jarash hinterland survey 2008 report

Jarash Hinterland Survey 2008 Season

Jarash Hinterland Survey 1

Contents Page Introduction 5 Update on the 2005 Survey Results 6

• The Jarash North-West Necropolis 6 Objectives of the Field Survey 10 Methods of Field Survey 11 Mapping 11 Topography and Geology 12

• Geological Notes by Don Boyer 13 The Database 17 The Survey Areas 18

• East of the City 18 • South Wadi Jarash 18 • Wadi Deir 19 • NW of the City 19

Overview of Site Types 20

• Quarries 20 • Rock Cut Tombs (Hypogea) 20 • Mausolea 24 • Sarcophagi 25 • Rock-cut graves 25 • Roman Milestones 26 • Inscriptions 27 • Architectural fragments 28 • Artefact scatters 29 • Water Channels, Cisterns, Basins, Springs, Mills &Water Management 31 • Monumental Structures 35 • Platforms 36 • Other types of sites 36

Discussion of Survey Results 39 Threats to the Archaeological Resource 39 Recommendations 40 Conclusions 42 Proposals for further work 42



Acknowledgements 43 Bibliography 43 Contact Addresses 46 Comments & Initial Observations on the Surface Collections 47 by Margaret Struckmeier Summary of Dr Ina Kehrberg’s Preliminary Observations on the JHS05 Surface Collections 50 Summary Press Release for Munjazat 52 N.B. The following 3 sections are in the full report on the accompanying disk Site List with GPS Points 54 Artefact and Crate Packing List and deposition details 68 List of Primary Records and Location 82 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of 2005 and 2008 survey areas showing all sites end Figure 2: Map of Wadi Deir (N Wadi Jarash) showing all sites end Figure 3: Map of East of the City, northern area showing all sites end Figure 4: Map of East of the City, southern area, and South Wadi Jarash,

showing all sites end Figure 5: Map of North West of the City end Figure 6: Table showing types and numbers of sites 38 List of Plates Plate 1: Aerial View of NW Necropolis, 2008 6 Plate 2: Sarcophagus smashed in the last 3 years 7 Plate 3: Broken pottery in fresh robbers’ upcast outside Tomb 44 8 Plate 4: Damage to Site 43 from bulldozing 8 Plate 5: Detail of sarcophagus smashed by recent dumping 9



Plate 6: Rendzina soils developed on natural terraces and wadi bottom 14 Plate 7: View (looking SW) of well exposed block quarry Site 034 15 Plate 8: Column Quarry – Suf area, 5km north of Jarash 15 Plate 9: Site 202 - niches cut into soft brecciated limestone immediately below

hard caprock horizon 16 Plate 10: View of Rendzina soil profile overlain by modern dumped material 17 Plate 11: Quarry site 326 20 Plate 12: Tomb site 326 with robbers’ spoil 21 Plate 13: Interior of Tomb site 486 22 Plate 14: Hypogaeum Site 299, with grave niche and relief panel 23 Plate 15: Mausoleum Site 469 24 Plate 16: Sarcophagus site 338 25 Plate 17: Rock-cut graves 286 and tomb entrance 287 26 Plate 18: Milestone Site 423 27 Plate 19: Inscription site 462 28 Plate 20: Inscriptions 245 and 271 28 Plate 21: Bulldozed architecture and column detail, site 389 29 Plate 22: Architectural fragment, Site 329 29 Plate 23: Elements of water channel blocks, Site 400 31 Plate 24: Cistern Site 274 32 Plate 25: Possible mill, site 393 33 Plate 26: Mill Site 505 34 Plate 27: Bulldozed monumental architecture, Site 462 35 Plate 28: Olive press at Site 486 37 Plate 29: Traditional house, Site 225 37



Archive Material on attached 2 x DVD with this report

• GPS co-ordinates and levels for all sites • QGIS (GIS information for all sites in QGIS format) • Illustrations (all maps and Site 43) • Lists (Finds, photographs, sites) • Colour photographs (small images) • Preliminary Report on the Pottery and Small Finds from JHS 2005 by Ina

Kehrberg. • A full copy of this report, including Site List with GPS Points, Artefact and

Crate Packing List and deposition details, List of Primary Records and Location

• Jarash Hinterland Survey Database • Colour digital photographs • 1926 and 1953 aerial photographs and 2003 satellite images • 1979 1:2500 map of Jarash



Jarash is an archaeological site and landscape of international importance. This survey shows that rapid urban development is destroying 10% of the archaeological sites around the city every year. Urgent action is required by the Department of Antiquities, in accordance with their remit to protect and preserve Jordan’s archaeological heritage. INTRODUCTION A three week season of field survey of the Jarash Hinterland was carried out between 6 September and 25 September 2008. The 2008 season is the second season of a project covering an intended area of 10 sq km centred on the Roman City of Gerasa. The project is directed by Prof. David Kennedy (University of Western Australia) and Fiona Baker (Firat Archaeological Services Ltd, Scotland) assisted by Paul Sharman (Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology); David Connolly and Margaret Struckmeier (Connolly Heritage Consultancy, Scotland); Anne Poepjes (University of Western Australia); Don Boyer and Ann Boyer (Roman Archaeology Group, UWA), Andrew Card (University of Western Australia) and Naomi Poepjes. Ina Kehrberg (University of Sydney) is the ceramicist and finds specialist. The 2005 survey area covered an area of 0.6 sq km on the west side of the ancient city between the city wall and the top of the hill along which the Zahr al Saraw road runs N-S. The field results of this survey, which recorded 223 archaeological sites, are reported in the Jarash Hinterland Survey 2005 Season Preliminary Report accompanied by the project database and all digital photographs, which has been archived to the Department of Antiquities (DoA), Amman in accordance with DoA requirements. The 2008 survey area consists of the largely developed hillside to the N and NW of the Roman city in Zhara as Siraw, beside the Suf road; the northern Wadi Jarash or Wadi Deir as far as Birketein; the developed hillsides to the E of the main N-S road Route 15 (old Irbid Road) that divides the ancient city in two and N of the new Irbid road that runs E-W along the S side of the city, focussed on the land outside the Roman city wall; and the southern Wadi Jarash. The 2008 survey area covered a total area of 1.9 sq km and recorded 402 sites. The survey area has now encircled the ancient city and the total area surveyed in 2005 and 2008 covers 2.5 sq km and has recorded 625 sites. The general JHS area is covered with limestone outcrops and has the deep red rendzina soil or terra rossa that is common on the limestone outcrops in the northwest of Jordan. The fields in both the north and south Wadi Jarash have more mixed topsoil indicative of centuries of cultivation. The survey area comprises developed land for domestic housing, waste ground, olive groves, fields and grazing land. A great deal of construction work for new houses and roads is in progress within the survey area. The area around Jarash is currently being developed as the city expands and well over one hundred new houses are built each year. The new development and expansion of the city has escalated since about 2000 and it is because of this that the Jarash



Hinterland Survey (JHS) project was instigated. Very little survey or excavation work has taken place outside the walls of the Roman city and the archaeological resource outside the city walls is poorly recorded and little understood. In the face of development, the JHS seeks to identify and record archaeological sites threatened with destruction by the development work and to preserve the archaeological sites at least by record. UPDATE ON THE 2005 SURVEY Of the 223 sites surveyed in 2005, 188 of these sites were visited again in 2008 to check on their condition. The sites not visited were mostly quarried outcrops. Of the sites visited the condition of 121 sites remained unchanged, 31 had been damaged and 35 had been destroyed by new development. In summary, 65% of the sites visited were unchanged after three years. This means that at least 30% of the sites recorded in 2005 had been damaged or completely destroyed and from these figures we could extrapolate that 10% of the archaeological sites within the immediate environs of Jarash are being destroyed every year. Of the sites that had been damaged since 2005, the NW Necropolis site (Sites 43 – 63 inclusive) shows the most overall damage. A short section on these sites is included here. THE JARASH NORTH-WEST NECROPOLIS

Plate 1: Aerial view of the NW Necropolis, 2008 During the 2005 season of the Jarash Hinterland Survey, a concentration of high status Roman tombs were located in an area of open ground located 600m to the NW of the Roman city walls. These are on the line of the Roman road leading out of the



NW gate. The surviving necropolis area measures approximately 200m N-S x 150m E-W. The UTM co-ordinate for the site is E771636 / N3575954 (see Fig. 5). This parcel of land belongs, at least in part, to the Department of Antiquities. It may have been purchased as a result of the 1991 rescue excavations (Smadeh et al 1992). The tombs and elements of tombs identified at this cemetery in 2005 were deemed to be under threat from illegal excavation, quarrying and rubbish dumping. This site was identified as one of the top three sites offering the greatest archaeological potential and as most under threat out of the 217 sites identified by the 2005 survey. This observation remains the same. This site was first notified to the Department of Antiquities in 1982 and its significance is further stated in an article in ADAJ (1992) by Smadeh et al. This article primarily reports on salvage excavation of tombs immediately to the south, which were destroyed by new housing development, but clearly illustrates the necropolis and in particular 2005 Site 043, the Palmyrene tomb. Smadeh et al also note that two sarcophagi pillaged from Site 043 in 1985 are actually at Jarash Museum.

Plate 2: Sarcophagus smashed in the last 3 years The necropolis comprises at least 10 tombs and many architectural fragments including stone tomb doors, Syrian niches, Corinthian column capitals, pediment fragments and numerous undecorated architectural fragments. Tombs 044 and 045 have now also been confirmed as high status hypogaea, but unfortunately by illicit excavation and looting in the last three years, not by archaeological investigation.



Plate 3: Broken pottery in fresh robbers’ upcast outside Tomb 44 The 2008 survey visited the necropolis site and was dismayed to find the tombs had been further damaged by bulldozers, which have been levelling parts of the site, and by increased dumping of rubble and boulders on the site, which has shattered a sarcophagus.

Plate 4: Damage to Site 43 from bulldozing



Plate 5: Detail of sarcophagus smashed by recent dumping In order to protect the tombs from further damage and looting and to protect them in the long term immediate and urgent action is required.

• Erection of a 2m high post and wire mesh fence around the site bedded into concrete base pads. A breeze block wall is not recommended as it would cause further ground disturbance and would also shield the site from view allowing tomb robbers to operate unseen. The fence would prevent access to the area by heavy machinery and stop dumping of rubble and rubbish.

• Clearance of dumped rubble and retrieval of Roman architectural and masonry fragments under archaeological supervision. Architectural fragments to be stored on the site and not removed form the site with a view to restoration in the long term.

• Detailed photography of the site and all tombs once the modern disturbances and dumps have been removed

• Scale drawings of the individual sites once the modern dumping has been removed.

• Surface collection of pottery associated with the individual tombs This preliminary work would allow the site to be protected form further damage and for the modern disturbances and dumping to be removed so that the site could be recorded in further detail before detailed archaeological excavation work may commence.

• Small evaluation trenches or trial pits are not recommended at this site. It is clear it is a high status necropolis and small trenches would only confuse the picture further, as the site already has several robber trenches and the architectural fragments and surface finds have been mixed from several tombs.



• Open area stratigraphic excavation and attendant single context recording is the recommended excavation strategy.

• Archaeological excavation and recording by a team of professional archaeologists

• Following archaeological excavation the site could be restored and opened to tourists as an example of high status Roman tombs.

• In order to manage the site in the long term a caretaker / guard could be appointed to monitor the site for illicit excavation, to clear rubbish and monitor the condition and safety of the tombs for public access.

The Department of Antiquities has known about this important necropolis since 1982 – over 25 years. It is being actively robbed and destroyed and requires IMMEDIATE protection. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD SURVEY The objectives of the JHS are to identify and record archaeological sites outside the Roman city walls. The hinterland of Jarash has been subjected to very little field survey or archaeological investigation. No city operates in isolation and its hinterland provided the resources to support the existence of the settlement. The area outside the city walls was also the place where the cemeteries or ‘cities of the dead’ were located. Due to the extensive development now taking place the main objective of the JHS is to provide a baseline survey identifying and locating as many of the archaeological sites as possible before they are destroyed by development. As the focus of extensive development is to the west of the Roman city, the first 2005 season of the JHS focussed its efforts there. The 2005 season, which lasted for two weeks, identified 217 archaeological sites within a 2km x 400m area. These sites include 67 rock cut tombs and 17 rock cut graves, 5 mausolea, 26 sarcophagi, 8 inscriptions and at least 31 quarry sites. Several artefact scatters were also located including an area of kiln wasters indicating Late Byzantine and Umayyad pottery production. The 2008 survey area concentrated its efforts on the east of the city on the few surviving pockets of undeveloped land amongst the houses. Based on the 2005 survey results and rapid speed of development the project determined that this was the most important area to concentrate on, before any remaining evidence disappeared. Rapid walkover field assessment was also undertaken along the Wadi Deir (N Wadi Jarash) between Jarash and Birketein to the north of the city, and the northern part of the southern Wadi Jarash was also subjected to detailed survey. Development is starting to encroach upon both of these areas and is likely to speed up in the next few years. A total of 402 sites were identified by the 2008 survey within the 1.9 sq km area surveyed. These include the frequent rock cut tombs and quarries one would expect in the immediate environs of the city and architectural and artefact scatters indicating settlement or religious activity outside the city walls, as well as water management and mills (see table and discussion below).



