใใใใใฌใใซใฒใใใพใใ (ee, inu ga nihiki imasu.)
What kind of dogs are they? ใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใ (don-na inu desu ka.)
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They are Akitas. They are big dogs, but gentle.ใใใใงใใใใใใใใฌใงใใใใใจใชใใใงใใใใงใใใใใใใใฌใงใใใใใจใชใใใงใใใใ (akita desu. ookii inu desu ga, otonashiidesu.)
Who is this person? ใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใ (kono hito wa donata desu ka.)
Who is it? ใฉใชใใงใใใใฉใชใใงใใใ (donata desu ka.)
woman (female person)
ใใใชใฎใฒใจใใใชใฎใฒใจ (on-na no hito)
this woman ใใฎใใใชใฎใฒใจใใฎใใใชใฎใฒใจ (kono on-na no hito)
man (male person)
ใใจใใฎใฒใจใใจใใฎใฒใจ (otoko no hito)
Who is that man? ใใฎใใจใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใฒใจใฏใฉใชใใงใใใ (sono otoko no hito wa donata desu ka.)
girl ใใใชใฎใใใใชใฎใ (on-na no ko)
that girl over there ใใฎใใใชใฎใใใฎใใใชใฎใ (ano on-na no ko)
Who is that girl over there? ใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใใ (ano on-na no ko wa dare desu ka.)
the boy in this photograph ใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใ (kono shashin no otoko no ko)
Excuse me. Who is the boy in this photograph?ใใฟใพใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใฟใพใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใจใใฎใใฏใ ใใงใใใใใใ (sumimasen. kono shashin no otoko no kowa dare desu ka.)
This is my grandmother. ใใใฏใใใใฎใใผใงใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใผใงใใ (kore wa watashi no sobo desu.)
my grandmother ใใใใฎใใผใใใใฎใใผ (watashi no sobo)
my grandfather and grandmother ใใใใฎใใตใจใใผใใใใฎใใตใจใใผ (watashi no sofu to sobo)
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English Japanese
Oh, those are my grandfather and grandmother,you know.
ใใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใตใจใใผใงใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใฎใใตใจใใผใงใใใ (aa, sore wa watashi no sofu to sobo desuyo.)
This is my elder brother, and that is my youngerbrother.
ใใใฏใใใใฎใใซใงใใใใใฆใใใฏใใจใใจใใใฏใใใใฎใใซใงใใใใใฆใใใฏใใจใใจใงใใใงใใ (kore wa watashi no ani desu. soshite sorewa otooto desu.)
Um, this is my elder sister. She is not my youngersister.
ใใฎใใใใใฏใผใใฎใใญใงใใใใใใจใใใใใฎใใใใใฏใผใใฎใใญใงใใใใใใจใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใ (anoo, kore wa boku no ane desu. imooto jaarimasen.)
How old is your grandmother? ใใฐใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใใใฐใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใ (obaasan wa oikutsu desu ka.)
Excuse me. How old is your grandfather? ใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใคใงใใใ (sumimasen. ojiisan wa oikutsu desu ka.)
My grandfather is ninety-six years old. ใใตใฏใใ ใใใ ใใใใใใงใใใใตใฏใใ ใใใ ใใใใใใงใใ (sofu wa kyuujuu roku sai desu.)
How old is she? ใชใใใใงใใใใชใใใใงใใใ (nansai desu ka.)
the girl in that photograph ใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใ (sono shashin no on-na no ko)
How old is the girl in that photograph?ใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใชใใใใงใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใชใฎใใฏใชใใใใงใใใ (sono shashin no on-na no ko wa nansaidesu ka.)
My younger sister is eighteen years old. Myyounger brother is twenty-one years old.
ใใใใจใฏใใ ใใฏใฃใใใงใใใใจใใจใฏใซใใใใจใฏใใ ใใฏใฃใใใงใใใใจใใจใฏใซใใ ใใใฃใใใงใใใใ ใใใฃใใใงใใ (imooto wa juu hassai desu. otooto wa nijuuissai desu.)
How many people are in your family? (As for family, how many people are they?)
ใใใใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใใใใใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใ (gokazoku wa nan-nin desu ka.)
How many people are they? ใชใใซใใงใใใใชใใซใใงใใใ (nan-nin desu ka.)
There are four people in my family. (As for family, they are four people.)
ใใใใฏใใซใใงใใใใใใฏใใซใใงใใ (kazoku wa yonin desu.)
There are four people in my family: my father, mymother, my elder brother, and me.
ใใใใฏใใซใใงใใใกใกใจใฏใฏใจใใซใจใใใใใใใฏใใซใใงใใใกใกใจใฏใฏใจใใซใจใใใใงใใใงใใ (kazoku wa yonin desu. chichi to haha to anito watashi desu.)
How many siblings do you have? (How many are your siblings?)
ใใใใใ ใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใใใใใใ ใใฏใชใใซใใงใใใ (gokyoodai wa nan-nin desu ka.)
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English JapaneseThere are two siblings in my family. (As for siblings, they are two.)
ใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใใใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใใ (kyoodai wa futari desu.)
There are three siblings in my family. My elderbrother, my elder sister and me.
ใใใใ ใใฏใใใซใใงใใใใซใจใใญใจใใใใใใใ ใใฏใใใซใใงใใใใซใจใใญใจใใใใงใใใงใใ (kyoodai wa san-nin desu. ani to ane towatashi desu.)
I am the only child. ใใใใฏใฒใจใใฃใใงใใใใใใฏใฒใจใใฃใใงใใ (watashi wa hitorikko desu.)
I have a pet. ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (petto ga imasu.)
Do you have dogs? ใใฌใใใพใใใใใฌใใใพใใใ (inu ga imasu ka.)
How many dogs do you have? ใใฌใใชใใณใใใพใใใใใฌใใชใใณใใใพใใใ (inu ga nanbiki imasu ka.)
one dog ใใฌใใใฃใดใใใฌใใใฃใดใ (inu ga ippiki)
two dogs ใใฌใใซใฒใใใฌใใซใฒใ (inu ga nihiki)
three dogs ใใฌใใใใณใใใฌใใใใณใ (inu ga sanbiki)
I have three dogs. ใใฌใใใใณใใใพใใใใฌใใใใณใใใพใใ (inu ga sanbiki imasu.)
six cats ใญใใใใฃใดใใญใใใใฃใดใ (neko ga roppiki)
I have two dogs and six cats. ใใฌใใซใฒใใจใญใใใใฃใดใใใพใใใใฌใใซใฒใใจใญใใใใฃใดใใใพใใ (inu ga nihiki to neko ga roppiki imasu.)
Wow, she is a cute cat, isn't she! ใใใใใใใใญใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใใใใญใใงใใญ๏ผ (waa, kawaii neko desu ne!)
The Akitas are big, but they are gentle dogs.ใใใใใฌใฏใใใใใงใใใใใจใชใใใใฌใงใใใใใฌใฏใใใใใงใใใใใจใชใใใใฌใงใใใใ (akita inu wa ookii desu ga, otonashii inudesu.)
What is her name? ใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใ (namae wa nan desu ka.)
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English Japanese
She is a beautiful dog, isn't she! What is hername?
ใใใใชใใฌใงใใญใใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใชใใฌใงใใญใใชใพใใฏใชใใงใใใ (kireena inu desu ne. namae wa nan desuka.)
My grandmother is still full of energy. ใใผใฏใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใใผใฏใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใ (sobo wa mada mada genki desu.)
My grandmother is full of energy. ใใผใฏใใใใงใใใใผใฏใใใใงใใ (sobo wa genki desu.)
My grandfather is quiet. ใใตใฏใใใใงใใใใตใฏใใใใงใใ (sofu wa shizuka desu.)
My father is a little strict. ใกใกใฏใกใใฃใจใใณใใใงใใใกใกใฏใกใใฃใจใใณใใใงใใ (chichi wa chotto kibishii desu.)
My mother is very cheerful. ใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใ (haha wa totemo akarui desu.)
My mother is very cheerful. And she is funny.ใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใใใใฆใใใใใใใฏใฏใฏใจใฆใใใใใใงใใใใใฆใใใใใใใงใใใงใใ (haha wa totemo akarui desu. soshite,omoshiroi desu.)
My grandmother is a hundred years old. But, sheis still full of energy.
ใใผใฏใฒใใใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใผใฏใฒใใใใใงใใใงใใใพใ ใพใ ใใใใงใใใใ (sobo wa hyaku sai desu. demo, mada madagenki desu.)
That's good to hear. (That is most desirable.)
ใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใใใใฏใชใซใใใงใใ (sore wa nani yori desu.)
We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow.
ใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ (ashita, ohanami o shimasu.)
Won't you come with us? ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (issho ni ikimasen ka.)
Well..., who's going? ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใ (soo desu ne.... don-na menbaa desu ka.)
My coworkers and my gym friends.ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใงใใใงใใ (kaisha no hitotachi ya, supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)
One of them is a doctor. The other is a highschool teacher.
ใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (hitori wa isha desu. moo hitori wa kookoono kyooshi desu.)
Are you going to have karaoke too? ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใ (karaoke mo arimasu ka.)
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Of course! 'Cause we all love karaoke.ใใกใใใงใ๏ผใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใใใกใใใงใ๏ผใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใ (mochiron desu! min-na karaoke ga sukidesu kara.)
I don't care for karaoke much.... I'm sorry.ใใใใฏใซใฉใชใฑใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใฟใพใใใใใฏใซใฉใชใฑใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใฟใพใใใใใ (watashi wa karaoke wa chotto....sumimasen.)
I'm sorry to hear that. Well, maybe next time. ใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใฉใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใฉใ (sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, mata kondo.)
We have a cherry-blossom viewing picnic. (We do a cherry-blossom viewing picnic.)
ใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใ (ohanami o shimasu.)
to have a party (to do party)
ใใผใใฃใผใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใ (paatii o suru)
We'll have a Christmas party tomorrow. ใใใใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใใใใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใ (ashita kurisumasu paatii o shimasu.)
What are you going to do? ใชใซใใใพใใใใชใซใใใพใใใ (nani o shimasu ka.)
What are you going to do today? ใใใใชใซใใใพใใใใใใใชใซใใใพใใใ (kyoo nani o shimasu ka.)
my mother's birthday ใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณ (haha no tanjoobi)
Today is my mother's birthday. ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใ (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu.)
Today is my mother's birthday. We are going tohave a birthday party!
ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใใณใใผใใฃใผใใใพใ๏ผใณใใผใใฃใผใใใพใ๏ผ (kyoo wa, haha no tanjoobi desu. tanjoobipaatii o shimasu!)
We are going to have a cherry-blossom viewingpicnic tomorrow. Why don't you come with us?
ใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใฏใชใฟใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใ (ashita ohanami o shimasu. issho niikimasen ka.)
why don't we dine? ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (shokuji shimasen ka)
Why don't we dine together tonight? ใใใฐใใใฃใใใซใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฐใใใฃใใใซใใใใใใพใใใใ (konban issho ni shokuji shimasen ka.)
Why don't we watch a movie? ใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใ (eega o mimasen ka.)
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257
English JapaneseUm, why don't we watch a movie togethertomorrow?
ใใฎใใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใใใฟใพใใใใ (anoo, ashita issho ni eega o mimasen ka.)
Let's go together. ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (issho ni ikimashoo.)
Let's go together by all means. ใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)
It sounds good! (It is good, isn't it!)
ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใงใใญ๏ผ (ii desu ne!)
It sounds good! Let's go together by all means. ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใฒใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (ii desu ne! zehi issho ni ikimashoo.)
Today isn't good for me... (Today is a little bit....)
ใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (kyoo wa chotto....)
Well..., today isn't good for me... ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (soo desu ne..., kyoo wa chotto....)
I'm sorry. Tomorrow isn't good for me.... But,maybe next time!
ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใงใใใพใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใงใใใพใใใใฉ๏ผใใใใฉ๏ผ (sumimasen. ashita wa chotto.... demo,mata kondo!)
I'm sorry to hear that. (That is regrettable, isn't it!)
ใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใ (sore wa zan-nen desu ne.)
Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. Well then, maybe nexttime!
ใใใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใฏใใใญใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใฉ๏ผใฉ๏ผ (aa, sore wa zan-nen desu ne. jaa, matakondo!)
Who will be there? (What kind of members are they?)
ใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใใฉใใชใกใณใใผใงใใใ (don-na menbaa desu ka.)
coworkers (people of company)
ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใก (kaisha no hitotachi)
gym friends ในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใก (supootsu jimu no tomodachi)
They are my coworkers, gym friends, and others.ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใงใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใในใใผใใธใ ใฎใจใใ ใกใงใใใใ (kaisha no hitotachi ya supootsu jimu notomodachi desu.)
One person is a doctor. ใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใงใใ (hitori wa isha desu.)
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high school teacher ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใใฎใใใใ (kookoo no kyooshi)
Another person is a high school teacher. ใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใใใใฒใจใใฏใใใใใฎใใใใใงใใ (moo hitori wa kookoo no kyooshi desu.)
Oh, they are all company employees, you know. ใใใใฟใใชใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใฟใใชใใใใใใใงใใใ (aa, min-na kaisha-in desu yo.)
We are going to have karaoke. ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใ (karaoke ga arimasu.)
Of course we have karaoke, too. ใใกใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใใใกใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใ (mochiron karaoke mo arimasu.)
Karaoke? Of course! ใซใฉใชใฑใงใใใใใกใใใงใ๏ผใซใฉใชใฑใงใใใใใกใใใงใ๏ผ (karaoke desu ka. mochiron desu!)
I'll play tennis. (I'll do tennis.)
ใใในใใใพใใใใในใใใพใใ (tenisu o shimasu.)
I'll play golf. ใดใซใใใใพใใใดใซใใใใพใใ (gorufu o shimasu.)
I'll play tennis tomorrow. I'll play golf, too.ใใใใใในใใใพใใใดใซใใใใพใใใใใใใในใใใพใใใดใซใใใใพใใ (ashita tenisu o shimasu. gorufu moshimasu.)
I played both tennis and golf yesterday. ใใฎใใใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใ (ki-noo, tenisu mo gorufu mo shimashita.)
neither Japanese pinball nor mahjong ใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใ (pachinko mo maajan mo)
My father plays neither Japanese pinball normahjong.
ใกใกใฏใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใกใกใฏใใใณใณใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใ (chichi wa pachinko mo maajan moshimasen.)
I like tennis. (As for me, I like tennis.)
ใใใใฏใใในใใใใงใใใใใใฏใใในใใใใงใใ (watashi wa tenisu ga suki desu.)
I like tennis. ใใในใใใใงใใใใในใใใใงใใ (tenisu ga suki desu.)
My husband loves baseball. ใใฃใจใฏใใใ ใใใ ใใใใงใใใใฃใจใฏใใใ ใใใ ใใใใงใใ (otto wa yakyuu ga daisuki desu.)
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My wife hates sports. ใคใพใฏในใใผใใใใใใงใใใคใพใฏในใใผใใใใใใงใใ (tuma wa supootsu ga kirai desu.)
neither my husband nor I ใใฃใจใใใใใใใฃใจใใใใใ (otto mo watashi mo )
Neither my husband nor I like professionalwrestling very much.
ใใฃใจใใใใใใใญใฌในใใใพใใใใใใใใใฃใจใใใใใใใญใฌในใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใพใใใ (otto mo watashi mo puroresu ga amari sukija arimasen.)
I don't care for professional wrestling much... (Professional wrestling is a little bit....)
ใใญใฌในใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใใญใฌในใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (puroresu wa chotto....)
I like sumo, but (As for sumo, I like it, but)
ใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใใฏใใใงใใ (sumoo wa suki desu ga)
I'm sorry. I like sumo, but I don't care forprofessional wrestling much....
ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใญใฌในใฏใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใญใฌในใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใ (sumimasen. sumoo wa suki desu ga,puroresu wa chotto....)
Because we all like karaoke. ใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใใ (min-na karaoke ga suki desu kara.)
We like karaoke. ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใ (karaoke ga suki desu.)
We all like karaoke. ใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใใฟใใชใซใฉใชใฑใใใใงใใ (min-na karaoke ga suki desu.)
I often play mahjong. ใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใ (yoku maajan o shimasu.)
Because it is enjoyable, I often play mahjong.ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใผใธใฃใณใใใพใใ (omoshiroi desu kara, yoku maajan oshimasu.)
I practice every day. ใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใใใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใใ (mai-nichi renshuu shimasu.)
Because I like golf, I practice it every day.ใดใซใใใใใงใใใใใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใดใซใใใใใงใใใใใพใใซใกใใใใ ใใใพใใใใ (gorufu ga suki desu kara, mai-nichi renshuushimasu.)
We are going to have a party tomorrow. ใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใ (ashita paatii o shimasu.)
Why are you going to have a party tomorrow? ใฉใใใฆใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใใฉใใใฆใใใใใผใใฃใผใใใพใใใ (dooshite ashita paatii o shimasu ka.)
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Because tomorrow is my mother's birthday. ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใ (ashita wa, haha no tanjoobi desu kara.)
Excuse me. Is someone sitting here? ใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (sumimasen. koko, dareka imasu ka.)
No. Go ahead. ใใใใใฉใใใใใใใใฉใใใ (iie. doozo.)
Thanks. It's terribly crowded, isn't it! ใฉใใใใใใจใใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใฉใใใใใใจใใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใ (doomo arigatoo. sugoi hito desu ne.)
Yes. Are you by yourself? ใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใ (ee. o-hitori desu ka.)
No. As a matter of fact, I'm here for a blind dateparty, but I'm a poor dancer.
ใใใใใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใใใใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใงใใ (iie, gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)
Oh? Same here. My name is Takashi. What'syours?
ใธใใใผใใใงใใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใธใใใผใใใงใใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใใชใพใใฏ๏ผใใชใพใใฏ๏ผ (hee, boku mo desu yo. boku wa takashi toiimasu. o-namae wa?)
I'm Yoko. Nice to meet you. ใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใฉใใใใใใใ (yooko desu. doozo yoroshiku.)
It's noisy here, isn't it! Why don't we have coffee orsomething at the cafe next door?
ใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no kafe dekoohii demo nomimasen ka.)
Sounds good! Let's do so. ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใพใใใใ (ii desu ne! soo shimashoo.)
Is someone sitting here? (Is there someone here?)
ใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (koko, dare ka imasu ka.)
Is there someone? ใ ใใใใพใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (dareka imasu ka.)
Is there someone here? ใใใซใ ใใใใพใใใใใใซใ ใใใใพใใใ (koko ni dareka imasu ka.)
Um, excuse me. Is someone sitting here? ใใฎใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (anoo, sumimasen. koko, dareka imasu ka.)
No, there is no one. Go ahead. ใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใฉใใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใใฉใใใ (iie, daremo imasen. doozo.)
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my boyfriend's seat ใใใฎใใใใใฎใใ (kare no seki)
I'm sorry. That is my boyfriend's seat. ใใฟใพใใใใใใฏใใใฎใใใงใใใใฟใพใใใใใใฏใใใฎใใใงใใ (sumimasen. soko wa kare no seki desu.)
Are you by yourself? ใใฒใจใใงใใใใใฒใจใใงใใใ (ohitori desu ka.)
Are you by yourself? ใฒใจใใงใใใใฒใจใใงใใใ (hitori desu ka.)
Yes, I'm by myself. ใใใใฒใจใใงใใใใใใฒใจใใงใใ (ee, hitori desu.)
No, I'm not by myself. ใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใ (iie, hitori ja arimasen.)
I'm together with my boyfriend. ใใใจใใฃใใใงใใใใใจใใฃใใใงใใ (kare to issho desu.)
No, I'm not by myself. I'm together with mygirlfriend, you know.
ใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใจใใฃใใใใใฒใจใใใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใจใใฃใใใงใใใใใใงใใใ (iie, hitori ja arimasen. kanojo to issho desuyo.)
Is this your first time to come to this place ofbusiness? (As for this place of business, is it for the firsttime?)
ใใฎใฟใใฏใฏใใใฆใงใใใใใฎใฟใใฏใฏใใใฆใงใใใ (kono mise wa hajimete desu ka.)
Yes, it's my first time. ใใใใฏใใใฆใงใใใใใใฏใใใฆใงใใ (ee, hajimete desu.)
No, it's not my first time. ใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (iie, hajimete ja arimasen.)
This is my second time. ใซใใใใงใใใซใใใใงใใ (nikaime desu.)
the third time ใใใใใใใใใใ (sankaime)
No, it's not my first time. It's my third time.ใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใฏใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใงใใใใ (iie, hajimete ja arimasen. sankaime desu.)
Do you come often? ใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใ (yoku kimasu ka.)
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English JapaneseDo you come to this club often? (As for this club, do you come often?)
ใใฎใฏใฉใใฏใใใใพใใใใใฎใฏใฉใใฏใใใใพใใใ (kono kurabu wa yoku kimasu ka.)
Yes, I come often. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (ee, yoku kimasu.)
No, I don't come very often. ใใใใใใพใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใพใใใ (iie, amari kimasen.)
together with my boyfriend ใใใจใใฃใใใซใใใจใใฃใใใซ (kare to issho ni)
I come sometimes together with my boyfriend. ใใใจใใฃใใใซใจใใฉใใใพใใใใใจใใฃใใใซใจใใฉใใใพใใ (kare to issho ni tokidoki kimasu.)
With whom do you come? ใ ใใจใใพใใใใ ใใจใใพใใใ (dare to kimasu ka.)
my coworkers, my friends, and others ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใกใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใก (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi)
I come with my coworkers, my friends, and others,you know.
ใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใกใจใใพใใใใใใใใฎใฒใจใใกใใจใใ ใกใจใใพใใใ (kaisha no hitotachi ya tomodachi to kimasuyo.)
As a matter of fact, I am a poor dancer. (As a matter of fact, I am poor at dancing.)
ใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใ (dansu ga nigate nandesu.)
I am poor at dancing. ใใณในใใซใใฆใงใใใใณในใใซใใฆใงใใ (dansu ga nigate desu.)
I hate sports. ในใใผใใใใใใงใใในใใผใใใใใใงใใ (supootsu ga kirai desu.)
As a matter of fact, I hate sports. ในใใผใใใใใใชใใงใใในใใผใใใใใใชใใงใใ (supootsu ga kirai nandesu.)
neither tennis nor golf ใใในใใดใซใใใใในใใดใซใใ (tenisu mo gorufu mo)
I play neither tennis nor golf. As a matter of fact, Ihate sports.
ใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใในใใผใใใใใใชใใในใใดใซใใใใพใใใในใใผใใใใใใชใใงใใใใงใใ (tenisu mo gorufu mo shimasen. supootsuga kirai nandesu.)
It's a blind-date party. ใใใณใณใงใใใใใณใณใงใใ (gookon desu.)
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English Japanese
As a matter of fact, it's a blind-date party, but Iam a poor dancer.
ใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใใใณใณใชใใงใใใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใ (gookon nandesu ga, dansu ga nigatenandesu.)
Me, too. (I am too.)
ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (watashi mo desu.)
Oh, is that so? Me, too. ใธใใใใใงใใใใผใใใงใใใธใใใใใงใใใใผใใใงใใ (hee, soo desu ka. boku mo desu.)
My name is Takashi. (As for me, I am called Takashi.)
ใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใ (boku wa takashi to iimasu.)
I'm called Takashi. ใใใใจใใใพใใใใใใจใใใพใใ (takashi to iimasu.)
My name is Takashi. What's your name? ใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใใชใพใใฏ๏ผใผใใฏใใใใจใใใพใใใใชใพใใฏ๏ผ (boku wa takashi to iimasu. onamae wa?)
my boyfriend ใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใ (watashi no kare)
My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. (As for my boyfriend, he is called Ichiro.)
ใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใ (watashi no kare)
My boyfriend's name is Ichiro. He is a wonderfulperson, you know!
ใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใใใฆใใชใฒใใใใฎใใใฏใใกใใใจใใใพใใใใฆใใชใฒใจใงใใ๏ผใจใงใใ๏ผ (watashi no kare wa ichiroo to iimasu.sutekina hito desu yo!)
Why don't we have coffee or something at thecafe next-door?
ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (tonari no kafe de koohii demo nomimasenka.)
I drink coffee. ใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใ (koohii o nomimasu.)
Why don't we have coffee? (Why don't we drink coffee?)
ใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koohii o nomimasen ka.)
cafe next-door (cafe at the next-door)
ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใจใชใใฎใซใใง (tonari no kafe)
Why don't we have coffee at the cafe next-door? ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใณใผใใผใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (tonari no kafe de koohii o nomimasen ka.)
Why don't we have coffee or something? ใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใณใผใใผใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koohii demo nomimasen ka.)
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This place is noisy, isn't it! ใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใ (koko wa urusai desu ne.)
the place of business next-door ใจใชใใฎใฟใใจใชใใฎใฟใ (tonari no mise)
This place is noisy, isn't it! Why don't we have teaor something at the place of business next-door?
ใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใฟใใงใใกใใงใใใฏใใใใใงใใญใใจใชใใฎใฟใใงใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (koko wa urusai desu ne. tonari no mise deocha demo nomimasen ka.)
It's terribly crowded, isn't it! ใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใ (sugoi hito desu ne.)
bar across the street (bar on the opposite side)
ใใใใฎใใผใใใใฎใใผ (mukai no baa)
It's terribly crowded, isn't it! Why don't we havecocktails or something at the bar across thestreet?
ใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใใใใฎใใผใงใซใฏใใซใงใใใใใฒใจใงใใญใใใใใฎใใผใงใซใฏใใซใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใ (sugoi hito desu ne. mukai no baa dekakuteru demo nomimasen ka.)
What time is it now? ใใพใใชใใใงใใใใใพใใชใใใงใใใ (ima, nanji desu ka.)
What time is it? ใชใใใงใใใใชใใใงใใใ (nanji desu ka.)
It's three o'clock now. ใใพใใใใใงใใใใพใใใใใงใใ (ima, sanji desu.)
half past four in the afternoon ใใใใใฏใใใใใใฏใ (gogo yoji han)
It's seven o'clock in the morning now. ใใพใใใใใใกใใงใใใใพใใใใใใกใใงใใ (ima, gozen shichiji desu.)
It's already half past nine. ใใใใใฏใใงใใใใใใใฏใใงใใ (moo kuji han desu.)
What!? It's eleven o'clock already? ใใฃใใฃ!? ใใใใ ใใใกใใงใใใใใใใ ใใใกใใงใใใ (e!? moo juuichiji desu ka.)
I'm sorry, but I'm going home. ใใฟใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (sumimasen ga, kaerimasu.)
What!? It's twelve o'clock already? I'm sorry, butI'm going home. Good night!
ใใฃใใฃ!? ใใใใ ใใซใใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใ ใใซใใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใฟใชใใ๏ผใใใพใใใใใใฟใชใใ๏ผ (e!? moo juuniji desu ka. sumimasen ga,kaerimasu. oyasuminasai!)
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English Japanese
Do you have any plans for the weekend, Yoko?ใใใใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (yooko san, shuumatsu yotee ga arimasuka.)
No, nothing in particular. ใใใใใจใใซใใใพใใใใใใใใจใใซใใใพใใใ (iie, toku ni arimasen.)
Well then, why don't we go for a hike on Saturday? ใใใใใฉใใใณใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใใใใฉใใใณใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ (jaa, do-yoobi haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)
Sounds good! Where do you want to go? ใใใงใใญใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใ (ii desu ne. doko e ikitai desu ka.)
How about Mt. Takao? It offers a very fine view,you know.
ใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใงใใใใใ (takaosan wa doo desu ka. totemo ii keshikidesu yo.)
OK. We need tea and box lunch, right?ใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใญใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใญ?(wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo ga irimasune?)
Don't forget your hat and camera, either! ใผใใใจใซใกใฉใใใใใใชใ๏ผใผใใใจใซใกใฉใใใใใใชใ๏ผ (booshi to kamera mo owasurenaku!)
Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station at nine o'clockin the morning.
ใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใใซใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ (asa, ku-ji ni shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
Do you have any plans for the weekend? ใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu ka.)
I have plans. ใใฆใใใใใพใใใใฆใใใใใพใใ (yotee ga arimasu.)
I have plans for the weekend. ใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใใใ ใใพใคใใฆใใใใใพใใ (shuumatsu yotee ga arimasu.)
Do you have plans for Monday, Yoko?ใใใใใใใใคใใใณใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใคใใใณใใฆใใใใใพใใใ (yooko san, getsu-yoobi yotee ga arimasuka.)
I have things to do. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (yooji ga arimasu.)
Do you have things to do on Sunday? ใซใกใใใณใใใใใใใพใใใใซใกใใใณใใใใใใใพใใใ (nichi-yoobi yooji ga arimasu ka.)
I'm free on Friday. (As for Friday, I am free.)
ใใใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใใใใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใ (kin-yoobi wa hima desu.)
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Well.... I'm busy on Saturday, but free on Sunday.ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใใใงใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใใใงใใใใซใกใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใใใใซใกใใใณใฏใฒใพใงใใ (soo desu ne.... do-yoobi wa isogashii desuga, nichi-yoobi wa hima desu.)
Why don't we go to a mountain for a hike? ใใพใธใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใพใธใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ (yama e haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)
Why don't we go to a mountain? ใใพใธใใใพใใใใใใพใธใใใพใใใใ (yama e ikimasen ka.)
Why don't we go for a hike? ใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใใใคใญใณใฐใซใใใพใใใใ (haikingu ni ikimasen ka.)
Why don't we go to the park? ใใใใใธใใใพใใใใใใใใใธใใใพใใใใ (kooen e ikimasen ka.)
Why don't we go to the park for a walk onSaturday?
ใฉใใใณใใใใใธใใใฝใซใใใพใใใใใฉใใใณใใใใใธใใใฝใซใใใพใใใใ (do-yoobi kooen e sanpo ni ikimasen ka.)
I'm going to the river with my friends. ใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใใใพใใใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใใใพใใ (tomodachi to kawa e ikimasu.)
I'm going to the river with my friends for fishing. ใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใ (tomodachi to kawa e tsuri ni ikimasu.)
I'm going to the river with my friends for fishing onSunday. Why don't you come with us?
ใซใกใใใณใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใใซใกใใใณใจใใ ใกใจใใใธใคใใซใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ (nichi-yoobi tomodachi to kawa e tsuri niikimasu. issho ni ikimasen ka.)
