“Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.  This world in arms is not spending money alone.  It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children.  This is not a way of life at all in any true sense.  Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. ”

~Dwight D. Eisenhower, speech, American Society of Newspaper Editors,

16 April 1953

And that is just how our fellow Filipinos had felt. And that is just how our fellow Filipinos had felt. For them, they deserve more than peace, more For them, they deserve more than peace, more than a chance to live. But rather, the chance to than a chance to live. But rather, the chance to seek the will to be free…seek the will to be free…

---------- BROUGHT TO YOU ---------- BROUGHT TO YOU BYBY

Luiza ArtilleroLuiza Artillero Jesselle Ann BagadiongJesselle Ann Bagadiong Karen SeeKaren See Rachel Frances RodriguezRachel Frances Rodriguez Reynold Christian ZunigaReynold Christian Zuniga

---------- HS 1- St. Agnes {Group # ---------- HS 1- St. Agnes {Group # 7}7}

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS

The Prologue The Prologue

Fearing For The WorstFearing For The Worst Troublesome TimesTroublesome Times The Battle ContinuesThe Battle Continues A New StartA New Start The New ConstitutionThe New Constitution Revenge Of The FilipinosRevenge Of The Filipinos The EpilogueThe Epilogue

Treaty of Versailles solved Treaty of Versailles solved nothingnothing

The loss of all that land to other countries simply made The loss of all that land to other countries simply made Hitler's early aggression look justified. But, most of Hitler's early aggression look justified. But, most of all, the Treaty made the Germans angry, just all, the Treaty made the Germans angry, just waiting their chance for revenge.waiting their chance for revenge.

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League of Nations failed to keep League of Nations failed to keep the peacethe peace

While Hitler kept the Treaty of Versailles, it failed to While Hitler kept the Treaty of Versailles, it failed to achieve disarmament. Countries left the failing achieve disarmament. Countries left the failing League, and realized that they would have to fight a League, and realized that they would have to fight a war.war.

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AppeasementAppeasementAppeasement encouraged war. It made Hitler think no Appeasement encouraged war. It made Hitler think no

one dare stop him, which encouraged him to go one dare stop him, which encouraged him to go further and further until in the end he went too far.further and further until in the end he went too far.

HitlerHitlerMany historians still think that the Second World War Many historians still think that the Second World War

was Hitler's personal war, and that he always was Hitler's personal war, and that he always intended to fight a war - as a re-run of a First World intended to fight a war - as a re-run of a First World War he did not believe that German had lost fairly.War he did not believe that German had lost fairly.

Each event created anger in the allies. Each event created anger in the allies. This anger grew until Chamberlain This anger grew until Chamberlain declared war on Hitler on 3rd declared war on Hitler on 3rd September 1939.  September 1939.  

----------------------------------------And as we go on further with this, we’ll And as we go on further with this, we’ll know that for some reason, Japan also know that for some reason, Japan also had something to do be blamed for all had something to do be blamed for all of this.of this.

Even before the war itself, Japan had already its Even before the war itself, Japan had already its means of communication with the Philippines. In means of communication with the Philippines. In fact, there are already several of them in the fact, there are already several of them in the country. Mostly, they were active at the Davao country. Mostly, they were active at the Davao region.region.

It all started when the Japanese and the Philippines It all started when the Japanese and the Philippines met for the first time. They’re actually the last ones met for the first time. They’re actually the last ones whom our very forefathers have traded with in the whom our very forefathers have traded with in the past. And until now, their influence is mainly on past. And until now, their influence is mainly on industry, like for example, the breeding of ducks industry, like for example, the breeding of ducks and fishes.and fishes.

To be honest, we were actually in good To be honest, we were actually in good terms with them, that is, until that terms with them, that is, until that

faithful day had come…faithful day had come…

One of the ministers of Japan named One of the ministers of Japan named Arita had invited the Philippines to the Arita had invited the Philippines to the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” program. But sadly for him, the Sphere” program. But sadly for him, the Commonwealth had denied his offer, Commonwealth had denied his offer, knowing the consequences.knowing the consequences.----------------------------------------

The war warning of December 6 had then put US The war warning of December 6 had then put US Army General Douglas MacArthur into action. When Army General Douglas MacArthur into action. When Pearl was being bombed, his planes were in the air, Pearl was being bombed, his planes were in the air, his shore defense were manned, his shore defense were manned,

and he thought the first and he thought the first

attack would come attack would come

his way, as the war his way, as the war

plans expected. plans expected.