The survey is principally a baseline survey designed to identify and locate archaeological sites so that the hinterland of Jarash can be better understood and so that sites can be protected from destruction by future development. The objective of the 2008 season was to survey the last surviving pockets of undeveloped ground in the immediate vicinity of the city walls before moving further out from the city into the hinterland with the overall objective of covering a 10 sq km area centred on the city. A second objective of the survey is to identify and make recommendations as to what future work and management systems should be implemented to preserve the archaeological sites. METHODS OF FIELD SURVEY The field survey was carried out by archaeologists walking intensively over the landscape looking for archaeological sites of any period. When a site was located, its position was marked by handheld GPS, colour digital photographs were taken and the site was recorded by written description, measurements and sketches on a specifically designed field recording form. If artefacts were present, these were collected to provide dating evidence. The pottery will be examined by Dr Ina Kehrberg during January 2009. The field recording form is based on the JADIS record form and includes a section to identify and assess the level of threat to the archaeological sites. Due to extensive ongoing development almost every site has a high risk of being destroyed. It was not possible to investigate the entire area as some parts have been entirely developed and others are within enclosed gardens and private ground. The survey concentrated on the open ground consisting of olive groves, fields, waste ground and vacant plots as well as investigating all construction sites. Every opportunity to investigate private gardens was taken where available and a number of sites were recorded within gardens. The Wadi Deir (N Wadi Jarash) was subjected a rapid walk-over assessment which located a number of major sites. Further more detailed survey work is required here. MAPPING In 2005 the JHS team were kindly supplied with a copy of the Jarash Development Plan by the Governor of Jarash. The plan of proposed development on the west side of the city formed the base map for the survey area and has allowed the impact of development on the archaeological resource to be identified and quantified. In 2008 the survey team used enlarged Google Earth satellite aerial photographs as field survey base maps. The Google images proved to be excellent base maps as they showed all built up areas and land boundaries and allowed areas developed between 2003 and 2008 to be identified. At the commencement of the project it was necessary to produce a suitable scale map of the survey area. The team had intended to use the 1977 1:50,000 UTM Sector 36



map as the primary map for the project coupled with rectified aerial photographs (APs) to produce a base map for the survey area. However, when checking the co-ordinates of fixed points on the ground with the GPS to assist with the rectification of APs it became apparent that the GPS co-ordinates derived from satellites did not agree with the UTM co-ordinates derived from the map. Further research determined that the UTM map is inaccurate and that the co-ordinates taken from the map may be up to 200m away from the co-ordinates obtained from the GPS. This is a known problem encountered by other survey teams (for example, Mortensen 1993; Flanagan & McCreery 1995). It should be noted that the error on the UTM map is variable, both on this particular map sheet and across Jordan. Therefore, there is no formula that can be applied to the GPS-derived co-ordinates to calculate the corresponding UTM map co-ordinates. The survey team used hand-held GPS (Garmin 60CSx, Garmin 60C and a Garmin CS76) to locate the sites in the field. The GPS plots were cross checked by the field surveyors against the annotated field maps to ensure that all sites are correctly located. All co-ordinates given in this report are derived from GPS readings, using the WGS 84 co-ordinate system, and are the true UTM co-ordinates for the archaeological sites identified. The accuracy of the GPS reading is usually within +/-5m, but occasionally the accuracy was +/- 6m or 7m of the site. The level of accuracy is recorded in the GPS field log. It is important to note that the sites recorded by the survey should be located either from the attached map only or by GPS. If one tries to locate the sites by co-ordinates using the UTM Sector 36 S 1:50,000 map one will not find the sites as the UTM map is inaccurate by up to 200m. All levels are related to Aqaba sea level datum. However, because there are no known spot height locations in the area of the Roman city or Jarash as a whole, it was not possible to calibrate the GPS each day with atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the elevation recorded for each site is not precisely accurate, but a rough guide only. The field surveyors noted discrepancies in the elevation readings at a number of sites and the elevations given should not be considered reliable. The maps of the survey area that accompany this report has been produced from the Jarash City Development Map combined with the 1978 1:2500 map sheet 2833A and 2834A, rectified APs and GPS satellite derived co-ordinates and imagery. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY The geology of the area is limestone bedrock with frequent outcrops, many of which have been quarried to some degree. There is considerable variation with the bedrock ranging from quite fine grained limestone of good building stone quality to softer limestone with inclusions, which is more prone to solution holes, filled with rendzina or terra rossa soil and small concreted stones. There are also areas of very soft and crumbly yellowish white marl, particularly to the NE of the ancient city in Al Howaz.



The soil is terra rossa or rendzina and is deep red brown in colour with high clay content and good water retention properties. In some places a considerable depth of soil, up to 2m, was exposed. It is clear that there has been considerable slope wash or colluvial build up on the wadi and hill terraces, and alluvial deposition combined with slope washed soils in the wadis, particularly the Wadi Deir to the north of the city. The hillsides have been terraced for agriculture in several places but due to the urban environment and ongoing development of the area for housing, the majority of the hill terrace walls have been destroyed. The hill terrace walls are generally about 0.80m wide and constructed of two facing courses of larger boulders filled with small stone rubble, which probably represents field clearance. The cultivation terrace walls in the southern Wadi Jarash are still largely intact and several of them were recorded by the project. It is of note that white glazed earthenware of 19th – early 20th century date was recovered from the soil profile underlying one of the terrace walls suggesting that the walls we see today are relatively modern in date. However, it is likely that the hill terrace cultivation walls have been rebuilt on numerous occasions and terrace walls similar to those we see today existed in the Classical period. It was noted that the wadi terraces in the south Wadi Jarash and the north Wadi Deir were often more of a pale grey brown colour and tended to contain more pottery sherds, suggesting a longer history of intensive cultivation including manuring and ploughing in of stubble. While the grey brown soils contained more pottery sherds indicative of settlement activity, the rendzina soils were not devoid of artefacts but it was observed where deep profiles were exposed, pot sherds might only be present in the uppermost metre of soil deposits. It was also noted that rendzina soil has been imported into gardens and fields around the city, presumably because of its clay and water retention properties, and a rendzina quarry was noted on the road from Jarash to Mafraq. JARASH 2008 - GEOLOGICAL NOTES By Don Boyer BSc (Hons), CPGeo, Fellow Aus. Inst. Mining & Metallurgy

The Roman city of Jarash straddles the Wadi Jarash, a south draining Wadi that is incised into a flat lying sequence of limestone and related rocks of Cretaceous age. This sequence extends into the surrounding hinterland for some distance. The sequence typically comprises alternating layers of harder limestone and softer units, each less than 10 metres thick. The harder units are well exposed, locally exhibiting the sculptured pavements and karst scenery so typical of Cretaceous limestone terrains. Caves have created locally as a result of natural weathering processes in areas where a soft, friable limestone layer exists beneath harder ‘cap’ horizons. Distinctive Rendzina soils (of ? Holocene age) are developed on terraces and any flat lying areas on the limestone pavements, with thicker development on flatter areas adjacent to the Wadi. These soils comprise deep red brown clay soil and limestone nodules and fragments. The nodules have been observed to have a largely concretionary origin. Given the absence of iron in the local geological environment, the source of the iron is enigmatic to the author.



The local geological setting has clearly had an important impact on the development of the Jarash area since pre-Roman times (and continues to do so today), in a number of ways. Topography The flat lying limestone sequence, coupled with the variable hardness of the layers, weathers into the distinctive hilly landscape dominated by many small terraces that we see today in the undeveloped areas adjacent to the modern town. Over time these natural terraces have been artificially expanded to create larger terraces better suited to agriculture, especially the development of orchards.

Within the modern town additional terracing for housing development has been created by reusing terraced orchard areas and by ‘benching’ into hillsides using heavy earth moving equipment. This benching results in the creation of significant amounts of spoil being deposited on terraced areas down slope, covering pre-existing terraces (and any archaeology they may contain). The creation of terraces limits the effect of down slope ‘soil creep’, potentially resulting in soils (and any contained archaeology) remaining more or less in situ where not modified by human activity. Resources Limestone is a particularly useful resource, and the large number of quarries identified in the Jarash hinterland is testament to the use of harder limestone units as a source of building blocks and related material in historic times. The extent of quarrying in a given location is impacted by the thickness of the favoured unit (typically fine-grained and/or porcelanous), which may be only a few metres in thickness, and ease of access. Much quarrying seems to have been

Plate 6: View looking east from UTM 36 coordinates 771223E, 3574802N on west side of survey area showing olive groves on Rendzina soils developed on natural terraces (enhanced by low walling) and wadi bottom. Note caves on upper terraces.



opportunistic and small scale, with evidence of individual block removal in small, easily accessible areas.

Quarrying of very large blocks and columns would be limited to the availability of unusually thick units, and a column quarry was visited in one such location in the hills above the village of Suf, approximately 5km north of Jarash (UTM coordinates 35.8902099.275E / 32.3225191.453N).

There is abundant evidence of block quarrying well beyond the limits of the study area, perhaps reflecting the high demand created by the establishment of Roman Jarash. The water resources generated by water flowing within Wadi Jarash and subordinate wadi’s draining into it, together with springs developed in the adjacent wadi banks and hillsides, would have been a significant resource in historical times. They remain so today, although flow rates appear to have been drastically reduced by over usage,

Plate 8: Column Quarry – Suf area, 5km north of Jarash

Plate 7: View (looking SW) of well exposed block quarry Site 034



water diversion and possibly climate change over the past 2000 years. (Some commentators such as Hirschfeld (2004) and others have determined that there was higher rainfall in the 1st century BC and in the mid 4th century AD.) Cultural The presence of natural caves provides the opportunity for human adaptation and use. The existence of alternating hard and soft limestone layers also provides the opportunity for creating man-made tombs and other burial places, using the harder limestone as a natural self-supporting cap or roof and the immediately softer unit (often a breccia contain fragments of limestone and flint) amenable to excavation into any desired shape. The harder limestone cap horizon is also amenable to the carving of facades.

Agriculture The combined existence of natural terracing and rich Rendzina soil presumably focused farming activities in the immediate Jarash area and beyond in historic times and continues to do so today. While areas of thicker soil profiles predictably support more intensive agriculture, it has been observed that even a small patch of Rendzina soil of a few square metres extent developed in a solution hollow within an exposed limestone pavement can support a single olive tree. Comments

• Care needs to be exercised in distinguishing natural solution features in limestone from manmade features, particularly in quarried areas.

• The total dominance of limestone and to a lesser extent flint in the Jarash hinterland and surrounding areas means that the occurrence of non-limestone rocks such as basalt, ultramafic rocks and granite in the archaeological record stand out as being sourced from outside the area (and in the case of ultramafic

Plate 9: Site 202 - Underground view of rock cut tomb showing niches cut into soft brecciated limestone immediately below hard caprock horizon. Looking North



and granite types, from outside of Jordan). Occurrences of basalt querns have been noted in the survey, presumably sourced from northern Jordan, and the author has also noted occasional examples of distinct rounded (and possibly used as small hand querns) stones of magnetic, medium to course grained olivine-bearing ultramafic rock, the source of which is uncertain.

• Rendzina soils exist at surface and have also been observed to infill shallow solution holes and caves up to several metres beneath the present natural surface. They represent a potentially useful and visible time marker separating ?pre-human and post-human occupation, especially on sites where the soil profile has been disturbed by modern earthmoving and dumping.

• During the study it was noted at several locations that a number of tombs have been excavated along a given horizon with particularly favourable rock conditions. More detailed surveying and geological understanding could potentially result in the capacity to predict the location of unexposed tomb sites in spoil covered areas. Where appropriate, ground penetrating radar may also assist in the location of shallow tombs with voids within c.3m of surface.