Let's go to the beach to swim. ใใฟใธใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใฟใธใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (umi e oyogi ni ikimashoo.)
Let's go to swim. ใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (oyogi ni ikimashoo.)
Let's go to the beach. (Let's go to the ocean.)
ใใฟใธใใใพใใใใใใฟใธใใใพใใใใ (umi e ikimashoo.)
go to have fun ใใใณใซใใใพใใใใณใซใใใพใ (asobi ni ikimasu)
We'll go to the amusement park to have fun. ใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใพใใใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใพใใ (yuuenchi e asobi ni ikimasu.)
next Sunday (Sunday of the next time)
ใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณ (kondo no nichi-yoobi)
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English Japanese
Let's go to the amusement park to have fun nextSunday.
ใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณใใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใใใฉใฎใซใกใใใณใใใใใใกใธใใใณใซใใใพใใใใใพใใใใ (kondo no nichi-yoobi, yuuenchi e asobi niikimashoo.)
Why don't you come over for a visit? ใใใณใซใใพใใใใใใใณใซใใพใใใใ (asobi ni kimasen ka.)
next Saturday ใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณ (kondo no do-yoobi)
Why don't you come over to my house for a visitnext Saturday?
ใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณใใใกใธใใใณใซใใพใใใใใใใฉใฎใฉใใใณใใใกใธใใใณใซใใพใใใใ (kondo no do-yoobi, uchi e asobi ni kimasenka.)
Where do you want to go? ใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใ (doko e ikitai desu ka.)
Where do you go? ใฉใใธใใใพใใใใฉใใธใใใพใใใ (doko e ikimasu ka.)
Where do you want to go on the weekend? ใใ ใใพใคใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใใใ ใใพใคใฉใใธใใใใใงใใใ (shuumatsu doko e ikitai desu ka.)
Where do you want to go to swim? ใฉใใธใใใใซใใใใใงใใใใฉใใธใใใใซใใใใใงใใใ (doko e oyogi ni ikitai desu ka.)
What do you want to do? ใชใซใใใใใงใใใใชใซใใใใใงใใใ (nani o shitai desu ka.)
Friday evening ใใใใใณใฎใฐใใใใใใณใฎใฐใ (kin-yoobi no ban)
What do you want to do on Friday evening? ใใใใใณใฎใฐใใใชใซใใใใใงใใใใใใใใณใฎใฐใใใชใซใใใใใงใใใ (kin-yoobi no ban, nani o shitai desu ka.)
What do you want to watch? ใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใ (nani o mitai desu ka.)
A movie? It sounds good! What do you want towatch?
ใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใชใซใใฟใใใงใใใใใ (eega desu ka. ii desu ne! nani o mitai desuka.)
How about Mt. Takao? ใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใ (takaosan wa doo desu ka.)
How about ~? (How is it?)
ใฉใใงใใใใฉใใงใใใ (doo desu ka.)
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English JapaneseIt offers a fine view, you know. (It is a fine view, you know.)
ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใงใใใ (ii keshiki desu yo.)
How about Enoshima? It's a very famous beach,you know.
ใใฎใใพใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใชใใผใใใฎใใพใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใชใใผใใงใใใใงใใใ (enoshima wa doo desu ka. totemoyuumeena biichi desu yo.)
How about "Seven Samurai"? It's a veryinteresting movie, you know.
ใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใฏใฉใใงใใใใจใฆใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใ ("shichi-nin no samurai" wa doo desu ka.totemo omoshiroi eega desu yo.)
We need tea and a box lunch. ใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใ (ocha to obentoo ga irimasu.)
We need tea. ใใกใใใใใพใใใใกใใใใใพใใ (ocha ga irimasu.)
tea and a box lunch ใใกใใจใในใใจใใใกใใจใในใใจใ (ocha to obentoo)
OK. We need tea and a box lunch, right?ใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใกใใจใในใใจใใใใใพใใญ๏ผใญ๏ผ (wakarimashita. ocha to obentoo ga irimasune?)
We need a camera and a hat. ใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใ (kamera to booshi ga irimasu.)
We need a camera and a hat, too, you know. ใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใใใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใพใใใ (kamera to booshi mo irimasu yo.)
Don't forget a camera and a hat, either! ใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใใใชใ๏ผใซใกใฉใจใผใใใใใใใใชใ๏ผ (kamera to booshi mo owasurenaku!)
Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station. ใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ (shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
Let's meet at the Shinjuku Station in the morning. ใใใใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใใงใใใพใใใใ (asa, shinjuku eki de aimashoo.)
Let's eat box lunch. ใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใ (obentoo o tabemashoo)
Let's eat box lunch at the park. ใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใ (kooen de obentoo o tabemashoo.)
Let's eat box lunch in the park at half past twelve.ใใ ใใซใใฏใใซใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใ ใใซใใฏใใซใใใใใงใในใใจใใใในใพใใใใใใใใ (juuni-ji han ni kooen de obentoo otabemashoo.)
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We are going to watch a movie on Thursday. ใใใใใณใใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใใใใใใณใใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใ (moku-yoobi, eega o mi ni ikimasu.)
What time are you going to watch a movie onThursday?
ใใใใใณใใชใใใซใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใใใใใใใณใใชใใใซใใใใใฟใซใใใพใใใ (moku-yoobi, nan-ji ni eega o mi ni ikimasuka.)
We are going around four o'clock. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (yoji goro ikimasu.)
front of Hachiko ใใใใใฎใพใใใใใใฎใพใ (hachikoo no mae)
We are going around four o'clock. Let's meet infront of Hachiko.
ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใพใใงใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฎใพใใงใใใพใใใใใใ (yoji goro ikimasu. hachikoo no mae deaimashoo.)
We are tired, aren't we! Shall we rest a little bit?ใคใใใพใใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใใคใใใพใใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใ (tsukaremashita ne. chotto yasumimashooka.)
Sure. It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you thinkit is now, approximately?
ใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใ (ee. mushiatsui desu ne. ima, nando guraideshoo ka.)
It's probably about thirty degrees, I think. It'scooler than yesterday, you know.
ใใถใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใถใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใงใใใ (tabun sanjuu do gurai deshoo. ki-noo yorisuzushii desu yo.)
Yes. It was very hot yesterday, wasn't it, since itwas sunny.
ใใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใญใใใงใใญใ (ee. ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu ne.)
How far is it from here to the summit?ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใ (koko kara choojoo made, donokurai desuka.)
Well.... We have about one more kilometer to go. ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใกใญใญใใใใงใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใกใญใญใใใใงใใ (soo desu ne.... ato ichi kiro gurai desu.)
It kind of looks like it's going to rain, doesn't it! ใชใใ ใใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใใชใใ ใใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใ (nandaka, ame ga furisoo desu ne.)
Yes. Let's hurry a little bit! ใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใ๏ผใใใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใ๏ผ (ee, chotto isogimashoo!)
Shall we rest a little bit? ใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใใกใใฃใจใใใฟใพใใใใใ (chotto yasumimashoo ka.)
It's stifling hot today. ใใใใฏใใใใคใใงใใใใใใฏใใใใคใใงใใ (kyoo wa mushiatsui desu.)
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Shall we rest in the shade? ใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใ (hikage de yasumimashoo ka.)
It's stifling hot, isn't it! Shall we rest in the shade?ใใใใคใใงใใญใใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใฒใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใ (mushiatsui desu ne. hikage deyasumimashoo ka.)
How hot do you think it is now? (What degree do you think it is now?)
ใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใ (ima nando deshoo ka.)
How hot is it? (What degree is it?)
ใชใใฉใงใใใใชใใฉใงใใใ (nan-do desu ka.)
It's stifling hot, isn't it! How hot do you think it isnow?
ใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใใใใใคใใงใใญใใใพใชใใฉใงใใใใใ (mushiatsui desu ne. ima nan-do deshoo ka.)
It's around thirty degrees, I think. ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใ (sanjuu-do gurai deshoo.)
Well.... It's probably around thirty-five degrees, Ithink.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใใ ใใใฉใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใใ ใใใฉใใใใงใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun sanjuu-go-do guraideshoo.)
How cold is it, approximately? (About what degree is it?)
ใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใ (nan-do gurai desu ka.)
It's cold, isn't it! How cold do you think it is now,approximately?
ใใใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใใพใใชใใฉใใใใงใใใใใ (samui desu ne. ima, nan-do gurai deshooka.)
Let me see.... Wow, it's zero degrees, you know! ใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใใใใฉใงใใใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใใใใใใฉใงใใ! (eetto.... waa, ree do desu yo!)
It's cooler today than yesterday. ใใใใฏใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใฏใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใ (kyoo wa ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)
It's cooler than yesterday. (It is more cool than yesterday.)
ใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใ (ki-noo yori suzushii desu.)
this spring (spring of this year)
ใใจใใฎใฏใใใจใใฎใฏใ (kotoshi no haru)
last spring (spring of last year)
ใใใญใใฎใฏใใใใญใใฎใฏใ (kyo-nen no haru)
This spring is warmer than last spring, isn't it!ใใจใใฎใฏใใฏใใใญใใฎใฏใใใใใใใใใงใใจใใฎใฏใใฏใใใญใใฎใฏใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใใญใ (kotoshi no haru wa kyo-nen no haru yoriatatakai desu ne.)
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mountains in summer ใชใคใฎใใพใชใคใฎใใพ (natsu no yama)
Mountains in autumn are more beautiful thanmountains in summer, you know.
ใใใฎใใพใฏใชใคใฎใใพใใใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใพใฏใชใคใฎใใพใใใใใใงใใใ (aki no yama wa natsu no yama yori kireedesu yo.)
winter in Hokkaido ใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใ (hokkaidoo no fuyu)
It's much colder. ใใฃใจใใใใงใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใ (zutto samui desu.)
The winter in Hokkaido is much colder than thewinter in Kyushu.
ใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใใฏใใ ใใใ ใใฎใตใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใตใใฏใใ ใใใ ใใฎใตใใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใ (hokkaidoo no fuyu wa kyuushuu no fuyuyori zutto samui desu.)
Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains? ใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใ (umi to yama to, dochira ga suki desu ka.)
Which do you like better? (Which do you like?)
ใฉใกใใใใใงใใใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใ (dochira ga suki desu ka.)
Well.... I like mountains better, you know.ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใพใฎใปใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใพใฎใปใใใใใงใใใ (soo desu ne.... yama no hoo ga suki desuyo.)
I like both. ใฉใกใใใใใงใใใฉใกใใใใใงใใ (dochira mo suki desu.)
I like neither. ใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (dochira mo suki ja arimasen.)
Which is bigger, Hokkaido or Kyushu?ใปใฃใใใฉใใจใใ ใใใ ใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใจใใ ใใใ ใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใใงใใใใใงใใใ (hokkaidoo to kyuushuu to, dochira ga ookiidesu ka.)
Hokkaido is bigger. ใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใปใใใใใใใงใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฎใปใใใใใใใงใใ (hokkaidoo no hoo ga ookii desu.)
Which is taller, Mt. Aso or Mt. Fuji?ใใใใใจใตใใใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใจใตใใใใจใใฉใกใใใใใใงใใใ (asosan to fujisan to, dochira ga takai desuka.)
Mt. Fuji is much taller, you know. ใตใใใใฎใปใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใใใตใใใใฎใปใใใใฃใจใใใใงใใใ (fujisan no hoo ga zutto takai desu yo.)
Which season do you like best? (Among seasons, when do you like best?)
ใใใคใงใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใใใคใงใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (kisetsu de, itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)
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English Japanese
I like it best. ใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใ (ichiban suki desu.)
Which time period do you like best? (When do you like best?)
ใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใใคใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (itsu ga ichiban suki desu ka.)
I like spring best. ใฏใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใฏใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใ (haru ga ichiban suki desu.)
What do you like best? ใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (nani ga ichiban suki desu ka.)
Japanese flowers ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใซใปใใฎใฏใช (nihon no hana)
What do you like best among Japanese flowers?ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใชใซใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใ (nihon no hana de, nani ga ichiban suki desuka.)
Japanese flowers? I like cherry blossoms best.ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใใใใใใใใกใฐใใใใงใซใปใใฎใฏใชใงใใใใใใใใใกใฐใใใใงใใใใ (nihon no hana desu ka. sakura ga ichibansuki desu.)
Where is the coldest place? (Where is the coldest?)
ใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใ (doko ga ichiban samui desu ka.)
Where is the coldest place in Japan? ใซใปใใงใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใซใปใใงใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใ (nihon de doko ga ichiban samui desu ka.)
Well.... Hokkaido is the coldest, I think.ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใปใฃใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใปใฃใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... hokkaidoo ga ichiban samuideshoo.)
Since yesterday was sunny, it was very hot.ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใจใฆใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใ (ki-noo wa hare deshita kara, totemoatsukatta desu.)
It is sunny today. ใใใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใฏใฏใใงใใ (kyoo wa hare desu.)
It was sunny yesterday. ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใ (ki-noo wa hare deshita.)
Since it was sunny yesterday, it was hot.ใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใฎใใฏใฏใใงใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใ (kinoo wa hare deshita kara, atsukattadesu.)
Since it was rainy yesterday, it was cool, wasn't it!ใใฎใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใใใใฃใใงใใญใใใฎใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใใใใฃใใงใใญใ (ki-noo wa ame deshita kara, suzushikattadesu ne.)
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English JapaneseIt was cloudy in Tokyo. (As for Tokyo, it was cloudy.)
ใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใ (tookyoo wa kumori deshita.)
It was cloudy in Tokyo, but it was stifling hot.ใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใจใใใใใฏใใใใงใใใใใใใใคใใฃใใงใใใใ (tookyoo wa kumori deshita ga,mushiatsukatta desu.)
It was snowy in Hokkaido. ใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใ (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita.)
It was snowy in Hokkaido. It was cold, but it wasbeautiful, you know!
ใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใฃใใงใใใใปใฃใใใฉใใฏใใใงใใใใใใใฃใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ๏ผใใใใงใใใ๏ผ (hokkaidoo wa yuki deshita. samukatta desuga, kiree deshita yo!)
How far is it? ใฉใฎใใใใงใใใใฉใฎใใใใงใใใ (donokurai desu ka.)
from here to the summit ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใใใใกใใใใใใพใง (koko kara choojoo made)
about one kilometer ใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใ (ichi kiro-meetoru gurai)
It's about one kilometer from here to the summit.ใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใงใใใใงใใ (koko kara choojoo made ichi kiro-meetorugurai desu.)
We have one more kilometer to go. (It's one more kilometer to go.)
ใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใงใใใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใงใใ (ato ichi kiro-meetoru desu.)
Well.... We have about three more kilometers togo, I think.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใจใใใญใญใกใผใใซใใใใงใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... ato san kiro-meetoru guraideshoo.)
It seems that it's going to rain. (Rain seems to fall. )
ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใใตใใใใงใใ (ame ga furisoo desu.)
It rains. (Rain falls. )
ใใใใตใใพใใใใใใตใใพใใ (ame ga furimasu.)
It somewhat seems that it's going to rain. ใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใ (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu.)
It somewhat seems that it's going to rain, doesn'tit! Let's hurry a little bit.
ใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใใชใใ ใใใใใตใใใใงใใญใใกใใฃใจใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใ (nandaka ame ga furisoo desu ne. chottoisogimashoo.)
It seems that it's going to stop snowing. (Snow seems to stop.)
ใใใใใฟใใใงใใใใใใใฟใใใงใใ (yuki ga yamisoo desu.)
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English JapaneseWe'd better be going. (Shall we go by and by?)
ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (soro soro ikimashoo ka.)
Oh, it seems that it's going to stop snowing,doesn't it! We'd better be going.
ใใใใใใใใฟใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฟใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใ (aa, yuki ga yamisoo desu ne. soro soroikimashoo ka.)
Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko. What are youdoing now?
ใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu. ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)
I'm making chicken curry. ใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใ (chikin karee o tsukutte imasu.)
Oh? Tell me, how do you make it? ใธใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใธใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (hee. doo-yatte tsukurundesu ka.)
First, we sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, add water,and cook for twenty minutes or so.
ใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใฆใ๏ผ๏ผใทใใใใใซใพใใใฆใ๏ผ๏ผใทใใใใใซใพใใ (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)
Then, we add the curry roux, and cook for a littlewhile over low heat.
ใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใฆใใใฐใใใใใณใงใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใฆใใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใใซใพใใ (sore kara karee ruu o irete, shibarakuyowabi de nimasu.)
It sounds delicious, doesn't it! ใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใใงใใญ๏ผ (oishisoo desu ne!)
It's almost ready, you know. Why don't you comeover for a bite?
ใใใใใงใใพใใใใในใซใใพใใใใใใใใใงใใพใใใใในใซใใพใใใใ (moo sugu dekimasu yo. tabe ni kimasen ka.)
Oh, are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringdesserts.
ใใฃใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใฃใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใใพใใ (e, iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)
It sounds good! Well, I'll be waiting for you. ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใใใใงใใญ๏ผใใใใใพใฃใฆใใพใใ (ii desu ne! jaa, matte imasu.)
What are you doing now? ใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ (ima, nani o shite imasu ka.)
are you doing? ใใฆใใพใใใใฆใใพใใ (shite imasu ka)
What are you doing? ใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใ (nani o shite imasu ka.)
Hello, is this Takashi? It's Yoko.ใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ (moshi moshi, takashi san desu ka. yookodesu.)
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English Japanese
Hello, it's Ichiro. What are you doing now?ใใใใใใใกใใใงใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใกใใใงใใใใพใใชใซใใใฆใใพใใใใใใ (moshi moshi, ichiroo desu. ima, nani o shiteimasu ka.)
is/am/are cooking ใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใฆใใพใ (ryoori shite imasu)
I am cooking at my house now. ใใพใใใกใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใใกใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (ima, uchi de ryoori shite imasu.)
is/am/are having a meal ใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใฆใใพใ (shokuji shite imasu)
I am having a meal at the restaurant with myfriends now.
ใใพใใจใใ ใกใจใฌในใใฉใณใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใพใใจใใ ใกใจใฌในใใฉใณใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใ (ima, tomodachi to resutoran de shokujishite imasu.)
I am having supper now. (I am eating evening meal now.)
ใใพใใฐใใใฏใใใในใฆใใพใใใใพใใฐใใใฏใใใในใฆใใพใใ (ima, bangohan o tabete imasu.)
I am making a telephone call. ใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (denwa o kakete imasu.)
I'm sorry. I am making a telephone call now. ใใฟใพใใใใใพใใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใฟใพใใใใใพใใงใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (sumimasen. ima, denwa o kakete imasu.)
I am watching TV now. ใใพใใฌใใใฟใฆใใพใใใใพใใฌใใใฟใฆใใพใใ (ima terebi o mite imasu.)
Now? I am watching a cooking show, you know.ใใพใงใใใใใใใใฐใใใฟใใฟใฆใใพใใใใใพใงใใใใใใใใฐใใใฟใใฟใฆใใพใใใ (ima desu ka. ryoori bangumi o mite imasuyo.)
I am cooking rice now. (I am cooking steamed rice now.)
ใใพใใใฏใใใใใฆใใพใใใใพใใใฏใใใใใฆใใพใใ (ima, gohan o taite imasu.)
I am boiling water. (I am boiling hot water.)
ใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (oyu o wakashite imasu.)
I am boiling water now. Why don't we have tea orsomething?
ใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใใใใ (ima, oyu o wakashite imasu. ocha demonomimasen ka.)
come over to eat (come to eat)
ใในใซใใพใใในใซใใพใ (tabe ni kimasu)
Why don't you come over for a bite? (Won't you come to eat?)
ใในใซใใพใใใใใในใซใใพใใใใ (tabe ni kimasen ka.)
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English Japanese
I am making ramen noodle soup now. Why don'tyou come over for a bite?
ใใพใใฉใผใกใณใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใในใซใใพใใใพใใฉใผใกใณใใคใใฃใฆใใพใใใในใซใใพใใใใใใใ (ima, raamen o tsukutte imasu. tabe nikimasen ka.)
Tell me, how do you make chicken curry? (Tell me, as for chicken curry, how do you make it?)
ใใญใณใซใฌใผใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใใญใณใซใฌใผใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (chikin karee wa doo-yatte tsukurundesuka.)
How do you make it? ใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใพใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใพใใใ (doo-yatte tsukurimasu ka.)
I broil fish. ใใใชใใใใพใใใใใชใใใใพใใ (sakana o yakimasu.)
How do you broil fish? ใฉใใใฃใฆใใใชใใใใพใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใใใชใใใใพใใใ (doo-yatte sakana o yakimasu ka.)
Tell me, how do you broil fish? (Tell me, as for fish, how do you broil it?)
ใใใชใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใใชใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (sakana wa doo-yatte yakundesu ka.)
It sounds tasty, doesn't it! Tell me, how do youmake it?
ใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใฃใฆใคใใใใงใใใ (oishisoo desu ne. doo-yatte tsukurundesuka.)
Tell me, how do you eat it? ใฉใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใใฉใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใ (doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)
Shabu shabu? It looks tasty, doesn't it! Tell me,how do you eat it?
ใใใถใใใถใงใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใใถใใใถใงใใใใใใใใใงใใญใใฉใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใใใฃใฆใในใใใงใใใ (shabu shabu desu ka. oishisoo desu ne.doo-yatte taberundesu ka.)
We sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, and add water.ใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใ (tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oiremasu.)
chicken and vegetable ใจใใซใใจใใใใจใใซใใจใใใ (tori-niku to yasai)
We sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, and ใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆ (tori-niku to yasai o itamete)
We add water. ใฟใใใใใพใใใฟใใใใใพใใ (mizu o iremasu.)
We cook for about ten minutes. ใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใ (juppun gurai nimasu.)
we add water, and ใฟใใใใใฆใฟใใใใใฆ (mizu o irete)
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English JapaneseWe add water, and cook it for about twentyminutes.
ใฟใใใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใใฟใใใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใ (mizu o irete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)
First, we sautรฉ chicken and vegetables, add water,and cook it for about twenty minutes.
ใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใพใใจใใซใใจใใใใใใใใฆใใฟใใใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใใฆใใซใใ ใฃใทใใใใใซใพใใ (mazu tori-niku to yasai o itamete, mizu oirete, nijuppun gurai nimasu.)
Then, we add the curry roux. ใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใพใใใใใใใซใฌใผใซใผใใใใพใใ (sore kara karee ruu o iremasu.)
We cook it over low heat. ใใใณใงใซใพใใใใใณใงใซใพใใ (yowabi de nimasu.)
We cook it over low heat for a while. ใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใใใฐใใใใใณใงใซใพใใ (shibaraku yowabi de nimasu.)
How much water do you add? ใฉใฎใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใใฉใฎใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใ (dono kurai mizu o iremasu ka.)
Do you add water? ใฟใใใใใพใใใใฟใใใใใพใใใ (mizu o iremasu ka.)
First, we add three cupfuls of water. ใพใใใฟใใใซใใใใใฐใใใใพใใใพใใใฟใใใซใใใใใฐใใใใพใใ (mazu, mizu o kappu san-bai iremasu.)
Next, we add four tablespoonfuls of soy sauce. ใคใใซใใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใพใใใคใใซใใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใใพใใ (tsugi ni, shooyu o oosaji yon-hai iremasu.)
Then, we add two teaspoonfuls of sugar. ใใใใใใใจใใใใใใซใฏใใใใพใใใใใใใใใจใใใใใใซใฏใใใใพใใ (sore kara, satoo o kosaji nihai iremasu.)
We add a pinch of salt. ใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใพใใใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใพใใ (shio o hitotsumami iremasu.)
We add a dash of pepper. ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใ (koshoo o shoo shoo iremasu.)
We cook it for one hour over low heat. ใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใพใใใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใพใใ (yowabi de ichi-jikan nimasu.)
Lastly, we add a pinch of salt, and cook for onehour over low heat.
ใใใใซใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใฆใใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใใใใฒใจใคใพใฟใใใฆใใใใณใงใใกใใใใซใพใใใใใใซใพใใ (saigo ni shio o hitotsumami irete, yowabi deichi-jikan nimasu.)
What is miso paste made from? ใฟใใฏใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใฟใใฏใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ (miso wa nani kara dekite imasu ka.)
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English JapaneseWhat is it made from? (From what is it being made?)
ใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใชใซใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ (nani kara dekite imasu ka.)
Miso paste? It is made from soybeans. ใฟใใงใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใใฟใใงใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใ (miso desu ka. daizu kara dekite imasu.)
both miso paste and soy sauce ใฟใใใใใใใใฟใใใใใใใ (miso mo shooyu mo)
Both miso paste and soy sauce are made fromsoybeans, you know.
ใฟใใใใใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใใใฟใใใใใใใใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใใ (miso mo shooyu mo daizu kara dekite imasuyo.)
What are the ingredients? ใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใ (zai-ryoo wa nan desu ka.)
the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl ใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใ (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo)
Um, what are the ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl?
ใใฎใใใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใฎใใใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใฏใชใใงใใใใใ (anoo, oyako donburi no zai-ryoo wa nandesu ka.)
The ingredients for the "parent-child" rice bowl?They are steamed rice, chicken, and eggs, youknow.
ใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใงใใใใใฏใใจใจใใใใฉใใถใใฎใใใใใใงใใใใใฏใใจใจใใซใใจใใพใใงใใใใใซใใจใใพใใงใใใ (oyako donburi no zai-ryoo desu ka. gohanto tori-niku to tamago desu yo.)
I'll bring desserts. (I'll take desserts.)
ใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใ (dezaato o motte ikimasu.)
Oh! Are you sure it's OK? Well then, I'll bringdesserts.
ใใฃ๏ผใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใฃ๏ผใใใใงใใใใใใใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใใพใใ (e! iindesu ka. jaa, dezaato o motteikimasu.)
Oh, hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?ใใใใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใใใ (are, yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimono desuka.)
Yes. Since it's getting cooler, I'm looking for somelong-sleeved blouses and sweaters.
ใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใใฆในใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใ (ee, suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasodeno burausu to seetaa o sagashite imasu.)
But, I haven't found exactly what I want. ใงใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใงใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ (demo, choodo ii no ga arimasen.)
How about Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya? They arehaving a sale now, you know.
ใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใฉใใงใใใใใพใใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใฉใใงใใใใใพใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใใ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa doo desu ka.ima, seeruchuu desu yo.)
Really? What time do they close? ใธใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใใธใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (hee, nanji made desu ka.)
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English Japanese
They are open until 9 o'clock on Saturdays. Doyou know where it is?
ใฉใใใณใฏใใใพใงใงใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใฉใใใณใฏใใใพใงใงใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใ (do-yoobi wa ku-ji made desu. basho o shitteimasu ka.)
No, I don't. Please tell me where. ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (iie, shirimasen. oshiete kudasai.)
As a matter of fact, I want some new clothes, too.Let's go together.
ใผใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใใงใใใใฃใใใผใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใใงใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใซใใใพใใใใ (boku mo atarashii fuku ga hoshiindesu.issho ni ikimashoo.)
The price of suits has gone down. (Suits became inexpensive.)
ในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใ (suutsu ga yasuku narimashita.)
They are having a sale now. ใใพใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใใใพใใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใ (ima, seeruchuu desu.)
Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya ใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza)
Tokyo Plaza in Shibuya is having a sale now. Theprice of suits has gone down, you know.
ใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใใพใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใถใใฎใจใใใใใใฉใถใฏใใพใปใผใซใกใ ใใงใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใใใ (shibuya no tookyoo puraza wa imaseeruchuu desu. suutsu ga yasukunarimashita yo.)
Can't you lower the price? (Won't it become inexpensive?)
ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใ (yasuku narimasen ka.)
Can't you lower the price a little more? ใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใ (moo sukoshi yasuku narimasen ka.)
That is expensive, isn't it! Can't you lower theprice a little more?
ใใใฏใใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใฏใใใใงใใญใใใใใใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใ (sore wa takai desu ne. moo sukoshi yasukunarimasen ka.)
I am looking for some long sleeve blouses. ใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใ (nagasode no burausu o sagashite imasu.)
I am looking for a blouse. ใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใใใฉใฆในใใใใใฆใใพใใ (burausu o sagashite imasu.)
long sleeve blouse (blouse with long sleeves)
ใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆใน (nagasode no burausu)
are you looking for? ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (sagashige imasu ka)
Are you looking for something? ใชใซใใใใใใงใใใใชใซใใใใใใงใใใ (nanika osagashi desu ka.)
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short sleeve T-shirt ใฏใใใงใฎใฏใใใงใฎTใทใฃใใทใฃใ (hansode no tiishatsu)
I am looking for some short sleeve T-shirts. ใฏใใใงใฎใฏใใใงใฎTใทใฃใใใใใใฆใใพใใใทใฃใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (hansode no tiishatsu o sagashite imasu.)
I am looking for some inexpensive winter items. ใใใใตใใใฎใใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใตใใใฎใใใใใฆใใพใใ (yasui fuyumono o sagashite imasu.)
Since it has become cool, I am looking for somelong sleeve blouses and sweaters.
ใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใจใใใใใชใใพใใใใใใชใใใงใฎใใฉใฆในใจใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใใปใผใฟใผใใใใใฆใใพใใ (suzushiku narimashita kara, nagasode noburausu to seetaa o sagashite imasu.)
They don't have what I really want. (They don't have one that is just right.)
ใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ (choodo ii no ga arimasen.)
one that is just right (just right one)
ใกใใใฉใใใฎใกใใใฉใใใฎ (choodo ii no)
the right size (just right size)
ใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบ (choodo ii saizu)
They don't have the right size. ใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใ (choodo ii saizu ga arimasen.)
It's a little bit small. ใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใ (chotto chiisai desu.)
Do you have a bigger size? ใใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใใใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใ (ookii saizu ga arimasu ka.)
This pair of boots is a little bit small. Do you havea bigger size?
ใใฎใใผใใฏใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใใใใใใตใใฎใใผใใฏใกใใฃใจใกใใใใงใใใใใใใตใคใบใใใใพใใใใคใบใใใใพใใใ (kono buutsu wa chotto chiisai desu. ookiisaizu ga arimasu ka.)