General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur right on duty…right on duty…

Unfortunately for McArthur and the War Unfortunately for McArthur and the War Department, the Japanese had already written their Department, the Japanese had already written their own war plans that called for the attack on the own war plans that called for the attack on the Philippines on Clark Air Base in late morning of Philippines on Clark Air Base in late morning of December 7, 1941. December 7, 1941.

The Americans and Filipinos were truly stunned The Americans and Filipinos were truly stunned when the attack came as the planes were on the when the attack came as the planes were on the ground and refueling. By that time, Manila was ground and refueling. By that time, Manila was bombed next on December 9.bombed next on December 9.

MacArthur had spent twelve years in the MacArthur had spent twelve years in the Philippines, and had recently returned to the US Philippines, and had recently returned to the US Army after commanding the Filipino Armies wearing Army after commanding the Filipino Armies wearing an elaborate gold braided uniform. He failed to an elaborate gold braided uniform. He failed to provide the needed training, but was also hampered provide the needed training, but was also hampered by a corrupt Filipino government and little by a corrupt Filipino government and little assistance from the United States.assistance from the United States.

Most of the US Army Air Corps was Most of the US Army Air Corps was destroyed on the ground. Bombers hit destroyed on the ground. Bombers hit Cavite Navy Yard very hard, and the Cavite Navy Yard very hard, and the bleeding of the US Asiatic Fleet began.bleeding of the US Asiatic Fleet began.

His army in December 1941 was made up of many His army in December 1941 was made up of many different units that were not coordinated or had different units that were not coordinated or had trained together on any useful basis. He had a huge trained together on any useful basis. He had a huge force of almost 130,000 men, but the majorities force of almost 130,000 men, but the majorities were Filipino units, only one of which was were Filipino units, only one of which was considered combat-ready. considered combat-ready.

Macarthur planned for the expected Japanese Macarthur planned for the expected Japanese attack using standard military doctrine for defense attack using standard military doctrine for defense of the Philippines: retreat into prepared fortifications of the Philippines: retreat into prepared fortifications on Bataan peninsula and Corregidor, expecting a on Bataan peninsula and Corregidor, expecting a landing in Manila Baylanding in Manila Bay

Here lies the mighty stronghold of Here lies the mighty stronghold of Corregidor…Corregidor…

But the speed of the Japanese advance But the speed of the Japanese advance prevented that mode of defense. prevented that mode of defense.

Because by then, Imperial Army General Masaharu Because by then, Imperial Army General Masaharu Homma landed on northern Luzon on December 9 Homma landed on northern Luzon on December 9 and moved quickly through little resistance. and moved quickly through little resistance. Essentially, Homma landed behind the Allies, Essentially, Homma landed behind the Allies, leaving their supplies between the Japanese and leaving their supplies between the Japanese and Macarthur's men. Macarthur's men.

By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao By December 20, Homma was landing on Mindanao and driving for Manila. The Philippine Government and driving for Manila. The Philippine Government declared Manila an open city, but the Japanese declared Manila an open city, but the Japanese bombed it anyway. bombed it anyway.

MacArthur retreated to Corregidor and Bataan MacArthur retreated to Corregidor and Bataan without telling his Navy counterpart in Manila Bay. without telling his Navy counterpart in Manila Bay. His men called him “Dugout Doug.”His men called him “Dugout Doug.”

The one and only The one and only Imperial Army Imperial Army General Masaharu General Masaharu Homma!!!Homma!!!

Homma moved to occupy Manila, giving the Allies Homma moved to occupy Manila, giving the Allies time to set up some sort of defensive line. time to set up some sort of defensive line.

President Roosevelt of USPresident Roosevelt of US Roosevelt could see that the Philippines could not Roosevelt could see that the Philippines could not

hold, because there was no relief available. hold, because there was no relief available. MacArthur was ordered to evacuate to Australia in MacArthur was ordered to evacuate to Australia in March; he left via PT boat, creating a romantic myth March; he left via PT boat, creating a romantic myth about the plywood craft, to a remote airfield and about the plywood craft, to a remote airfield and flew to Darwin. flew to Darwin.