THE DATABASE In 2005, the JHS had intended to use the JADIS database for recording the sites but unfortunately, this was not possible. The JADIS database was created in the early 1990’s as an overall sites and monuments record for Jordan, with the intention that all projects working in Jordan would supply their site data in a standard format for entry into the database. However, due to technical difficulties and the ever-evolving nature of computer databases, JADIS could not read or process data produced by more recent software and versions of Access or other databases that have superseded that used for JADIS. It was therefore necessary for the JHS to create its own database and this work was undertaken by David Connolly. The JHS database is an Access database and was

Plate 1: View of Rendzina soil profile overlain by modern dumped material



designed using all the JADIS codes for type site, site location etc. However, since 2005, a new overall sites and monuments record for Jordan, MEGA, is currently under development. After discussions with Catreena Hamarneh of the Department of Antiquities and MEGA project, it was concluded that the JHS dataset is compatible with data migration into the MEGA framework. A GIS system compatible with QGIS was requested by the Dept of Antiquities. Five layers were created: Layer 1 is a raster map of the Jarash area, extending to 4km around the city; Layer 2 is a polygon extent of the 2005 JHS survey area; Layer 3 is a polygon extent of the 2008 JHS survey area; Layer 4 is point data on all surveyed sites from the 2005 and 2008 JHS survey areas; Layer 5 are polygons of surveyed scatters. Metadata consists of site number, site type and UTM co-ordinates. All of this is held in the QGIS folder on the disk accompanying this report. The JHS Database accompanies this brief text report on disk. The disk contains all site records; GPS readings (site co-ordinates); all colour digital photographs and illustrations; the finds list; QGIS (GIS information for all sites in QGIS format) and the Preliminary Report on the Pottery and Small Finds from JHS 2005 by Ina Kehrberg. THE SURVEY AREAS EAST OF THE CITY See Figures 3 and 4 The survey area to the east of the city was extensively built up and is best described as urban. This made it difficult to identify the underlying landscape because it has been much altered. The northern part of the area consisted of hill terraces running around the Tell Mustashfa (or Tell Jarash or Al Howaz) plateau on its N, W and S slopes and terraces rising up the slope of the higher hill to the E. The southern part of the area consisted of terraces on the NW, W and S slopes of a separate plateau (with a valley between it and Tell Mustashfa), which dropped steeply down to the S to the wadi bottom used by the new Irbid road. Any areas of open ground that could be accessed by the surveyors were investigated, including private gardens. The survey maps indicate land use and areas that could be surveyed. In general, only rock cut tombs and quarries were located in this area but at a much lower density than in the 2005 survey area on the west side of the city. This difference in site frequency is a result of modern development and urban expansion. SOUTH WADI JARASH See Figure 4 Only the northernmost part of the southern Wadi Jarash was surveyed. Most of this area is under cultivation, although modern buildings and the dumping of construction waste are encroaching upon it. The wadi is a fairly narrow flat bed with terraces rising steeply on the east and west sides. Only narrow fields were present at the



bottom of the slope with larger fields further up slope, particularly on the west side. A very slight flow of water enters the wadi at its north end under the modern road bridge, falling over a ten metre high limestone edge to the wadi bottom. The W side of the edge had clearly been scoured by the force of what must have been a stronger flow of water in the past. A natural spring was also observed issuing from the base of the limestone edge on the W side of the wadi near here. WADI DEIR See Figures 2 and 5 The survey area to the north of the city was the area known as Wadi Deir (Deir meaning ‘monastery’ in Arabic). This runs from north to south and is divided along the same axis by the Roman road (under the modern road), which ran from the Jarash City Walls to Birketein (which translates as ‘two pools’). The general topography of the Wadi Deir consists of a flat alluvial plain which is narrow at either end and broadens out in the middle. The east and west sides consist of long rocky limestone outcrops which rise fairly steeply in places, effectively enclosing the wadi valley. The wadi river ran from north to south on the east side of the Wadi, named by the Greeks as Chrysorhoas (golden river), which is still in evidence as a dried up river bed. The alluvial plain is mostly under cultivation, with field and orchard plots running E-W across it. There is evidence for controlled land division in the past as on both sides of the road a number of the fields are very evenly spaced, being approximately fifteen metres wide. It is felt that these land parcels may have been created during the late Ottoman period, created by or for the Circassians when they moved to Jarash from south-eastern Russia to escape persecution in the late 19th century (Shami 1992). Because of the close proximity to modern Jerash and the need for more water for domestic purposes due to the rising population, water has now been diverted away from Wadi Deir and the springs at Birketein have apparently dried up. This has affected the agricultural potential of the Wadi and the fields now have very little irrigation. Add to this the demand for more housing when land closest to Jerash can command high prices, and the result has been the gradual encroachment of construction into the Wadi fields. NW OF THE CITY See Figure 5 The survey area NW of the city walls was a continuation of the N end of the 2005 survey W of the city walls, and used the Suf road as its N boundary. This area was a limestone hill with terrace edges. Although quite developed, building in this area is a recent phenomenon, so there were still many open areas and orchards that could be surveyed. The kinds of sites that survived were typical of the W of the city, mostly comprising tombs and quarries, with sarcophagi, architectural fragments, occasional cisterns, traditional houses and some dense artefact scatters. However, development in this area is increasing and many of these sites may soon be lost.



OVERVIEW OF SITE TYPES QUARRIES A total number of 45 quarry sites were recorded in the 2008 survey season. Most of these sites were simple cut edges, dispersed along the natural limestone terrace outcrops, with very few (Sites 250, 301, 304, 305, 306 and 326) providing evidence of step quarrying, block cutting or block sizes. Of these 2008 sites, quarry Site 326 was the most extensive and best preserved, the 17m long, 9m wide 2m high area contained all of the types of evidence mentioned above. Therefore it is recommended that Site 326 should be preserved as the best example of this industry east of the Roman city.

Plate 11: Quarry Site 326

It is clear that although quarries were noted throughout the survey area, they were less frequent and less extensive than those noted on the west side of the ancient city in the 2005 survey season. This was partly because of the intensity of urban development east of the city, but it was also noted that in general the limestone was of poorer quality than in the west and therefore less amenable for use as building stone. However, some of the softer limestone units were essentially marl, which would have been extremely useful for making mortar and plaster. Indeed, at the N end of the survey area to the east and south of the old Irbid road, the limestone was so soft that it is still recognised as a place to quarry marl and this area is called ‘Al Howaz’, which appears to translate as ‘lime marl’. ROCK CUT TOMBS (INCLUDING HYPOGAEA) 64 rock cut tombs were located by the survey including two hypogaea and one arcosolium, About 50% of these tombs require evaluation to confirm that they are indeed tombs.



Rock-cut tombs Many rock cut tombs were identified as such because they were inaccessible, and therefore the interior design could not be identified. Many were also identified as probable or possible rock cut tombs because the top of a wide right-angled recess was visible in the bedrock, or because there was a wide and high vertical rock cut face, sometimes with a lip at the base. Such features tended to be associated with confirmed tombs, but of course the sites need evaluation to confirm that there is a tomb present.

Plate 12: Tomb 236, with robbers’ spoil blocking intact door

Many of the 61 rock cut tombs identified by the 2008 survey were in poor condition, especially those E of the city. This reflects the more intensive urban conditions E of the city. Many were used as rubbish dumps, many had been truncated by road and building construction and many had been robbed both in antiquity and recently. Examples of recent tomb robbing are at the rock cut shaft tomb Sites 230 and 231, which are situated in the W-facing limestone edge on the E side of the old Irbid road. Here, tomb 230 had been entered first and a tunnel quarried had been quarried by the robbers to break through into the adjacent tomb 231. We were told that in tomb 230 there had been a ledge for the body, a skull and other bones, pottery and glass, all of which were broken and left there. In the robbers’ upcast outside the tombs, lots of bone, some bronze fragments, a bronze bracelet in two pieces with a twisted design and plain terminals, glass and pottery were observed and retrieved. It would be worth completely excavating these sites and sieving the robbers spoil to retrieve any remaining human bones and artefacts for analysis and the provision of dating evidence. The largest tomb encountered during the 2008 survey was Site 486, a multi-chambered tomb cut into the N part of the limestone edge forming the W side of the Wadi Deir. The rock cut entrance was rebated externally to receive masonry for a built doorway. It was accessed by a rock-cut passage buried beneath a slope of soil and trash. Indeed, the tomb is in active use as a rubbish dump, including soiled baby nappies and all the internal surfaces are coated with black soot from fires for burning rubbish or perhaps inhabitation. The entrance is towards the S end of the E side of the 2.60m high central chamber, which is sub-rectangular, measuring 12.1m N-S by



6.15m E-W, with approximately 11 chambers and recesses off it. Most of the side chambers are roughly square, often with the remains of masonry doorways, rather than elongated open niches for receiving sarcophagi and this is not typical of most tombs recorded by the survey.

Plate 13: Interior of Site 486 It is clear that the tomb has been adapted for reuse, evidenced not only by the removal of walls between chambers and masonry doorways to create larger spaces resulting in the need to build a limestone column in the central chamber to support the ceiling, although some of the ceiling has collapsed, but also by the presence of an olive mill stone 1.50m in diameter and 0.55m thick in the main chamber, close to the supporting column. It seems likely that the chambers were reused for storage associated with the olive press and wine installation and there are external features that are likely to be associated with this also. The clearest of these is a circular plaster-lined vat 0.80m in diameter and at least 1.60m deep, cut into the bedrock at the side of the passage down to the tomb. There is a channel leading to this and there are faint traces of an adjacent rectangular stone (?treading) tank also, although these are mostly obscured by soil cover and vegetation. The final use of the tomb appears to be that of habitation, evidenced by the soot-covered interior from fire smoke. This site should be cleared and fenced off for protection. Hypogaea Only two confirmed hypogaeae were identified - again the lack of survival is because of urban nature of E side of the town and in Wadi Deir because it was essentially the alluvial plan that was surveyed. Tombs had clearly been cut in the limestone scarps that flank the plain, but most of these were outside the 2008 survey area. During the 2008 survey, the NW Necropolis site was revisited, and Site 052, which had been recorded as a probable tomb because of local information and a façade with a lip at its base, had now been broken into and is a confirmed hypogaeum. See the Necropolis section below.



Those that survived the best tended to be ones that had been reused for habitation or storage. One (Site 202) in the NW survey area had a metal door put into the original doorway and the original stone door frame and steps down to the entrance had been repointed with concrete. Although nothing remained in the niches, a rubble wall had been built at one side of the tomb and the opposite side had suffered from roof collapse and some modern quarrying, a complete decorated sarcophagus and lid remained in situ to the right of the doorway. The lid had been wedged open so that the contents could be rifled through, but more may remain.

Plate 14: Hypogaeum Site 294, showing grave niche and relief panel

The most exciting hypogaeum (Site 299) had also survived not only because it had been used for habitation and storage, but also because four modern reinforced concrete pillars had been inserted to support the ceiling to take the weight of the house built above. This site not only comprised a large hypogaeum – site 299.3 - with (empty) sarcophagus niches, small niches cut into the sides for lamps and the remains of the doorway reused in the masonry, but also had a rock cut grave in an arched recess (Site 299.1) flanking the approach to the tomb and a carved relief panel (Site 299.2) above the entrance. Although the panel was very weathered, the outlines of three, perhaps four human figures in stylised poses can still be made out. Presumably these figures represent the family that were buried in the tomb. No other carved panels were found during the survey and the owner should be approached to arrange an agreement that the panel will not be damaged. Arcosolium One arcosolium tomb was recorded in the 2008 survey, to the E of the city, Site 293. This was a rectangular rock cut chamber with a damaged rock cut grave in an arched niche to the rear and the scant remains of another to one side. The tomb was partly full of soil and building rubble and has managed to survive (so far) at the edge of a modern scarp cut through the limestone, below a bulldozed area and above an olive grove on the S side of Tell Mustashfa. The owner of the land asked us to leave the site, but as the only one of its type, in should be fenced off and protected from further development.



MAUSOLEA Only one mausoleum was located for certain, which was at the southwest end of the Wadi Deir at the foot of the limestone outcrops on the hillslope. The mausoleum Site 469 was excavated by Aida Naghawy and Abd al Majeed Mujalli in c 1982 (pers comm). The front (ENE face) of the mausoleum no longer exists, having been truncated by house construction. What remains is three sides of a room or cella, with the rear cut into the slope of the hillside behind. Within this are four square pillars, which had voussoired arches based on springers spanning the gaps between them. The rear one of these survives. There are the scant remains of a springer on the NNW face of the NW pillar, indicating that there may have been a barrel vault between the pillars and the wall of the cella. Much lime plaster survives on the pillars and some on the internal wall faces, indicating that the whole interior was plastered and, presumably, painted. In one corner of the cella wall, traces of a moulded plaster column survived indicating plaster trompe d’oeils and decorative features. A large undecorated sarcophagus has been placed on its end near the SSE wall and the horned lid, which has been broken in two, lies below the surviving arch. The sarcophagus has been rebated to take the lid and the lead plugs survive around the rim as do the receiving holes around the edge of the lid.