The sleeves are short. ใใงใใฟใใใใงใใใใงใใฟใใใใงใใ (sode ga mijikai desu.)
It's a nice coat, but the sleeves are a little bitshort.
ใใฆใใชใณใผใใงใใใใใงใใกใใฃใจใฟใใใใใฆใใชใณใผใใงใใใใใงใใกใใฃใจใฟใใใใงใใใงใใ (sutekina kooto desu ga, sode ga chottomijikai desu.)
Are you out shopping? (Is it shopping?)
ใใใใฎใงใใใใใใใฎใงใใใ (kaimono desu ka.)
Ah! Hello Yoko. Are you out shopping?ใใ๏ผใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใ๏ผใใใใใใใใใซใกใฏใใใใใฎใงใใใใใ (are! yooko san, kon-nichiwa. kaimono desuka.)
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English Japanesewinter coat (coat for winter)
ใตใใฎใณใผใใตใใฎใณใผใ (fuyu no kooto)
Yes. I am looking for a winter coat, but they don'thave what I really want.
ใใใใตใใฎใณใผใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใใใใใตใใฎใณใผใใใใใใฆใใพใใใใกใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใใฉใใใฎใใใใพใใใ (ee. fuyu no kooto o sagashite imasu ga,choodo ii no ga arimasen.)
What is your shoe size? ใใคใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใใใคใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใ (kutsu no saizu wa nan desu ka.)
shoe size (size of shoes)
ใใคใฎใตใคใบใใคใฎใตใคใบ (kutsu no saizu)
What is it? ใชใใงใใใใชใใงใใใ (nan desu ka.)
twenty-three centimeters ใซใใ ใใใใปใณใใซใใ ใใใใปใณใ (ni-juu-san senchi)
My shoe size? It's twenty-six point five.ใใคใฎใตใคใบใงใใใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใงใใใใคใฎใตใคใบใงใใใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใงใใ (kutsu no saizu desu ka. ni-juu-roku ten godesu.)
What is your size for clothes? ใตใใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใใตใใฎใตใคใบใฏใชใใงใใใ (fuku no saizu wa nan desu ka.)
size nine dress ใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผในใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผใน (kyuugoo no wanpiisu)
Do you have a size nine dress? ใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผในใใใใพใใใใใ ใใใใฎใฏใณใใผในใใใใพใใใ (kyuugoo no wanpiisu ga arimasu ka.)
I am looking for a swimsuit. My size is medium.ใฟใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใตใคใบใฏใฟใใใใใใใฆใใพใใใตใคใบใฏMใงใใใงใใ (mizugi o sagashite imasu. saizu wa emudesu.)
Japanese sizes ใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใซใปใใฎใตใคใบ (nihon no saizu)
I don't understand Japanese sizes. ใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใพใใใใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใพใใใ (nihon no saizu ga wakarimasen.)
Do you have a fitting room? ใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใ (shichaku-shitsu ga arimasu ka.)
It's a nice jacket, but I don't understand Japanesesizes. Do you have a fitting room?
ใใฆใใชใใใใงใใใใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใใฆใใชใใใใงใใใใซใปใใฎใตใคใบใใใใใพใใใใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใใพใใใใใกใใใใคใใใใพใใใ (sutekina uwagi desu ga, nihon no saizu gawakarimasen. shichaku-shitsu ga arimasuka.)
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English JapaneseWhat time does that store close? (Until what time is that store?)
ใใฎใฟใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใใใฎใฟใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (sono mise wa nan-ji made desu ka.)
What time does it close? (Until what time is it?)
ใชใใใพใงใงใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (nan-ji made desu ka.)
the shoe store in the station-front area ใใใพใใฎใใคใใใใพใใฎใใคใ (ekimae no kutsu-ya)
What time does the shoe store in the station-frontarea close?
ใใใพใใฎใใคใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใใใใพใใฎใใคใใฏใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (ekimae no kutsu-ya wa nan-ji made desuka.)
half past six in the evening ใใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใใใใฏใ (yuugata roku-ji han)
It is open until half past six in the evening. (It is until half past six in the evening.)
ใใใใใใใใฏใใพใงใงใใใใใใใใใใฏใใพใงใงใใ (yuugata roku-ji han made desu.)
What are the store hours? (From what time until what time is it?)
ใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใ (nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka.)
What are the store hours for the supermarket inthe station-front area?
ใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใชใใใใใชใใใพใงใงใใใใใใ (ekimae no suupaa wa, nan-ji kara nan-jimade desu ka.)
The supermarket in the station-front area is openfrom nine o'clock in the morning until ten o'clockat night.
ใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใใพใใฎในใผใใผใฏใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใพใงใงใใใใพใงใงใใ (ekimae no suupaa wa, asa ku-ji kara yorujuu-ji made desu.)
The shopping district in the station-front area? It isopen until nine o'clock at night on Saturdays.
ใใใพใใฎใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใพใใฎใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใฉใใใณใฏใใใใใพใงใงใใใใใใพใงใงใใ (ekimae no shootengai desu ka. do-yoobi wayoru ku-ji made desu.)
Do you know the location? ใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใฐใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใ (basho o shitte imasu ka.)
the name of that store ใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใ (sono mise no namae)
Do you know the name of that store? ใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใ (sono mise no namae o shitte imasu ka.)
Yes, I know. ใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใ (ee, shitte imasu.)
the price of this coat ใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใ (kono kooto no nedan)
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The price of this coat? I don't know. How much isit?
ใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใใงใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใณใผใใฎใญใ ใใงใใใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใใใงใใใ (kono kooto no nedan desu ka. shirimasen.ikura desu ka.)
great cake shop (tasty cake shop)
ใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใใใฑใผใญใใใ (oishii keeki-ya san)
Do you know any great cake shop? ใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใ (oishii keeki-ya san o shitte imasu ka.)
Yes, I know. The cake shop in the station-frontarea is the best, you know.
ใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใพใใฎใฑใผใญใใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใใพใใฎใฑใผใญใใใใใใกใฐใใงใใใใใกใฐใใงใใใ (ee, shitte imasu. ekimae no keeki-ya san gaichiban desu yo.)
Please tell me the location. ใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (basho o oshiete kudasai.)
Please tell me the location of Tokyo Plaza.ใจใใใใใใฉใถใฎใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใจใใใใใใฉใถใฎใฐใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (tookyoo puraza no basho o oshietekudasai.)
Excuse me, but please tell me the name of thatstore.
ใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใใใฆใใ ใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใฟใใฎใชใพใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใ (sumimasen ga, sono mise no namae ooshiete kudasai.)
Excuse me, but please show me that sweater.ใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใปใผใฟใผใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใฎใปใผใฟใผใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใ (sumimasen ga, sono seetaa o misetekudasai.)
Excuse me, but please wrap them together. ใใฟใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใคใคใใงใใ ใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใคใคใใงใใ ใใใ (sumimasen ga, issho ni tsutsunde kudasai.)
Please put it in the box. ใฏใใซใใใฆใใ ใใใใฏใใซใใใฆใใ ใใใ (hako ni irete kudasai.)
Excuse me, but please put it in the box and wrapit.
ใใฟใพใใใใใฏใใซใใใฆใใคใคใใงใใ ใใใฟใพใใใใใฏใใซใใใฆใใคใคใใงใใ ใใใใใ (sumimasen ga, hako ni irete, tsutsundekudasai.)
I want some new clothes too. ใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใ (watashi mo atarashii fuku ga hoshii desu.)
I want some new clothes. ใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใ (atarashii fuku ga hoshii desu.)
I want a new swimsuit and a pair of sandals. ใใใใใใฟใใใจใตใณใใซใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใฟใใใจใตใณใใซใใปใใใงใใ (atarashii mizugi to sandaru ga hoshii desu.)
warm coat and a pair of boots ใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใ (atatakai kooto to buutsu)
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I want a warm coat and a pair of boots. ใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใปใใใงใใ (atatakai kooto to buutsu ga hoshii desu.)
Since it has become cold, I want a warm coat anda pair of boots.
ใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใใชใใพใใใใใใใใใใใณใผใใจใใผใใใปใใใงใใใใใปใใใงใใ (samuku narimashita kara, atatakai kooto tobuutsu ga hoshii desu.)
As a matter of fact, I want it too. ใผใใใปใใใใงใใใผใใใปใใใใงใใ (boku mo hoshiindesu.)
You are carrying a lot of packages, aren't you! Letme carry one for you.
ใซใใคใใใใใงใใญใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใใซใใคใใใใใงใใญใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใ (nimotsu ga ooi desu ne. hitotsumochimashoo.)
Thank you. May I ask you to carry it to the postoffice?
ใใฟใพใใใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใฟใพใใใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใใ (sumimasen. yuubinkyoku made, o-negaishite mo ii desu ka.)
Sure, I don't mind, you know. Are they for theU.S.?
ใใใใใพใใพใใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใงใใใใใใใใพใใพใใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใงใใใ (ee, kamaimasen yo. amerika made desuka.)
Yes. As a matter of fact, they are Christmaspresents for my family and friends.
ใใใใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใใใชใใงใใ (ee. kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento nandesu.)
About how much do you think it will cost to sendthem by airmail?
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใ (kookuubin de ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)
Well.... Probably, it will cost close to twentythousand yen in total, I think.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun zenbu de niman enchikaku kakaru deshoo.)
Oh, that much? I'm sorry, but may I stop by at thebank first?
ใใฃใใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใใใฃใใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (e, son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki ni ginkooni yotte mo ii desu ka.)
To exchange money? If so, you can do it also inthe post office, you know.
ใใใใใใงใใใใใใชใใใใใณใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใใใใใชใใใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใใใใงใใพใใใ (ryoogae desu ka. sore nara, yuubinkyokude mo dekimasu yo.)
Oh, I didn't know that. It's convenient, isn't it! ใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใในใใใงใใญใใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใในใใใงใใญใ (hee, shirimasen deshita. benri desu ne.)
Let me carry one of the packages for you. ใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใใ (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimashoo.)
I will carry a package. ใซใใคใใใกใพใใใซใใคใใใกใพใใ (nimotsu o mochimasu.)
I will carry one of the packages. (I carry one package.)
ใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใใซใใคใใฒใจใคใใกใพใใ (nimotsu o hitotsu mochimasu.)
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English JapaneseYou have many packages. (Packages are many.)
ใซใใคใใใใใงใใใซใใคใใใใใงใใ (nimotsu ga ooi desu.)
I have five packages. ใซใใคใใใคใคใใใพใใใซใใคใใใคใคใใใพใใ (nimotsu ga itsutsu arimasu.)
How many do you have? ใใใคใใใพใใใใใใคใใใพใใใ (ikutsu arimasu ka.)
How many packages do you have? ใซใใคใใใใคใใใพใใใใซใใคใใใใคใใใพใใใ (nimotsu ga ikutsu arimasu ka.)
You have four packages, don't you! Let me carrytwo for you.
ใซใใคใใใฃใคใใใพใใญใใตใใคใใกใพใใใซใใคใใใฃใคใใใพใใญใใตใใคใใกใพใใใใใใ (nimotsu ga yottsu arimasu ne. futatsumochimashoo.)
May I ask you to carry it to the post office? (May I request to the post office?)
ใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใณใใใใใพใงใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใใ (yuubinkyoku made, onegai shite mo ii desuka.)
I will stop by at the bank. ใใใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใซใใใพใใ (ginkoo ni yorimasu.)
May I stop by? ใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (yotte mo ii desu ka.)
May I stop by at the bank first? ใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (saki ni ginkoo ni yotte mo ii desu ka.)
What?! So much? I'm sorry, but may I stop by atthe bank first?
ใใฃ๏ผ๏ผใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใใฃ๏ผ๏ผใใใชใซ๏ผใใฟใพใใใใใใใซใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (e?! son-na ni? sumimasen ga, saki ni ginkooni yotte mo ii desu ka.)
Yes, sure. Please go ahead. ใใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใใใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใ (ee, ii desu yo. doozo.)
No, I don't mind, you know. Let's go together. (Yes, I don't mind, you know. Let's go together.)
ใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใใใ (ee, kamaimasen yo. issho ni ikimashoo.)
As a matter of fact, they are presents for myfamily.
ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใชใใงใใ (kazoku e no purezento nandesu.)
They are presents for my family. ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใงใใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใงใใ (kazoku e no purezento desu.)
my family, friends, and others ใใใใใจใใ ใกใใใใใจใใ ใก (kazoku ya tomodachi)
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Christmas presents for my family, friends, andothers
ใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใใใใใจใใ ใกใธใฎใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใ (kazoku ya tomodachi e no kurisumasupurezento)
a birthday present for my mother ใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใ (haha e no tanjoobi purezento)
I'll send it to America. ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใพใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใพใใ (amerika made okurimasu)
I will send a birthday present for my mother toAmerica.
ใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใฏใฏใธใฎใใใใใใณใใฌใผใณใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใพใใใใใใพใใ (haha e no tanjoobi purezento o amerikamade okurimasu.)
a present from my girlfriend ใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใ (ka-nojo kara no purezento)
This necktie? It's a present from my girlfriend.ใใฎใใฏใฟใคใงใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใใใฎใใฏใฟใคใงใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฌใผใณใใงใใใงใใ (kono nekutai desu ka. ka-nojo kara nopurezento desu.)
How much does it cost to send it to America byairmail?
ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (amerika made kookuubin de ikurakakarimasu ka.)
How much does it cost? ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (ikura kakarimasu ka.)
How much does it cost to send it to America? (How much does it cost to America?)
ใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใใใพใใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใใใใใใใพใใใ (amerika made ikura kakarimasu ka.)
Excuse me. How much does it cost to send it toCanada by sea mail?
ใใฟใพใใใใซใใใพใงใตใชใณใใงใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใซใใใพใงใตใชใณใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใพใใใ (sumimasen. kanada made funabin de ikurakakarimasu ka.)
Sea mail? It costs two thousand five hundred yen.ใตใชใณใใงใใใใซใใใใฒใใใใใใใใพใตใชใณใใงใใใใซใใใใฒใใใใใใใใพใใใใ (funabin desu ka. nisen gohyaku enkakarimasu.)
Airmail? As for the postcard, it is seventy yen. Asfor the letter, it costs a hundred ten yen.
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใฏใใใฏใชใชใใ ใใใใงใใใใใณใใงใใใใฏใใใฏใชใชใใ ใใใใงใใใฆใใฟใฏใฒใใใใ ใใใใใใใพใใใใใฆใใฟใฏใฒใใใใ ใใใใใใใพใใ (kookuubin desu ka. hagaki wa nanajuu endesu. tegami wa hyaku juu en kakarimasu.)
By special delivery, please. How much does itcost?
ใใใใคใงใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใคใงใใญใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (sokutatsu de onegai shimasu. ikurakakarimasu ka.)
About how much do you think it will cost to send itby airmail?
ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใ (kookuubin de, ikura gurai kakaru deshooka.)
ใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใ
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close to twenty thousand yen in total ใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใใใใถใงใซใพใใใใกใใ (zenbu de niman en chikaku)
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English Japanese
How long does it take to send it by sea mail? ใตใชใณใใงใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใใตใชใณใใงใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใ (funabin de donokurai kakarimasu ka.)
How long does it take? ใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใใฉใฎใใใใใใใพใใใ (donokurai kakarimasu ka.)
Sea mail? It takes one month or more, you know.ใตใชใณใใงใใใใใฃใใใคใใใใใใใใพใใตใชใณใใงใใใใใฃใใใคใใใใใใใใพใใใใใ (funabin desu ka. ikkagetsu ijoo kakarimasuyo.)
How many months do you think it takes to send itto America by sea mail?
ใขใกใชใซใพใงใตใชใณใใงใชใใใใคใใใใงใใใขใกใชใซใพใงใตใชใณใใงใชใใใใคใใใใงใใใใใใใใ (amerika made funabin de nan kagetsukakaru deshoo ka.)
Well.... Probably it takes close to two months, Ithink.
ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใซใใใคใกใใใใใใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใถใใซใใใคใกใใใใใใงใใใใใงใใใใ (soo desu ne.... tabun nikagetsu chikakukakaru deshoo.)
How many weeks does it take to send it toCanada by airmail?
ใซใใใพใงใใใใใณใใงใชใใใ ใใใใใใใซใใใพใงใใใใใณใใงใชใใใ ใใใใใใใพใใใใพใใใ (kanada made kookuubin de nanshuukankakarimasu ka.)
Airmail? If that's the case, it's about one week.ใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใชใใใใฃใใ ใใใใใใใใณใใงใใใใใใชใใใใฃใใ ใใใใใใใงใใใใใใงใใ (kookuubin desu ka. sore nara, isshuukangurai desu.)
I'd like to exchange some dollars with yen. ใใซใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใซใใใใจใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใ (doru o en to ryoogae shitaindesu ga....)
I want to exchange money. ใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใ (ryoogae shitai desu.)
I'd like to exchange some dollars. ใใซใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใซใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใ (doru o ryoogae shitaindes ga....)
How much is the exchange rate? ใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใ (reeto wa ikura desu ka.)
I'd like to exchange one thousand dollars. Howmuch is the exchange rate now?
ใใใใซใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใพใใใใซใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใพใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใใฌใผใใฏใใใใงใใใ (sen doru ryoogae shitaindesu ga.... imareeto wa ikura desu ka.)
eighty-five yen to the dollar (one dollar eighty-five yen)
ใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใ (ichi doru hachijuu-go en )
The exchange rate? It's eighty-five yen to thedollar now.
ใฌใผใใงใใใใใพใใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใใฌใผใใงใใใใใพใใใกใใซใฏใกใใ ใใใใใงใใใงใใ (reeto desu ka. ima, ichi doru hachijuu-go endesu.)
Where do you recommend? (Where is good?)
ใฉใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใใใงใใใ (doko ga ii desu ka.)
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English Japanese
I'd like to exchange some traveler's cheques.Where do you recommend?
ใใฉใใฉใผใบใใงใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใฉใใฉใผใบใใงใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใฉใใใใใงใใใใใปใปใปใใฉใใใใใงใใใ (toraberaazu chekku o ryoogae shitaindesuga.... doko ga ii desu ka.)
You can do it at the post office. ใใใณใใใใใงใงใใพใใใใใณใใใใใงใงใใพใใ (yuubinkyoku de dekimasu.)
You can do it at the post office too. ใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใใใใณใใใใใงใใงใใพใใ (yuubinkyoku de mo dekimasu.)
Oh, I didn't know it. That is convenient, isn't it!ใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใใใใฏในใใใงใใญใใธใใใใใพใใใงใใใใใใฏในใใใงใใญใ (hee, shirimasendeshita. sore wa benri desune.)
I'd like to withdraw some money. ใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใ (okane o oroshitaindesu ga.)
Can I do it at this window? ใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใ (kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)
Excuse me. I'd like to withdraw some money. Can Ido it at this window?
ใใฟใพใใใใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใฟใพใใใใใใญใใใใใใใใงใใใปใปใปใใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใใใปใปใปใใใฎใพใฉใใกใงใงใใพใใใ (sumimasen. okane o oroshitaindesu ga....kono madoguchi de dekimasu ka.)
The money will arrive four days after you remit it. (After you remit it, it will arrive in four days.)
ใใใใใใฆใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใใใใฆใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใ (sookin shite kara, yokka de todokimasu.)
It will arrive in four days. ใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใ (yokka de todokimasu.)
The money arrived ten days after I had remittedit.
ใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใ (sookin shite kara, tooka de todokimashita.)
Special delivery? It will arrive two to four days afteryou send it, you know.
ใใใใคใงใใใใใใฃใฆใใใใตใคใใใใใฃใใใใคใงใใใใใใฃใฆใใใใตใคใใใใใฃใใงใจใฉใใพใใใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใ (sokutatsu desu ka. okutte kara, futsukakara yokka de todokimasu yo.)
What is today's date? ใใใใฎใฒใฅใใฏใชใใงใใใใใใใฎใฒใฅใใฏใชใใงใใใ (kyoo no hizuke wa nan desu ka.)
today's date ใใใใฎใฒใฅใใใใใฎใฒใฅใ (kyoo no hizuke)
Excuse me. What date is it today?ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใชใใใคใชใใซใกใงใใใใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏใชใใใคใชใใซใกใงใใใ (sumimasen. kyoo wa nan-gatsu nan-nichidesu ka.)
Today is November 20th. ใใใใฏใใ ใใใกใใคใฏใคใใงใใใใใใฏใใ ใใใกใใคใฏใคใใงใใ (kyoo wa juu-ichi-gatsu hatsuka desu.)
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English Japanese
When is your birthday? ใใใใใใณใฏใใคใงใใใใใใใใใณใฏใใคใงใใใ (tanjoobi wa itsu desu ka.)
My birthday? It's on March 16th, you know.ใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใคใใ ใใใใซใกใงใใใใใใณใงใใใใใใใคใใ ใใใใซใกใงใใใใใใ (tanjoobi desu ka. san-gatsu juu-roku-nichidesu yo.)
I want to send a present. ใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใ (purezento o okuritai desu.)
My father's birthday is on April 27th. I want tosend a present from Japan.
ใกใกใฎใใใใใใณใฏใใใคใซใใ ใใใกใซใกใงใกใกใฎใใใใใใณใฏใใใคใซใใ ใใใกใซใกใงใใใซใปใใใใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใใใใซใปใใใใใฌใผใณใใใใใใใใงใใ (chichi no tanjoobi wa shi-gatsu ni-juu-shichi-nichi desu. nihon kara purezento ookuritai desu.)
What seems to be the problem? ใฉใใใพใใใใใฉใใใพใใใใ (doo shimashita ka.)
I have a headache and the chills. ใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใฆใใใใใใใพใใ (atama ga itakute, samuke ga shimasu.)
I have no appetite, either, since three days ago. ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (mikka mae kara shokuyoku mo arimasen.)
You have a fever of 38 degrees, I see. Open yourmouth wide, please.
ใญใคใ๏ผ๏ผใฉใใใพใใญใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใญใคใ๏ผ๏ผใฉใใใพใใญใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne. kuchio ookiku akete kudasai.)
Your throat is red, I see. You have a common cold,I think.
ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใ (nodo ga akai desu ne. tada no kazedeshoo.)
I'm going to prescribe cold medicine, so pleasetake two tablets before going to bed.
ใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใญใใพใใซใซใใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใญใใพใใซใซใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kazegusuri o dashimasu kara, neru mae nini-joo nonde kudasai.)
Um, may I take a bath tonight?ใใฎใใใใใฐใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใฎใใใใใฐใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใ (anoo, konban, ofuro ni haitte mo ii desuka.)
No, not today. ใใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใใ (iie, kyoo wa ikemasen yo.)
Take your medicine and go to bed early today,please. Take care.
ใใใใฏใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใใใฏใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใ ใใใซใใใ ใใใซใ (kyoo wa kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)
I have had no appetite since three days ago. (I don't have appetite since three days ago.)
ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (mikka mae kara, shokuyoku ga arimasen.)
I don't have an appetite. ใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (shokuyoku ga arimasen.)
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English Japanese
I have caught a cold. ใใใใฒใใพใใใใใใใฒใใพใใใ (kaze o hikimashita.)
to catch a cold (in the "te"-form) ใใใใฒใใฆใใใใฒใใฆ (kaze o hiite)
I have a cold. ใใใใฒใใฆใใพใใใใใใฒใใฆใใพใใ (kaze o hiite imasu.)
the condition of stomach ใใชใใฎใกใใใใใชใใฎใกใใใ (onaka no chooshi)
I have an upset stomach. (The condition of stomach is bad.)
ใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใ (onaka no chooshi ga warui desu.)
I have had an upset stomach since a week ago.ใใฃใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใฃใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใใใงใใ (isshuukan mae kara, onaka no chooshi gawarui desu.)
My stomach hurts. (Stomach is painful.)
ใใชใใใใใใงใใใใชใใใใใใงใใ (onaka ga itai desu.)
Since when has your stomach been hurting? ใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใใใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใใ (itsu kara onaka ga itai desu ka.)
It has been hurting since five hours ago. ใใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใงใใ (go jikan mae kara itai desu.)
Do you think I am all right? ใ ใใใใใถใงใใใใใใ ใใใใใถใงใใใใใ (daijoobu deshoo ka.)
As a matter of fact, my stomach has been hurtingsince three days ago. Do you think I am all right?
ใฟใฃใใพใใใใใชใใใใใใใงใใใ ใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใใใชใใใใใใใงใใใ ใใใใใถใงใใใใใใใถใงใใใใใ (mikka mae kara onaka ga itaindesu.daijoobu deshoo ka.)
to have chills (to feel a chill)
ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (samuke ga suru)
I have chills. ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (samuke ga shimasu.)
I have a headache. (My head is painful. )
ใใใพใใใใใงใใใใใพใใใใใงใใ (atama ga itai desu.)
I have a headache, and (My head is painful, and)
ใใใพใใใใใฆใใใพใใใใใฆ (atama ga itakute)
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English JapaneseI feel nauseous. (I feel nausea.)
ใฏใใใใใพใใใฏใใใใใพใใ (hakike ga shimasu.)
My stomach hurts, and I feel nauseous. (My stomach is painful, and I feel nausea.)
ใใชใใใใใใฆใใฏใใใใใพใใใใชใใใใใใฆใใฏใใใใใพใใ (onaka ga itakute, hakike ga shimasu.)
I feel dizzy. (I feel dizziness.)
ใใพใใใใพใใใใพใใใใพใใ (memai ga shimasu.)
I feel a pain in my chest. (Chest is distressing.)
ใใญใใใใใใงใใใใญใใใใใใงใใ (mune ga kurushii desu.)
I feel a pain in my chest, and I feel dizzy. ใใญใใใใใใฆใใใพใใใใพใใใใญใใใใใใฆใใใพใใใใพใใ (mune ga kurushikute, memai ga shimasu.)
I have a runny nose. (Nasal drips come out.)
ใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใ (hanamizu ga demasu.)
I have a cough. (A cough comes out.)
ใใใใงใพใใใใใใงใพใใ (seki ga demasu.)
My throat hurts. (My throat is painful.)
ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใ (nodo ga itai desu.)
My throat hurts, and I have a cough and a runnynose. I don't have an appetite, either.
ใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใใใจใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใใใใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใใใจใฏใชใฟใใใงใพใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใพใใใ (nodo ga itakute, seki to hanamizu gademasu. shokuyoku mo arimasen.)
What kind of pain is it? ใฉใใชใใใฟใงใใใใฉใใชใใใฟใงใใใ (don-na itami desu ka.)
a wound on my hand ใฆใฎใใใฆใฎใใ (te no kizu)
The wound on my hand throbs with pain. ใฆใฎใใใใใใใใใพใใใฆใฎใใใใใใใใใพใใ (te no kizu ga zuki zuki shimasu.)
I have a splitting headache. (My head suffers from a splitting headache.)
ใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ (atama ga gan gan shimasu.)
I have persistent dull pain in my stomach. ใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใ (onaka ga shiku shiku itamimasu.)
I have excruciating pain in my stomach. ใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใชใใใใใใใใใฟใพใใ (onaka ga kiri kiri itamimasu.)
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English JapaneseI burnt myself. (I did a burn.)
ใใใฉใใใพใใใใใใฉใใใพใใใ (yakedo o shimashita.)
I burnt my hand. ใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใ (te ni yakedo o shimashita.)
It still burns. ใพใ ใใฒใใฒใใใพใใใพใ ใใฒใใฒใใใพใใ (mada, hiri hiri shimasu.)
I burnt my hand yesterday. It still burns.ใใฎใใใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใใพใ ใฒใใฒใใใใฎใใใฆใซใใใฉใใใพใใใใพใ ใฒใใฒใใใพใใใพใใ (ki-noo, te ni yakedo o shimashita. mada hirihiri shimasu.)
You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees, I see. ใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใญใใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใญใ (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu ne.)
You have a fever. ใญใคใใใใพใใใญใคใใใใพใใ (netsu ga arimasu.)
thirty-eight degrees ใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉ (san-juu-hachi do)
You have a fever of thirty-eight degrees. ใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใใญใคใใใใใ ใใฏใกใฉใใใพใใ (netsu ga san-juu-hachi do arimasu.)
The fever has gone up, I see. ใญใคใใใใใพใใใญใใญใคใใใใใพใใใญใ (netsu ga agarimashita ne.)
The fever has come down to thirty-seven pointfive degrees, I see.
ใญใคใใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใพใงใใใใพใใใญใคใใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใพใงใใใใพใใใญใใญใ (netsu ga san-juu-nana do go bu madesagarimashita ne.)
Let me take a peek at your throat. (Please show me your throat a little bit.)
ใกใใฃใจใฎใฉใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใใกใใฃใจใฎใฉใใฟใใฆใใ ใใใ (chotto nodo o misete kudasai.)
Your throat is red, I see. ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใ (nodo ga akai desu ne.)
Your throat is red, and you also have a fever, Isee.
ใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใญใคใใใใพใใญใใฎใฉใใใใใฆใใญใคใใใใพใใญใ (nodo ga akakute, netsu mo arimasu ne.)
a common cold ใใ ใฎใใใใ ใฎใใ (tada no kaze)
It is a common cold, I think. ใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใ (tada no kaze deshoo.)
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English JapaneseThere is no need to worry. (As for a worry, you don't need it.)
ใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใ (shinpai wa irimasen.)
It is a common cold, I think. There is no need toworry, you know.
ใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใใใ ใฎใใใงใใใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใ (tada no kaze deshoo. shinpai wa irimasenyo.)
It is a little bit worrisome. ใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใ (chotto shinpai desu.)
Hmmm, this is a little bit worrisome, I see. Let'shave some tests.
ใใผใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใญใใใใใใผใใใใใฏใกใใฃใจใใใฑใใงใใญใใใใใใพใใใใใใพใใใใ (uun, kore wa chotto shinpai desu ne. kensashimashoo.)
Open your mouth wide, please. (Please open mouth widely.)
ใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใกใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (kuchi o ookiku akete kudasai.)
Please open your mouth. ใใกใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใกใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (kuchi o akete kudasai.)
You take a breath. (You inhale a breath.)
ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (iki o suimasu.)
Please take a breath. ใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (iki o sutte kudasai.)