Upon arrival, he remarked to reportersUpon arrival, he remarked to reporters

which became his battle cry.which became his battle cry.

Homma surrounded US Army General Jonathan Homma surrounded US Army General Jonathan Wainwright and 100,000 Americans and Filipinos Wainwright and 100,000 Americans and Filipinos on Bataan and Corregidor. on Bataan and Corregidor.

They were able to hold out until May 7, 1942, when They were able to hold out until May 7, 1942, when Wainwright tried to separate his command so that Wainwright tried to separate his command so that his Southern subordinate, Army General King, his Southern subordinate, Army General King, could continue resistance. could continue resistance.

Soldiers who were caught, surrendered, and had Soldiers who were caught, surrendered, and had been injured, were all then asked to partake in the been injured, were all then asked to partake in the Death March.Death March.

There was even one time when Japan There was even one time when Japan made continuous bombings just in made continuous bombings just in honor for the birthday of their own honor for the birthday of their own emperor; bullets and canyons were emperor; bullets and canyons were raining everywhere at that time.raining everywhere at that time.

King complied, but he had little fight to offer King complied, but he had little fight to offer anyway. He was surrounded and continued anyway. He was surrounded and continued resistance would have resulted in thousands of resistance would have resulted in thousands of deaths. deaths.

However, thousands died anyway. King’s and However, thousands died anyway. King’s and Wainwright’s forces in Bataan were forced to march Wainwright’s forces in Bataan were forced to march several miles in four columns to Camp O’Donnell, several miles in four columns to Camp O’Donnell, which the Japanese were using as a POW camp. which the Japanese were using as a POW camp. That was none other than the Death March. And That was none other than the Death March. And apparently, 3,000 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos apparently, 3,000 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos died within days, and thousands more died during died within days, and thousands more died during the course of their captivity.the course of their captivity.

Seeing their enemies’ suffering, Homma then Seeing their enemies’ suffering, Homma then insisted on complete surrender, and Wainwright insisted on complete surrender, and Wainwright decided he had no choice since the loss was decided he had no choice since the loss was humongous. Via radio, he ordered all Allied troops humongous. Via radio, he ordered all Allied troops to surrender on May 8. to surrender on May 8.

Here, Douglas MacArthur is signing his Here, Douglas MacArthur is signing his formal surrender…formal surrender…

Some Americans and Filipinos retreated into the Some Americans and Filipinos retreated into the mountains to begin the kind of warfare that was so mountains to begin the kind of warfare that was so infuriating to the Spanish and Americans during infuriating to the Spanish and Americans during their colonial occupations.their colonial occupations.

They were known as the “guerrillas”. They were known as the “guerrillas”. And indeed, the battle still had And indeed, the battle still had

continued on…continued on…

If only if only the Filipinos could have If only if only the Filipinos could have things according to their will... Then things according to their will... Then

maybe the Philippines would not be the maybe the Philippines would not be the puppet-state of Japan.puppet-state of Japan.

The Second Philippine Republic, officially the The Second Philippine Republic, officially the Republic of the Philippines was the government of Republic of the Philippines was the government of the Japanese-occupied Philippines during World the Japanese-occupied Philippines during World War II.War II.

If once can remember correctly, Japan invaded If once can remember correctly, Japan invaded other countries in the 1930s and 1940s, long before other countries in the 1930s and 1940s, long before World War II. It annexed Manchuria in 1932, World War II. It annexed Manchuria in 1932, attacked China in 1937 and then added North attacked China in 1937 and then added North French Indochina to its sphere in 1940.French Indochina to its sphere in 1940.

The invasion of Manchuria, China, and The invasion of Manchuria, China, and North French Indochina as follows…North French Indochina as follows…

Like what’s said before, Hachiro Arita, Minister of Like what’s said before, Hachiro Arita, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan, invited the Philippines to Foreign Affairs of Japan, invited the Philippines to cooperate with the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity cooperate with the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. However, the Philippines declined the Sphere. However, the Philippines declined the invitation. invitation.