Plate 15: Mausoleum site 469

This site should be cleared and restored and fenced off to protect it from encroaching development. Just to the N of Site 469, the remains of a rectilinear structure (Site 473), similar in build to the cella wall of the mausoleum, was visible. This should be evaluated because it is possible that this is the remnants of another mausoleum. The Palmyrene type mausoleum (Site 43) in the NW Necropolis near the Suf road was revisited and further damage was noted. See the Update on the 2005 Survey section above.



SARCOPHAGI 15 sarcophagi (including fragments and lids) were found during the survey. A few of these were still inside the tombs (e.g. see Hypogaeum Site 202 above) or despite having been moved were still in immediate association with the burial site (e.g. see Mausoleum Site 469 above). Some had been kept as garden ornaments, for example a plain, roughly chiselled child’s sarcophagus and plain lid, Site 209, on a garden terrace. (Internally the sarcophagus was only 0.80m long, 0.25m wide and 0.19m deep.) However, most had been cleared, often broken, and dumped elsewhere, completely divorcing them from their context, clearly indicating the lack of understanding and appreciation of Cultural Heritage in the local area.

Plate 16: Sarcophagus Site 338

The sarcophagi varied in size and all were made of limestone. As in 2005, in many cases only two or three faces were finely dressed and the other face left rough, indicating that these sarcophagi were not to be viewed on all sides and would have been placed against a wall. Some sarcophagi were plain, but others were carved. The quality of decoration varied. A number of symbols were carved in relief on the sarcophagi sides. These are:

• Wreath, various details, some with flowing ‘ribbons', while others were almost just plain circles, some with leaf details and some plain

• A crescent with three knobs was the most common design, probably a stylised axe (Fisher 1938, 562)

• Circular rosette with petals The sarcophagi lids were either plain or had projecting horns at the corners. All had straight edges and pointed tops. ROCK-CUT GRAVES Only four rock-cut graves were found for certain (Sites 286, 364.1 and 364.2), two more possible such graves (Sites 356 and 364.3) and the rock-cut grave in a niche, Site 299.1, flanking hypogaeum Site 299.3 (see Hypogaea section above), which was more of an external arcosolium than a plain rock-cut grave. Site 286 was a flanking



pair of graves, and Sites 364.1, 364.2 and 364.3 also lay together. Grave Site 286 also lies in close association with rock cut tombs (Sites 287, 288, 290 and 291). The graves were rebated at the top in order to receive a lid. Presumably this type of burial was of lower status than burials in tombs or sarcophagi.

Plate 17: Rock-cut graves Site 286 to left of tomb entrance Site 287 The small number of this type of grave found in 2008 probably reflects the urban nature of the east side of the city, rather than a real distribution pattern. The rarity of these sites means that Sites 364.1 and 364.2, and especially Site 286, because of the graves’ association with tombs, should be preserved. The graves and the tombs here should be preserved as a group and it should be noted that there is a high risk of development here that could destroy them in the next year or so. ROMAN MILESTONES Four milestones and two milestone bases were found in an orchard to the east of the modern road to and some 50m S of Birketein (and, roughly, one Roman mile N of the North Gate of Gerasa). Two lay on either side of a modern concrete water channel. That of Septimius Severus (422) lay just east and was wedged against the channel with most of the text visible. The second (424) was on the west side, was further from the channel and under a tree. It was dirty and the text - though visible - was difficult to decipher and the inscription was on both sides of the column. The third milestone (423) was totally buried in the orchard c. 30m to the SW and close to the fence by the road. Ploughing had damaged the upper surface of 423. Traces of weathered inscription were visible as it was dug out. The fourth, 427, lay next to the farm building, beside two milestone base blocks (426). Apart from milestone Site 423, they have all been recorded, transliterated and discussed by Sandrine Agusta-Boularot, Adnan Mujalli and Jacques Seigne in a publication already (Agusta-Boularot et al, 1998). The third milestone, Site 423, would not have been noted by the French team because it was completely buried. It should be noted that all of the published pieces had been moved from where they



were located in the published photographs. Because of this, milestones 422, 423 and 424 were moved by Abd Al-Majeed Mujalli to his DoA offices within Roman Jarash for safekeeping. He plans to retrieve the remaining milestone fragment, 427, and the two bases soon. It is hoped that the inscription on milestone 423 will be recorded and transliterated in the future.

Plate 18: Excavation of milestone 423 INSCRIPTIONS Apart from those on the milestones (see Milestone section above), four inscriptions were located by the survey. In Wadi Deir at Site 462 two Greek inscriptions and architectural fragments were located just to the north of the new Medical Centre and it was clear that they had been disturbed by the new development and dumped outside its precinct. No archaeological work was undertaken during the construction of the new Medical Centre despite its close proximity to the North Gate of the ancient Jarash. These two inscriptions and the architectural fragments have been collected by Abd al Majeed Mujalli and are now safely at the Department of Antiquities office inside Jarash. Abd al Mujeed intends to search through the rubble and spoil heaps from the construction of the medical centre to look for more inscriptions and architectural fragments. It is of interest that Fisher noted that ‘a short distance north of the North Gate is a temple sacred to Nemesis. Only foundations and eight Corinthian columns of the portico, now fallen…’ (Fisher 1938, 25). There is no mention of the evidence for the Nemesis dedication, so we cannot be certain that he did not mistake the Octagonal Church for a temple, but there is the possibility that the Medical Centre has been built on this temple site. If the DoA had undertaken archaeological monitoring of the site when the centre was built, this information would not have been lost. A third Greek inscription was noted reused within the fabric of the City wall (Site 245) and an Abbasid inscription was located in a small orchard to the NW of the city (Site 271). It is hoped that the latter will be retrieved.



Plate 19: Inscription from Site 462 (the other is on report cover) Plate 20: Inscriptions 245 and 271

ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS Architectural fragments were located throughout the survey area and squared Roman masonry had been reused in many structures particularly in field terrace walls in both Wadi Deir and in South Wadi Jarash, which probably date from when the Circassians settled in Jarash in the late 19th-century, or later. A total number of 98 architectural fragments were recorded. The most numerous types of fragments were limestone pieces from door frames, usually jambs, lintels and



thresholds, but there were also a few pieces of a moulded architrave from around a doorway (e.g. Sites 333.2 and 456b). The second most numerous type of fragments were column drums, usually limestone, but occasionally red granite. In two areas in particular there was a concentration of high quality column drums (along with other architectural fragments), in Wadi Deir close to the Octagonal Church and in the wadi channel below it, and Sites 341, 389 and 390, which all appear to derive from a classical building that was used as a source of gravestones for use in the old Circassian cemetery (Site 390) and was destroyed when the Jarash Ladies’ Institute was constructed (see Monumental Structures section below). There were 16 columns from around the cemetery area, including one limestone twisted flute column and one red granite column. There were 5 red granite column drums and 5 limestone ones (Sites 445, 448, 450a-d, 456a, 457, 459) that look as if they came from the Octagonal Church, which should be retrieved and placed back within the confines of the excavated area, along with the other associated pieces of monumental masonry (Sites 451, 454, 456a, 458, 460, .461a-b).

Plate 21: bulldozed architecture site 389, with detail of one of columns Other fragments of interest included Site 329, which had a sculpted face with a raised circular rosette with a 6-pointed sharp petal design, flanked by vertical stripes and the remains of a flying bird with a pomegranate at its beak.

Plate 22: Architectural Fragment Site 329 ARTEFACT SCATTERS A total of 79 artefact scatters were recorded. In the mainly built-up area east of the City Wall ceramic, artefact and flint collections were carried out around associated



sites, particularly in the environs of tombs. Area collections were also carried out on the few remaining areas of open ground, such as orchards and ploughed patches of land. However, most of the scatters were very low density, essentially ‘background noise’. In this area, the only scatter of note was within the old Circassian graveyard (Site 390), close to the Roman city wall. Along with a dump of monumental masonry, there was an unusually high concentration of tesserae including two made of glass and a large pottery assemblage was collected, which, taken in conjunction with the associated architectural fragments, strongly suggests a building of some importance was located in the immediate vicinity (see Monumental Structure section below). In the southern Wadi Jarash, a higher concentration of ceramics was present in the terraced fields due to the more open nature of the landscape. However, it should be noted that this area would most probably be affected by slope wash and the introduction of soil for terracing purposes. Wadi Deir (Wadi Jarash north) revealed three interesting areas of pick up to the east of the Jarash to Birketein road. The first of these areas (Site 449) represented a collection in the orchard directly to the east of the remains of the Octagonal Church. This assemblage contained an assortment of marble fragments, which have now been assessed by geologist, Don Boyer. There is a strong possibility that these fragments would have been used as flooring material (Opus Sectile) within the Octagonal Church itself. The second notable area (Site 444) lies to the north of the Octagonal Church. This artefact scatter had a remarkably rich ceramic assemblage considering the small field that it was collected from. This field lay adjacent to a large platform with a tomb underneath it (Site 447), which may represent the site of a farm, villa or monumental structure. A third area of interest was represented by ceramic and artefact collections potentially associated with the foundations of two structures (Sites 405 & 406), possibly Roman buildings, later re-built by the Circassians. Both collections revealed similar ceramic and artefact assemblages, including tesserae and Roman glass, although it should be noted that Site 406 has been used as a modern dump. To the west of the Jarash to Birketein road two sites were identified as especially noteworthy. The first came from the west end of an orchard (sherd scatter Site 494) which contained a high concentration of tesserae. This may be associated with Site 495 nearby, comprising two large piles of stones, some dressed, and an area of smaller rubble in the surrounding area. Abd al-Majeed Mujalli also confirmed that this was the site of an inscription, perhaps a temple, retrieved some time before by the Department of Antiquities. The second and most intriguing site was sherd and artefact scatter Site 523, lying mainly within the boundary of a small terraced orchard with recently built terrace walls. This site contained a variety of ceramic sherds of different types and periods, including many large Umayyad bowl sherds and one fragment of a Jarash bowl. Three kiln wasters were identified also. Thirty-three tesserae were also collected along with clay tiles, basalt rubbers, marble, glass and one fragment of mother of pearl, possibly an inlay. The area to the north-west of the City Wall represented a continuation of the 2005 survey. Having returned first of all to assess the condition of the Necropolis (Sites 43 – 63) it was decided after seeing evidence of further tomb robbing that Site 44 should



have a further pick up. The majority of the ceramics retrieved from the robbers’ upcast were of the same Late Roman/Early Byzantine storage jar type with a gypsum coating that had been collected in 2005. Another site of interest in the northwest area was a large orchard with a partially collapsed area of terrace wall (Site 204), which had many pottery sherds within it and in its collapse onto the lower terrace. The collection included one kiln tile with glaze on it. A further collection was undertaken on the lower level (Site 263) where four kiln wasters were found and an adjacent scatter (Site 254) also contained a substantial amount of pottery. Few flints were found in the 2008 survey area as a whole and it was found that the flint and chert (lower silica content) was predominately debitage with a few cores and very few tools. This may indicate that much of the prehistoric landscape in the town has been masked and / or removed by Roman and later occupation and modern construction works. WATER MANAGEMENT: CHANNELS, CISTERNS, BASINS, SPRINGS AND MILLS Channels The remains of a stone water channel constructed of individual U shaped blocks was located in the Wadi Deir to the north of the City. This site (Site 400), which comprised 23 blocks, was scattered over a large area with many of the blocks built into later agricultural terrace walls. It appears that some of them may have had a terracotta water pipe laid into the channel. Traces of bitumen and lead were also noted in some of the channel blocks, perhaps to hold the pipe in place. There are two different sizes of blocks and it is thought that this difference may reflect the supply of domestic water to the City and the supply of irrigation water for agricultural purposes in the wadi. In the limestone edges flanking the Wadi Deir, Sites 485 and 487 comprised traces of water channels cut into the bedrock, catching and controlling surface water shed from the slopes above.