Please take a deep breath. (Please inhale a breath deeply.)
ใใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (iki o ookiku sutte kudasai.)
Please go to bed early. ใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใ (hayaku nete kudasai.)
Since you have a fever, please go to bed earlytoday.
ใญใคใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใญใคใใใใพใใใใใใใใฏใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใ (netsu ga arimasu kara, kyoo wa hayakunete kudasai.)
Please gargle well. ใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ (yoku ugai shite kudasai.)
Your throat is red, I see. Please gargle well athome.
ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใกใงใใใใใใใฆใใ ใฎใฉใใใใใงใใญใใใกใงใใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใ (nodo ga akai desu ne. uchi de yoku ugaishite kudasai.)
Please take this medicine three times a day.ใใฎใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใฎใใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใ (kono kusuri o ichi-nichi ni sankai nondekudasai.)
Please take this medicine. ใใฎใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono kusuri o nonde kudasai.)
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English Japanese
once a day ใใกใซใกใซใใฃใใใใกใซใกใซใใฃใใ (ichi-nichi ni ikkai)
twice a day ใใกใซใกใซใซใใใใกใซใกใซใซใใ (ichi-nichi ni nikai)
Please take this medicine twice a day, two tabletsat a time.
ใใฎใใใใใใใกใซใกใซใซใใใใซใใใใใคใใฎใใใใใใใกใซใกใซใซใใใใซใใใใใคใฎใใงใใ ใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono kusuri o, ichi-nichi ni nikai, ni-joo zutsunonde kudasai.)
Please take one tablet of this medicine before ameal.
ใใใใใฎใพใใซใใใฎใใใใใใกใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใพใใซใใใฎใใใใใใกใใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใงใใ ใใใ (shokuji no mae ni, kono kusuri o ichi-joononde kudasai.)
I took one tablet of the medicine two hours ago.ใซใใใใพใใซใใใใใใกใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใซใใใใพใใซใใใใใใกใใใใฎใฟใพใใใ (ni-jikan mae ni kusuri o ichi-joonomimashita.)
thirty minutes before a meal ใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใพใใซใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใพใใซ (shokuji no sanjuppun mae ni)
As for this red medicine, please take it thirtyminutes before a meal.
ใใฎใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใใฎใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใใใ ใฃใทใใพใใซใฎใใงใใ ใใใใพใใซใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono akai kusuri wa, shokuji no sanjuppunmae ni nonde kudasai.)
Please take this cough medicine before going tobed.
ใญใใพใใซใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใญใใพใใซใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (neru mae ni, kono sekidome o nondekudasai.)
Please take this cough medicine. ใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใใใฎใใใฉใใใฎใใงใใ ใใใ (kono sekidome o nonde kudasai.)
before eating ใในใใพใใซใในใใพใใซ (taberu mae ni)
before eating a rich meal ใใกใใใใในใใพใใซใใกใใใใในใใพใใซ (gochisoo o taberu mae ni)
Before eating the rich meal, I took a digestivemedicine.
ใใกใใใใในใใพใใซใใใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใกใใใใในใใพใใซใใใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใใใ (gochisoo o taberu mae ni, igusuri onomimashita.)
before applying (medicine) ใฌใใพใใซใฌใใพใใซ (nuru mae ni)
before applying the ointment ใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซ (nankoo o nuru mae ni)
Please wash your hands. ใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (te o aratte kudasai.)
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English JapaneseBefore applying the ointment, please wash yourhands.
ใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใใชใใใใใฌใใพใใซใใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ ใใใ (nankoo o nuru mae ni, te o aratte kudasai.)
I will write a prescription. (I will serve a prescription.)
ใใใปใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใปใใใใใ ใใพใใ (sho-hoosen o dashimasu.)
I will dispense a cold medicine. (I will serve a cold medicine.)
ใใใใใใใ ใใพใใใใใใใใใ ใใพใใ (kazegusuri o dashimasu.)
You must not drink alcoholic beverages. ใใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใใใใใใฎใใงใฏใใใพใใใ (osake o nonde wa ikemasen.)
I smoke cigarettes. (I inhale cigarettes.)
ใใฐใใใใใพใใใใฐใใใใใพใใ (tabako o suimasu.)
You must not smoke cigarettes. ใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใ (tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.)
You have a terrible cough. (Cough is terrible.)
ใใใใฒใฉใใงใใใใใใฒใฉใใงใใ (seki ga hidoi desu.)
You have a terrible cough, I see. You must notsmoke cigarettes for a while, you know.
ใใใใฒใฉใใงใใญใใใฐใใใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใใฒใฉใใงใใญใใใฐใใใใฐใใใใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใใใใใใพใใใใ (seki ga hidoi desu ne. shibaraku tabako osutte wa ikemasen yo.)
I take a bath. (I get into a bath.)
ใใตใใซใฏใใใพใใใใตใใซใฏใใใพใใ (ofuro ni hairimasu.)
May I take a bath? ใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใ (ofuro ni haitte mo ii desu ka.)
Um, may I take a bath tonight?ใใฎใใใใใฐใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใฎใใใใใฐใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใใ (anoo, konban ofuro ni haitte mo ii desu ka.)
Yes, you may, you know. ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใงใใใ (ee, ii desu yo.)
Please take the medicine and go to bed earlytoday. Take good care of yourself.
ใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใงใใฏใใใญใฆใใ ใใใใใ ใใใซใใใใใ ใใใซใ (kyoo wa, kusuri o nonde, hayaku netekudasai. odaiji ni.)
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Cultural Notes
ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใ is a common greeting used at the entrance of someone's house to announce one'sarrival. It literally means "Please forgive (me)," but it's equivalent to "Hello" in English!Did you remember ใใใฃใใใใพใใใใฃใใใใพใ , a polite greeting to welcome customers at a store or restaurant? We can use the same greeting to welcome visitors at our house. In a less formal situation, we can simplysay ใใใฃใใใใใใฃใใใ .ใใใใพใใพใใใใใพใใพใ is a common phrase we can use when we enter someone's house in Japan. It literallymeans "(I'll) hinder (you by my visit)." There is no exact match in English, but it's something akin to"Thank you for inviting me in." Like ใใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใ or ใใฟใพใใใใฟใพใใ (as "Thank you"), many Japanesephrases sound apologetic and self-effacing, reflecting the culture of politeness and modesty.ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใพใใพใใ is the past form of ใใใใพใใพใใใใใพใใพใ . It means something like "I'm sorry for havinghindered you by my visit," but the English equivalent would be "Thank you for your time and hospitality." It's a common phrase you can use when you are leaving someone's house.A typical Japanese house has a distinct entrance space called ใใใใใใใใ . It's a transition area betweenoutside and inside, with the "inside" clearly defined with a raised floor. You remove your shoes here andstep directly onto the hallway. Don't stand barefooted on the entrance floor; that's considered "outside"even though it's indoors. Once up on the hallway, put on the house slippers provided by the host andfollow him or her.As you may recall, Japanese people typically try hard not to appear vain or boastful. When they receivecompliments, they would invariably negate them or counter them with self-effacing phrases. Forexample, when someone praises their house, they would counter with a negative comment on it such asใตใใใงใใใฉใตใใใงใใใฉ (It's old, though).ใใกใใก literally means "the inside," but it can be used to mean a "house," "(one's) home," "(one's own)family," or more! ใใกใใก is such a simple word, but it's one of the key terms that helps us understand theJapanese culture and language. With a particular verbal expression comes a gesture that is often unique to the culture. When Japanesepeople say ใใใใใใใใ (no, no) as in the response to a compliment, they often wave one or both handsbefore their chest with the palm facing their listener. Try it!Japanese people usually do not offer their guests a tour of their house as Americans often do, unless theguests are staying overnight or the hosts are particularly proud of some features of their house. Eventhen, the hosts would show their guests (who are "outsiders") only what is considered as the "outer"areas of the house. The hostess, for example, might hate to have people coming into her kitchen since itis considered one of the innermost areas of the house.ใใใใใใ is a Japanese-style drawing room with its floor covered by ใใใฟใใใฟ--thick, rectangle mats made oftightly-woven dried stalks of plants called ใใใใใใ (rushes). ใใใใใใ usually has sliding doors. The onescovered with translucent white rice paper are called ใใใใใใใใ . The ones that are double-paned with thickpaper or cloth and on which pictures are often painted are called ใตใใพใตใใพ .
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Before you enter ใใใใใใ , take off your house slippers and leave them outside the room. Inside, there is alow table, and you sit on square cushions called ใใถใจใใใถใจใ . In a formal situation, you should sit ใใใใใใ-style, with your legs folded underneath your thighs and keeping your back straight. If your feet arehurting you, you may say ใใฟใพใใใใฟใพใใ to your host and discreetly change your position. Please be aware,though, that sitting cross-legged will be frowned upon if you are a woman!A typical Japanese bathroom is quite different from one in the US. ใตใใฐใตใใฐ is literally a "bath place." It's aroom with a bathtub and a shower, and its tiled floor has a drainage hole. You wash your body outsidethe bathtub before getting into it to keep the bathwater clean. When you are done, don't drain the tub! Other members in the household usually share the same bathwater for the day.ใใฆใใใใใฆใใใ or ใใคใฌใใคใฌ in a typical Japanese house is a space separate from ใตใใฐใตใใฐ (the bathroom) or ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (the room with a bathroom sink). Japanese people take hygiene very seriously. Inside ใใฆใใใใฆใใใใ , you'll find a pair of "toilet" slippers. Put them on, leaving your house slippers outside the door. Whenyou come out, don't forget to leave the toilet slippers where they belong!Many Japanese households have family Buddhist altars called ใถใคใ ใใถใคใ ใ , which hold mortuary tablets (ใใฏใใฏใใ) for deceased family members. Contrary to the popular Western perception, Japanese people do notworship the dead. Instead, they revere and honor their ancestors and try to console their spirits byoffering incense and prayer. In this sense, ใถใคใ ใใถใคใ ใ is a link between the past and the present. Theroom with ใถใคใ ใใถใคใ ใ is called ใถใคใพใถใคใพ .ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ (literally, "space for tea") or ใใกใใฎใพใใกใใฎใพ originally meant a room where tea was served forguests, but it has become a Japanese-style family room where family members relax over a cup of teaand watch TV. Usually, ใกใใฎใพใกใใฎใพ is next to the kitchen and used as the family dining room as well.If you visit a Japanese home in winter, you may be ushered into a room with ใใใคใใใค . ใใใคใใใค is a low tableequipped with an electric space heater. The entire table is covered by a quilt to trap the warm air in andkeep your legs and feet toasty. It's a cozy space to spend time with your friends and family on a coldday!ใกใใใคใกใใใค (literally, "tea room") is a space specifically designed to have a tea ceremony. A typical ใกใใใกใใใคใค is a small structure built in a Japanese-style garden. It looks like a simple rustic hut, but the simplicityis a well-calculated one! Guests go through the well-tended garden and enter ใกใใใคใกใใใค through a smalldoor called ใซใใใใกใซใใใใก . Inside, they enjoy not only green tea but also the ambiance and hospitalitycarefully prepared and presented by the host.A typical ใใใใใใใใ (Japanese-style closet) is two-tiered with paper-covered sliding doors.Japanese ใตใจใใตใจใ (futon) is different from the American version. The authentic ใตใจใใตใจใ is a set of a thickcotton-filled mattress and a fluffy quilt. It's quite light, mobile, and comfortable!ใใใใใใ , or any room with ใใใฟใใใฟ floor, is very versatile. During the day, the room can be used as adrawing room, with a low table and ใใถใจใใใถใจใ (square cushions) as the furniture. At night, the room canbe turned into a bedroom with the table and ใใถใจใใใถใจใ set aside and ใตใจใใตใจใ spread on the floor. Whenthe morning comes, ใตใจใใตใจใ will be folded and put into ใใใใใใใใ . Voila! The room becomes a public spaceagain!
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Traditional Japanese gardens have gained some popularity in North America as well as Europe. The basicconcept is to recreate natural landscapes so that people can enjoy their beauty everyday at homethroughout the year. The most popular center piece is a pond, often paired with a miniature mountainadorned with trees, rocks, and stone lanterns. Some gardens substitute white sand and pebbles forwater, creating a simple yet profound world for Zen meditation.ใใใใ (carp) are voracious and highly adaptive freshwater fish that have a long history of being used asfood in Asia and Europe. ใซใใใใใซใใใใ (ornamental carp), however, are bred in northern Japan exclusivelyfor their beautiful colors and patterns. Today, ใซใใใใใซใใใใ are a ubiquitous presence in water gardensaround the globe, entertaining people with their vivid beauty and feeding frenzies!Do you remember that "brown" in Japanese is ใกใใใใกใใใ (literally, "tea color")? Traditional Japanese colorsare often named after objects that represent the particular colors. For example, pink is ใใใใใใใใ(literally, "peach color"), yellowish brown is ใใใใใใใใ (persimmon color), and sky-blue is ใใใใใใใใ (skycolor). Nowadays, however, younger generations prefer to use "borrowed" words such as ใใณใฏใใณใฏ (pink) orใใผใธใฅใใผใธใฅ (beige) !ใซใใใซใใ in ใซใใใใใซใใใใ (ornamental carp) literally means a Japanese silk brocade known for its gorgeouscolors and intricate patterns. It's an apt name for carp adorned with vivid colors and markings! Thepronunciation of ใใใใ changes to ใใใใ when combined with another word.ใใใใ (carp) are considered auspicious fish. Chinese legend has it that carp that could climb a big waterfall on the Yellow River would turn into dragons and fly through the sky--a great achievement for acreature as small and insignificant as a fish! That's why we have ใใใฎใผใใใใฎใผใ--colorful carp-shapedwindsocks traditionally flown in May to wish success and good health for male children in the family.Many modern houses in Japan incorporate Western-style rooms and furniture. Traditional ใใใใใใ and ใกใใกใใฎใพใฎใพ are often replaced by Western-style ใชใใณใฐใชใใณใฐ . Young people in particular prefer wooden or carpetfloor to ใใใฟใใใฟ , chairs and couches to ใใถใจใใใถใจใ , and beds to ใตใจใใตใจใ . Some newer apartments andcondos even have Western-style bathrooms. Though the appearance may be different, there is one thingthat never changes: people still take off their shoes at ใใใใใใใใ (entrance hall)!Do you remember that there are different ways of referring to oneself other than ใใใใใใ (I/me) inJapanese? ใผใใผใ is used by male speakers. It's often used by boys, but adult men also use it when theyare in less formal (but not too casual) settings, such as among family members or coworkers.In Japanese schools and workplaces, younger members are expected to pay respect to older members,calling them ใใใฑใใใใฑใ (akin to "seniors"). In families, youngsters call their older siblings not by their firstnames but by their family titles such as ใใญใใใใใญใใใ (the polite form for "elder sister") or ใใซใใใใใซใใใ (thepolite form for "elder brother"). Even parents use these titles when talking about their older children infront of their younger ones!Asking an adult his or her age is a delicate matter in Japan. The notable exception, however, is whenasking the person's age is considered as a compliment. Traditionally, Japanese respect elderly membersof society, celebrating their longevity on ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ (Respect-for-the-Aged Day) in September. Just beaware, though, that in a society with average life expectancy of 83, the definition of "elderly" is quitedifferent from what you think!
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The concept of family has been rapidly changing in Japan. Three-generation households were oncecommon. The eldest son would take care of his parents in their old age, and younger generations wouldlearn to respect their elders by living with their grandparents. Now nuclear families with fewer children arethe norm, especially in urban society. The average size of family in 1975 was 3.35. It shrank to 2.65 in2008.As the number of children per household is decreasing in Japan, the number of pets seems to be goingup! It is said that almost half the Japanese households with two or more people have some kind of pet. The most popular pets are dogs, followed by cats, fish, and birds. Among dogs, the most popular breedsare Dachshund, Chihuahua, and Poodle--all small breeds, reflecting, perhaps, the Japanese taste fordainty things and the size of Japanese houses!Did you know that animals in Japan speak Japanese? Japanese dogs, for example, don't bark "bow-wow"but say ใฏใณใฏใณใฏใณใฏใณ . Cats don't "meow" but say ใใฃใขใใฃใขใใฃใขใใฃใข . Cows bellow ใขใผใขใผ , sheep bleat ใกใงใผใกใงใผ , andcrows croak ใซใขใซใขใซใขใซใข . Roosters? They will wake you up with a loud ใณใฑใณใใณใผใณใฑใณใใณใผ while you are in Japan!The Chinese character for ใใฌใใฌ (dog) can be read as ใใใใ , and many people in Japan call the Akita ใใใใใใใใใใ . The official name for the breed, however, is ใใใใใฌใใใใใฌ .Some Japanese dog breeds have gained popularity in North America as well as in Europe. ใใใใใฌใใใใใฌ(the Akita) is a large dog originally bred for dog fighting in northern Japan that is highly loyal andintelligent. ใใฐใใฌใใฐใใฌ (the Shiba) is an ancient breed used for hunting in mountains, smaller in size butbrave and patient. ใกใใกใ (the Japanese Spaniel) is a small dog with a beautiful long coat, playful yet quietand affectionate.Japan is a country of longevity. Based on the government's 2010 estimate, people over 65 consist of23% of the entire population--the highest rate in the world. Women generally live longer than men: of8,220,000 people over 80, about the two-thirds are female. Long life is a blessing, but with the shrinkingbirth rate and the erosion of the traditional family arrangement, how to take care of the aging populationhas become a serious challenge for society.ใฏใชใฟใฏใชใฟ or ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ (literally, "flower viewing") is a cherry-blossom viewing picnic, a very popular springactivity in Japan. Contrary to the serene image the word might evoke, real ใฏใชใฟใฏใชใฟ is often a quiteboisterous outdoor party under bloomed cherry trees, where people eat, drink, and sing with theircoworkers, friends, and family! Japanese people love to get together and enjoy food, drink, and karaoke! There are many chances forcelebration. In January, they celebrate the new year. In March, they hold send-off parties for coworkerswho are going to be transferred. In April, they have cherry-blossom-viewing picnics as well as welcomeparties for employees newly-transferred to their departments. But the busiest season of all is Decemberwhen they have a ใผใใญใใใใผใใญใใใ (forget-the-old-year party) almost every night!
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Japanese people have adopted Christmas from the West and celebrate it big time - though not forreligious reasons. Families celebrate it with artificial ใฏใชในใในใใชใผใฏใชในใในใใชใผ (Christmas trees) and store-bought ใฏใชในใในใฑใผใญใฏใชในใในใฑใผใญ (Christmas cakes). Friends celebrate it with boisterous ใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผใฏใชในใในใใผใใฃใผ(Christmas parties), and couples celebrate it with expensive ใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใใฏใชในใในใใฌใผใณใ (Christmas presents). And shop keepers? They celebrate it with lucrative ใฏใชในใในใปใผใซใฏใชในใในใปใผใซ (Christmas sales)!Until the early 1900s, Japanese people counted their age not based on their birthdays, but on thenumber of New Year's Days they had. Consequently, people did not put much significance on theirbirthdays back then. Today, it's a special day for many. Family members and close friends oftencelebrate each other's birthday with ใใผในใใผใฑใผใญใใผในใใผใฑใผใญ (birthday cake) and gifts.While most birthdays are private affairs, there is one special birthday celebrated nationwide in Japan. TheEmperor's birthday (ใฆใใฎใใใใใใใณใฆใใฎใใใใใใใณ) is on December 23, and it's a national holiday!ใใใใใใใใใใใใ is a generic term for company employees, regardless of industry or gender. Male companyemployees are often called ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ (salary man). Female office workers are called OL, theacronym for "office lady"!Among various occupations available in Japan, arguably the least popular among youth, but the mostubiquitous in the adult world is ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ (literary "salary man"). They are white-collar salary-earnerswho work for a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, sales, finance, and construction. Clean-shaven, dark-suit-clad, unhappy-looking men in packed commuter trains--the term ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ hasnegative connotations, but they are the backbone of Japan's economic power!ใซใฉใชใฑใซใฉใชใฑ (karaoke) once was a side entertainment for bar customers, but it has evolved into a nationalpastime in Japan! Portable karaoke machines allow people to turn any gathering into a karaoke party. Die-hard enthusiasts can also go to ใซใฉใชใฑใใใฏในใซใฉใชใฑใใใฏใน (Karaoke Box), a place with small sound-proofrooms where you and your friends can sing your hearts out without worrying about other people'sreactions!ใใใณใณใใใณใณ is a noisy pinball-meets-slot-machine game with colorful, mesmerizing designs. It's a verypopular form of entertainment for adults, and you'll see garishly decorated ใใใณใณใใใใณใณใ (pachinko parlors)in every town you visit in Japan!ใใผใธใฃใณใใผใธใฃใณ is a Chinese game usually played with four participants. Though its popularity has waned inthe U.S., ใใผใธใฃใณใใผใธใฃใณ is still popular among Japanese men. Though not as visible as ใใใณใณใใใใณใณใ , you'll findใใใใใใใใใใ (mahjong parlors) in most Japanese towns.Typical middle-aged Japanese businessmen or ใตใฉใชใผใใณใตใฉใชใผใใณ spend long hours with their coworkers and/orclients. After a day's work they go out together to bars to entertain their clients or each other. Somenights, they might prefer to play mahjong or Japanese pinball games (ใใใณใณใใใณใณ). On the weekends, theymay play golf with their clients on the company tab. When they finally get home, tired ใตใฉใชใผใใตใฉใชใผใใณใณ usually take a nap or watch TV to relax!For Japanese males over 30, the most popular sport to watch on TV is ใใใ ใใใใ ใ (baseball), whether it's ใใใญใใใ ใใญใใใ ใ (professional baseball) or ใใใใใใใ ใใใใใใใใ ใ (high school baseball). Younger men prefer ใตใใตใใซใผใซใผ (soccer), and women generally prefer ใใฃใฎใฅใขในใฑใผใใใฃใฎใฅใขในใฑใผใ (figure skating) and ใใฌใผใใผใซใใฌใผใใผใซ(volleyball).Do you remember that Japanese people try to avoid strong statements especially when they have to givea negative answer to a question? When we are asked about our preference, it's probably better to avoidstrong words such as ใใใใใใ ("hate" or "dislike") even though that might be the way you actually feel. One way to soften the impact of your statement is to use a negative form such as ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (Idon't like).
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ใใใใใใ is a form of wrestling with its roots in ancient Shinto rituals in Japan. In a ใใใใใใ match, twowrestlers (ใใใใใใ), who are clad only with stiff thongs called ใพใใใพใใ , fight in a sandy ring called ใฉใฒใใใฉใฒใใ . The one who successfully pushes the other off the ring or lets any part of the opponent's body (except forhis soles) touch the ground wins. The popularity of professional ใใใใใใ is said to be waning, but it's stillholding up among older generations.You have learned that Japanese people usually don't greet or talk to total strangers. Don't think,however, that you'll be lonely while visiting Japan! It all depends on opportunities--where you are andwhom you are with. The easiest way to meet many people and make new friends is to visit popularnightclubs, local festivals, or outdoor concerts, where various people gather together with open mindsand a common goal: to have fun!In Japanese, terms of endearment such as "Honey" or "Sweetheart" are almost non-existent. Unmarriedcouples call each other by their first names or nicknames. Wives may call their husbands ใใชใใใชใ (literally,"You"), which is perhaps the closest thing to "Honey" in English. More commonly, wives call theirhusbands ใใจใใใใใจใใใ (Father) or ใใใใ (Papa) while husbands call their wives ใใใใใใใใใใ (Mother) or ใใใใ(Mom)--depending on how their children call them!"Love" in Japanese is ใใใใ , and the standard translation for "I love you" is ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใฆใใพใ (literally, "amloving"). This expression, however, sounds rather foreign to native speakers. The more common andnatural-sounding expression for confession of love is ใใใงใใใใงใ (literally, "like"). Established Japanesecouples, by the way, don't tell each other "I love you" as often as Americans do. For most Japanese, truelove is something that should be understood without words!You have already learned that most Japanese don't walk up to a total stranger and introducethemselves. If you want to make new friends in Japan, start with small talk. Commenting on yoursurroundings (such as the weather or the size of the crowd) is an age-old icebreaker, and so is askingabout the person's familiarity with the particular place you are both in!From the 1970s to the early 1990s, the ใใฃในใณใใฃในใณ (discotheque) was the rage all over Japan. Today, thename of ใใฃในใณใใฃในใณ has become a thing of the past. It's now called a ใฏใฉใใฏใฉใ (nightclub), and that's theplace young crowds gather for dancing. If you are planning to visit one, beware that there is another kindof ใฏใฉใใฏใฉใ in Japan. These are expensive nightclubs staffed with kimono-clad hostesses, where the bill fora sip of whiskey might bust your entire travel budget!ใณใณใใณใณใ (a slang derived from the English word "company") is a form of a party popular with young people,particularly college students. They go out to a pub or restaurant with classmates or club members andenjoy each other's company over food and drinks. When ใณใณใใณใณใ is organized to meet new people of theopposite sex, it's called a ใใใฉใใณใณใใใใฉใใณใณใ (literally, "joint ใณใณใใณใณใ") or ใใใณใณใใใณใณ in short. The closest Englishequivalent would be a "blind-date party"!Once upon a time, ใฟใใใฟใใ or ใใฟใใใใฟใใ , chaperoned dates arranged by relatives or family friends whoacted as matchmakers, was the way to find one's better half in Japan. Today, less than 10% of marriagesgo through such a traditional method while "love matches" have become the norm. The concept of ใใฟใใฟใใใใ , however, seems to still be thriving. ใใฟใใใใผใใฃใผใใฟใใใใผใใฃใผ , organized collective dating similar to speeddating in the US, has become a big business all over Japan!
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You have met someone whom you want to be friends with. You approach him or her and strike up aninnocent conversation. After making small talk for some time, you are ready to introduce yourself andfind out the person's name. If you find yourself in such a scenario, it sounds more natural and polite totell your name in an indirect manner, using the expression ใใใใฏใใใใฏ X ใจใใใพใใจใใใพใ . It's equivalent to "Myname is X," but you are actually saying, "I'm called X"!Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer to be asked out by men rather than asking men outthemselves. It does not mean, however, that Japanese women are all shy and passive--especiallyyounger generations! In fact, as more women strive for economic independence, they have also becomemore assertive in relationships. More men, on the other hand, are said to have become gentler andmore passive. Such males are sometimes called ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ--a "herbivorous kind"!In general, Japanese people are modest and try not to sound boastful. People in love, however, can'thelp talking proudly about their partners--even in Japan! Such affectionate remarks are called ใฎใใใฎใใ orใใฎใใใใฎใใ and are generally well-tolerated among good friends.While mild ใฎใใใฎใใ (affectionate boasting about one's partner) is kindly received among friends, publicdisplay of affection by couples is not well-tolerated in Japan. Holding hands is ok, but public kissing andhugging would compel people around you to avert their eyes quickly or stare at you as if you arecharacters from an American TV show. Either way, it's not very pleasant for any of the parties involved. Let's do in Japan as the Japanese do and be modest in your actions!The Japanese term for "coffee shop" is ใใฃใใฆใใใฃใใฆใ (literally, "drinking-tea shop"), but the term is fastbecoming obsolete while ใซใใงใซใใง (cafe) has become quite popular. Strictly speaking, ใซใใงใซใใง and ใใฃใใฆใใฃใใฆใใ are different: ใซใใงใซใใง serves alcohol while ใใฃใใฆใใใฃใใฆใ doesn't. However, even non-alcohol coffee shopsoften call themselves ใซใใงใซใใง or ใณใผใใผใใฆในใณใผใใผใใฆใน (coffee house), hoping to create more sophisticatedimages with the use of the "borrowed" words!When people say ใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใใใกใใงใใฎใฟใพใใใ (Why don't we have tea or something?), chances are that theyare not really thinking of a cup of green tea or even black tea. It's an idiomatic expression nativespeakers use to mean "Let's have a break." It's also an age-old pick-up line adopted by guys on thestreets! Nowadays, young people often opt for the pseudo-verb ใใกใใใใใกใใใ (literally, "to do tea"), sayingใใกใใใพใใใใใกใใใพใใใ or more casually, ใใกใใใชใ๏ผใใกใใใชใ๏ผ
Asking the time is the simplest and most innocent way to strike up a conversation with a stranger. It canalso be a convenient segue for a safe retreat after you have decided that your new acquaintance is notthe right one for you!Until late 1980s, most businesses and schools in Japan were open for half a day on Saturdays. Today, theใใ ใใใ ใใตใคใใใ ใใใ ใใตใคใ (two-day weekend) has become the norm, and the concept of a weekend hasexpanded to include not only Saturdays and Sundays but also Friday evenings. Though most Japanesecalenders now start with Sundays, many people still think that the first day of the week is Monday!Japanese terms for the day of the week originate in the ancient Babylonian traditions that had beentransmitted to Japan through China in the ninth century. Each term corresponds to the Japanese namesfor the sun, the moon, and five planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn). ใใใใ in ใใใณใใใณ (theday of the week) literally means "to shine"--a reference to shining stars--while ใณใณ means "day." ใใคใใใใคใใใณใณ , therefore, literally means the "Moon-shining Day"!