President Manuel Quezon declared Manila, the President Manuel Quezon declared Manila, the capital, an "open city" and left it under the rule of capital, an "open city" and left it under the rule of Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January 2, 1942 and established it as the the city on January 2, 1942 and established it as the capital. Japan fully captured the Philippines on May capital. Japan fully captured the Philippines on May 6, 1942, after the fall of Corregidor.6, 1942, after the fall of Corregidor.

After the Japanese had full control of the After the Japanese had full control of the Philippines, Homma then stated that the country will Philippines, Homma then stated that the country will be led by a general director.be led by a general director.

General Masaharu Homma dissolved the General Masaharu Homma dissolved the commonwealth and established the Philippine commonwealth and established the Philippine Executive Commission, caretaker of the Executive Commission, caretaker of the government, with Vargas as its first chairman. government, with Vargas as its first chairman.

All political parties were banned, with the exception All political parties were banned, with the exception of the KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa of the KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Filipino for the "Organization in Bagong Pilipinas (Filipino for the "Organization in the Service of the New Philippines").the Service of the New Philippines").

A constitution was formed by the Preparatory A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel presented its Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft Constitution.the draft Constitution.

All hail the All hail the Republic Of Republic Of The Philippines!!!The Philippines!!!

By September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's representative groups in the country's provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty four governors and city mayors as ex-officio members.

Together with the change in society…Together with the change in society…------------------------------------------

A constitution was formed by the Preparatory A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 Commission for Independence, consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel, presented its draft Commission, led by Jose P. Laurel, presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three days later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft later, the KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the draft Constitution.Constitution.

And by September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's And by September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's representative groups in the country's provinces representative groups in the country's provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine National Assembly, the members of the Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty four governors legislature of the country, with fifty four governors and city mayors as ex-officio members.and city mayors as ex-officio members.

Three days after establishing the National Three days after establishing the National Assembly, its inaugural session was held at the pre-Assembly, its inaugural session was held at the pre-war Legislative Building and elected Benigno war Legislative Building and elected Benigno Aquino, Sr. as its first Speaker and Jose P. Laurel Aquino, Sr. as its first Speaker and Jose P. Laurel as President of the New Philippine Republic.as President of the New Philippine Republic.

On October 15, 1943, the Second Philippine On October 15, 1943, the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated. Laurel took his oath as Republic was inaugurated. Laurel took his oath as president, but he ruled in name only, as the president, but he ruled in name only, as the government was still.....government was still.....

……....a puppet state a puppet state

of Japanof Japan

In March 1942, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and In March 1942, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country. President Quezon fled the country.

----------------------------------------The cruelty of the Japanese military The cruelty of the Japanese military occupation of the Philippines is occupation of the Philippines is legendary.legendary.

And it just so happens that the guerrilla units And it just so happens that the guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could, and on harassed the Japanese when they could, and on Luzon, native resistance was strong enough that Luzon, native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island.the island.

And on the other hand, The HUKBALAHAP was the And on the other hand, The HUKBALAHAP was the military arm of the Communist Party of the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), formed in 1942 to fight the Philippines (CPP), formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese Empire's occupation of the Philippines Japanese Empire's occupation of the Philippines during World War II.during World War II.

Commonly known as “Huks”, it fought a Commonly known as “Huks”, it fought a second war from 1946 to 1954 against second war from 1946 to 1954 against the pro-Western leaders of their newly the pro-Western leaders of their newly independent country. independent country.

The term is a contraction of the Filipino term "Hukbong The term is a contraction of the Filipino term "Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which means "People's Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which means "People's Army Against the Japanese."Army Against the Japanese."

Just to make things clear…Just to make things clear…The HUKBALAHAP Campaign was a series of battles The HUKBALAHAP Campaign was a series of battles

and confrontations between Philippine Government and confrontations between Philippine Government forces and HUKBALAHAP forces.forces and HUKBALAHAP forces.

The HUKBALAHAPS were mainly supported (in The HUKBALAHAPS were mainly supported (in fighting) by the NPA, CCP and the PKP and they fighting) by the NPA, CCP and the PKP and they were also supported with both weapons and were also supported with both weapons and economically by the Asian Countries as well as of economically by the Asian Countries as well as of the US, UK and Australia.the US, UK and Australia.

And finally… In October 1944…And finally… In October 1944…

McArthur had gathered enough additional troops McArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines, landing with Sergio Osmena who had Philippines, landing with Sergio Osmena who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death. assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death.