Plate 23: elements of water channel blocks Site 400 Cisterns, basins and springs Eighteen cisterns, three rock-cut basins and one spring were located by the survey. Four of the cisterns were inaccessible, with a modern capping and need further investigation to assess how old they are. A few cisterns were simply rock-cut and had feeder channels leading into them (e.g. Sites 351 and 484). There was one bell-



shaped cistern, which was at least 3 metres deep (Site 352). Sites 204 and 274 were large rectangular plaster-lined tanks. For example, Site 274 was 6.00m long, at least 3.20m wide and at least 2.20m deep. It had a rock-cut inlet in which the remains of a lead pipe was visible.

Plate 24: Plastered cistern 274, with pipe inlet at rear

Two plaster-lined cisterns reused rock-cut tombs (Sites 212 and 251). Cistern Site 251, which reused a rock-cut tomb (Site 252), was located in the garden of a private house, and was excavated by Abd Al-Majeed Mujalli’s workmen. It consisted of a plaster lined subterranean chamber and had a superstructure constructed of dressed limestone blocks into which channels to feed into the cistern had been cut. There was also a plaster lined basin associated with it. An in situ ceramic water pipe, complete with lead filter was found leading in to the top of the cistern. Two complete grey clay square tiles and numerous ceramics were also found here, as was a Roman coin, although all these finds are part of the later backfilling of the cistern. It is difficult to interpret the 3 rock-cut basins. Site 339 was 0.5m in diameter and only 0.2m deep, with a small channel leading into it, whereas Site 356 was 0.55m in diameter, 0.45m deep and had a small channel leading out of it. Basin Site 253 was larger, being 1.4m in diameter and 0.7m deep with a further shallow depression at its base. Such features have many possible functions, such as receptacles for liquids, or for grinding or processing foodstuffs and so on (cf Younker 1995, 685). One spring (Site 349) was noted in the South Wadi Jarash, issuing from the base of the limestone scarp at the W side of the wadi, not far south of the presumed site of the Roman water gate. This has a derelict concrete channel leading from it into some ruined concrete water tanks. It is still in use as a source of irrigation water for the lower terraces and fields in the bottom of the wadi. The bluff from which this spring issues is significantly scoured, showing how strong the water flow used to be, presumably in rainy seasons (cf Fisher 1938, 14). The force of the water would have been massively increased by falling over the 10m high cliff to the N, which is mentioned by several writers as where the Roman water gate was located, now below the road across the wadi (Fisher 1938, 12-13; Browning 1982, 207-8; Khouri 1986, 53)



Mills Surface water that would naturally have run off into the wadi appears to have been controlled and collected, not only as a supply of drinking and irrigation water, but also to power water mills. Two definite mills have been located in the south Wadi Jarash (Site 001 from 2005 and Site 505 from 2008). We were told of another between the two, but the survey did not reach this to confirm it. There was another probable mill / water management system (Site 393) near the foot of the waterfall close to the presumed location of the Roman water gate in the south Wadi Jarash and some masonry that may be the remains of two mills were located in the Wadi Deir (Sites 465 and 467). Site 393 consists of two massive walls some 3m thick, 6m high and up to 6m long, built against the limestone edge on the E side of the wadi. The walls are battered back and terminate at their W (wadi) ends in a tower-like fashion. These walls (or piers) are set at an oblique angle to each other and are built of large, squared limestone blocks, well-set in a Roman-looking fashion, and include some reused Roman masonry. The massive N wall or pier has two vertical slots on each side of it, which may have held a wooden installation. It is clear that considerable volumes of water have poured over both structures, evidenced by thick limestone concretions. The S wall had been rebuilt on at least two occasions as well as buttressed, perhaps necessitated by the force of water flowing over it.

Plate 25: Possible mill site 393

There were two smaller walls, parallel to each other, of similarly built of squared Roman-looking blocks that appeared to be of the same primary phase as the massive wall piers. These were set at right angles to the N pier, running between and beyond the W end of pier. They are likely to be the two long sides of the same building. These walls have been rebuilt and adapted with Ottoman style coursed rubble walls, in order to create another building. A photograph from the late 1970s shows that one of these later walls had a large arch in it, which has now collapsed, as well as traces of other walls (Browning 1982, fig 136, 209). It also shows that the N wall pier stood



higher than it does today and that it may have been stepped on the surface – possibly a water channel. The site is now truncated and covered with dumped rubble from the construction of the new bridge, which hampers interpretation, but we think that it is a mill, perhaps Roman, that has been rebuilt in the Ottoman period. We also observed a rock-cut water channel running along the E side of the wadi just to the north of the bridge, which appears to be at the right level for diverting water to power a mill at the location of Site 393. Mill Site 393 is downstream from Site 403, located in a 15m wide part of the wadi, confined by steep banks and limestone outcrops on either side. The constituent parts of the site are 505.1 - the mill aqueduct with penstock tower and internal chute (see McQuitty 1995), 505.2 - probable remains of mill housing, 1.8m to the S of the end of the aqueduct, and 505.3 - a well-built wall some 5m to the E of the end of the aqueduct, which may form one side of the mill lade, or perhaps housing. Much of the wadi side of the mill is obscured by trees and thick scrub, obscuring the possible housing, lade and the water outlet at the base of the tower. We were told that there used to be a water channel leading along the W side of the wadi to the aqueduct, but that this has since been taken away. Certainly, there has been recent cutting and re-terracing along the line of the suitable contour for this. The differing styles of construction of the constituent parts, from squared Roman-style blocks to coursed Ottoman style rubble, indicate a multi-phase use of the mill site.

Plate 26: Mill site 505 Mill sites are very difficult to date, and ones that have a Roman appearance have been shown to be 19th-century (McQuitty 1995, 746). There is evidence for such mills to have been built and used anywhere between the Classical Ottoman periods (McQuitty 1995, 746-749; Greene 1995, 760-761), and for the restoration of derelict mills in the Late Ottoman period (Rogan 1995). All of these scholars emphasise the need to excavate mill sites in order to understand their development and date. The sites recorded by the 2008 survey are prime candidates for excavation, especially with the rapid pace of development and extensive dumping at Jarash, which could cause them to be destroyed in the near future.



Water Management Although the evidence for water collection, supply and management at Jarash has been much truncated by modern development, enough has been discovered so far to indicate that it is typical of what one could expect from studies of other areas in Jordan (e.g Abujaber 1995; Abudanh 2007). There appears to be three levels to the system at Jarash. The first is at a municipal level, where the water from perennial springs and rivers is collected and large rectangular reservoirs are built, such as the one located some 1.17m NW of the city walls at the head of the wadi on the W side of Zhara al Siraw (observed by David Kennedy, Don Boyer and David Connolly while flying over it) and the even larger one at Birketein. From these, at the second level, water was led through channels to the centres of population. Smaller channels appear to capture surface water, or divert water from the perennial supplies to be used for irrigation purposes or powering mills. At the third level, water is used at a domestic scale, with supplies being diverted or collected in cisterns. These different levels of water management are well-suited to the climate and still used today (Abujaher 1995, 741-744). MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES At least two monumental structures can be inferred, at Site 462 and Site 389. At Site 462 two high quality Greek inscriptions and several architectural fragments including an arch were located in spoil from the construction of the new Medical Centre. The inscriptions and arch stone have been removed to the DoA office inside Jarash (see Inscriptions section above). The inscriptions were obviously set into a larger structure, evidenced by recessed sockets and lead sealing at fixing points suggesting a structure of some significance. It is of interest that Fisher noted that ‘a short distance north of the North Gate is a temple sacred to Nemesis. Only foundations and eight Corinthian columns of the portico, now fallen…’ (Fisher 1938, 25). There is no mention of the evidence for the Nemesis dedication, so we cannot be certain that he did not mistake the Octagonal Church for a temple, but there is the possibility that the Medical Centre has been built on this temple site. If the DoA had undertaken archaeological monitoring of the site when the centre was built, this information would not have been lost.

Plate 27: Monumental architecture at Site 462



The second monumental structure is represented by Site 389 (see plate 21) which is a pile of classical masonry including several plain column drum fragments of different diameters, a twisted column fragment, column base and various other limestone architectural fragments. A large number of tesserae including glass tesserae were also recovered from this dump. It appears that this dump of masonry and rubble, which looks quite fresh, originated from the construction of the Jerash Ladies Society immediately to the east which was built in 2001. There are also many architectural fragments including column fragments used as gravemarkers in the Circassian cemetery, into which this dump of masonry fragments has been deposited. At the NE corner of the cemetery the ground is quite a lot higher suggesting there may be a platform in this area, some of which may survive. It is also of note that there are two columns, one limestone and one red granite, outside the entrance to the Jerash Ladies Society complex and these are believed to have been found during the excavations for the new building. It seems likely that there was a monumental structure located here, just outside the City Wall, perhaps a church. PLATFORMS Four distinct platforms were located in the rapid walk-over survey of the Wadi Deir at Sites 405, 406, 408 and 447. These sites have been recorded in the database as farmstead / hamlet as there is no appropriate MEGA / JADIS box for platforms. The platforms range in size from 15m x 15m to 47m x 29m and stand up to 1.5m high. Sites 447 and 406 show good stretches of well built monumental sized limestone block walls but generally the purpose and function of the platforms and the extent of masonry is unclear. Sherd and artefact scatters were present on all of the platforms. It is of note that Site 447 has a large rock cut tomb (Site 446) underneath it on the east side. The tomb was inaccessible. While the preliminary interpretation is that the platforms may represent occupation sites it is equally possible, indeed perhaps more likely, that they may represent platforms for monumental structures, such as mausolea or temples. McCown noted that the road from Gerasa to Birketein, to which these platforms are adjacent, was a Via Sacra and was marked by the remains of hypogaea, mausolea and funerary temples of which standing columns, fragments of stone blocks and inscriptions remained in the late 1920s and 1930s. (McCown 1938, 159). All of the platforms should be assessed by trial excavation as a matter if urgency before development encroaches any further into the Wadi Deir. OTHER TYPES OF SITES Olive Presses and Wine Installations Only two definite olive oil presses and / or wine installations were identified by the survey, both in the Wadi Deir. The clear olive press installations are at Site 486 and Site 430 (see the reuse of site 486 in rock-cut tomb section). Sites 471 and 522 are also possible olive or wine presses but the sites require clearance and excavation so that they can be properly assessed. A further possible wine installation was noted at Site 204 in the NW where the edge of a plastered rectangular cut was just visible



above soil level. The project anticipates that olive and wine press installations will be more frequent further out from the ancient urban centre.

Plate 28: Olive press at site 486 Traditional Houses Seven traditional houses, including Sites 219, 225, 249 and 362, were noted during the survey although more are located inside the walled city. The surveyors were surprised to be told by local informants that several of these buildings, characterised by mud and straw mortar and plaster and traditional mud roofs, were often only c.60 years old. The building techniques exhibited in these buildings were in use for several centuries throughout the later Medieval and Ottoman period and seem only to have disappeared in the mid 20th century. The majority of the traditional houses date to the Circassian settlement of Jarash in the late 19th century. Due to the time involved in recording the traditional houses the project made a conscious decision to only note their presence with the one exception of Site 225, which was recorded in detail. These buildings are in general falling into advanced decay or partially demolished. It is important that the surviving traditional buildings of Jarash are recorded, protected and retained. They are an essential element of the history of Jarash and add much to the urban landscape.