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In Japan, we officially have Happy Mondays! The ใใใใผใใณใใผใใใฉใใใใผใใณใใผใใใฉ (Happy Mondays system) wasintroduced in the year 2000, and the government has since changed the dates of four national holidaysto Mondays in order to create three-day weekends. These blessed holidays are ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ or"Coming-of-Age Day" in January, ใใฟใฎใฒใใฟใฎใฒ or "Ocean Day" in July, ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ or "Respect-for-the-AgedDay" in September, and ใใใใใฎใฒใใใใใฎใฒ or "Physical Education Day" in October.ใขใฆใใใขใฉใคใใขใฆใใใขใฉใคใ (outdoor life) has become fashionable among city dwellers in Japan. Unfortunately,there are a very limited number of accessible nature spots close to home. Whether on hiking trails,camping grounds, or fishing spots, those who try to escape the hubbub of city life often find themselvestrapped among similarly-minded crowds at their destinations and stuck in traffic jams on the way to andfrom home!If you want to try some fishing in Japan but have no idea where to go, try ใคใใผใใคใใผใ or artificial fishingponds! There you can rent different kinds of fishing rods with all the necessary accessories and catchvarious fish for an hourly fee. Some ใคใใผใใคใใผใ are catch-and-release only; others allow you to keep whatyou catch within a certain limit. Some places even rent barbecue pits where you can cook the fish you'vejust caught.Japan is an island nation, and even the northern parts of the country have beaches open for swimming insummer. Except for Okinawa, however, the swimming season is usually limited to July and August. Theshort season means...crowded beaches! For example, ใใฎใใพใใฎใใพ , arguably the most famous beach nearTokyo, is said to host more than three million people in one summer!Theme parks or ใใผใใใผใฏใใผใใใผใฏ are big business in Japan. They attract not only families with children butalso adults who cannot have enough of all the fun rides they offer! The most famous ones are ใจใใใใจใใใใใใฃใบใใผใฉใณใใใใฃใบใใผใฉใณใ (Tokyo Disneyland) and ใใฃใบใใผใทใผใใฃใบใใผใทใผ (DisneySea) in ใใใใใใใใ in Chiba Prefecture,which, combined, boast about 25,000,000 visitors a year.Only a one-hour train ride from central Tokyo, ใใใใใใใใใใ (Mt. Takao) offers popular day-hike trails thataward hikers with a nice view of ใตใใใใตใใใ (Mt. Fuji). ใใใใใใใใใใ is only about 2,000 ft. high, but it's thestarting point for the 1,000-mile-long Tokai Nature Trails. Besides well-preserved forests and great views,points of interest include the tram and lift rides, a monkey park, a beer garden, and a Buddhist templewith 1,200 years of history!ใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใ (Seven Samurai), directed by ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ and starring ใฟใตใญใจใใใใฟใตใญใจใใใ , is one ofthe most popular Japanese films inside and outside Japan. Originally released in 1954, the black-and-white film features the story of seven unemployed samurai warriors, or ใใใซใใใใซใ , who help poor villagersdefend their livelihood against bandits. ใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใ inspired many other works, including thepopular American film, The Magnificent Seven.ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ is arguably the most famous and influential Japanese film director, nicknamed ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใใใใใ (Kurosawa of the World). Born in 1910, ใใใใใใใใ started his long career in 1943 and wonnumerous awards worldwide with highly acclaimed films such as ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (Rashomon), ใใใใใใ (Ikiru;literally, "To Live"), ใใกใซใใฎใใใใใใกใซใใฎใใใใ (Seven Samurai), and ใใใใ (Ran; literally, "War"). He died in 1998at age 88.Buying ใในใใจใใในใใจใ (box lunch) is not an easy task in Japan: there are too many kinds to choose from! Ifyou just can't settle on a single kind, try the type called ใพใใฎใใกใพใใฎใใก (literally, "inside-the-curtains"). Itsname originates from the box lunch eaten by theater goers between acts during the Edo period (1603-1868). A typical ใพใใฎใใกในใใจใใพใใฎใใกในใใจใ has small ใใซใใใใซใใ (rice balls) and variety of savory pieces such asgrilled fish, omelet, vegetables, pickles, and more!
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ในใใจใในใใจใ or ใในใใจใใในใใจใ can be a bring-your-own lunch in general, or a meal-in-a box in particular. If youdon't have time to fix your own box lunch in the morning, you can buy one at any convenience store,supermarket, or Japanese-style deli specialized for ใในใใจใใในใใจใ . As is the case with ใใกใใใกใ (tea), manypeople say ใในใใจใใในใใจใ , adding the polite-word maker ใใ to avoid sounding rude.You can buy various bottled teas in Japan, including ใใใใกใใใใใกใ (green tea), ใใใกใใใใกใ (black tea), andใฆใผใญใณใกใใฆใผใญใณใกใ (oolong tea or Chinese tea)!Many Japanese women hate getting suntan (ใฒใใใฒใใ). Besides putting on strong sunscreens (ใฒใใใฉใใฒใใใฉใ),they wear long sleeves and even gloves in the summer heat. On top of that, many of them carry blackparasols (ใฒใใใฒใใ) to shade themselves. Lately, ใฒใใใฒใใ for men are gaining popularity among older men,who are trying to protect themselves not from suntan but from heatstroke!If you are planning to meet up with your friends at a station in Japan, be forewarned: Japanese stations inurban areas are extremely crowded during morning and evening rush hours! With so many peoplepassing in every direction, it's almost impossible to spot someone unless you and your friends are veryspecific about the meeting place. Also hard to spot are public phones, which have become less and lessneeded in the age of cell phones!ใใใใใใใใ is the name of a legendary dog, famous for his loyalty. The male Akita is said to have come tothe JR Shibuya Station in Tokyo every evening for almost ten years to patiently wait for his master'sreturn after the master, a university professor, had died at work. The bronze statue of ใใใใใใใใ nowstands in front of Shibuya Station and is used by many people as a meeting place. The nearest ticketgate of the station is also named ใใใใใใกใใใใใใก (Hachiko Ticket Gate)!The real ใใใใใใใใ died in 1935, but his legend has lived on and inspired many people all over Japan andbeyond. A Japanese movie called ใใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใใฎใใใ (The Story of Hachiko) was released in 1987. Themovie was recently remade in Hollywood under the title "Hachiko: A Dog's Story" starring Richard Gereand three Akitas!With the exception of northern regions, summer in Japan is hot and humid. ใใใใคใใใใใคใ ("muggy" or"stifling hot") is the very word that describes how you would feel out there! ใใใใ in ใใใใคใใใใใคใ derivesfrom the verb ใใใใ ("to steam" or "to be muggy").For temperature, Japanese use the degree Celsius (โ) or ใใฃใใใฃใ while Americans use the degreeFahrenheit (ยฐF) or ใใใใ . 0โ is 32ยฐF; 10โ is 50ยฐF; 20โ is 68ยฐF; and 30โ is 86ยฐF. In this course, we'lluse the degree Celsius as the Japanese do!Winter in Japan is relatively mild, except for the northern interior regions where the lowest temperaturecan be as low as -30โ. The average temperature for January is -4.1โ in Sapporo, 5.8โ in Tokyo, and16.6โ in Naha, Okinawa. That said, you may feel a lot colder than the thermometer tells you whilevisiting Japan in winter months. It may be due to windiness, higher humidity, or the lack of central heatingsystems in most private residences!While Japanese people love the fragile beauty of ใใใใใใ (cherry blossoms) in spring, they also love thecolorful displays of autumn leaves that paint the nation vivid red, yellow, and orange! On sunnyweekends, popular nature spots are filled with people enjoying "autumn-leaves viewing" or ใใฟใใใใใฟใใใ(literally, "red-leaves hunting") with their friends and family.
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Japan is an arc-shaped island country, consisting of four major "islands" and about 7,000 smaller ones. These four major "islands" are (from north to south) ใปใฃใใใฉใใปใฃใใใฉใ , ใปใใใ ใใปใใใ ใ , ใใใใใใ , and ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใใ . ใปใใใ ใใปใใใ ใ , the largest, is a little bigger than Minnesota, while ใใใใใใ , the smallest, is slightly smallerthan Vermont. Since they are all fairly large, people who live in them don't consider themselves as livingon islands!Japan has four distinct seasons or ใใใใ . ใฏใใฏใ (spring) is warm and nice, and people enjoy ใใชใฏใฟใใชใฏใฟ(cherry-blossom viewing picnic) and other outdoor activities. ใชใคใชใค (summer) is hot and humid, and thedeafening chorus of cicadas fill the air. ใใใใ (autumn) is cool and crisp, and it's the season for sports,cultural events, and ใใฟใใใใใฟใใใ (autumn-leaves viewing). ใตใใตใ (winter) is relatively mild although thenorthern parts of Japan receive much snow.The total area of Japan is slightly smaller than Montana. 73% of its land is mountains, and half of thepopulation lives in plains (ใธใใใธใใ) that occupy 14% of the land. Rivers (ใใใใ) are relatively short, runningdown mountain sides and pouring into the surrounding seas, which include the ใซใปใใใใซใปใใใ (Japan Sea), ใฒใฒใใใทใใใใใใทใใใ (East China Sea), ใชใใผใใฏใใใชใใผใใฏใใ (the Sea of Okhotsk), and ใใใธใใใใใใธใใใ (the PacificOcean).Japan has many volcanoes or ใใใใใใ (literally, "fire mountain"), and that's why it also has so many hotsprings and earthquakes! ใใใใใใใใ (Mt. Aso) is an active volcano located in Kumamoto Prefecture and iswell-known for its huge caldera. The highest peak is 1,592 meters high. Visitors can drive up to the maincrater that is filled with turquoise-colored hot water and hike around it when the wind is blowing thesulfurous gas away from the visitor access area.ใตใใใใตใใใ (Mt. Fuji) is 3,776 meters or 12,388 feet high and the tallest mountain in Japan. It's located atthe border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures and visible from Tokyo on clear days. Though not asvisibly active as ใใใใใใใใ , ใตใใใใตใใใ is actually an active volcano, whose last explosion was in 1707.ใตใใใใตใใใ has long been considered a sacred mountain, and women couldn't climb it until 1800. Today,anyone can drive half way up the mountain and hike the rest of the way to the summit, using one of thefour well-established routes. The official climbing season is July and August, during which lodges andkiosks are available on the trails. Many people hike up the mountain at night in order to watch thesunrise from the top!The Japanese love of seasonal beauty is reflected in the famous four-season garden described in theeleventh-century Japanese classic, ใใใใใฎใใใใใใใใฎใใใ or "The Tale of Genji." This fictional garden consistsof four parts, each occupying a corner of the great mansion built by the handsome (and rich)protagonist. Each part is designed to accentuate the beauty of an individual season: flowers for spring,water and shade for summer, color-changing leaves for autumn, and snow-clad pine trees for winter!The Japanese people's fondness for cherry blossoms, or ใใใใใใ , has a long history, but it was not always"the flower" of Japan. Poems written in the eighth century praise plum blossoms or ใใใใ more often thanใใใใใใ . The popularity of ใใใใใใ increased around the tenth century, when the Japanese beganestablishing their own cultural identity, leaving the Chinese influence behind. Since then, ใใใใใใ hascome to symbolize spring as well as the Japanese spirit!
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Japan receives much rainfall every year. The annual average is 1,718mm, about twice the worldaverage. Much of it falls during two distinct periods: June to mid-July and September. June to mid-July isthe rainy season called ใคใใคใ or ใฐใใใฐใใ (literally, "plum rain"), notorious for mold-yielding mugginess. September rain is brought on by ใใใตใใใใตใ (typhoons), which often cause floods and landslides.Much of northern Japan receives heavy snowfall every year. The thick layers of snow that cover theseregions easily reach 2 meters (6.6ft) or more, and people struggle to stay ahead of the fast accumulatingsnow. The famous Japanese novel ใใใใซใใใใซ (Snow Country), written by the Nobel-Prize winner ใใใฐใใใใใฐใใใใชใใใชใ , features a snowy mountain village as the backdrop for the beautiful but sad story of a lovetriangle.Japanese people use the metric system for measurement. One kilometer is equal to about 0.6 miles,and 1 meter is about 1.1 yards or 3.3 feet. When it's clear that we are talking about distance and notweight, we can simply say ใญใญใญใญ (kilo), as in ใใกใญใญใใกใญใญ (one kilo), instead of saying ใญใญใกใผใใซใญใญใกใผใใซ(kilometer).The Japanese are weather-conscious people who watch ใฆใใใใปใใฆใใใใปใ (weather forecasts) religiously. It'snot only the possibility of rain or shine that they care about. In the nation where one in every five peoplesuffers hay fever, getting ใใตใใใใใปใใใตใใใใใปใ (pollen info) is a matter of survival. Weather forecasters alsooffer ใใใใใใใปใใใใใใใใปใ (cherry-blossoms info) to the viewers so that they can plan when and where tohave ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ (cherry-blossom viewing picnic)!"Eating out" in Japanese is ใใใใใใใใใใ (literally, "outside eating") and "cooking at home" is ใใใใใใ(literally, "self cooking"). Between these two options lies the thriving category of takeouts and deliveries,providing the convenience and relative economy for busy Japanese people. The concept, however, is notat all modern. The quick home delivery service called ใงใพใใงใพใ has been around since the eighteenthcentury for the patrons of ใใฐใใใฐใ (buckwheat noodle shops)!Do you remember that ใใฏใใใฏใ means "steamed rice" in Japan? Because steamed rice is the staple foodfor Japanese people, they also use the same word to mean "meal" in general. ใฐใใใฏใใฐใใใฏใ , therefore,literally means "evening meal"--that is, "supper"!Among numerous cooking shows in Japan, arguably the most popular and influential was ใใใใใฎใฆใคใใใใใฎใฆใคใใใใ (literally, "Iron Man of Cooking"). The elaborate TV cook-offs ran between 1993 and 1999 andreportedly spent more than ยฅ840,000,000 (or about eight million dollars) on cooking ingredients (ใใใใใใใใใใ)! It has been shown in the United State under the title "Iron Chef" and became the model for theAmerican show called "Iron Chef America."If language is the window into a culture, then the existence of various Japanese verbs that mean "to boil"or "to cook in liquid" tells us that that's probably been the primary cooking method for generations inJapan! The verb ใใใใ is one of them, and it's almost exclusively used for cooking rice as in ใใฏใใใใใใฏใใใใ(to cook rice). Please note that ใใฏใใใใใใฏใใใใ literally means "to cook steamed rice," but it doesn't meanthat you have to cook rice twice!
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To make a perfect cup of English tea, we have to use boiling water. For most green tea, boiling waterwould be too hot to draw out the best aroma and flavor. The rule of thumb is that the more expensivethe tea leaf is, the lower the water temperature and the longer the brewing time should be. The lowertemperature, however, does not mean half-boiled water! You have to boil fresh water first and then let itcool down to the perfect temperature for your particular kind of tea.ใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ (ramen noodle soup) is originally a Chinese dish, but Japanese people loved it so much that notonly did they adopt it as their own but also created unique regional brands or ใใจใใกใฉใผใกใณใใจใใกใฉใผใกใณ . InSapporo, for example, you'll enjoy the garlic-flavored ใใฃใฝใใฉใผใกใณใใฃใฝใใฉใผใกใณ with the miso-based soup. InFukuoka, you'll find ใฏใใใฉใผใกใณใฏใใใฉใผใกใณ featuring the milky "pork-bone" soup garnished with pickled redginger. They are all yummy, filling, and inexpensive!ใซใฌใผใฉใคในใซใฌใผใฉใคใน (curry and rice), or ใซใฌใผใซใฌใผ for short, originally came to Japan as an English dish in the latenineteenth century. As in the case of ใฉใผใกใณใฉใผใกใณ , Japanese people loved it so much that they adopted it astheir own. Now it's one of the most popular home-cooked dishes in Japan! The main ingredients areonions, potatoes, carrots, some type of meat, and ใซใฌใผใซใผใซใฌใผใซใผ --a solid sauce-mix that contains currypowder, flour, and other spices.ใใใถใใใถใใใถใใใถ is a simple yet savory one-pot dish, eaten as you cook right on the dining table. The mainingredients are thinly sliced beef or pork, often accompanied with tofu, mushrooms, and variousvegetables. You lift a piece of meat with your chopsticks, swish it back and forth in the pot of simmeringkelp broth or ใใใถใ ใใใใถใ ใ , and eat the cooked meat after dipping it in the citrus-based sauce called ใใณใใณใใ . The dish is allegedly named after the sound of the meat swishing in the pot!So far we have learned two verbs that are the equivalents of "to boil" or "to cook in liquid" in English: ใใใใfor rice and ใใใใใใ for water. ใซใใซใ also means "to boil" or "cook in liquid." We use ใซใใซใ when cookingthings like vegetables, meat, and fish in broth or any kind of seasoned liquid. For boiling food in plainwater, we have to use either ใใงใใใงใ or ใใใใใใ .The word ใซใฌใผใซใผใซใฌใผใซใผ (curry roux) is made up of the English word "curry" and the French word "roux." It's asolid mixture of curry powder, flour, and other spices neatly packaged in a small box. There are variousbrands with different levels of spiciness. You can pick just one or mix them together to create morecomplex flavors!ใใใณใใใณ (low heat; literally, "weak fire") is the word that describes the level of heat for cooking stoves. Other options include ใคใใณใคใใณ (high heat; literally "strong fire"), ใกใ ใใณใกใ ใใณ (medium heat), and ใจใใณใจใใณ (slowheat).The regular Japanese measuring cup (ใใใใใใซใใใใใใใใซใใ or ใซใใใซใใ in short) is smaller than its Americancounterpart. While the American cup holds 8 onces (or about 237 milliliters) of water, the Japanese cupholds 200 milliliters. Japanese people also use a special cup for measuring uncooked rice. The ricemeasuring cup can hold 180 milliliters or ใใกใใใใกใใ--the amount of uncooked rice traditionally consideredas one serving!Japanese measuring spoons (ใใใใใในใใผใณใใใใใในใใผใณ) have two basic types: ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "big spoon")and ใใใใใใ (small spoon). ใใใใใใใใ is equivalent to the "tablespoon" in English and holds 15 milliliters ofwater. ใใใใใใ is equivalent to the "teaspoon" and holds 5 milliliters of water. For both types, we can usethe counter ใฏใใฏใ .
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Some Japanese cookbooks use exact measurements in grams and milliliters that require us to own ascale. Many people, however, get by with less rigid definitions. For example, ใฒใจใคใพใฟใฒใจใคใพใฟ (a pinch) meansthe amount that our thumb, index finger and middle finger can pinch. ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (a dash), on theother hand, means the amount that our thumb and index finger can pinch. When we forget aboutmeasuring altogether and go with our experience (or instinct), it's called ใใถใใใใใใถใใใใ--the "amountmeasured by eyes"!There are several basic Japanese seasonings. ใฟใใฟใ is made from soybeans fermented with either rice,wheat, or soybean itself. ใใใใใใใใ is also made from soybeans fermented with wheat. Both ใฟใใฟใ andใใใใใใใใ contain a fairly large amount of ใใใใ (salt). ใใ (vinegar), on the other hand, is made from rice orgrains. ใฟใใใฟใใ is Japanese cooking wine made from sweet rice, and it's quite sweet like ใใจใใใจใ (sugar)!Traditional Japanese sweets or ใใใใใใ are treats not only for our palate but also for our eyes! They are sobeautiful in shape and color that you almost regret that you have to eat them--until you put them in yourmouth...then all you can think of is their excellent taste! Typical ingredients are rice flour and sweetenedred-bean paste called ใใใใใใ . They should be accompanied by a perfect cup of green tea!When visiting someone's house, Japanese people almost always take small gifts called ใใฟใใใใฟใใ withthem. These gifts are usually some type of sweets or fruits (or drinks if it's a dinner party), which the hostcan serve right away. Don't consider it as an obligation, but think of it as a thoughtful gesture fromguests, who naturally want to spare their host the anxiety of being caught between the arrival of visitorsand the bareness of his or her cupboard!ใใถใใใถใ is one of the busiest shopping districts in Tokyo and quite popular among young shoppers. As youmay recall, this is the place where the statue of the famous Akita, ใใใใใใใใ , stands. ใจใใใใใใฉใถใจใใใใใใฉใถ ,by the way, is a fictional shopping mall.ใปใผใซใปใผใซ (discount sale) is another popular "borrowed" word in Japan. Lately, traditional Japanese termssuch as ใใใ ใใใใ ใ (literally, "selling out") or ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "cheap selling") are replaced by ใปใผใซใปใผใซ , ใใผใใผใฒใณใฒใณ (bargain), or even "SALE" in the English spelling.Generally speaking, you don't see many Japanese customers haggling for discounts. You may try,however, some modest negotiations in open markets or friendly neighborhood stores selling freshproducts. Sometimes, shopkeepers may give you discounts for bulk purchases, or they might throw insomething extra as a ใใพใใใพใ (giveaway) if you are a good customer!ใชใคใใฎใชใคใใฎ (literally, "summer thing") means any personal items made for summer including clothes,shoes, and hats. Please note that we don't need to use the particle ใฎใฎ to connect ใชใคใชใค and ใใฎใใฎ since ใชใชใคใใฎใคใใฎ has gained the status of a single word!Japanese shoe sizes are in centimeters or ใปใณใใปใณใ , including half sizes. For women, American sizes 7, 8,and 9 roughly match Japanese sizes 23.5, 24.5, and 25.5, respectively. For men, American sizes 8, 9,and 10 are Japanese sizes 26, 27, and 28, respectively. In general, Japanese (especially women) havesmaller feet than Americans. If you wear a women's size 9 or larger, you may have a difficult time findinga nice-looking pair of Japanese shoes!ใตใใตใ is a general term for "clothes." To be more specific, we can say ใใใตใใใใตใ for Western-style clothesand ใใตใใใตใ or ใใใฎใใใฎ for traditional Japanese-style clothes.ใฏใณใใผในใฏใณใใผใน (literally, "one piece") is a one-piece dress with an above-floor hem length. A formal, orotherwise fancy, long dress is called ใใฌในใใฌใน (literally, "dress").
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Japanese sizes for women's clothes are often indicated by odd numbers followed by the counter for size,ใใใใ . In general, Japanese dress sizes run small. For example, American sizes 6, 8, 10 roughly matchJapanese sizes 9, 11, and 13, respectively. Please note that these sizes vary depending on themanufacturer and design. When you buy clothes in Japan, make sure to try them on before you buy!Have you noticed that many Japanese terms for stores end with ใใ? ใใ means a "store," "shop," or"place of business" in general. ใปใใใปใใ is a book store, ใใคใใใคใ a shoe store, and ใฉใผใกใณใใฉใผใกใณใ a ramen-noodle shop. Some stores and restaurants use ใใ in their business names, as in ใใใใใใใใ or ใใพใใใพใ!The area developed on the main entrance side of a train station is called ใใใพใใใใพใ (literally, "station-front"). It's a prime location for stores, restaurants, and hotels that cater to busy commuters, businesstravelers, and tourists. Please note that, as in the case of ใชใคใใฎใชใคใใฎ (summer item), we don't have to usethe particle ใฎใฎ to connect two nouns (ใใใใ and ใพใใพใ) because ใใใพใใใใพใ is used as a single word!Large shopping malls have become ubiquitous sights in Japanese suburbs, catering to weekend shopperswho arrive in their cars. For many people, however, grocery shopping is still a daily affair performed onfoot, by bicycle or by moped. In the evenings, shoppers crowd ในใผใใผในใผใใผ (supermarkets) on the wayhome from work, taking advantage of the end-of-the-day discount hours to find bargains for the dinnertable!Shopping at ในใผใใผในใผใใผ or ใใใผใใใใผใ is convenient, but not as fun as browsing through the local ใใใใฆใใใใใฆใใใใใ (shopping district), where many retail stores and fresh produce vendors congregate along narrowstreets. There, you can buy ใใใชใใใช (fish) at ใใใชใใใใชใ , ใซใใซใ (meat) at ใซใใใซใใ , ใใณใใณ (bread) at ใใณใใใณใ , andใจใใตใจใใต (tofu) at ใจใใตใใจใใตใ--all fresh and inexpensive. Best of all, you'll be able to have a little chat withfriendly shopkeepers, which is a great way to get to know the country and the culture better!Gift wrapping is a serious business in Japan. Let's take a box of sweets as an example. Each sweet wouldbe individually wrapped and placed in a box. The box then would be wrapped with a pretty wrappingpaper. Sometimes, the retail-store clerk wraps the already gift-wrapped box with a signature wrappingpaper of the store. Finally, the neatly wrapped box would be put in a matching paper or plastic tote bag. Now your gift has as many layers as a Russian nesting doll!Japanese post offices offer four options to send packages overseas. The fastest is EMS (Express MailService), which delivers packages in 2 to 4 days worldwide. The second fastest is ใใใใใณใใใใใใณใ (airmail)that takes 3 to 6 days. ใจใณใใใผใใใใใณใใจใณใใใผใใใใใณใ (economy airmail) or SALใณใใณใ (Surface Air Lifted), whichuses the combination of land and air transportation, takes 6 to 13 days. The slowest but least expensiveoption is ใตใชใณใใตใชใณใ (sea mail) that delivers packages in 1 to 3 months.Some large banks in Japan let you withdraw money at their counters with major credit cards and yourpassport. However, the most convenient way to withdraw money is probably to use international ATMs atpost offices. Not only do they accept foreign-issued major credit cards, but they also allow you toconduct business in English! Please be aware, though, these ATMs are not available 24 hours a day. Also remember to get your PIN number before leaving home.ใใกใใคใชใฎใใใกใใคใชใฎใ (July 7th) is ใใชใฐใใใชใฐใ , the Star Festival. Legend has it that this is the only day the "star-crossed" lovers--a weaver and a cowboy who live on the opposite sides of the Milky Way, or ใใพใฎใใใใพใฎใใ(literally, "river in the sky")--can meet, crossing a legendary bridge formed by hundreds of magpies!
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Besides the everyday terms such as ใใกใใคใใกใใค or ใซใใคใซใใค , Japanese has a traditional term for each month. ใใ ใใใคใใ ใใใค (October), for example, is also called ใใใชใฅใใใใชใฅใ (literally, "the month without gods"). This isbecause October is the month when all the gods in Japan (eight million of them) are said to travel to theancient Shinto shrine in ใใใใใใ (located in Shimane Prefecture) for their annual conference. For thisreason, October in ใใใใใใ is called ใใฟใใใฅใใใฟใใใฅใ (the month with gods)!The best thing about the Japanese health care system is that all the citizens are covered by healthinsurance! There are two types: ใใใใใปใใใใใใใปใใ (Social Insurance) for those whose employers participatein the program and ใใใฟใใใใใใปใใใใใฟใใใใใใปใใ (National Health Insurance) for the rest of the population. Foreigners can join the program as long as they are registered as legal alien residents and are allowed tostay in Japan for more than one year.In general, Japanese hospitals (ใณใใใใใณใใใใ) and smaller private practices (generally called ใใใใใใ) adoptthe "first-come, first-serve" system except for emergencies. Arrive early, otherwise you end up sitting inthe waiting room for long hours! For most private practices, you go straight to specialists; no referralsare needed. For example, if you have pink eye, you go to ใใใใใใ (eye clinic). If you have the flu or sufferfrom a general malaise, try ใชใใใชใใ (internal medicine clinic).Japanese people are known to visit doctors for the slightest symptoms, but some people still try naturalremedies using what is available around their house or yard. ใขใญใจใขใญใจ (aloe) works for a burn; so do thegreen leaves of ใณใใณใ (Japanese medlar). ใใใซใใใใใซใใ (konjak jelly) is said to work for kidneys, when eaten,and for muscle pains as a hot compress. And at the first sign of a cold? Have some hot ใฟใใใใฟใใใ (misosoup) with chopped green onion and go to bed early!Until recently, most Japanese doctors would avoid giving bad news to their patients in person. They wouldinstead tell the truth to the patients' family, who in turn might decide not to relay the news to thepatients. Today, the idea of "informed consent" has become more prevalent, but still many doctors try tosoften the impact of blunt truth by choosing roundabout expressions in their explanation.Here are some sound effects you'll be making when you are sick in Japan! If you have a dry cough, yougo ใณใณใณใณใณใณใณใณ ; if it's a wet cough, the sound changes to ใดใใดใใดใใดใ . When you have congestion, your breathsounds like ใผใผใผใผใผใผใผใผ , and your sneeze will come out as ใใฏใทใงใณใใฏใทใงใณ! Speaking of sneezing, don't expectto receive a "Bless you!" while in Japan. The most likely reaction you'll get from people around you uponsneezing is the discreet shifting of their position away from you!Many Japanese firmly believe that ใใใใใใ (gargling) is one of the most fundamental preventive practicesagainst common cold and flu. There are many ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (literally, "gargling medicine") on the shelvesof drugstores, and parents diligently teach their children to do ใฌใฉใฌใฉใใ๏ผใฌใฉใฌใฉใใ๏ผ ("Gargle, gargle, ptui!") assoon as they come home after being outside!ใซใปใใใใฎใใใใใใซใปใใใใฎใใใใใ (Japanese love of medicine) is a well-known fact. Serious about their health,many people take multiple prescribed drugs even for a simple cold. In addition, they spend a smallfortune on alternative medicines, such as ใใใฝใใใใใใฝใใใ (Chinese herbal medicine), and various healthsupplements, such as ใใใใใใใใ (green-leaf juice), ใใใใใใ (egg oil), and ใใฃใฝใใจใญในใใฃใฝใใจใญใน (the extract ofChinese soft-shelled turtle)!
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Here are some terminologies and their meanings regarding when to take medicine. If the instructionsays ใใใใใใใใใใ (before meals), you take it within thirty minutes before a meal; if it says ใใใใใใใใ , youtake it within thirty minutes after a meal. ใใใฃใใใใใฃใใ (between meals) means about two to three hoursafter your last meal, and ใญใใพใใญใใพใ (before going to bed) means thirty minutes to one hour before yourbedtime. If the instruction says ใจใใทใใจใใทใ , you take it when the symptom appears.Traditionally, Japanese doctors dispensed medicines directly to their patients, but since WWII thegovernment has promoted the division of labor between doctors and pharmacists. Today, it is reportedthat more than 50% of doctors in Japan write "out-of-the-clinic" prescriptions (ใใใใใใใปใใใใใใใใใใปใใใ) sothat their patients can take the prescriptions to pharmacies to get their medicines. The rest of thedoctors, however, still keep their own dispensaries.In general, drinking alcohol or ใใใใ ใใใใ is not only well-accepted in society, but even encouraged at socialgatherings in Japan. Many people believe that drinking together promotes good relationships, and it'scommon for businessmen to make a deal with their clients at bars and restaurants. In such occasions,you may say, "No, thank you," but well-wishers would likely keep nagging you to empty your glass. Agood excuse, then, is to invoke ใใฏใฟใผในใใใใใฏใฟใผในใใใ or your doctor's order to stop drinking!Quitting smoking, or ใใใใใใใใ , has lately become a social trend in Japan. While Western anti-smokingcampaigns seem to focus on the health of smokers themselves, Japanese campaigns tend to emphasizehow one's smoking affects other people. For those who refuse to quit smoking, the long list of ใใฐใใฎใใใฐใใฎใใใผใใผ (cigarette-smoking etiquette) has been widely propagated, offering detailed instructions on how tosmoke without troubling others around them!To take a bath or not to take a bath...that is an important question when you get sick in Japan. Becausemost Japanese people have no central heating system at home, they are afraid of ใใใใใใ--getting a chillafter a bath--during cold winter days. Also, they are afraid that putting a sick person into a hot tub wouldexacerbate the illness by wearing him or her out.The Japanese love of medicines might originate in the old saying, ใใใฏใพใใณใใใฎใใจใใใฏใพใใณใใใฎใใจ (A cold is thefather of ten thousand illness). Yet, they also know that ใใพใใฏใใใใใพใใฏใใใ (Our illness mirrors our mentalstate). They try to stay healthy by following the old advice, ใฏใใฏใกใถใใซใใใใใใใฏใใฏใกใถใใซใใใใใใ (Eat less andyou'll need no doctor), or ใฏใใญใฏใใใใใใใใใใฏใใญใฏใใใใใใใใใ (If you go to bed early and get up early, you'llnever see a doctor).ใใOnce they get sick, they may try ใใใใใใญใคใใใใใใญใค (Keep your head cold and yourfeet warm) to get well soon!