After their landing, Filipino and American forces After their landing, Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement, which was originally founded to fight the movement, which was originally founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. The Filipino and American Japanese Occupation. The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents happened, there was still fighting against the happened, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces.Japanese forces.

The battles entailed long fierce The battles entailed long fierce

fighting…fighting…

And despite the American and Philippine measures And despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huks, they still supported American and against the Huks, they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

The Filipino and American forces removed local The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high-Huk governments and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. Party.

While these incidents happened, however, there While these incidents happened, however, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and, was still fighting against the Japanese forces and, despite the American and Philippine measures despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk, they still supported American and against the Huk, they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

Some of the Japanese continued to fight until…Some of the Japanese continued to fight until…

The official surrender The official surrender

of the Empire of Japan of the Empire of Japan

took place on September 2, 1945…took place on September 2, 1945…

The years 1942 to 1945 proved to be The years 1942 to 1945 proved to be the darkest moments of the country as the darkest moments of the country as this was known by the citizens as thethis was known by the citizens as the

“TIME OF DARKNESS”.“TIME OF DARKNESS”.

The Philippines suffered great loss of life and The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. was over.

The Japanese committed widespread abuse of the The Japanese committed widespread abuse of the Filipino people, including murder, rape, theft, forced Filipino people, including murder, rape, theft, forced labor, and punishment for having been under US labor, and punishment for having been under US rule. And an estimated 1 million Filipinos had been rule. And an estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, and Manila was extensively damaged as the killed, and Manila was extensively damaged as the Japanese did not declare it an open city as the Japanese did not declare it an open city as the Americans had done in 1942.Americans had done in 1942.

And after years of connection with the And after years of connection with the Japanese, it seems they have influenced Japanese, it seems they have influenced us one way or another by the us one way or another by the following…following…

The systems of cooperatives. During a The systems of cooperatives. During a Filipino’s travel to Japan, he saw how the Japanese Filipino’s travel to Japan, he saw how the Japanese work in cooperation. So when he was exiled to work in cooperation. So when he was exiled to Dapitan, the first cooperative was formed there Dapitan, the first cooperative was formed there which was inspired from his Japan travel.which was inspired from his Japan travel.

Pottery-making is one of the influences Pottery-making is one of the influences because a lot of people here in the Philippines like because a lot of people here in the Philippines like to do some potteries.to do some potteries.

Many Filipinos loves watching animes or Many Filipinos loves watching animes or the so-called Japanese cartoons.the so-called Japanese cartoons.

Decapitation of Men, women, and children Decapitation of Men, women, and children with a Katana sword. Hundreds of thousands dead.with a Katana sword. Hundreds of thousands dead.

Taking off one’s slippers or shoes when entering Taking off one’s slippers or shoes when entering other's houses as well as using miso as for other's houses as well as using miso as for ingredient.ingredient.

Pottery-making and Karaoke as well…Pottery-making and Karaoke as well…

The use of Bonsai.The use of Bonsai.

Showing respect especially through the use of Showing respect especially through the use of suffixes like “san” and “chan” at the end of one’s suffixes like “san” and “chan” at the end of one’s name.name.

Massive addiction/liking to video games.Massive addiction/liking to video games.

The use of “Kampai” which is related to alcohol The use of “Kampai” which is related to alcohol drinking.drinking.

REFERENCESREFERENCES http://worldwar2database.com/html/philip42.htmhttp://worldwar2database.com/html/philip42.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines#World_War_IICommonwealth_of_the_Philippines#World_War_II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#World_War_II_and_JapaJapanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#World_War_II_and_Japanese_occupationnese_occupation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahap http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII7a.htmhttp://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII7a.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Philippine_constitution#Second_Republic_.281943.29Philippine_constitution#Second_Republic_.281943.29 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?

qid=20070711052938AA6j2Eo qid=20070711052938AA6j2Eo http://images.search.yahoo.com/http://images.search.yahoo.com/

images;_ylt=A0oGkmqfIsVIH6EAtBKl87UF?ei=UTF-8&fr2=tab-images;_ylt=A0oGkmqfIsVIH6EAtBKl87UF?ei=UTF-8&fr2=tab-web&fr=&p=web&fr=&p=