Plate 29: Traditional House site 225



Agricultural Terraces Agricultural field terrace walls were noted in both the north Wadi Deir and the south Wadi Jarash and also in the occasional patches of open ground in the NW and E survey areas. Indeed, agricultural field terrace walls are a ubiquitous feature of the landscape around Jarash. Examples of the terrace walls in the south Wadi Jarash were recorded in detail at Sites 397 and 501 so that general observations could be made on reuse of Classical masonry, construction details etc. The terrace walls have been rebuilt on numerous occasions and a white earthenware pottery sherd of 19th century date was recovered from the soil profile under one of the terrace walls, Site 501, providing a terminus post quem for the construction of the wall. However, it is likely that the agricultural terrace walls have been rebuilt on many occasions over the last two millennia. Caves and Rock Shelters 11 cave or possible rock shelter sites were noted during the survey of the East side of the city. Several of these shad been revealed by new road cuttings. None of the sites located during the 2008 season were particularly convincing and indeed several of them may be natural solution holes within the limestone bedrock (see Geological Notes by Don Boyer). Type of Site 2005 2008 Total Quarries 31+ 45 76 Rock Cut Tombs 67 64 131 Rock Cut Graves 17 7 24 Mausolea 5 2 7 Sarcophagi 26 15 41 Inscriptions 8 3 11 Artefact Scatters 10 79 89 Caves / Rock Shelters 2 11 13 Traditional Houses 2 7 9 Mills and Water management 9 29 38 Architectural Fragments 34 98 132 Milestones 0 4 4 Olive / Wine Presses 0 5 5 Platforms 0 4 4 Monumental Structures 0 2 2 Other 16 20 36 Total Number Sites 227+ 395+ 622+ Figure 6. Table showing types and numbers of sites



DISCUSSION OF SURVEY RESULTS The survey has shown that intensive urban development on the east and southeast sides has destroyed many of the sites that could have been expected to be here, especially quarries, tombs and artefact scatters. This is in comparison to the kinds and numbers of sites noted to the W of the city in 2005 and the adjacent NW area surveyed in 2008. To the far east of the survey area E of the city, there was a fall in the number of sites, even artefact scatters, despite the fact that this was a more open area, indicating that we were reaching the outer limits of the activities of the inhabitants of Gerasa (such as burials, rubbish dumping and industries such as tile-making). The South Wadi Jarash with its mills and the Wadi Deir (North Wadi Jarash) were the areas with the greatest survival of least damaged sites, although it should be noted that development is already encroaching along the Wadi Deir from Jarash and will only increase. Wadi Deir contains evidence of one of the major water supplies to the Roman city and of monumental structures, both upstanding and represented by scatters of architectural fragments and inscriptions (some of which are the product of unmonitored construction in the last few years). The presence of such significant buildings is not surprising, given the importance of the road from Gerasa to Birketein and more were in evidence only 70 years ago (McCown 1938, 159). Rock-cut tombs of various kinds were present throughout the survey area (except on the alluvial plain of Wadi Deir), cut into the limestone scarps and terraces of the landscape. These tombs often overlooked roads out of Gerasa and, as has already been noted, the major tombs and mausolea are very close to these thoroughfares (Smadeh et al, 1992). The most distressing result of the 2008 survey was the observation that approximately 30% of the sites recorded in 2005 have since been destroyed or damaged with no intervention at any of them from the Department of Antiquities despite the recommendations of the 2005 report. THREATS TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE

• Development – house building, road building • Bulldozer work – indiscriminate use of bulldozers throughout the survey area • Tomb robbing • Afforestation – tree roots, including olive trees, will have caused damage to

underlying archaeological deposits • Deep ploughing • Erosion – disturbance of soil balance by new development may cause

increased soil erosion • Collapse of tombs due to inadequate consolidation of excavated / partially

excavated examples • Apathy



RECOMMENDATIONS The survey has revealed that ongoing development around the ancient city is causing archaeological sites to be destroyed with no archaeological record. Assessment of the sites recorded in the 2005 survey indicate that approximately 10% of the archaeological sites around Jarash are being destroyed every year. This is a shocking statistic. In order to preserve Jordan’s archaeological heritage the following recommendations should be implemented:

• It is strongly recommended that a Department of Antiquities representative is tasked with maintaining an ongoing watching brief of all development sites in Jarash. This would involve not only monitoring planning applications identifying new developments, but also making a tour of the area at least once a week to monitor areas of ground clearance and bulldozing so that archaeological sites may be excavated and recorded as they are uncovered and before they are destroyed.

• Excavation of sites identified as most under threat e.g. Site 449 to the east of the Octagonal Church; Sites 447, 405, 406 and 408 possible mausolea or temple platforms, all in the Wadi Deir. (All sites in the survey area are under threat).

• Development of an archaeological mitigation strategy based on the proposed Development Plan and JHS results to be implemented by the Governor and DoA.

• Clearance, restoration and fencing around mausoleum Site 469 • Clearance, restoration and fencing of the Octagonal Church in Wadi Deir (no

JHS site number) • Clearance, excavation and fencing of the subterranean tomb / house and olive

press Site 486. • Clearance, evaluation and restoration of Site 393, possible Roman mill. • Retrieval of milestone bases from Site 426, and collect the highly damaged

milestone from next to them, recorded as Site 427. • Surface collection required at Site 344. • Development excluded from areas of highest tomb density • Archaeological intervention – excavation – before any construction works

takes place or an archaeological watching brief of sites during development. • Collection of architectural fragments i.e. red granite columns (Sites 450) from

the field to the east of the Octagonal Church in the Wadi Deir • Preservation of archaeological and historical sites. Ottoman / Circassian

houses Sites 022, 122, 219, 225, 249 and 362 should be preserved. House Site 122 is already falling down and is partially demolished although there had been no further deterioration between 2005 and 2008. Site 225 is in decay, which will advance rapidly. Only nine traditional Ottoman / Circassian houses were located in the entire survey area and these should be preserved. These traditional houses are testament to the Ottoman and later 19th century Circassian settlement of Jarash and very few remain intact. The JHS survey did not work inside the City Walls where most of the traditional houses survive although it is apparent that many are in danger of collapse and demolition. A separate programme of work focussed on recording and



preserving the traditional houses of Jarash should be implemented as a matter of urgency.

• Excavation of intact or partially robbed tombs – Sites 230, 231, 436 • The water channel in the Wadi Deir (Site 400) is evidence of how water was

brought to the City from Birketein. We suggest that a short stretch (c. 10m – 15m) of this water channel, represented by scattered channel blocks Site 400.1-23, is reconstructed and preserved. The harvesting and management of water is a matter of vital importance to the existence and survival of the City and the evidence of how water was maintained should be preserved.

• Education. The majority of Jarash residents spoken to by the surveyors during the course of the field work believed that the visible remains within the Roman city walls was the extent of official archaeological interest. The majority of people would then acknowledge that yes there were tombs but the tombs were considered of little or no value, especially as they didn’t have gold in them. Very little value is apparently placed on the archaeological heritage unless it is a large, obvious and impressive monument. The number of bulldozered sarcophagi and Roman masonry and architectural fragments, particularly Site 462 and Site 389 indicates that archaeological remains such as these are considered an impediment during new developments and it is obviously quite acceptable to most people for them to be destroyed by bulldozers. Only a programme of education as to the value and importance of the archaeological heritage can address this problem. The past belongs to everyone and is everyone’s heritage but the destruction of the physical remains of the past suggests that the residents of Jarash do not consider they have any ownership of their past despite the favourable impact of tourism on the local economy.

• Money. The majority of Jarash residents were concerned that if we did find archaeological remains on their land the land may be confiscated from them by the Department of Antiquities / The Government without sufficient recompense. There does not appear to be a suitable financial compensation system in place. Rather than confiscation of land, perhaps a system could be implemented whereby a fee is paid to the land-owner who wishes to develop his land, if an archaeological investigation or excavation needs to be carried out in advance of development. Under the threat of losing their land it is not surprising that the majority of people will not report any archaeological discoveries but seek to conceal them instead. The lack of adequate compensation for land which the Department of Antiquities may wish to acquire is perhaps the main contributing factor to the destruction of the archaeological heritage at Jarash and elsewhere in Jordan.

• Planning control. While there is a Development Plan for Jarash that is apparently being adhered to in how and where the development along the west side of the city is progressing there is apparently no effective mechanism of planning control. It appears that if a person owns the land they can build on it when they wish without seeking any further permission despite the formal procedures that are supposed to be in place. Until planning legislation and control is introduced it will be almost impossible to monitor development and its impact on archaeological sites.



CONCLUSIONS

• Prehistoric archaeological sites are not visible – perhaps compromised by Roman quarrying and later activity

• Probably only about 50% of the archaeological sites are visible due to slopewash and soil dumps from bulldozers, field terraces and natural soil accumulation processes

• Site density suggests that between 300 and 1000 archaeological sites have probably been destroyed by construction work. All sites on the hill top plateau on the west of the city have been destroyed or severely compromised by modern development. Sites on the east side of the city have also been severely compromised by development but it is difficult to estimate how many sites may have been destroyed due to the already developed urban nature of this area.

• Extensive quarrying and reuse or adaptation of quarries for tombs is common through out the surveyed area

• Farms and agricultural production – olive oil and wine presses, farms etc are largely absent from the survey results except in the Wadi Deir but we believe this is due to the proximity of the survey area to the City walls and agricultural features will be located further out from the city.

• An extensive Roman cemetery and probably also Byzantine cemeteries are present west and east of the city and probably also along the limestone outcrops along the edge of Wadi Deir.

• Industrial activities located outside the city wall are suggested by Sites 094 and 523.

PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER WORK

• Continuation of field survey to identify sites in the Jarash City area (10 square km area). It would probably take a further four survey seasons of three weeks duration to complete this.

• Excavation of identified sites that are directly under threat or of high significance

• Use of ground scanning radar / geophysical prospecting to try and locate tombs not visible on the surface. An initial season of assessment of the hillslope to the S and W of tomb Site 100 is recommended, where Sites 095 and 098 suggest other mausolea may be present.

• Identification of research topics – e.g. Tomb typology; geophysical applications; kiln site – pottery typology, etc.

• Obtain a colour copy of The Jordan Urban Regeneration and Tourism Development Plans for the City of Jarash March 2004 Scott Wilson for Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.

• Obtain a map showing land owned by Department of Antiquities. • Ina Kehrberg is expected to study the 2008 season ceramics in the next few

months, probably 2009. Therefore, they have been left in the Department of Antiquities store at Jarash



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The JHS Team are grateful to Dr Fawwaz al Khraysheh, Director of the Department of Antiquities of the HK of Jordan for his approval and support. The Team wish to offer their most sincere thanks to Mr Abd al-Majeed Mujalli, Head of Restoration at Jarash who acted as the Department of Antiquities representative to the project for all of his invaluable practical assistance, expertise and kind hospitality. Thanks are also due to His Excellency the Governor of Jarash; and to Abu Abila, Jarash Inspector of Antiquities. The Team would also like to thank the people of Jarash for their hospitality and assistance during fieldwork. The JHS project is directed by Prof David Kennedy, Professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Western Australia and Fiona Baker, Director of Firat Archaeological Services Ltd, Scotland. The team members are Paul Sharman (Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology) surveyor; David ‘Rat’ Connolly (Connolly Heritage Consultancy) who dealt with mapping and created the database; Andrew Card, Anne Poepjes, Don Boyer and Ann Boyer (University of Western Australia) field surveyors and Margaret Struckmeier (Connolly Heritage Consultancy) surveyor and finds processing and cataloguing and Naomi Poepjes (data entry). Ina Kehrberg is the finds and pottery specialist. The Project is funded by private donation from Mr Don Boyer for which the team is very grateful and also in part by the University of Western Australia. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Map: UTM Sheet 36 Jarash, 1:50,000 Sheet 31541 Series K737 Edition 3-DMA, 1977. Grid Zone 36S.

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Abu Dayyeh, A S & Ulayan, Y 2004 ‘Historical and Archaeological Study on Olive Oil Production in Antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean in Light of the Abdun Press Installation’, SHAJ VIII (2004), 29-39. DoA, Amman.

Abujaber, R S 1995 ‘Water Collection in a Dry Farming Society’, SHAJ V (1995), 737-744. DoA, Amman.

Agusta-Boularot, S, Mujjali, A & Seigne, J 1998 ‘Un “nouveau” Gouverneur d’Arabie sur un Milliaire inedit de la Voie Gerasa/Adraa’, Melanges de L’Ecole Francaise de Rome: Antiquite 110 (1998.1), 243-260.

Browning I 1982 Jerash and the Decapolis Chatto and Windus, London

Fisher, C S 1938 ‘Description of the Site’ in Kraeling 1938, 11-26.

Fisher, C S 1938 ‘Tombs: the South-West Cemetery,’ in Kraeling 1938, 549-571.

Flanagan, J W & McCreery, D W 1995 'Location of GPS Antenna at ACOR Trimble Pathfinder Community Base Station' in the website of the excavations at Tell Nimrin, South Shuna, Jordan. The web address is http://www.cwru.edu/affil/nimrin/menu/nimrin.htm. The precise location is



http://www.cwru.edu/affil/nimrin/data/geol/g95_0002.pdf

Gardiner, M & McQuitty, A 1987 ‘A water-mill in Wadi El Arab, North Jordan and Water Mill Development’, PEQ 119.1 (1987), 24-32.

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Glueck, N 1951 ‘Explorations in eastern Palestine IV’, AMSOR XXV-XXVIII (1945-49). ASOR, New Haven, Connecticut.

Greene, J A 1995 ‘The Water Mills of the Ajlun-Kufranja Valley: the Relationship of Technology, Society and Settlement’, SHAJ V (1995), 757-765. DoA, Amman.

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Hirschfeld Y 2004 ‘A climatic change n the early Byzantine period? Some archaeological evidence.’ PEQ 136, 133-149.