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Grammar Notes
Did you remember that we add ใใใใ after a person's name to be polite?Do you remember that ใฉใใใฉใใ is a versatile polite phrase that can mean "Here you go" or "Please getin/out/on"? You can use it to usher a visitor into your place!We can use ใตใใใตใใ (old) to describe various things including objects (as in an "old house"), concepts (asin an "old belief"), and relationships (as in "old friends"). We shouldn't, however, use it to talk aboutsomeone's age!๏ฝใใฉ๏ฝใใฉ (though) is a plain version of ๏ฝใ๏ฝใ (..., but ...) and connects two contradictory sentences to makethem into a longer one. Like ๏ฝใ๏ฝใ , ๏ฝใใฉ๏ฝใใฉ is attached to the end of the first half of the two-partsentence. In conversations, the second half of the sentence is often omitted and only implied.Did you remember that we can simply attach ใใ to a word to make the expression more polite?ใซใใซใ is the outdoor space belonging to a residence. Its equivalent is a "garden" or "yard" in English. Please note that we cannot use ใซใใซใ to mean a particular garden plot such as a flower garden orvegetable garden.ใใใใ is a shortened form of ใใใใใใ (no). When you want to lightly deny what has just been said (as in acompliment), you can say ใใใใใใใใ (no, no).So far we have learned verbs in the polite form that ends with ใพใใพใ (as in ใฏใชใใพใใฏใชใใพใ or "speak") or ใพใใพใใใ (as in ใใพใใใใพใใ or "did"). Such a verb form is called the "ใพใใพใ-form." In this section, we are going tostart learning another form called the "dictionary form" that is used for dictionary entries. It will not onlyhelp us find words easily in a dictionary, but also enable us to understand the verb conjugation better!Do you remember the expression ใใใฎใใใใใฎใใ (literally, "backside of station"), in which ใใใใ (station)indicates the place that is used as the base, and ใใใใ (the backside) is a word that indicates a specificposition? ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ (the inside of the house) uses the same pattern, "X ใฎใฎ Y."Did you add ใใ after ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ? It's the same ใใ we used in the sentence ใซใปใใใใฏใชใใพใใซใปใใใใฏใชใใพใ (Ispeak Japanese). The particle ใใ is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. In ใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใกใฎใชใใใใใชใใใพใใใพใ (I'll show you around the house), ใใ indicates that ใใกใฎใชใใใกใฎใชใ (literally, "the inside of the house") iswhat the speaker will show around!When we want to offer to do something to our listener, we can replace the verb ending ใพใใพใ with ใพใใใใพใใใใใ , as in ใใใชใใใพใใใใใใใชใใใพใใใใ (Shall I show you around?).Did you remember that we sometimes need to use ใใ instead of ใใ to make a certain word or expressionmore polite? ใใใชใใใพใใใใชใใใพใ is one of these words!Do you remember ใใกใใใกใ (this way), the word indicating a general direction? ใใกใใใกใ and its counterpartsใใกใใใกใ (that way) and ใใกใใใกใ (that way over there) can also be used as the polite form for ใใใใ (thisplace), ใใใใ (that place), and ใใใใใใ (that place over there).
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If the context makes it clear that you are talking about the kitchen, ใ ใใฉใใใฎใ ใใฉใใใฎ in the phrase ใ ใใฉใใ ใใฉใใใฎใจใชใใใฎใจใชใ (next to the kitchen) can be replaced with the "pointing" word ใใฎใใฎ (that). Let's try to use theshorter version in the next question!Do you remember the expression ใใใซใใใซ ("here" or "at this place")? When we want to indicate the placewhere something exists, we add the particle ใซใซ after the place noun. It's equivalent to "at," "on," or "in" inEnglish. Let's try that in the next question!Did you add ใใ after ใกใใใคใกใใใค and say ใกใใใคใใใใพใใกใใใคใใใใพใ (There is a tea-ceremony room)? It's thesame ใใ we learned to use in the sentence ใปใใใใใใพใใปใใใใใใพใ (There is a bookstore). In these sentences,the particle ใใ is used to mark the subject of a verb.In the following questions, let's assume that we are talking about the locations where things exist!The pronunciation of ใชใใชใ (what) changes to ใชใซใชใซ depending on the word that comes after it. ใชใใชใ isused when it is followed by a counter as in ใชใใใชใใ (what time) or by a word that starts with the "t" sound(such as ใจใจ), "d" sound (such as ใงใง), or "n" sound (such as ใฎใฎ). In all other cases, we use ใชใซใชใซ .Both ใใใใ and ใใใใ mean "to exist" or "to be (present)." While ใใใใ is used for things such as a desk or ahouse, ใใใใ is primarily used to talk about the existence of living creatures including people and animals.Did you remember that we can use the same form of verbs and nouns to talk about both singular andplural objects?Did you remember that we can link two or more nouns or noun phrases with the particle ใจใจ (and)?ใฎใฎ in ใใใใฎใใใใฎ is not a particle but a pronoun that is equivalent to "one" or "ones" in English. We can usethis kind of ใฎใฎ only when we can reasonably assume that our listener understands what we are talkingabout. When we are talking about carp, for example, ใใใใฎใใใใฎ means ใใใใใใใใใใ (red carp).ใใ in ใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใใใฎใใใใใฎ is a linking word that is used to list two or more nouns or noun phrases. Whileใจใจ list all the items, ใใ shows a few representative items, implying that there are more. ใใใใฎใใใใใใใฎใใใใใฎใใฎ is equivalent to "red ones, white ones, and others."In Japanese, basic colors such as "red" or "white" have both nouns (ใใใใ or ใใใใ) and adjectives (ใใใใใใor ใใใใใใ). Others, however, have nouns only. "Orange," for example, is ใชใฌใณใธใใใชใฌใณใธใใ (literally, "orangecolor").Did you use the particle ใฎใฎ and say ใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใใชใฌใณใธใใใฎใใ (literally, "carp in orange color")? This is anotherinstance of the "X ใฎใฎ Y" pattern, in which the particle ใฎใฎ indicates that the first noun X "modifies" thesecond noun Y--that is, X is the information about Y.Notice that we don't say ใใใใใฎใฎใใใใใฎใฎ but simply say ใใใใใฎใใใใใฎ to mean "gold-colored ones"!ใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใ and ใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใ might sound similar, but their functionsare different. ใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใ describes what is in a certain location (In this room, there is aTV). ใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใใใฌใใฏใใฎใธใใซใใใพใ , on the other hand, tells where a certain thing is located (As for the TV,it's in this room). Please note that the former uses the particle ใใ to mark the subject (ใใฌใใใฌใ), while thelatter uses the topic marker ใฏใฏ to indicate ใใฌใใใฌใ as the "topic" of the sentence.
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Here's one of the basic rules on when to use the particle ใฏใฏ or ใใ . We use ใใ if the subject is firstintroduced in the conversation and use ใฏใฏ if the subject is already introduced or otherwise known to yourlistener. For example, when we want to inform our listener that there is a TV in the room, we say ใใฎใธใใฎใธใใซใใฌใใใใใพใใใซใใฌใใใใใพใ because ใใฌใใใฌใ is a new piece of information. Then if we want to talk about thesaid TV, we start our sentence with ใใฌใใฏใใฌใใฏ ... (As for the TV...).ใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใ (It is in the living room) can be rephrased as ใชใใณใฐใงใใชใใณใฐใงใ . They mean the same,though ใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใใชใใณใฐใซใใใพใ more specifically denotes the existence of the object. In this chapter, let'suse ใใใพใใใใพใ to point out where things are. Please note that we need the particle ใซใซ to indicate thelocation when we use the verb ใใใพใใใใพใ as well as ใใพใใใพใ .Did you notice that we need the particle ใซใซ after the question word ใฉใใฉใ (where) since we are askingabout the location of something, using the verb ใใใพใใใใพใ?Did you remember to use the verb ใใพใใใพใ to talk about a cat--a living creature?Do you remember that Japanese speakers tend to avoid using pronouns such as "you" or "she," andeither omit them whenever the context makes the meaning clear or substitute real names for them? Instead of using real names, we can also use generic noun phrases as substitutes. Common substitutesfor "he" or "she," for example, are ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (this person), ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (that person), and ใใฎใฒใจใใฎใฒใจ (thatperson over there).ใใใชใใใช (female) can also mean a "woman," but it sounds very rude to use the term to refer to someone. Let's figure out an appropriate way to talk about a woman!Did you connect the two nouns ใใใชใใใช (female) and ใฒใจใฒใจ (person) with the noun-linking particle ใฎใฎ , usingthe now-familiar "X ใฎใฎ Y" pattern? ใใใชใฎใฒใจใใใชใฎใฒใจ (literally, a "female person" or "a person who is female")is the proper way to refer to a woman in general.We have learned that many traditional Japanese female names end with ใใ as in ใใใใใใ . ใใ means a"child," and it's usually used in phrases such as ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ (literally, a "male child") or ใใฎใใใฎใ (that childover there).Do you remember that there are two versions for the question word "where" in Japanese--the polite ใฉใกใฉใกใใ and the plain ใฉใใฉใ? Likewise, the polite question word ใฉใชใใฉใชใ (who/whom) has the plain counterpart ใ ใ ใใ . As in the case of ใฉใใฉใ , the "plain" label does not mean that it's used only in casual conversations! Aslong as we use ใ ใใ ใ in a sentence that ends with either ใงใใงใ or ใพใใพใ , we are still talking in the polite form--only sounding less formal or respectful than when we use ใฉใชใใฉใชใ .Did you use ใฎใฎ to connect ใใฎใใใใใใฎใใใใ (this photograph) and ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ (boy)? It's another use of the"X ใฎใฎ Y" pattern, in which ใใฎใใใใใใฎใใใใ is the location where ใใจใใฎใใใจใใฎใ appears.We have so far learned that the "pointing" word ใใใใ and its counterparts ใใใใ and ใใใใ are used forthings and not for people, right? Exceptions are when we are talking about people in photographs!Did you remember that we can omit personal pronouns such as "you" or "yours" whenever we canreasonably assume that our listeners understand who we are talking about?We have so far learned that the Japanese equivalent to "grandmother" is ใใผใใผ . When we want to refer tosomeone else's grandmother or directly address our own grandmother, we should use the polite term ใใใฐใใใใฐใใใ to show our respect.
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Do you remember that Japanese uses different counting words to count different things? ใใใใ is thecounter for age and is equivalent to "years old" in English!Did you use ใใตใใต , the "plain" word for "grandfather," to refer to your own?ใชใใใใชใใใ is the "plain" version of ใใใใคใใใใค (how old). It's the combination of the question word ใชใใชใ (what)and the age counter ใใใใ .Did you notice that the pronunciation for the number eight (ใฏใกใฏใก) changes when it's combined with ใใใใ? A similar change happens when the number is "one" (ใใกใใก๏ผ๏ผor "ten" (ใใ ใใใ ใ). "One year old," forexample, is ใใฃใใใใฃใใ , and "ten years old" is ใใ ใฃใใใใ ใฃใใ .Notice that we need ใใ instead of ใใ to politely say "family" in Japanese.ใซใใซใ in the question word ใชใใซใใชใใซใ is the counter for people.Although the counter for people is ใซใใซใ , we say ใฒใจใใฒใจใ for "one person" and ใตใใใตใใ for "two people." These are two special cases that need to be memorized!To count three or more people, we attach ใซใใซใ to the number, as in ใใใซใใใใซใ . The exception is for "fourpeople": the number four is ใใใใ , but we say ใใซใใใซใ .Strictly speaking, ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ means "brother(s)," but it also means "sibling(s)" in general. If there areonly sisters, we can use the term ใใพใใใพใ (sisters).When we say ใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใใใใใ ใใฏใตใใใงใ in Japanese, it usually includes ourselves. To avoid amisunderstanding, however, it's a good idea to list all the members!Do you remember that ใใ means a "child"? ใฒใจใใฃใใฒใจใใฃใ literally means "one child." Did you notice thatthe pronunciation slightly changes when ใฒใจใใฒใจใ and ใใ are combined?We have so far learned the verb ใใใใ as the equivalent of "to exist/to be" when we are talking aboutpeople, animals, and other living creatures. ใใใใ can also mean "to have."Did you notice that we need ใใ after ใใใใใใ and say ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใ (I have a pet)? Some verbs requireus to use ใใ , not ใใ , to mark their objects. It's the same ใใ we used in the question ใกใใใใใพใใใกใใใใใพใใ(Do you have maps?).Now let's figure out a simple way to answer the question, ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใพใใ (Do you have pets?)!The counter for small animals (such as dogs and cats), fish, and insects is ใฒใใฒใ . Please note that thepronunciation of ใฒใใฒใ changes just like ใปใใปใ (the counter for thin, long objects), depending on what wordor number comes before it. When combined with the question word ใชใใชใ , it becomes ใณใใณใ as in ใชใใณใใชใใณใ .When someone asks you ใฉใใชใใฌใงใใใฉใใชใใฌใงใใ (What kind of dog is it?), he or she may be asking about yourdog's breed or characteristics such as its size, color, or disposition. Let's assume the latter is the casehere.
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Have you noticed that both ใใใใใใใใ (big) and ใใใใใใใใ (cute) end with ใใ? So does ใใใใใใ (red) and ใใใใใใ (white), right? In fact, the dictionary form of many adjectives in Japanese ends with ใใ . That's whywe call this type of adjective the "ใใ-adjective."Did you notice that we say ใใใใชใใฌใใใใชใใฌ (beautiful dog) with ใชใช added after the adjective ใใใใใใ? Eventhough ใใใใใใ ends with ใใ , it's a type of adjective different from ใใ-adjectives such as ใใใใใใใใ . Sincethis type of adjective always needs ใชใช when used before a noun to modify it, we call it "ใชใช-adjective." There are not many ใชใช-adjectives that end with ใใ . So, let's memorize ใใใใใใ as a ใชใช-adjective and use itaccordingly!ใใใใใใ can be either a noun ("good health," "good cheer," or "vitality") or a ใชใช-adjective ("healthy," "fine,""cheerful," "spry," or "full of energy"). Here we use it as a ใชใช-adjective.Did you notice that ใใใใใใ (which is a ใชใช-adjective) does not need ใชใช when it's used as the sentence-ending word along with ใงใใงใ as in ใใใใงใใใใใงใ? Let's call sentences that end with an adjective and ใงใใงใ"adjective sentences"!Do you remember the verb ใใพใใใพใ (do) and its past form ใใพใใใใพใใ (did)? ใใใใ (to do) is its dictionaryform. This verb is very versatile. It takes a wide range of nouns as its object, including sports, events,games, chores, or other various activities, and it means that the activity is carried out. The translation,therefore, varies depending on the object.As in the case of ใใกใใใกใ , people often say ใใฏใชใฟใใฏใชใฟ with the polite-word maker ใใ even in a casualconversation.Please note that ใใใใใใ (tomorrow) is a noun, but it's often used as an adverb without any accompanyingparticle.Did you use the question word ใชใซใชใซ instead of ใชใใชใ because the word that follows it is ใใ , which startswith neither the "t," "d," nor "n" sound?Like ใใใใใใ (tomorrow), ใใใใใใ is a noun that is often used as an adverb.Let's assume that our listener knows that we are talking about our own mother in the followingquestions. This means we can safely omit the pronoun ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (my).Did you notice that the sentence ใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใใใใใฏใใฏใฏใฎใใใใใใณใงใ (Today is my mother's birthday) hasthe familiar "X ใฏใฏ Y ใงใใงใ" pattern, in which X is the topic of the sentence? Since ใใใใใใ (today) is actuallya noun, we can use it as the topic.When you want to politely invite someone to do something, you replace the polite verb ending ใพใใพใ withthe negative form ใพใใใพใใ and attach the question marker ใใ . ๏ฝใพใใใ๏ฝใพใใใ is equivalent to "Why don't you~?" or "Why don't we ~?" depending on the context.ใใฃใใใซใใฃใใใซ consists of ใใฃใใใใฃใใ (which means "being together") and the particle ใซใซ . We can use ใใฃใใใใฃใใใซใซ with regular verbs such as ใใใพใใใใพใ (go) or ใใพใใใพใ (do) to mean "together" or "with (someone)."When we are going out and want to invite someone to join us, we say in English, "Why don't you comewith us?" When we want to issue the same invitation in Japanese, we need to say ใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใฃใใใซใใใพใใใใ ("Why don't you go with us?"). In general, we use ใใใใ (to go) to describe the movement in thedirection away from the place where the speaker is as she or he speaks, while ใใใใ (to come) is used todescribe the movement toward the speaker.
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The generic verb ใใใใ (to do) sometimes attaches itself directly to a common activity noun such as ใใใใใใใใ (a meal) or ใใใฝใใใฝ (a walk) without using the particle ใใ . The longer verbs thus formed (as in ใใใใใใใใใใใใ or ใใใฝใใใใใฝใใ) are called "compound verbs." In theory, it's possible to create an infinite numberof compound verbs in this way, but only well-established expressions are considered grammaticallylegitimate verbs!ใใใใ in ใใใฐใใใใฐใ means "this" or "now" (used only as a part of time expression) and ใฐใใฐใ means"evening" or "night." ใใใฐใใใใฐใ (tonight), therefore, literally means "this evening." If you are wonderingwhether ใใใฐใใใใฐใ is related to the greeting ใใใฐใใฏใใใฐใใฏ , which we use when we meet someone after dark,you are right! The greeting, in fact, is derived from a sentence that begins with ใใใฐใใฏใใใฐใใฏ or "As fortonight."When you want to invite someone to do something with you or accept an invitation with enthusiasm, wecan replace the polite verb ending ใพใใพใ with ใพใใใใพใใใ , as in ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ . It's equivalent to "Let's ~" inEnglish. Compared with ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ (literally, "Won't you go?"), ใใใพใใใใใใพใใใ sounds more positive anddirect.When we don't want to give a straight answer right away or need time to think, we can buy time by sayingใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใงใใญใปใปใป . It's equivalent to "Well...," "Let's see...," or "Let me think..." in English!Sometimes you have to decline an invitation. Let's learn how to do it politely a la Japanese!Now, let's learn how to reply graciously when someone has declined your invitation!Do you remember how to say "we" in Japanese? That's right, it's ใใใใใกใใใใใก . ใใกใใก in ใใใใใกใใใใใก and ใฒใจใฒใจใใกใใก is one of the several "plural markers." In general, we don't need to create the specific plural form forJapanese nouns. However, personal pronouns (such as "we" or "you") and "human" nouns (such as"people" or "children") are exceptions!There are two words for "teacher" in Japanese: ใใใใใใใใ and ใใใใใใใใ . ใใใใใใใใ is a generic term for theoccupation. Use this word when you are describing your family members, your friends, or yourself. If youwant to show your respect to the person whom you are describing, as in the case of introducing a teacherto someone else, use ใใใใใใใใ instead.We can use ใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจใ to mean either "another person" or "the other person," depending on the context.ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (company employee) means a "(staff) member" in Japanese. ใใใใใใใใใใใใ ,therefore, literally means a "company staff member." Please note that ใใใใ is always used with otherwords, as in ใใใใใใใใใใใใ (bank employee) or ใใใใใใใใ (station worker)!ใใ in ใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใใซใฉใชใฑใใใใพใ is equivalent to "too," "also," or "either" in English. Please note that ใใ is aparticle--that is, it usually appears right after a noun or a noun phrase!ใใ X ใใ Y ใใ is equivalent to "both X and Y" or "neither X nor Y" in English.Did you notice that we use the expression "X ใใ Y ใใ" (neither X nor Y) with the negative form of verb, butit does not form double-negative? It's similar to the usage of ใใพใใใพใ ("not very much" or "not very well").When we want to say "(I) like" in Japanese, we say ใใใงใใใใงใ . Please note that ใใใใ is a ใชใช-adjective that isequivalent to "fond" or "favorite" in English.
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Did you notice that we need to use the particle ใใ to say ใใในใใใใงใใใในใใใใงใ (I like tennis)? As in the caseof ใใใพใใใใพใ or ใใพใใใพใ (have), ใใใงใใใใงใ use ใใ , not ใใ , to mark the object. Let's memorize "Xใใใใงใใใใใงใ"(I like X) as a set phrase!ใ ใใ ใ in ใ ใใใใงใใ ใใใใงใ literally means "big" or "great." When combined with ใใใงใใใใงใ , it works like "verymuch." The English equivalent of "Xใใ ใใใใงใใใ ใใใใงใ ," therefore, is "(I) like X very much" or "(I) love X"!ใใใใใใ is a ใชใช-adjective, which can mean "hateful," "disgusting," "offensive," or "detestable"--anything thatis the opposite of ใใใใ ("fond" or "favorite")! To say "(I) hate," we say ใใใใงใใใใใงใ . If you want toemphasize your negative feelings even more, you can say ใ ใใใใใงใใ ใใใใใงใ!Did you remember that ใใพใใใพใ ("not very" or "not much") is only used in a negative sentence, but it doesnot make the sentence double-negative?Now let's use the simple yet discreet way to give a negative answer.Did you notice that we used the particle ใฏใฏ instead of ใใ in ใใใใฏใใใงใใใใใใฏใใใงใใ (I like sumo, but...)? In atwo-part sentence such as "I like X, but I don't like Y," we use the particle ใฏใฏ for both parts to emphasizethat we are contrasting two things.ใใใใ connects two sentences together by appearing at the end of the first sentence and indicates thatthe first sentence is the cause or reason for the second sentence. It's equivalent to "because," "since" or"so" in English. In conversations, the second sentence (one that tells the effect or result) is often omittedand only implied.Do you remember that the equivalent of "funny" in Japanese is ใใใใใใใใใใ? ใใใใใใใใใใ can also mean"enjoyable" or "interesting."Did you notice that ใใใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใ (to practice) is a compound verb using the noun ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใ (apractice) and the generic verb ใใใใ (to do)?In everyday conversation, the particle ใซใซ in ใใใซใใใซ (here) is often omitted. Let's try it!Do you remember we used the particle ใใ to mark the subject of verbs as in ใใใใใพใใใใใใพใ (There arecarp)? In everyday conversations, the particle ใใ is often omitted when the subject of the sentence is ใ ใ ใใใใ (someone) or its counterpart ใชใซใใชใซใ (something).Please note that though ใ ใใใ ใใ means "no one" or "nobody," it must be used with the negative form of averb in a sentence.Did you notice that we don't need the particle ใใ after ใ ใใใ ใใ?So far, we have used ใฉใใใฉใใ to mean "Here you go," "Please come in," or "Please get on." We can alsouse ใฉใใใฉใใ to allow someone to take an action. It's equivalent to "Go ahead" or "Please do"!Do you remember that Japanese people usually avoid using pronouns as long as the context allows it? ใใใใ literally means "he" or "him," but it is often used to mean a very special "he"--(one's) boyfriend!Did you use the pointing word ใใใใ (that place) instead of ใใใใ (that thing) to point to ใใใใ (seat), whichis considered as a place rather than an object?Do you remember that we count people as ใฒใจใใฒใจใ (one person), ใตใใใตใใ (two people), ใใใซใใใใซใ (threepeople), and so on? ใฒใจใใฒใจใ can also mean "(being) single," "(being) alone," or "(being) by oneself"!
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So far we have used the particle ใจใจ as the Japanese equivalent of "and," as in ใกใกใจใฏใฏใกใกใจใฏใฏ (father andmother). The same particle has another function: in the phrase ใใใจใใใจ , ใจใจ means "with" in English!Did you notice that we don't need the particle ใซใซ when we use the word ใใฃใใใใฃใใ (being together) alongwith ใงใใงใ , as in ใใใจใใฃใใใงใใใใจใใฃใใใงใ (I'm together with my boyfriend)?Like ใใใใ ("[one's] boyfriend"; literally, "he" or "him"), ใใฎใใใใฎใใ is the pronoun for "she" or "her," but isoften used to mean "(one's) girlfriend"!ใฟใใฟใ is a generic term for a place of business that is open for customers, including retail stores,restaurants, and bars. Native speakers often use the term whenever they assume that their listenersunderstand which place of business they are talking about. It's one of those words that is very simpleand useful, but it's hard to find an English equivalent! For convenience, let's use a "place of business" forits English translation even though it may sound a bit strange.ใใใใใใ in ใซใใใใซใใใ (the second time) is the counter indicating the status of the current action in regard tothe frequency. Please note that in order to say "(for) the first time" in Japanese, we often say ใฏใใใฆใฏใใใฆwithout using the combination of the number and the counter.ใใพใใใพใ ("not very" or "not much") can also mean "not very often." Let's use it in this way in the nextquestion!The two expressions "X ใจใจ" (with X) and "X ใจใใฃใใใซใจใใฃใใใซ" (together with X) mean the same thing. We canuse them interchangeably to indicate that X is the person with whom you share an action, such as goingto a club or watching a movie.ใซใใฆใซใใฆ is a ใชใช-adjective we can use to describe our weak points. It's equivalent to "poor at" or "weak in" inEnglish!When you say ใซใใฆใงใใซใใฆใงใ , you are simply stating (or "reporting") that you are not good at something. When you say ใซใใฆใชใใงใใซใใฆใชใใงใ , however, you are offering the fact to your listener as an explanation foryour action or your previous remark. The ending ใชใใงใใชใใงใ , attached to either nouns, ใชใช-adjectives, oradverbs, adds the nuance of "as a matter of fact" or "to tell you the truth" to the sentence. For the sakeof convenience, let's call this mode of speech the "explanation mode"!Do you remember the expression ใซใปใใใใใใใใงใใซใปใใใใใใใใงใ (You are good at Japanese) or ใใในใใใใงใใในใใใใงใใ (I like tennis)? As in the case of ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใ or ใใใงใใใใงใ , we use the particle ใใ to indicate the objectof ใซใใฆใงใใซใใฆใงใ--that is, what we are poor at --as in ใใณในใใซใใฆใงใใใณในใใซใใฆใงใ .ใธใ๏ผใธใ๏ผ is a casual way to express your surprise or doubt. It's equivalent to "Indeed?" "Really?" or "Oh?" inEnglish!Can you answer the next question using the casual "I" for a male speaker?Do you remember the expression ใใใซใใจใใใพใใใใซใใจใใใพใ (We call it "uni")? ใจใใใพใใจใใใพใ is a commonexpression we use to introduce the name of a thing or a person in somewhat indirect manner. It'sequivalent to "is/am/are called ~" or "we call (something) ~." Let's memorize it as a phrase so that all wehave to do is to insert the name before ใจใจ!
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Though we often get by without using any pronouns such as ใใใใใใ (I or me) or ใใชใใใชใ (you) in Japanese,sometimes we have to be specific to avoid misunderstandings or mix-ups--especially in relationships! Inthe following questions, let's clearly state whose boyfriend we are talking about!ใใฆใใใฆใ is a ใชใช-adjective that means "wonderful," "lovely," or "nice."Did you remember to add ใชใช and say ใใฆใใชใฒใจใใฆใใชใฒใจ since ใใฆใใใฆใ is a ใชใช-adjective?Can you see the difference between ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใจใชใใฎใซใใง and ใซใใงใฎใจใชใใซใใงใฎใจใชใ? While ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใจใชใใฎใซใใง (literally,"cafe at the next-door") describes the cafe in regard to its location, ใซใใงใฎใจใชใใซใใงใฎใจใชใ (literally, "the next-door of the cafe") indicates the location of something else in relation to the cafe.Did you notice that we need to use the particle ใงใง and say ใจใชใใฎใซใใงใงใจใชใใฎใซใใงใง? This is the same particle welearned to use in the sentence ใใใงใใใพใใใใงใใใพใ (I'm getting off at this place). The particle ใงใง attachesitself to a noun denoting a place, just as the particle ใซใซ does, and works as "at," "in," or "on" in English.While ใซใซ indicates the place where something or someone exists, ใงใง indicates the place where someaction takes place.When we want to give an example while making a suggestion, we use ใงใใงใ , instead of the particle ใใ ,after the noun. For instance, when suggesting that someone join us for refreshments, we can pick ใณใผใณใผใใผใใผ (coffee) as an example out of other drinks available and say ใณใผใใผใงใใณใผใใผใงใ , which means "coffee orsomething" or "coffee, for example." Please note that this ใงใใงใ is different from ใงใใงใ that means "but"!ใใใใฒใจใใใใฒใจ can mean either an "amazing person" or "terribly crowded." Let's use it in the latter sensehere!ใใใใฎใใผใใใใฎใใผ can mean either "the bar across the street" or "the bar across the hallway (or aisle)."Generally speaking, Japanese women prefer paying their own way when they wine and dine with friends--whether these friends are male or female. However, when asked out by men for the first time, manywomen probably expect their dates to pay the whole tab. "Going Dutch" in Japanese is ใใใใใใใใ . If youwant to suggest to split the cost, you can say ใใใใใซใใพใใใใใใใใซใใพใใใ!ใใ in ใชใใใชใใ is the counter for the hour. It's equivalent to "o'clock" in English!Did you notice that the pronunciation of ใใใใ (four) changes when it's used to tell the hour?Some Japanese numbers have two different pronunciations. For example, we have so far learned "seven"is ใชใชใชใช , but the same number can be read as ใใกใใก . In general, we can use both pronunciationsinterchangeably, but sometimes we have to use a particular one, depending on the counter that followsit. When we say "seven o'clock," for example, we have to say ใใกใใใกใ . Let's memorize it and use it as it is!Like "seven," "nine" in Japanese has two pronunciations: ใใ ใใใ ใ and ใใ . When we tell the hour, we have tosay ใใใใ (nine o'clock). Let's memorize this one, too!ใใใใใใ means "to return," but we often use it to mean "to go home."Did you notice that we don't need any particle after ใใ ใใพใคใใ ใใพใค (weekend) to say "for the weekend"? Most time expressions that do not include specific numbers such as the hour or the date can be used asthey are without particles equivalent to "at," "on," "in," or "for."ใใ in ใใใใณใใใใณ (Tuesday) means "fire," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Mars, ใใใใใใ (literally,"Fire Star").ใใใใ in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (Wednesday) means "water," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Mercury, ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "Water Star").