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Kennedy, D 2004 ‘Settlement in the Jarash Basin and its Wider Context: A Proposal for Fieldwork and a Research Project to Interpret and Explain Settlement and Landuse in North-West Jordan’, SHAJ VIII (2004), 197-215., DoA, Amman.

Kennedy D L 2007 Gerasa and the Decapolis: A Virtual Island in Northwest Jordan. Duckworth, London

Khouri R 1986 Jerash: A frontier city of the Roman East. Longman.

Kirkbride, D V W 1958 ‘Notes on a Survey of Pre-Roman Archaeological Sites near Jerash’, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 1 (1958), 9-20. London.

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Leonard, A 1987 ‘The Jarash – Tell El-Husn Highway Survey’, ADAJ 31 (1987), 343-390.

McCown, C C 1938 ‘The Festival Theatre at the Birketein’, in Kraeling 1938, 159-167.

McQuitty, A 1995 ‘Water-Mills in Jordan: Technology, Typology, Dating and Development’, SHAJ V (1995), 745-751. DoA, Amman.

Mortensen, P 1993 'The Archaeological Mapping of sites in the Mount Nebo Area. The 1993 Survey' pp.462-3 in Ricerca Storico-Archeologica In Giordania XIII, 1993.

Parapetti, R 1985 ‘Jerash-Gerasa: Urban Environment of Two Antagonistic Towns’, SHAJ II (1985), 243-247. DoA, Amman.

Rogan, E L 1995 ‘Reconstructing Water Mills in Late Ottoman Transjordan’, SHAJ V (1995), 685-691. DoA, Amman.



Shami, S 1992 ‘19th Century Circassian Settlements in Jordan’, SHAJ IV (1992), 417-421. DoA, Amman.

Smadeh, M, Rasson, A-M & Seigne, J 1992 ‘Fouille de Sauvetage dans La Necropole Nord-Ouest de Jerash’, ADAJ 36 (1992), 261-279.

Smadi, M & Melhem, I 1997 ‘An Olive Press at Khirbat Zuqrit / Jarash’, ADAJ 41 (1997), 5-12 Arabic section.

Watson, P 2004 ‘Cultural Identity and Wine Production in Northern Jordan’, SHAJ VIII (2004), 485-502. DoA, Amman.

Younker, R W 1995 ‘Balanophagy and the Bedrock Industries of Ancient Jordan’, SHAJ V (1995), 685-691. DoA, Amman.



CONTACT ADDRESSES Director Professor David Kennedy, BA (Manchester), D. Phil (Oxford), FSA, FAHA M205, Classics and Ancient History School of Humanities University of Western Australia WA Australia E: [email protected] Tel: + 61- 8-6488-2150 Fax: + 61 -8-6488-1182 Co-Director Fiona Baker Firat Archaeological Services Ltd Hillcroft Station Road Rhu, by Helensburgh G84 8LW Scotland E: [email protected] Tel: 00 44 436 820 334 David Connolly, Paul Sharman, Margaret Struckmeier all c/o Fiona Baker Anne Poepjes, Naomi Poepjes, Don Boyer, Andrew Card and Ann Boyer all c/o David Kennedy Dr Ina Kehrberg Department of Archaeology University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia E: [email protected] Tel: +61 2 90365 5022 HK of Jordan Department of Antiquities representative Abd al-Majeed Mujalli PO Box 88, Amman 11181 Jordan E: [email protected] Tel: 00 962 795 610 852



COMMENTS & INITIAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE JHS08 SURFACE COLLECTIONS by Margaret Struckmeier The Jarash Hinterland Survey 2008 (JHS08) was a continuation of the assessment and characterisation project started in 2005. Due to the different types of landscape encountered in this survey varying approaches were taken to ceramic and artefact collection. In the mainly built-up area east of the City Wall ceramic, artefact and flint collections were carried out around associated sites, particularly in the environs of tombs. Area collections were also carried out on the few remaining orchard fields that are to be found in this now mostly developed part of Jarash. Most of the other open areas in this sector were waste ground or had been used for dumping, therefore it was decided that these were too contaminated for collection to take place. A potential site for further investigation lies within the old Circassian graveyard (Site 390). A dump of monumental masonry, earth and artefacts (Site 389) is located almost adjacent to the east City Wall. The assemblage retrieved from here may represent a significant structure, now destroyed, and it contains an unusually high concentration of tesserae (Bags 470 & 588, Crate 13) as well as two glass tesserae (Bag 589, Crate 20). A large pottery assemblage was collected (Crate 15) which, taken in conjunction with the associated architectural fragments, strongly suggests a building of some importance. In the southern Wadi Jarash a higher concentration of ceramics was present in the terraced fields due to the more open nature of the landscape. However, it should be noted that this area would most probably be affected by slope wash and the introduction of soil for terracing purposes. Wadi Deir (Wadi Jarash north) revealed three interesting areas of pick up to the east of the Jarash to Birketein road. The first of these areas represented a collection in the orchard (Site 449) directly to the east of the remains of the Octagonal Church. This orchard revealed an assortment of marble fragments (Bags 530 – 534, Crate 13) which have now been assessed by geologist, Don Boyer. There is a strong possibility that these fragments would have been used as flooring material (Opus Sectile) within the Octagonal Church itself. The second notable area (Site 444) lies to the north of the Octagonal Church. This artefact scatter revealed a remarkably rich ceramic assemblage considering the small field that it was collected from. This field lay adjacent to a large platform with a tomb underneath it (Site 447), which may represent a farm or villa site. Apart from the large amount of pottery from this site (Bags 400 – 406, Crate 13), no other artefacts apart from three tesserae were found. A third area of interest was represented by ceramic and artefact collections potentially associated with the foundations of two structures (Sites 405 & 406), possibly Roman



agricultural buildings, and later re-built by the Circassians. Both collections revealed similar ceramic and artefact assemblages, including tesserae and Roman glass (Site 405, Bags 329 – 333 & 381 – 382; Site 406, Bags 340 – 342, 379, 380 & 389 – 393), although it should be noted that Site 406 has been used as a modern dump. To the west of the Jerash to Birketein road it was decided, where possible, to collect from every field. There were some exceptions to this as there were intensive vegetable allotments and a few locked orchards with no access. Over this whole stretch, two sites were identified as especially noteworthy. The first came from the west end of an orchard (sherd scatter Site 494) which contained a high concentration of tesserae (Bag 695, Crate 13). This may be associated with Site 495 nearby, comprising two large piles of stones, some dressed, and an area of smaller rubble throughout the soil in the surrounding area. Abd al-Majeed Mujalli also confirmed that this was the site of an inscription, retrieved some time before by the Department of Antiquities (DOA). Site 495 may be the site f a temple. The second and most intriguing site was sherd and artefact scatter Site 523, lying mainly within the boundary of a small terraced orchard with recently built terrace walls. This site contained a variety of ceramic sherds (Bags 576 - 582, 684 - 687, Crate 19) of different types and periods, including many large Ummayad bowl sherds and one fragment of a Jarash bowl (Bag 581). Three kiln wasters were identified also (Bags 582 & 691, Crate 19). Thirty-three tesserae were also collected along with clay tiles, basalt rubbers, marble, glass and one fragment of mother of pearl, which may be an inlay. (Bags 573 – 575, 688 in Crate 19; Bags 583-585, 689 and 690 in Crate 13 and Bags 586 and 587 in Crate 20). At the time it was decided not to do a gridded pick-up from this area until the assemblage had been looked at more closely by Ina Kehrberg. The area to the north-west of the City Wall represented a continuation of the 2005 survey. Having returned first of all to assess the condition of the Necropolis (Sites 43 – 63) it was decided after seeing evidence of further tomb robbing that Site 44 should have a further pick up. The majority of the ceramics retrieved from the robber’s upcast were of the same Late Roman/Early Byzantine storage jar type with a gypsum coating that had been collected in 2005. A cistern in the northwest area located in the garden of a private house and now used as a family rubbish dump (Site 251) could potentially reveal some interesting dating information. Excavated by DoA workmen, it was found to contain an in situ ceramic water pipe, complete with lead filter (Bag 837, Crate 11) and two complete grey clay square tiles (Bag 838, Crate 11). Numerous ceramics were also excavated from the cistern as was a Roman coin (Bag 843, Crate 20) but all these finds are part of the later backfilling of the cistern, which shows two phases of use. The final site of interest in the northwest area was a large orchard with a partially collapsed area of terrace wall (Site 204). This wall had many pottery sherds within it and also in its collapse on to the lower terrace, where more large sherds were collected (Bag 243 – 246 & 248, Crate 14), including one kiln tile with glaze on it (Bag 247, Crate 14). A further collection was undertaken on the lower level (Site 263) where four kiln wasters were found (Bag 284, Crate 15) and an adjacent Site



254, also an artefact scatter also contained a substantial amount of pottery (Bags 269- 273, Crate 14). Flint also formed part of the collection policy over the whole survey area. It was found that the flint and chert (lower silica content) was predominately debitage with a few cores and very few tools. Given the large amount of construction work that has taken place around Jarash it is becoming more difficult to find sites that have very little contamination. A number of fields in Wadi Deir seem to have had new soil spread on them and as a result of terracing around newly built houses, soil has been moved around, making it difficult to ascertain whether the ceramics and artefacts are still in situ. Many open areas have already been scarped out in advance of road building and construction work, leaving little or no artefacts to collect. Ceramics were extracted from a soil profile (Site 475) at a development site on the west side of the Jarash to Birketein road. The uppermost metre of deposit was

recently redeposited soil from the building site immediately to the east, which overlay c. 1m depth of in situ rendzina soil. A local man showed the survey team a complete flask of late Roman/early Byzantine date that had been recovered from this construction site. The flask was photographed (opposite) but not retained. The 2008 collection has been archived and is stored in the DoA finds store room at Jarash, while the 2005 collection is in the French Store at the Archaeological Camp. Ina Kehrberg will study the collection on her return to Jordan in January 2009.



SUMMARY OF DR INA KEHRBERG’S PRELIMINARY ARTEFACT REPORT ON JHS05 SEASON SURFACE COLLECTION Dr Ina Kehrberg has undertaken a preliminary assessment of the JHS05 surface collections. The basic typological and chronological database has been completed for each site but more detailed analyses will be undertaken on completion of all survey seasons when the project is brought to publication. However, some initial comments and observations on the 2005 season finds can be made and the following is a summary of Dr Kehrberg’s preliminary assessment. 2354 diagnostic sherds and 68 small finds (glass, marble and 2 coins) were collected in the JHS05 season as well as 3 large crates of pottery slag and wasters from Site 94. Overall c.3000 artefacts form a reasonable basis for quantitative analyses. The majority of the sherds and small finds fit typologically into pre-Islamic periods but three distinctly defined chronological clusters of assemblages have been identified.

• Site 094 (a dense sherd scatter including many wasters) belongs to the Late Byzantine - Umayyad period, possibly focussed in the late 6th and early 7th century although further analyses is required to refine the initial assessment.

• Site 42.2 contains an even scatter of Late Hellenistic to Late Byzantine sherds in keeping with the other earlier sites but also has a reasonable number of Mamluke and other Late Islamic plain pottery, including a large number of pottery sherd tools, that could equally be dated to the Ottoman period.

• The third defined chronological cluster is the largest, fitting within the Late Roman to Late Byzantine periods of the city, roughly dating from the earlier 3rd to the earlier 7th century AD. Sites from this category include Sites 16, 21, 44 and 220, as well as Sites 74, 75 and 133 – 138 (which are all hypogaea), which represent Late Roman and Late Byzantine dates indicating two separate periods of deposition.