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ใใใใ in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (Thursday) means "wood" or "tree," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forJupiter, ใใใใใใใใ (literally, "Wood Star").ใใใใ in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ (Friday) means "metal" or "gold," and it corresponds to the Japanese term for Venus,ใใใใใใใใ ("Gold Star").ใฉใฉ in ใฉใใใณใฉใใใณ (Saturday) means "earth," "soil" or "dirt," and it corresponds to the Japanese term forSaturn, ใฉใใใฉใใ (literally, "Dirt Star").ใซใกใซใก in ใซใกใใใณใซใกใใใณ (Sunday) means "the sun," just like in English! Please note, however, ใซใกใซใก itselfcannot be used independently to mean the sun. Neither are the corresponding parts in other days of theweek such as ใใคใใค in ใใคใใใณใใคใใใณ or ใใ in ใใใใณใใใใณ , except for ใใใใ (gold) in ใใใใใณใใใใใณ!Here is the simple, yet effective way to memorize all the Japanese terms for the days of the week: say,"ใใคใใค, ใใ(ใใ), ใใใใ, ใใใใ, ใใใใ, ใฉใฉ(ใใ), ใซใกใซใก" (the extra vowels are added after ใใ and ใฉใฉ for the sake ofthe rhythm). Repeat it, like a mantra, until it gets stuck in your head. Then, all you need to do is to addใใใณใใใณ after each component. Make sure, though, to remember that this "week mantra" starts withMonday!Did you remember that we use the particle ใฏใฏ as in "XใฏใฏใปใปใปใปใปใปใใใใYใฏใฏใปใปใปใปใปใป" (X is..., but Y is...) when wecontrast two statements in one sentence?Do you remember the expression ใจใใใใใใใพใงใจใใใใใใใพใง (to Tokyo station)? Both ใพใงใพใง and ใธใธ can be usedto indicate a destination, but while ใพใงใพใง emphasizes the end of a movement, like "as far as" in English,the particle ใธใธ puts more emphasis on the direction of movement as in "toward." In this section, let's useใธใธ as the equivalent of "to" in English!We have learned to use the particle ใซใซ to indicate a location where something exists, as in ใใใซใใใพใใใซใใใพใใ (It exists here). We can also use the particle ใซใซ to express the purpose of movement with verbs suchas ใใใใ (to go), ใใใใ (to come), or ใใใใใใ (to go home). In such a case, the noun that comes before ใซใซis an activity noun like hiking or shopping. Sometimes, an event such as a concert or a festival can beused before the particle ใซใซ as well.We have learned that the particle ใซใซ indicates the purpose of movement. The word that comes before ใซใซcan be either an activity noun or a verb! When we use a verb, simply drop ใพใใพใ from the polite form andadd ใซใซ . For example, to say "I go to swim," we drop ใพใใพใ from ใใใใพใใใใใพใ (swim) and say ใใใใซใใใพใใใใซใใใพใใ .ใใฟใใฟ means the "ocean" or "sea," but we can also use it to mean the "beach" when we want to say "Let'sgo to the beach" or "This beach is clean."ใใใณใซใใใใใณใซใใ literally means "to come to have fun," but we can use the phrase to mean "to come overfor a visit" when we invite others to our own home. In turn, we can say ใใใณใซใใใใใณใซใใ (literally, "to go tohave fun") when we go to someone's home for a visit!Here is another formula that uses the ใพใใพใ-form of a verb: when we want to express our desire to dosomething, we drop ใพใใพใ from the polite form of the verb and add ใใใงใใใใงใ . For example, ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใmeans "(I) want to go." Please note that we cannot use ๏ฝใใใงใ๏ฝใใใงใ to describe the desire of the thirdperson. Neither can we use it when we are making offers or issuing invitations as in "Would you like tohave some coffee?"Did you add ใธใธ after the question word ใฉใใฉใ (where) and say ใฉใใธใใใพใใใฉใใธใใใพใใ (Where do you go)? Weneed the particle ใธใธ to indicate the destination, even when we are asking about it!
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Did you remember to use the question word ใชใซใชใซ along with the object marker ใใ?Now, for the next question, let's pretend that someone has suggested that you go to a movie together. Can you come up with an enthusiastic response?We can use ใฉใใงใใใฉใใงใใ (literally, "How is it?") not only to ask how something is, but also to make asuggestion, like saying "How about ~?" in English!Do you remember that the Japanese word for a "mountain" is ใใพใใพ? The Chinese character for ใใพใใพ (ๅฑฑๅฑฑ)is often read as ใใใใ when it's used in the names of mountains, as in ใใใใใใใใใใ (Mt. Takao). It maysound like a person's name, but ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใใใ and ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใใใ (Ms. Yoko) are completelydifferent things!ใใใใใใใใ ends with ใใ , but it's a ใชใช-adjective that means "famous" or "well-known."Did you notice that we need to use the particle ใใ , not ใใ , along with the verb ใใใพใใใใพใ (I need)? As youhave already learned, some verbs and adjectives need ใใ to mark their objects, as in ใใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใ (Ihave a pet) or ใใในใใใใงใใใในใใใใงใ (I like tennis). Let's remember that ใใใพใใใใพใ is one of them!Did you remember that the sentence-ending particle ใญใญ can be used to seek a confirmation with a risingintonation? It's equivalent to "..., right?" in English!Did you replace the particle ใใ with the particle ใใ to add the meaning of "also" or "too"? Also rememberthat we can use ใใ in a negative sentence, as in "either" in English!ใใใใใชใใใใใใชใ is a polite way to say "Don't forget!" in everyday conversation. It's based on the negativeform of the verb ใใใใใใใใ (to forget).Did you remember to use the particle ใงใง to indicate the location where the action takes place?Here is another use for the particle ใซใซ . When we indicate the point in time that an action takes place, weneed to use ใซใซ after the time, as in ใใใซใใใซ (at nine o'clock).Did you remember to add the particle ใซใซ after the question word ใชใใใชใใ (what time) to find out the pointin time when an action (here going to a movie) takes place?When we mention approximate times, we add ใใใใ after the time, as in ใใใใใใใใ . When we use ใใใใ , wecan omit the particle ใซใซ that indicates the time of action.Here are some tips on how to use three similar phrases. We use ใใใฟใพใใใใใใฟใพใใใ (Let's rest) to expressour will to involve our listener directly or to enthusiastically support another person's suggestion. We useใใใฟใพใใใใใใใฟใพใใใใ (Shall we rest?) when we want to prompt our listener to start a mutual action. ใใใฟใพใใใฟใพใใใใใใ (Why don't we rest?) is a gentler invitation in the form of a negative question, showing our respectto our listener's will.
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Do you remember the expression ใฟใฏใทใผใใใณใพใใใใใฟใฏใทใผใใใณใพใใใใ (Should I call a taxi?). We used the verbending ใพใใใใใพใใใใ to offer a service to someone. Now, we can use the same ending when we want tomake a polite suggestion. It's equivalent to "Shall we ~?" in English!As you already know, Japanese people often end their sentences with ใญใญ , sharing their feelings or opinionsand seeking agreement or confirmation from their listeners. ใคใใใพใใใญใคใใใพใใใญ is another example. In thisexpression, the tired speaker assumes that the other person is also tired and seeks an agreement fromhim or her. It's a very common way of communicating in Japanese, though the English equivalent--"We'retired, aren't we?"--may sound a bit strange!The counter for the temperature in Japanese is ใฉใฉ . We can also use ใฉใฉ for the degree of an angle.We can use ใชใใฉใงใใใชใใฉใงใใ (literally, "What degree is it?") to ask how hot or coldใใsomething is.When we end our sentence with ใงใใงใ , we imply that what we are saying is a fact. When we want to avoidsounding definite and imply that what we are saying is only our assumption, we can end our sentencewith ใงใใใใงใใใ instead of ใงใใงใ . To ask your listener his or her assumption, simply add the questionmarker ใใ and end the sentence with ใงใใใใใงใใใใ . It's equivalent to "do you think?" or "I wonder" inEnglish.Do you remember that we use ใใใใ to tell an approximate time as in ใใใใใใใใ (around four o'clock)? When we talk about the approximate amount of something (such as temperature, time, distance, weight,or price), we use ใใใใใใ after the number to mean "about," "around," or "approximately." For example,ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใ means "around thirty degrees.""Zero" in Japanese can be either ใใใใ or ใผใญใผใญ . When talking about the temperature, however, we mustuse ใใใใ and say ใใใฉใใใฉ (zero degrees).When we want to signal our listeners that we are thinking, as in "Let me see..." in English, we can sayใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใใผใฃใจใปใปใป . It's similar to ใใใงใใญใปใปใปใใใงใใญใปใปใป (Well...), but ใใผใฃใจใใผใฃใจใปใปใปใปใปใป is more casual andspontaneous!In the next question, let's assume that someone has asked about the outside temperature, and you arelooking at a thermometer to find the information.Please note that we mainly use ใใใใใใใใ (cool) to describe the temperature of the air or the climate witha positive connotation. Make sure not to use it as the equivalent of "cool" in expressions like "He's socool!"ใใใใ is a particle that comes after the word used as the counterpart of a comparison. It's equivalent to"than" or "more than" in English!Did you notice that in ใใฎใใใใใใใใงใใใฎใใใใใใใใงใ (It's cooler than yesterday), the adjective (ใใใใใใใใ) itselfdoes not change its form? What tells us that this is a comparison sentence? That's right! It's theparticle ใใใใ!Do you remember that we have so far used ใฉใกใใฉใกใ as the polite version of ใฉใใฉใ (where)? We can alsouse ใฉใกใใฉใกใ as the equivalent of "which" in English in a question asking our listener to compare two thingsand choose one of them.Did you remember that we use the particle ใใ to indicate what we like? We also need to add ใใ after thequestion word ใฉใกใใฉใกใ to say ใฉใกใใใใใงใใใฉใกใใใใใงใใ (Which do you like?).
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To form a comparison question using the question word ใฉใกใใฉใกใ , we mention two things by adding theparticle ใจใจ after each word, as in "X ใจใจ Y ใจใจ ." It's the equivalent of "X or Y" in English.When we want to pick one over the other in our answer to the comparison question, such as ใใฟใจใใพใใฟใจใใพใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใใจใใฉใกใใใใใงใใ (Which do you like better, the ocean or mountains?), we can use the pattern "Xใฎใปใใใปใปใปใงใใฎใปใใใปใปใปใงใ ." Let's memorize the pattern and practice using it in a conversation!We can use ใฉใกใใใฉใกใใ in both affirmative and negative sentences.Did you notice that although ใฉใกใใใฉใกใใ is the equivalent of "neither," we have to use it along with thenegative sentence ending, as in ใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใใฉใกใใใใใใใใใพใใ?When we want to compare more than three things and pick one as the highest (or the lowest) rankingamong them, we add ใใกใฐใใใกใฐใ (literally, the "number one") before the adjective. It's equivalent to "(the)most" or "(the) best" in English.In order to indicate the range of choices, we use the particle ใงใง as in ใใใคใงใใใคใง (among seasons) or ใซใปใใซใปใใงใง (in Japan). ใฏใใฏใ is a noun that describes sunny or clear weather. That's the word you'll be looking for when youwatch the weather forecast on Japanese TV! You can also describe the same nice weather as ใใใฆใใใใใฆใใ(fine weather) in everyday conversations.Did you notice that the past form of ใใคใใงใใใคใใงใ is different from the past form of ใฏใใงใใฏใใงใ? It's becauseใใคใใงใใใคใใงใ is made of an ใใ-adjective (ใใคใใใคใ) and ใงใใงใ , while ใฏใใงใใฏใใงใ consists of a noun (ใฏใใฏใ) and ใงใงใใ . If the sentence ends with an ใใ-adjective and ใงใใงใ , the past form takes the same pattern as ใใคใใคใใฃใใงใใใฃใใงใ : simply drop ใใงใใใงใ at the end and replace it with ใใฃใใงใใใฃใใงใ!Now, do you remember ใใใใ ("because" or "since") that marks the sentence as the cause of thesubsequent sentence? Let's use it in the next question!Did you notice that the past form of ใใใใงใใใใใงใ is different from the past form of ใใคใใงใใใคใใงใ? It'sbecause ใใใใใใ is a ใชใช-adjective! If the sentence ends with a ใชใช-adjective and ใงใใงใ , simply replace ใงใใงใwith ใงใใใงใใ!Because ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ can be used in many situations, you may find that some questions sound rathervague. ใกใใใใใใพใงใฉใฎใใใใงใใใกใใใใใใพใงใฉใฎใใใใงใใ , for example, can be asking about the distance to the summitor time that it takes to get there. In this section, let's assume that the question is about the distance!ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ is a very versatile question word that we can use to ask the amount or degree of something,including distance, temperature, weight, duration of time, cost, and size. The translation, therefore, canvary, depending on what measurement we are dealing with. To be specific, we can use ใชใใชใ (what) plusthe counter as in ใชใใฉใชใใฉ for the temperature.Did you use the particle ใพใงใพใง , not ใธใธ , as the equivalent of "to" in the phrase "from here to the summit"? When talking about the distance between two points, we use ใใใใ (from) to indicate the starting point andใพใงใพใง ("to" or "as far as") to indicate the end. Let's memorize "X ใใใใ Y ใพใงใพใง" as a stock phrase! When thestarting point is obvious, it's often omitted.
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ใใจใใจ is a word that points to a place that is behind, a time that comes later, or things that remain. Wecan use ใใจใใจ before some numbers (such as distance, time, or quantity) to indicate the remainingamount. ใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซใใจใใกใญใญใกใผใใซ , for example, means "one more kilometer to go"!When we describe a natural phenomenon, we use the particle ใใ to mark the subject, as in ใใใใตใใพใใใใตใใพใใ (literally, "Rain falls"). In this case, we can't replace ใใ with the topic marker ใฏใฏ .Do you remember the sentence ending ใงใใใใงใใใ , which implies that what we are telling is ourassumption? When we want to indicate that what we are telling is our conjecture based on observation,we end the sentence with ใใใงใใใใงใ instead. It's equivalent to "it seems" or "it looks" in English. Forregular verbs such as ใตใใตใ (to fall), simply drop ใพใใพใ from the polite form and add ใใใงใใใใงใ to form thepattern, as in ใตใใใใงใใตใใใใงใ .ใชใใ ใใชใใ ใ is a phrase we can use in everyday conversations to express the vagueness of our feelings orjudgments. It's equivalent to "I don't know why, but ...," "somewhat," "a little," "kind of," or "somehow" inEnglish!Some Japanese adverbs mimetically describe movements with repeated words. ใใใใใใใใ is one of them,giving the listener a sense of slowness. The English equivalents include "slowly," "softly," "gradually," "(notright now but) soon," or "by and by."ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใใใพใใใใ literally means "Shall we go by and by?"ใผใผa suggestion to start in a short time. However, people sometimes use the same expression to hurry others in a polite way. In that case, theEnglish equivalent would be "It's about time for us to go" or "We'd better be going!"There are only two basic Group III verbs whose conjugation patterns we have to memorize: ใใใใ (to do)and ใใใใ (to come). The rest of Group III verbs are "compound" verbs based on these two, and theyconjugate just as the basic verbs do.So far, we have been learning two forms of verbs, the dictionary form and the ใพใใพใ-form (that is, thepolite form). Let's start paying close attention to how these two forms are related so that we'll be able toidentify the three types of Japanese verbs: Group I, Group II, and Group III.ใใใใ (to do) belongs to Group III, or "irregular," verbs. It's called "irregular" because the way this verbconjugates (that is, how it changes form according to the different usage, as in ใใใใ becoming ใใพใใใพใ inthe polite form) has no pattern that matches with the conjugation pattern of other verbs. We just have tomemorize how this verb conjugates!In Japanese, there is a verb form called the ใฆใฆ-form, which we can use in various verb phrases. To createthe ใฆใฆ-form for a Group III (or irregular) verb, we simply delete ใพใใพใ from its polite form and add ใฆใฆ . Theใฆใฆ-form for ใใใใ (or ใใพใใใพใ) therefore is ใใฆใใฆ .When we want to talk about some action or motion in progress, we use the ใฆใฆ-form of the verb followedby ใใพใใใพใ . ใใฆใใพใใใฆใใพใ is equivalent to "is/am/are doing" in English!ใใใใใใใใ is an everyday expression we can use when we make a phone call, pick up the phone, or makesure that the person on the other end of the phone line is still there. This funny sounding phrase isderived from the verb ใใใใใใ (humble version of "to say"). The English equivalent is "Hello," butremember that ใใใใใใใใ is almost exclusively used during phone conversations!
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In the next questions, let's pretend that you are making a phone call!We can use ใใใใใใใใ to mean not only "cooking" but also "a dish" (as in ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ or "a tastydish") or cuisine (as in ใซใปใใใใใใซใปใใใใใ or "Japanese cuisine").The Japanese alphabet chart consists of five columns (or lines) and ten rows with the addition of thesingle letter ใใ . The first row is all vowels, ใใใใใใใใใใ , each of which heads each line, as in ใใ-line or ใใ-line. Each of the remaining rows is made of the combination of a vowel and a consonant, in the order of k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w. The additional chart covers consonants g, z, d, b, p. In other words, each row usesthe same consonant, while each line uses the same vowel.The conjugation pattern for Group II verbs involves a single "line" of the alphabet chart: either ใใ-line orใใ-line. For example, all the conjugated forms of the verb ใในใใในใ (to eat) contain ในใน (which belongs tothe ใใ-line), as in ใในใพใใในใพใ and ใในใฆใในใฆ . Because it involves a single line (or ใใกใ ใใใกใ ใ in Japanese), theconjugation pattern for Group II verbs is called ใใกใ ใใใคใใใใกใ ใใใคใใ (single-line conjugation).ใในใใในใ (to eat) is a Group II verb. Group II verbs are sometimes called "ใใ-verbs" because the dictionaryform of all Group II verbs ends with ใใ . The problem is that the dictionary form of some Group I verbsalso ends with ใใ! It's important to determine whether the verb belongs to Group I or II because thesetwo groups conjugate differently. Let's learn how to identify verb types, using ใในใใในใ as our example.A quick and sure way to determine whether a verb belongs to Group II is to compare the dictionary formand the polite-form. First, drop ใพใใพใ from the polite form. If what is left matches what comes before ใใ inthe dictionary form, then the verb is a Group II verb. For example, ใในใใน in ใในใพใใในใพใ and ใในใใน in ใในใใในใmatch perfectly, right? Therefore, we can conclude that ใในใใในใ is a Group II verb!Forming the ใฆใฆ-form for Group II verbs is easy! All you have to do is to drop ใพใใพใ from the polite-form (ordrop ใใ from the dictionary form) and add ใฆใฆ instead! So, the ใฆใฆ-form for ใในใใในใ or ใในใพใใในใพใ is ใในใฆใในใฆ!The dictionary form for "to make (a telephone call)" is ใใใใใใ , and the polite form is ใใใพใใใใพใ . Can youtell what type of verb this is? That's right! It's Group II. We can easily tell that because ใใใใ in ใใใพใใใใพใmatches perfectly with ใใใใ in ใใใใใใ . We are now ready to figure out the ใฆใฆ-form of the verb!ใงใใใงใใ can mean either a "telephone" as an instrument or a "telephone call." Let's use the word in thelatter meaning in the next question!Let's figure out the verb type of ใฟใใฟใ (to watch). What is left after dropping ใพใใพใ from ใฟใพใใฟใพใ is ใฟใฟ , andit's identical to what comes before ใใ in ใฟใใฟใ , right? So, we can tell that this verb also belongs to GroupII!Let's have a closer look at the Group I verb ใคใใใคใใ . When we compare ใคใใใคใใ and ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ , we seethat the first part ใคใใคใ is unchanged. Since the ใพใใพใ ending of ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ is a common addition to all thepolite forms, let's put it aside. Now, what is changed is the dictionary form ending ใใ , which becomes ใใin the polite form. ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, while ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line. Let's see whether other Group I verbs follow the pattern!
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Let's figure out which verb group ใคใใใคใใ belongs to. Though ใคใใใคใใ ends with ใใ , what is left afterdropping ใพใใพใ from ใคใใใพใใคใใใพใ does not match what comes before ใใ in the dictionary form, right? Therefore, this verb belongs not to Group II but to Group I.How to make the ใฆใฆ-form for Group I verbs is a little more involved than Group II or III: it depends on theverb ending of the dictionary form. For the Group I verb whose dictionary form ends with ใใ or ใคใค or ใใ ,drop the ending and add ใฃใฆใฃใฆ . Since ใคใใใคใใ is a Group I verb and ends with ใใ , the ใฆใฆ-form will be ใคใใฃใคใใฃใฆใฆ!Can you tell what kind of verb ใใใใ (to cook [rice]) is? It does not belong to Group III, which consists ofonly two verbs, ใใใใ (to do) and ใใใใ (to come). Neither does it belong to Group II, whose dictionary formalways ends with ใใ . Therefore, we can safely conclude that ใใใใ is a Group I verb!Let's compare ใใใใ and ใใใพใใใใพใ . For this Group I verb, what is unchanged is ใใ , and what is changed isthe dictionary form ending ใใ , which becomes ใใ in the polite form. ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line of theJapanese alphabet chart, and ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line. So, we can tell that ใใใใ follows the same basicconjugation pattern as ใคใใใคใใ!To make the ใฆใฆ-form for the Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with ใใ , we drop ใใ from thedictionary form and add ใใฆใใฆ . Now, let's figure out the ใฆใฆ-form for ใใใใ!ใใใใใใ (to boil) is used as the method for boiling water or some kind of liquid such as tea or soup. Wecan't use it to say, for example, "to boil an egg (or potato)"!Let's examine one more Group I verb for the conjugation pattern. ใใใใใใ does not end with ใใ , so weknow that this is a Group I verb. When we compare ใใใใใใ and ใใใใพใใใใใพใ , the unchanged part is ใใใใ ,and the changed part is the dictionary form ending ใใ , which is changed to ใใ in the polite form. ใใbelongs to the ใใ-line of the Japanese alphabet chart, while ใใ belongs to the ใใ-line. So, ใใใใใใ alsofollows the same conjugation pattern as ใคใใใคใใ and ใใใใ!For those Group I verbs whose dictionary form ends with ใใ , we make the ใฆใฆ-form by dropping the verbending ใใ from the dictionary form and adding ใใฆใใฆ . Now, what do you think the ใฆใฆ-form for ใใใใใใ is?The Japanese equivalent to "hot water" is ใใ , but most people say ใใใใ in everyday conversation!Just like ใใฏใใใใใใฏใใใใ (to cook rice), ใใใใใใใใใใใใ is a commonly used expression. Literally, it means "toboil hot water," which sounds like a waste of energy, but it actually means "to boil water"!We have learned from our examination of three Group I verbs that the conjugation pattern for this verbtype involves at least two lines from the Japanese alphabet chart: the ใใ-line and ใใ-line. In fact, mostGroup I verbs use all five lines to complete their conjugation pattern. That's why we call the conjugationpattern for Group I verbs ใใ ใใใคใใใใ ใใใคใใ (five-line conjugation)!Did you remember that to tell the purpose of movement (in this case "to come"), we drop ใพใใพใ from thepolite form of verbs and add the particle ใซใซ , as in ใในใซใใพใใในใซใใพใ (come to eat)?
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Do you remember the "explanation" mode of speech we used to say ใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใใใณในใใซใใฆใชใใงใ (As amatter of fact, I'm a poor dancer)? While using ใชใใงใใชใใงใ after nouns, ใชใช-adjectives and adverbs, we useใใงใใใงใ after ใใ-adjectives and verbs. When asking for an explanation for the other person's current orfuture action, simply add ใใงใใใใงใใ after the dictionary form of the verb, as in ใคใใใใงใใใคใใใใงใใ . It adds toyour question the nuance of "Tell me" or "I'm wondering."The verb ใใใใ can mean "to broil," "to roast," "to grill," "to barbecue," "to sear," "to bake," "to toast," oreven "to burn." It's very versatile, isn't it!Do you remember that ใใใงใใใใงใ in ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใตใใใใงใ (It seems that it's going to rain) indicates thespeaker's judgment based on his or her observation? We can use the same ending with adjectives aswell to mean "it seems..." or "it looks...." For ใชใช-adjectives such as ใใใใใใ (quiet), simply add ใใใงใใใใงใ tothe dictionary form, as in ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใ (It seems quiet). For ใใ-adjectives such as ใใใใใใใใ , we dropthe word-ending ใใ and add ใใใงใใใใงใ , as in ใใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใ (It looks tasty).An observation can be made not only through our eyes, but also our ears or noses. Let's figure out thenext question!Did you get it right? Just as we can connect as many nouns as we like using the particle ใจใจ , we can, atleast theoretically, connect an infinite number of verbs by using the ใฆใฆ-form. This "ใฆใฆ-form, ใฆใฆ-form"pattern indicates that the action is taking place in the order stated. Please note that the last verb in thesentence remains in the ใพใใพใ-form.Can you figure out what type of verb ใใใใใใใใ is by comparing it with the polite form, ใใใใพใใใใใพใ? That'sright! It's a Group II verb!We have so far learned that we can use the particle ใจใจ (and) to connect two or more nouns or nounphrases, right? When we want to connect two or more verbs, however, we can't use the particle ใจใจ . Instead, we use the ใฆใฆ-form of the verb!ใใใใใใ ("to put in" or "to add") becomes ใใใพใใใใพใ in the polite form. Which verb group does ใใใใใใbelong to? Group II, of course!ใตใใตใ is the counter for minutes. We can use it to talk about the duration of time (as in "for twentyminutes") or the point of time (as in "3:20"). Please note that the pronunciation of ใตใใตใ sometimeschanges to ใทใใทใ , depending on what number or word comes before it. One to ten minutes goes like this:ใใฃใทใใใฃใทใ , ใซใตใใซใตใ , ใใใทใใใใทใ , ใใใทใใใใทใ๏ผ๏ผor ใใใตใใใใตใ๏ผ๏ผ , ใใตใใใตใ , ใใฃใทใใใฃใทใ , ใชใชใตใใชใชใตใ , ใฏใฃใทใใฏใฃใทใ , ใใ ใใตใใใ ใใตใ ,and ใใ ใฃใทใใใ ใฃใทใ! The question word is ใชใใทใใชใใทใ (literally, "what minute").Do you remember that ใใใใใใ ("to put in" or "to add") is a Group II verb? Now let's figure out its ใฆใฆ-form!Though the "ใฆใฆ-formใใใฆใฆ-form" pattern indicates the order of events, we can throw in some "signaling"words to help our listeners understand what's going on! ใพใใพใ ("first" or "first of all") is one of suchsignaling words, alerting the listeners that a series of events will follow.The particle ใงใง in the phrase ใใใณใงใใใณใง indicates some kind of method or means for actions, includingcooking heat (as in "over low heat"), utensils (as in "with chopsticks"), communication tools (as in "byphone" or "on TV"), transportation (as in "by bus"), language (as in "in Japanese"), and so on. Veryversatile, isn't it!The counter for the measuring cup is the same as the counter for a coffee cup or a glass. Do youremember what it is?ใใใใใใใใใใใใ , the polite version of ใใใใใใ (a little), is often used as a cooking term that is equivalent to"a dash" in English. Let's try to use it in the next question!
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ใใใใใใ means "time" in general, but we can also use it as the counter for hours. Please don't mix it upwith the counter for the hour, ใใ . For example, ใใกใใใใใกใใใ means "one hour," and ใใกใใใกใ means "oneo'clock"!We can use the noun ใใใใใใ ("the end" or "the last") to talk about the end of a time period, action, event,place, and so on.The verb ใงใใใงใใ has several meanings. Here, we use it as the equivalent of "to be made" in English.Can you tell what type of verb ใงใใใงใใ is? That's right! It's Group II.When we are looking at something and want to ask or describe what it is made from, we use ใงใใฆใใพใงใใฆใใพใใ instead of ใงใใพใใงใใพใ . ใงใใฆใใพใใงใใฆใใพใ (literally, "is being made") describes not the action in progress butthe continuing state resulting from what has happened in the past. That is, someone has madesomething using certain ingredients, and as the result, the ingredients are still in it. This is anotherfunction of the "ใฆใฆ-form + ใใพใใใพใ" pattern!We have so far used ใใใใ (from) to indicate the starting point as in ใใใใใใใใ (from here). We can alsouse ใใใใ to indicate materials from which something is made.Do you remember that we use ใใใใ (to go) when we describe the movement in the direction away fromwhere we are as we speak, while ใใใใ (to come) is used to describe the movement toward us? The samebasic rule applies to the verb ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ and its counterpart ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ . For example, when we tell ourfriends on the phone that we will bring desserts, we say ใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใถใผใใใใฃใฆใใใพใ because we are goingto their house, moving away from where we are!ใใฃใฆใใใใฃใฆใใ consists of two parts: the ใฆใฆ-form of the Group I verb ใใคใใค (to hold or have) and the Group Iverb ใใใใ (to go). Here, let's use it as a compound verb equivalent to "to take (something with)."We have so far used ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be made" as in ใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใ (Miso paste ismade from soybeans). We can also use ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be ready."ใใใใ ("good," "fine," or "OK") is a ใใ-adjective. Do you remember how to turn it into the "explanation"mode?Can you tell what type of verb ใพใคใพใค (to wait) is? That's right! Since it does not end with ใใ , it's a Group Iverb! Now based on what you have learned about the conjugation pattern for Group I, can you tell whatthe polite form for ใพใคใพใค is?Now, ใพใคใพใค (to wait) is a Group I verb that ends with ใคใค . Do you remember how to make the ใฆใฆ-form forGroup I verbs whose dictionary form ends with ใใ or ใคใค or ใใ , as in ใคใใใคใใ (to make)?Did you notice that we needed to use the particle ใใ to mark the subject of the sentence? We can't usethe topic marker ใฏใฏ here because the whole sentence, ในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใในใผใใใใใใชใใพใใ (The price of suits hasgone down), is communicating a new piece of information; that is, the speaker has "discovered" (orotherwise observed) some fact or phenomenon and is reporting it to the listener for the first time in theconversation. It's similar to the case of ใใใใตใใใใงใใใใใตใใใใงใ (It seems that it is going to rain).
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ใใใใใใ is equivalent to "inexpensive," "cheap," or "low (price)" in English. It doesn't, however, necessarilycarry a negative connotation as "cheap" often does.We can describe how things change by using the "adjective plus ใชใใพใใชใใพใ" pattern. Please note that ifthe adjective is an ใใ-adjective such as ใใใใใใ , we have to drop the ending ใใ and instead add ใใ beforeใชใใพใใชใใพใ as in ใใใใชใใพใใใใใชใใพใ (become inexpensive).ใกใ ใใกใ ใ attaches itself to nouns for events such as ใปใผใซใปใผใซ (a sale) or for activities such as ใใใฝใใใฝ (a walk),indicating that the event or activity is in progress. It's equivalent to "in the middle of" in English, but it canbe translated differently according to the context, as in "on (sale)," "under (repair)," or "in (conversation)"!ใใใใใใ is a Group I verb that ends with ใใ like ใใใใใใ (to boil water), right? Do you remember how tomake the ใฆใฆ-form for the verb like this?The Japanese word for "long" is ใชใใใชใใ . ใชใใใงใชใใใง is the shortened form of ใชใใใใงใชใใใใง (literally, "longsleeve"), but it's used as one word!ใใใใใงใใใใใใใงใใ is the polite form of ใใใใฆใใพใใใใใใฆใใพใใ (Are you looking for?). You'll hear the phrase a lotin Japanese retail stores!Did you remember that we don't have to use the particle ใใ after ใชใซใใชใซใ (something) or ใ ใใใ ใใ(someone) in everyday conversation?We have so far used the word ใฏใใฏใ (half) to talk about time, as in ใซใใฏใใซใใฏใ (half past two). We can't useใฏใใฏใ by itself, but we can combine it not only with time expressions but also with other nouns. Let's try itin the next question!So far, we have been using ใใใใ as "fine" (as in ใใใฆใใใใใฆใใ or "fine weather"), "good" (as in ใใใงใใญใใใงใใญ or"It sounds good"), or "okay" (as in ใใใงใใใใใงใใ or "Is it okay?"). We can also use ใใใใ to mean "right" or"suitable." Let's use the word in this last way here!Do you remember that we can have ใฎใฎ as a generic substitute for a noun as in ใใใใฎใใใใฎ (red one)? Let'suse it like this in the next question.Do you remember that ใใฆใใใฆใ (wonderful) can also be used to mean "nice" or "lovely"?We can use ใใใใ! to show our surprise at something or some event that is unexpected. It's equivalent to"Ah!" or "Oh!" in English.The decimal point in Japanese is read as ใฆใใฆใ (literally, a "dot" or "point") as in ใซใใ ใใใใฆใใใซใใ ใใใใฆใใ(twenty-six point five).When we are talking about our shoe size in Japan, we can often omit the word ใปใณใใปใณใ (centimeter). Let'stry it in the next question.In addition to numbers, Japanese manufacturers use the letter sizes: XS (extra small), S (small), M(medium), L (large), and XL or LL (extra large). The sizes bigger than XL are written as 3L, 4L, and soon.We have so far used ใพใงใพใง to indicate a destination as in ใจใใใใใใใพใงใจใใใใใใใพใง (to Tokyo Station) or ใกใใใกใใใใใใพใงใใใใพใง (to the summit). We can also use ใพใงใพใง to indicate the end point in time like "until" in English!We have learned that ใฐใใฐใ means "evening" and used it in expressions such as ใใใฐใใฏใใใฐใใฏ (Goodevening) or ใฐใใใฏใใฐใใใฏใ ("evening meal" or "supper"). While we generally use ใฐใใฐใ to mean the timeperiod after dark, we use ใใใใใใใใ to point to the time period between around four and sunset.We can say ใใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใใใใฏใ or ใใใใใฎใใใใฏใใใใใใฎใใใใฏใ . They mean the same--"half past six in theevening"!Did you remember that we can use ใใใใ to indicate the starting point in time as well as in space?
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ใใใใ and ใฐใใฐใ are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are certain distinctions. In general, ใใใใmeans after dark until sunrise. ใฐใใฐใ is the early part of night when people are still awake and active. TheEnglish equivalents would be "night" for ใใใใ and "evening (after dark)" for ใฐใใฐใ .Can you tell what type of verb ใใใใ is? That's right! It's a Group I verb whose dictionary form ends with ใใlike ใคใใใคใใ (to make). Do you remember how to make the ใฆใฆ-form for these verbs?Please note that to say "I know" in Japanese, we have to say ใใฃใฆใใพใใใฃใฆใใพใ . Like ใงใใฆใใพใใงใใฆใใพใ (it ismade), ใใฃใฆใใพใใใฃใฆใใพใ describes not an action in progress, but a "continuing state" that has resulted fromsome action taken in the past. Let's memorize it as a phrase!Did you notice that the negative form of ใใฃใฆใใพใใใฃใฆใใพใ (I know) is ใใใพใใใใใพใใ (I don't know)? Let'smemorize both the affirmative and negative form of the verb ใใใใ as a pair!Japanese people, particularly women and children, often add the honorific title ใใใใ after the names ofstores as in ใฑใผใญใใใใฑใผใญใใใ or ใปใใใใใปใใใใ . It's a friendly way to mention neighborhood businesses. Let'stry this in the next questions.ใใใใใฑใผใญใใใใใใใใฑใผใญใใใ (literally, "tasty cake shop") may sound as if the cake shop is edible like agingerbread house. This, however, is a common way in Japanese to describe a great cake shop thatserves delicious cakes!Do you remember that we used ใใ ใใใใ ใใ to mean "Please give me" in the sentence such as ใใฎใทใฃใใใฎใทใฃใใใ ใใใใ ใใ (Please give me this shirt)? When we want to ask or instruct someone to do something, we usethe "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใ ใใใใ ใใ" pattern as in ใใใใฆใใ ใใใใใใฆใใ ใใ ("Please tell me" or "Please teach me").What group of verbs does ใคใคใใคใคใ belong to? That's right! It's a Group I verb. When the dictionary formfor a Group I verb ends with either ใใ or ใถใถ or ใฌใฌ , we drop the last letter and add ใใงใใง to make the ใฆใฆ-form. Can you figure out the ใฆใฆ-form for ใคใคใใคใคใ?Here's the summary of the ใฆใฆ-form formation for Group I verbs. If the dictionary form ends with ใใ or ใคใคor ใใ , like ใพใคใพใค (to wait), delete the last letter and add ใฃใฆใฃใฆ as in ใพใฃใฆใพใฃใฆ . If the ending is ใใ or ใถใถ or ใฌใฌ , likeใคใคใใคใคใ (to wrap), delete it and add ใใงใใง as in ใคใคใใงใคใคใใง . For the ใใ-ending like ใใใใใใ (to boil water),replace it with ใใฆใใฆ ; for the ใใ-ending like ใใใใ (to cook rice), use ใใฆใใฆ ; and for the ใใ-ending like ใใใใใใ(to hurry), use ใใงใใง .Here is a little mantra to help you memorize how to form the ใฆใฆ-form for Group I verbs, irregular verbs,and Group II verbs, respectively. You can either repeat the following aloud or make a jingle out of it("Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" fits): ใใคใใใคใ ใใฃใฆใใใฃใฆใ , ใใถใฌใใถใฌ ใใใงใใใใงใ , ใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใใใใใงใใใใงใ , ใใใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใใใใ ใใใฆใใใใฆใ , ใฟใใฟใ ใใฟใฆใใใฟใฆใ . Please note that it lists the whole ใฆใฆ-form forthe irregular verbs (ใใใใ and ใใใใ) and Group II verbs (ใฟใใฟใ is used as an example), but only the verbendings for Group I verbs and their ใฆใฆ-forms.We have learned that ใซใซ is a versatile particle. Here's another use: when we use verbs such as "to putin," "to get in," "to get on," or "to arrive," we use the particle ใซใซ to indicate the goal. It's equivalent to "at,""on," or "in" in English. Let's figure out the next question!Did you remember that we could use the ใฆใฆ-form to connect two or more verbs to describe the chain ofevents or actions?
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Please note that we can only use ใปใใใงใใปใใใงใ (I want) or ใใใใงใใใใใงใ (I want to do) to talk about our owndesires or to find out the desires of our listeners in casual conversation. We can't use them to talk aboutthe desires of the third person. Also, we shouldn't use these expressions when we want to offersomething or issue invitations. For example, if you want to invite your friend to have some tea with you,you should say ใใกใใใฎใฟใพใใใใใกใใใฎใฟใพใใใ (Why don't we have some tea?) instead.ใปใใใปใใ is an ใใ-adjective, but it functions as the equivalent of "to want" in English.Do you remember that we sometimes use the particle ใใ , not ใใ , to indicate the "object" of the verb suchas ใใใพใใใใพใ (I have) or the adjective such as ใใใงใใใใงใ (I like)? When we use the expression ใปใใใงใใปใใใงใ (Iwant), we also need to use ใใ to indicate what we want, as in ใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใใใใใใใตใใใปใใใงใ (I want somenew clothes). Let's memorize "Xใใปใใใงใใใปใใใงใ" (I want X) as a set phrase!Did you remember that in order to add the nuance of "As a matter of fact..." to our statement, we add ใใใงใใงใ after ใใ-adjectives as well as verbs?ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค or ใตใใคใตใใค is the original Japanese way of counting things. The combination of a number and acounter as in ใใฃใฑใใใฃใฑใ (one cup) or ใซใปใใซใปใ (two bottles) is based on the Chinese tradition, though theyare perfectly blended into Japanese as many other Chinese-based vocabularies are!We have so far learned that the word ใซใใคใซใใค means "luggage." In fact, ใซใใคใซใใค can be used to mean"luggage," "baggage," "parcel," "pack," or "bag"--anything that has to be carried or sent.In Japanese, we use the combination of a number and a specific counter to count something, right? There is an alternate way to count things up to 10. For example, we can use ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค to count one itemsuch as a key, an apple, a computer, a chair, a house, or even a planet, without adding any counters. Wecan also use it to count an abstract thing such as an idea or a story. Convenient, isn't it!We have so far used the "ใพใใพใ-form plus ใพใใใใพใใใ" pattern to invite someone to do something with us, asin "Let's ~." We can use the same pattern to offer our service to someone. It's equivalent to "Let me (dosomething) for you" in English.To continue counting past ten using the Japanese counting system, like ใฒใจใคใฒใจใค or ใตใใคใตใใค , simply usenumbers with no counter, as in ใใ ใใใกใใ ใใใก or ใซใใ ใใซใใ ใ!Now, let's assume that you have to take several packages to the post office. Can you figure out how toask someone politely to help you?Do you remember the expression ใใญใใใใพใใใญใใใใพใ which we use to order something in restaurants, as inใณใผใใผใใญใใใใพใใณใผใใผใใญใใใใพใ (Coffee, please)? ใใญใใใใใใญใใใใ ("to request" or "to ask for") is the dictionaryform of ใใญใใใใพใใใญใใใใพใ and consists of the noun ใใญใใใใญใใ (a "request" or "wish") and the irregular verb ใใใใ (to do). It's another compound verb! Can you figure out its ใฆใฆ-form?When we want to ask for permission, we add ใใใใงใใใใใใงใใ (equivalent to "May I~?" in English) to the ใฆใฆ-form of the verb, as in ใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใ (May I request?) ใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใญใใใใฆใใใใงใใ is a politeexpression we can use in various situations. The translation, therefore, will vary depending on thecontext.In the next question, let's use the particle that indicates the final destination.Did you remember that we use the particle ใซใซ to indicate the spot that is the goal or target of an action?Judging from the way the dictionary form (ใใใใ) changes its shape in the polite form (ใใใพใใใใพใ), we cantell that ใใใใ (to stop by) is a ใใ-ending Group I verb, right? Do you remember how to make the ใฆใฆ-formfor it?
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ใใใซใใใซ is the expression we can use when we want to do something before doing other things. It'sequivalent to "first" or "before that" in English.ใใพใใพใใใใพใใพใใ is the polite negative form of the verb ใใพใใใพใ (to mind). Let's memorize it as a usefulexpression that is equivalent to "I don't mind" in English.Did you notice that we answer a yes/no question differently in Japanese? In English, we say "Yes" if theanswer is affirmative and "No" if the answer is negative, right? In Japanese, we say "Yes" if we agree tothe question and say "No" if we disagree, regardless of whether the question is in the negative oraffirmative form. So, if someone asks your permission and if you don't mind granting it, then you shouldsay ใใใใใพใใพใใใใใใใพใใพใใ (literally, "Yes, I don't mind")!Please note that we can use the particle ใฎใฎ along with some particles such as ใธใธ (to), ใจใจ (with), ใงใง ("at,""on," or "in"), ใใใใ (from), or ใพใงใพใง ("to" or "as far as"), but we can't use it with other particles such as ใใ ,ใใ , or ใซใซ .We can use the particle ใธใธ , which indicates the direction of movement, not only with the place noun (as inใจใใใใใธใจใใใใใธ) but also with a noun that denotes a person (or persons) to whom we send something. Let's use it in the next question!We have been using the particle ใฎใฎ to connect two nouns (or pronouns) as in ใซใปใใฎใฏใชใซใปใใฎใฏใช (Japaneseflowers) or ใใใใฎใใใใใใฎใใ (my boyfriend). The particle ใฎใฎ sometimes attaches itself to another particle,connecting the noun phrase such as ใใใใธใใใใธ (to my family) with a noun such as ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ (presents). In the phrase ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใ (presents for my family), ใฎใฎ indicates that ใใใใธใใใใธ is theexplanation of ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ (or in other words, ใใใใธใใใใธ modifies ใใฌใผใณใใใฌใผใณใ). For convenience, we cancall the structure "double particles"!Here are some tips on how to use the particles ใพใงใพใง , ใธใธ , and ใซใซ that are the equivalents of "to" when wetalk about movement. ใพใงใพใง emphasizes the end of the course, implying "as far as" or "up to." ใธใธ , on theother hand, focuses on the direction of the movement, as in "toward" or "in the direction of." ใซใซ impliesthe goal (or target) of action, as in "to arrive at" or "to get into." Though we can sometimes use theseparticles interchangeably, idiomatic usage often determines our choice.Did you use the particle ใใใใ (from)? ใใใใ indicates the starting point or origin, and the origin can be atime, a place, or even a person!Please note that when we are talking about the mailing or traveling cost or time spent deliveringsomething, we use ใพใงใพใง to indicate the final destination.Did you remember to use the particle ใงใง to indicate the method or means of action?The answers to ใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใใ (How much does it cost?) can be, for example, ใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใใใพใ(It costs one thousand yen) or ใใใใใงใใใใใใงใ (It's one thousand yen). Both sentences convey the samemeaning. Let's try them both in the next question.Do you remember the sentence ending ใงใใใใงใใใ and its question form ใงใใใใใงใใใใ that we can use totalk about our assumption? So far we used them after a noun or an adjective, as in ใใใใ ใใฉใใใใใใใ ใใฉใใใใงใใใใงใใใ (It's about thirty degrees, I think) or ใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใใฉใใใใกใฐใใใใใงใใใใ (Where do you think is thecoldest?) We can also use them after the dictionary form of verbs, as in ใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใ (Howmuch do you think it will cost?).
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We have so far used the word ใกใใใกใใ to describe a nearness in geography, as in ใใใฎใกใใใใใฎใกใใ (near thestation). We can also use ใกใใใกใใ to indicate a proximity in numbers, regardless of whether they aremeasuring time or money.We used ใใใใใใ as the Japanese equivalent of "to cost" in the previous section. We can also use thesame verb to talk about time spent to carry out an action. It's the equivalent of "to take" in English.ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ is a versatile question word we can use to ask the amount or degree, as in "how far?" or "howhot (or cold)?" Let's use it to ask about the period of time in this section.ใใใคใใใค in ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (one month) is the counter for months when we are talking about a length of time. Though the basic rule is to add the counter after a number as in ใซใใใคใซใใใค (two months) or ใใใใใคใใใใใค(three months), the pronunciation of certain numbers changes. ใใกใใก (one) in ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค is one of them!In addition to ใใฃใใใคใใฃใใใค (one month), the pronunciation of the numbers "six" (ใใใใ), "eight" (ใฏใกใฏใก), and"ten" (ใใ ใใใ ใ) also changes in a similar manner when combined with ใใใคใใใค , the counter for month. Let'ssee if you can figure them out!In place of the generic question word ใฉใฎใใใใฉใฎใใใ , we can use a more specific one, such as ใชใใฉใชใใฉ(literally, "what degrees") or ใชใใกใผใใซใชใใกใผใใซ (literally, "what meters"). Let's figure out the question word for"months"!ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ in ใใฃใใ ใใใใใฃใใ ใใใ (one week) is the counter for "week" as a duration of time. If we breakdown the word further, ใใ ใใใ ใ means "week," and ใใใใ literally means "in-between" or a "range." (Do youremember the word ใใกใใใใใกใใใ or "one hour"? It's the same ใใใใ as ใใฃใใ ใใใใใฃใใ ใใใ!) Please note thatthe pronunciation of ใใกใใก (one) is changed when it is combined with ใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ .The pronunciation of ใฏใกใฏใก (eight) and ใใ ใใใ ใ (ten) will change when these numbers are combined withใใ ใใใใใ ใใใ , the counter for "week" as the duration of time. Let's try to figure them out in the next twoquestions!Now, let's figure out the question word for "weeks"!We have already learned that in Japanese unfinished sentences are sometimes more polite thancomplete sentences, as in ใใชใพใใฏ๏ผใใชใพใใฏ๏ผ (literally, "As for name?") or ใฉใใใณใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใปใฉใใใณใฏใกใใฃใจใปใปใป (literally,"Saturday is a little bit..."). ใใใใใใใใใใงใใใใใใใใใใใใงใใ is another example. It literally means "As a matterof fact, I want to exchange some money, but..." It works, however, as the equivalent of "I'd like toexchange some money."We have so far used the verb ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be ready" as in ใใใใใงใใพใใใใใใงใใพใ (It will be ready in notime) and "to be made" as in ใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใใฟใใฏใ ใใใใใงใใฆใใพใ (Miso paste is made of soybeans). We canalso use ใงใใใงใใ to mean "to be able to do," using the particle ใใ to mark the object of the verb--that is,what we can do. Let's use it with this meaning here.Did you get it right? ใใใณใใใใใงใใใใณใใใใใงใ (at the post office too) is another example of the "doubleparticles" structure--that is, adding a particle to the phrase that ends with a particle so that the twoparticles appear back to back, as in ใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใ (presents for my family). When we want to talk about actions we didn't perform or events that didn't happen, we can add ใงใใใงใใ tothe negative verb form ใพใใใพใใ , as in ใในใพใใใงใใใในใพใใใงใใ (I didn't eat) or ใใใพใใใงใใใใใพใใใงใใ (I didn't know).
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ใใญใใญ means "money," but people almost always say ใใใญใใใญ to avoid sounding rude, as in the case of ใใใกใใกใ (tea).ใพใฉใพใฉ in ใพใฉใใกใพใฉใใก means a "window," and ใใกใใก (or its regular form ใใกใใก) means a "mouth" or any kind ofopening. So, ใพใฉใใกใพใฉใใก literally means a "window opening." This is the term you will often hear in banks,post offices, ticket counters, or government offices in Japan. For example, if someone tells you ใใใฐใใใใฐใใพใฉใใกใธใฉใใใพใฉใใกใธใฉใใ , the person is saying, "Please proceed to the number 3 window."ใจใฉใใจใฉใ means that something is delivered and arrives at the final destination.When we are talking about the duration of time that is spent to do something, we can consider it as themeans used to complete the action. Now, can you figure out the next question?When we want to indicate that an action takes place upon completion of another, the action thatprecedes the other one takes the pattern "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใใใ ," as in ใใใใใใฆใใใใใใใใฆใใ (after you remit it). ใใใใ in this case is equivalent to "after" or "since" in English. Please note that we can use the same "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใใใ" pattern regardless of when the action takes place.ใซใกใซใก in ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก (one day) is the counter for day--for both the point of time (date) and the duration oftime. The basic rule is that we combine a number with ใซใกใซใก , as in ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก or ใใ ใใใกใซใกใใ ใใใกใซใก (elevendays). The exceptions are the numbers 2 to 10, 20, and any numbers that end with 4 or 9. For thesenumbers, we use the pronunciation based on the original Japanese numbers. Let's learn theseexceptions.When we use the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใใใ" pattern to indicate the completion of an action, the tense of the firstpart of the sentence is not apparent because we use the ใฆใฆ-form. We can, however, determine it by thetense of the last verb that appears in the sentence. For example, in ใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใใใใใใฆใใใใจใใใงใจใฉใใพใใใพใใ , the last verb ใจใฉใใพใใใจใฉใใพใใ is in the past form. Therefore, the English equivalent would be "Itarrived ten days after I had remitted it."Here is another function for the particle ใใใใ! When we want to indicate the range of time, we can use ใใใใ as in ใตใคใใใใฟใฃใใตใคใใใใฟใฃใ (two to three days) or ใใกใใใใใใซใใใใใกใใใใใใซใใใ (one to two hours).The names of the months are easy! They are a combination of a number and ใใคใใค (month).In general, we can use the same terms to indicate the date and the number of days. For example, ใตใคใตใคใใ can mean both "two days" and "the second day of the month." However, the first day of the month isan exception! "One day" is ใใกใซใกใใกใซใก , but "the first day of the month" is ใคใใใกใคใใใก .ใใกใใคใคใใใกใใกใใคใคใใใก is ใใใใใคใใใใใค or ใใใใใใคใใใใใใค (New Year's Day). For many people, ใใใใใใคใใใฟใใใใใใคใใใฟ(New Year's Day holidays) starts on December 29th and lasts through January 3rd. They spend the lastfew days of the year doing ใใใใใใใใใใ (literally, a "big cleaning") and preparing tons of special dishes forthe new year. When the new year arrives, they celebrate it by visiting Shinto shrines, having big feasts,and enjoying the company of family and friends!ใใใใคใฟใฃใใใใใคใฟใฃใ (March 3rd) is ใฒใชใพใคใใฒใชใพใคใ (Doll's Festival). Traditionally, it's a day for girls, who enjoywearing a kimono and having a tea party in front of a gorgeous doll set created after the fashion of theancient court.
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Do you remember that the numbers 4, 7, and 9 have two ways of reading in Japanese and that wesometimes use only one of them for a specific purpose? For example, the number 4 can be read as ใใใใor ใใ , but we have to use ใใ for "April" and say ใใใคใใใค!ใใใคใใคใใใใคใใคใ (May 5th) is ใใฉใใฎใฒใใฉใใฎใฒ (Children's Day). Traditionally, it's a day for boys. Families withboys celebrate the day by hoisting the colorful carp-shaped streamers and eating ใกใพใใกใพใ--special ricedumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves.Though the number 7 can be read as ใชใชใชใช or ใใกใใก , we have to say ใใกใใคใใกใใค to mean "July."The number 9 can be read as ใใ ใใใ ใ or ใใ , but in the case of September, we always have to say ใใใคใใใค .ใชใใใคใชใใซใกใชใใใคใชใใซใก (literally, "what month what day") is the question word commonly used to ask thecalendar date.ใใใใใใ in both ใใใใใใใใใใ (appetite) and ใใใใใใใใ (meal) means "eating." ใใใใใใใใใใ literally means an"eating desire," while ใใใใใใใใ literally means an "eating affair"!The expression ใฟใฃใใพใใใใฟใฃใใพใใใ indicates that some action or state has begun three days ago, hascontinued since, and is still happening as we speak. It is equivalent to "since three days ago" or "for threedays now." Please note that the word ใพใใพใ is a noun, though its meaning in this phrase is equivalent to"before" or "ago" in English.When we want to say "to catch a cold," we say ใใใใฒใใใใใฒใ in Japanese. The idiom is said to originate inthe ancient Chinese belief that people get sick when they "pull" (ใฒใใฒใ) the "evil spirit in the wind" (ใใใใ)into their body. Let's memorize this phrase as a whole unit.Do you remember that the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใใพใใใพใ " pattern can be used to describe not only an action inprogress but also a "continuing state"--a state that has been continuing as the result of some pastaction? In the next question, let's use this pattern to tell someone you have a cold!ใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใชใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใ (literally, "The condition of stomach is bad") is a euphemism for "I'mhaving diarrhea." In this case, ใใชใใใชใ means the lower abdomen. If you specifically want to mean thestomach (or the upper abdomen), use the Japanese term ใใ and say ใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใใใฎใกใใใใใใใใงใ .To answer the question ใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใใใคใใใใชใใใใใใงใใ (Since when has your stomach been hurting?), wecan also say, ใใใใใพใใใใงใใใใใใพใใใใงใ (It has since five hours ago).So far, we have been using the verb ใใใใ to mean "to do." We can also use ใใใใ to express what weexperience through our different senses (except for the faculty of sight). The English equivalent would be"to feel," "to smell," or "to hear." In this usage, what is felt, smelled, or heard is marked by the particle ใใ .Do you remember that the Japanese word for "cold" is ใใใใใใ? ใใ in ใใใใใใ (a chill) means "feeling," sothe word literally means a "cold feeling."When we want to connect a sentence that ends with an ใใ-adjective and ใงใใงใ (as in ใใใใงใใใใใงใ or "It'spainful") with another sentence, we drop ใงใใงใ and replace the adjective ending ใใ with ใใฆใใฆ , as in ใใใใใใใฆใฆ . It's the equivalent of "It's painful, and ...."
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Many of the expressions used to describe medical conditions are established as idioms. Let's try tomemorize them as a whole, including the particles.ใฏใใฏใ in ใฏใใใฏใใ (nausea) is derived from the verb ใฏใใฏใ (to throw up). ใฏใใใฏใใ , therefore, literally means a"throwing-up feeling."While the word ใใใใใใ describes direct pain such as a muscle pain or a headache, ใใใใใใใใ is used todescribe the strong sense of discomfort felt in the chest or the abdomen.If you are wondering why Japanese people call nasal drips "flower water," please note that ใฏใชใฏใช (flower)and ใฏใชใฏใช (nose) are completely different words even though they sound identical!Do you remember that many expressions in Japanese are made of a pair of identical "words" that mimica sound or a motion, such as ใใใใใใใใ (by and by)? Let's learn some of them in this section so that youwill be able to describe your pain more accurately in Japan.We learned the expressions ใใใฉใใใพใใใใใฉใใใพใใ and ใใใใใพใใใใใใใพใใ in the previous unit. In these cases,the verb ใใใใ works like "suffer" in English. They are very commonly used expressions. Let's memorizethem as idioms.Did you remember that we use the particle ใซใซ to indicate the part of the body that suffers the injury,burn, or any other affliction?ใฒใใฒใใฒใใฒใ is a painful sensation you feel on your skin when you get a bad sunburn or put medicine on rawskin. Also, you feel it on your tongue after licking a hot pepper! The English equivalent of the verb ใฒใใฒใฒใใฒใใใใใใ can be "to burn," "to feel irritated," or "to be tingling."So far we have been using the sentence-ending particle ใญใญ to solicit an agreement from the listener (asin "It's cold, isn't it!") or to request a confirmation from the listener (as in "Tempura Special, right?"). Wecan also use it simply to air our observation in a matter-of-a-fact tone. In this case, ใญใญ is equivalent to"...., I see" in English. Let's try it in the next question.Please note the temperature here is in ใใฃใใใฃใ or Celsius. 38โ is equivalent to 100.4ยฐF.When we talk about the body temperature, we often use ใถใถ to indicate decimal numbers. For example,many people read 37.5 degrees as ใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถใใใใ ใใชใชใฉใใถ in Japanese. We can also say ใใใใ ใใชใชใใใใ ใใชใชใฆใใใฉใฆใใใฉ .ใใใฑใใใใฑใ can be a noun (worry, anxiety, or care) or a ใชใช-adjective (worrisome).We have learned to use the particle ใใ along with the verb ใใใใ (to need) as in ใฟใใใใใพใใฟใใใใใพใ (We needwater), right? However, to say "Don't worry," we always use the particle ใฏใฏ and say ใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใใใใฑใใฏใใใพใใ(literally, "As for worry, you don't need it"). Let's learn it as an idiom. In everyday conversations, you canomit the particle ใฏใฏ and say ใใใฑใใใใพใใใใใฑใใใใพใใ .Now, let's use ใใใฑใใใใฑใ as a ใชใช-adjective in the next question.We can use ใใใใใใ to mean either a medical test such as a blood test, or an inspection such as abaggage check.ใใผใใใผใ can be a groan or a sound the speaker makes when he or she is considering some weightymatter. It's like "Hmmm" in English. Please don't mix it up with ใใใใ , which is a casual way to say "yes" inJapanese!
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When we want to turn an ใใ-adjective such as ใใใใใใใใ (big) into an adverb, we can drop the last ใใ andadd ใใ instead, as in ใใใใใใใใ .ใใใใใใใใใใ can be translated as "widely," "deeply," "loudly," and so ondepending on the context.Do you remember that ใใกใใก can mean not only a "house," but also "(one's own) home"? Let's use it inthe next question!We have so far used the verb ใฎใใฎใ to mean "to drink." We can also use it to mean "to take (medicine)."ใใใใ in ใใใใใใใใ (three times) is the counter for occurrence.When we want to describe how often we do something or how often something happens, we can use the"(time period) ใซใซ X ใใใใ" pattern. For example, to say "three times a day," we can say ใใกใซใกใซใใใใใกใซใกใซใใใใใ in Japanese.Did you notice that the pronunciation of ใใกใใก (one) changes in ใใฃใใใใฃใใ (once)?ใใใใใใ is the counter for tablets of medicine.ใพใใซใพใใซ ("before" or "ago") is one of the expressions that indicate the order of events. When ใพใใซใพใใซ(before) follows a noun, we need the particle ใฎใฎ to connect the noun and ใพใใซใพใใซ . Please note that thenouns that come before ใพใใซใพใใซ are those that either denote actions or events (such as a walk or aconcert) or imply actions (such as a bath or a meal).Please note that we don't need the particle ใฎใฎ when ใพใใซใพใใซ comes right after a time period as in ใซใใใใซใใใใพใใซใพใใซ (two hours ago).ใฉใใฉใ in ใใใฉใใใใฉใ (cough medicine) derives from the verb ใจใใใจใใ (to stop). ใใใฉใใใใฉใ , therefore, is literallya "cough stopper"!When we want to say that some action or event happens before another action or event, we use thedictionary form of a verb before ใพใใซใพใใซ , as in ใญใใพใใซใญใใพใใซ (before going to bed).ใใกใใใใกใใ means a "feast," "banquet," "treat," or "rich meal." Do you remember that Japanese say ใใกใใใกใใใใพใงใใใใใพใงใใ after every meal? It literally means something like "I appreciated the feast"!Please note that you can use the "dictionary form of the verb plus ใพใใซใพใใซ" pattern regardless of the tenseof the sentence that follows the phrase. For example, when we want to say, "I took the medicine before Iate," we can say, ใในใใพใใซใใใใใฎใฟใพใใใในใใพใใซใใใใใฎใฟใพใใ .ใฌใใฌใ can mean "to paint" or "to apply (medicine, paint, or cosmetics)."ใ ใใ ใ is a common verb with many meanings, but here we use it to mean "to serve" or "offer" something,including tea, food, medicine, or prescriptions. The translation will vary depending on the object.The particle ใใใใ that indicates the cause or the reason is often used even in cases where the cause-effect relation between two sentences is not very clear. In such a case, the English equivalent would be"X, so Y." Let's try this usage in the next question.We can use the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใฏใใใพใใใฏใใใพใใ" pattern to prohibit someone from doing something. It'sequivalent to "(You) must not...." Please note that this is a polite yet rather strong expression, and youwill probably hear it used by some authority figures, such as parents, teachers, and doctors.
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ใใใใใใ (or ใใใใ) can mean either "rice wine" or "alcoholic beverages" in general. Please note that manypeople say ใใใใใใ even in casual conversations, as in the case of ใใกใใใกใ (tea).ใใใใ can mean "to breathe," "to inhale," or "to smoke." Please note that when we use ใใใใ as theequivalent of "to smoke," we need to specify what is smoked, as in cigarettes or cigars.Did you remember that of the three particles (ใพใงใพใง , ใธใธ , and ใซใซ๏ผ๏ผ that function as the equivalent of "to" inEnglish, ใซใซ emphasizes the "point of contact"? Let's memorize ๏ฝใซใฏใใ๏ฝใซใฏใใ (to get into ~) as an idiom.Let's figure out short answers to the question ใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใใใตใใซใฏใใฃใฆใใใใงใใ (May I take a bath?).Instead of using the whole structure of the "ใฆใฆ-form plus ใฏใใใพใใใฏใใใพใใ" pattern, we can use the shortversion ใใใพใใใใใพใใ to tell others not to do something. It's equivalent to "You must not" in English.
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