The broadest spectrum of equally represented generic pottery types range from the Late Hellenistic, Early Roman, Roman, Late Roman and Early Byzantine period and include the imports Late Hellenistic Grey Ware, Rhodian amphorae fragments, Eastern Terra Sigillata and African Red Slip wares. These are not evenly spread throughout the survey area and dominate in clusters at separate sites such as Sites 107, 132, 139-144, 93, 115, 5, 57, 84, 25 and 100. Pre-dating these sites are Site 93 with predominantly Late Hellenistic and early Roman sherds of the end 2nd century to 1st century BC – 1st century AD and Site 107, which is predominantly Early Roman and Roman or 1st – 2nd century AD. In summary, the surface collection reflects that the Jarash hinterland has been occupied at various locations and at varying degrees from the Late Hellenistic to the Islamic period. A few Iron Age sherds were also collected but the earliest periods seem to focus on the Late Hellenistic – Roman necropolis phase and early urban spread, followed by a geographical and chronological shifting into Late Antiquity concentrating on three major cultural groups, those of the Late Roman and Early Byzantine; the end of the Byzantine and Early Islamic / Umayyad period and a final



small concentration of the Late Islamic period. This pattern reflects the pattern within the walled city of Gerasa and later Jarash. INA KEHRBERG CHRONOLOGICAL NOTE

Standard Jordanian Chronology of the Classical Periods relevant to the history of the site

Early Roman (including Nabataean 63 BC – AD 135)

EROM I 63-37 BC (also referred to as Late Hellenistic, depending on the nature of the context and deposit)

ER II 37-4 BC (ditto)

ER III 4 BC-AD 73

ER IV AD 73-135

Late Roman (AD135-324)

LROM I ca 135-193 (My definition ‘Roman’ is used throughout for post-AD 135 second century contexts and deposits in order to stress their essential Roman cultural nature, the first and second being the main centuries for urban planning and construction of Classical Roman Gerasa)

LR II 193-235

LR III 235-284

LR IV 284-324

Early Byzantine (AD 324 – 491)

EBYZ I 324-363

EB II 363-392

EB III 392-450

EB IV 450-491

Late Byzantine (AD 491 – 640)

LBYZ I ca 491- 527

LB II 527-565

LB III 565-614

LB IV 614-ca 640

BYZ given to artefacts where tighter definition is not possible L/BYZ-UM ditto: mainly for glass (standard reference for 6-8th c. plain glass)

and pottery body sherds of coarse ware [storage jars, basins, etc] and some common ware jars



SUMMARY PRESS RELEASE FOR MUNJAZAT Site Name: Jarash Project name: Jarash Hinterland Survey Duration: 6 – 25 September 2008 Number of Workmen: 0 Cost of Project: 2700JD Sponsors: Mr Don Boyer and University of Western Australia, affiliated to CBRL Directors: Dr David Kennedy and Fiona Baker DoA Representative: Mr Abd al Mujeed Mujalli The Jarash Hinterland Survey completed the second season of a multi-season project with the objective of surveying a 10 km sq area centred on the ancient city of Gerasa during September 2008. The area surveyed included the urbanised east side of the ancient city, outside the city walls, part of the south Wadi Jarash and the north Wadi Deir as far as Birketein and an urbanised area to the NW of the ancient city. The total area now covered by the survey amounts to 2.5sq km and now encircles the ancient city. A total of 625 sites have been recorded. Urban development and expansion is happening at a rapid pace at Jarash and the objectives of the survey, in response to this rapid development, are to record the archaeological sites of the Gerasa hinterland before they are destroyed by development and to contribute this information to our understanding of Gerasa . Sites that were recorded in 2005 were revisited to determine survival rates and over 30% of site recorded just three years ago have been destroyed. This indicates that the archaeological sites outside the ancient city wall are being destroyed at a rate of 10% per year. The survey identified several significant sites including a bulldozered monumental structure on the site of the new Medical Centre outside the North Gate of Gerasa. Two Greek inscriptions were recovered from the bulldozer spoil as well as several fine architectural fragments and Mr Mujalli is continuing salvage works at this site, which may be the site of the Temple of Nemesis. No archaeological monitoring or intervention was carried out before or during the construction of the Medical Centre. A further monumental structure also now represented as a bulldozer heap of architectural fragments including red granite column and a total of 16 columns, tesserae and pottery was located at the Circassian cemetery immediately adjacent to the Jarash Ladies Society from where it probably originated. Over 100 fine quality architectural and sarcophagus fragments were located in all survey areas around the city on bulldozer dumps and on waste ground or re-used in later walls. A weathered and defaced bas relief of three figures was located above the entrance to a hypogeaum tomb. In the Wadi Deir the scattered remains of the water channels that brought water to Gerasa were recorded along with four olive / wine press installations and two possible mills. Two mills were recorded in the south Wadi Jarash, one of them possibly Roman in origin.



Over 75 rock cut tombs were located, some of them robbed only recently and a few that may still be intact. Four distinctive artificial platforms located in the Wadi Deir may be platforms for mausolea or funerary temples or perhaps even farmsteads. Some 45 quarry sites and around 20 cisterns were also located throughout the survey area. Seven traditional houses of late 19th – early 20th century date were recorded by the project and a separate project to record these fast disappearing structures should be undertaken and indeed the traditional houses should be restored and preserved. A new Roman Milestone was located and recovered near to the three previously reported in 1998 one Roman mile N of Gerasa and all four milestones have been recovered for safe keeping by the Department of Antiquities. The NW necropolis of Gerasa where a highly elaborate Palmyrene style tomb and other high status tombs were first recorded in 1992 has suffered further bulldozer damage, levelling and robbing despite the 2005 recommendations that this site be given immediate protection. While the survey has been successful in identifying many new sites we think only c. 50% are visible due to soil build up. It is also very depressing work to find significant archaeological sites destroyed by development with no archaeological intervention in advance or during new construction works. We urge the Department of Antiquities to introduce a system where all new excavation and development works are evaluated by archaeologists in advance of and monitored during development.

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SITE LIST JHS 05 and JHS 08 Site List and Coordinates UTM Zone 36S Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772638.1316 3573779.878 001 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772059.1057 3574162.271 002.1 99) Sarcophagus 772068.7238 3574190.277 003 71) Quarry 772053.1096 3574209.834 004.1 71) Quarry 772050.0736 3574217.522 004.2 99) Sarcophagus 772088.3484 3574231.871 005.1 D5) Wall 772088.3484 3574231.871 005.1 D5) Wall 771965.1793 3574218.565 006.1 88) Grave 771959.7433 3574420.418 007.1 88) Grave 771934.4218 3574415.296 008 87) Hypogaeum 771940.6130 3574395.485 009.1 grave 771888.1484 3574452.896 010 87) Hypogaeum 771892.0369 3574448.561 011 88) Grave 771892.7204 3574353.130 012.1 87) Hypogaeum 771857.7741 3574495.364 013.1 87) Hypogaeum 771940.7218 3574496.488 014 52) Cistern 771925.7384 3574562.677 015 65) Cairn 771898.8314 3574546.414 016.1 87) Hypogaeum 771882.8730 3574543.765 017.1 52) Cistern 771906.7741 3574566.606 018 71) Quarry 771827.0119 3574552.250 019 71) Quarry 771432.3268 3574817.993 021 87) Hypogaeum 771785.5142 3574657.682 022 24) Isolated Structure/House 771857.2466 3574725.096 023 71) Quarry 771867.2064 3574705.386 024 87) Hypogaeum 772098.3498 3574630.591 025 88) Grave 772056.3236 3574650.546 026 71) Quarry 772131.3879 3574629.261 027.1 88) Grave 771427.1803 3574798.987 028.1 87) Hypogaeum 771433.0721 3574790.266 029.1 87) Hypogaeum 771424.7711 3574783.384 030.1 52) Cistern 771433.7938 3574833.571 032 99) Sarcophagus 771460.2591 3574936.392 033 71) Quarry 771214.2989 3574791.047 034 71) Quarry 771473.2057 3574875.696 035 22) Cave/Shelter 771944.0510 3574722.994 036.1 87) Hypogaeum 771945.9952 3574720.827 036.2 99) Sarcophagus 771815.0457 3574821.630 037 87) Hypogaeum 771790.0871 3574873.123 038.1 87) Hypogaeum 771760.3113 3574893.409 039 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771732.0956 3574995.869 040 97) Tombstone 771755.8130 3574955.441 041 C1) Other or Unspecified Inscription 771782.0454 3574961.697 042.1 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771782.0454 3574961.697 042.1 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 771899.0878 3574957.079 042.2 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771899.0878 3574957.079 042.2 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771598.8718 3575952.334 043 94) Mausoleum 771636.5264 3575954.458 044 94) Mausoleum 771616.6227 3575958.361 046 71) Quarry 771589.9451 3575968.742 047.1 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771573.9890 3575966.093 048 87) Hypogaeum 771615.1264 3575943.893 050.1 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771622.7230 3575941.877 052 87) Hypogaeum 771623.1409 3575926.350 053.1 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771651.3278 3575894.922 054.1 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771662.9915 3575881.917 055 71) Quarry 771666.8662 3575913.098 056 87) Hypogaeum 771550.4064 3575966.569 057 87) Hypogaeum 771571.1158 3575932.719 058 87) Hypogaeum 771548.6714 3575960.973 059 87) Hypogaeum 771543.3470 3575948.621 060 87) Hypogaeum 771629.1518 3575913.193 061 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771552.4270 3575996.590 062 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771560.9358 3575995.709 063 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771858.1549 3574971.515 064 71) Quarry 771834.6894 3574967.554 065 65) Cairn 771863.7320 3574939.479 066.1 71) Quarry 771863.7320 3574939.479 066.1 71) Quarry 771784.7825 3574965.100 066.1 71) Quarry 771845.6210 3574946.760 066.2 87) Hypogaeum 771806.3470 3574934.604 067.1 D5) Wall 771806.3470 3574934.604 067.1 D5) Wall 771807.6475 3574921.320 067.2 D5) Wall 771807.6475 3574921.320 067.2 D5) Wall 771790.6481 3575027.412 068 88) Grave 771777.8323 3575048.155 069 71) Quarry 771811.9471 3575076.820 071 88) Grave 771806.9674 3575086.675 072.1 71) Quarry 771816.3893 3575086.929 072.2 87) Hypogaeum 771943.6153 3575089.245 073 87) Hypogaeum 771811.7546 3575118.991 074.1 87) Hypogaeum 771821.9395 3575125.924 074.2 87) Hypogaeum 771817.1987 3575126.906 074.3 87) Hypogaeum 771826.5310 3575130.487 075 87) Hypogaeum 771805.8327 3575128.820 076 99) Sarcophagus 771804.9370 3575162.093 077 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771810.5602 3575163.354 078.1 87) Hypogaeum 771810.5602 3575163.354 078.2 87) Hypogaeum 771792.3468 3575209.479 079 71) Quarry 771783.6283 3575218.123 080 99) Sarcophagus 771769.1075 3575232.161 081 87) Hypogaeum 771852.5540 3575144.507 082 87) Hypogaeum 771863.0673 3575139.240 083 87) Hypogaeum



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 771863.7706 3575148.138 084 87) Hypogaeum 771839.5888 3575170.795 085 87) Hypogaeum 771855.6358 3575170.117 086 87) Hypogaeum 771816.9630 3575205.702 087 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771883.9312 3575169.769 088 71) Quarry 771883.9312 3575169.769 089 87) Hypogaeum 771877.2898 3575136.294 090.1 87) Hypogaeum 771879.3832 3575128.581 090.2 71) Quarry 771876.7956 3575119.632 091.1 87) Hypogaeum 771884.8273 3575136.497 092 97) Tombstone 771909.0852 3575146.029 093 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771934.3955 3575326.513 094 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771934.3955 3575326.513 094.1 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771950.1475 3575476.772 094.2 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771844.1779 3575490.566 094.3 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771889.3554 3575458.486 094.4 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771891.2161 3575214.361 095 94) Mausoleum 771893.7738 3575224.419 096 99) Sarcophagus 771904.2872 3575219.152 097 99) Sarcophagus 771903.0463 3575230.218 098 94) Mausoleum 771931.0267 3575206.554 099.1 97) Tombstone 771911.3006 3575203.803 099.2 099 771912.3486 3575234.908 100 94) Mausoleum 771914.8465 3575247.184 101 99) Sarcophagus 771931.1623 3575236.525 102 99) Sarcophagus 771904.3033 3575253.559 103 99) Sarcophagus 771874.2262 3574829.883 104 87) Hypogaeum 771935.6342 3575245.524 105 D5) Wall 771902.1800 3575262.381 106 59) Milestone ? 771914.7432 3575286.027 107 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 771810.3739 3575345.370 109 87) Hypogaeum 771722.4333 3575249.773 110 87) Hypogaeum 771701.5860 3575253.651 111 99) Sarcophagus 771719.0060 3575201.955 112 99) Sarcophagus 771636.4433 3575046.569 113 87) Hypogaeum 771620.9721 3575166.021 114.1 87) Hypogaeum 771621.7054 3575173.810 114.2 88) Grave 771639.3085 3575185.382 115.1 87) Hypogaeum 771617.0243 3575172.574 116 87) Hypogaeum 771735.6462 3575109.173 117 87) Hypogaeum 771657.9304 3575229.169 118 99) Sarcophagus 771652.3370 3575226.798 119.1 88) Grave 771658.7831 3575232.521 119.2 71) Quarry 771654.9675 3575199.122 120 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 771608.8476 3575231.178 122 24) Isolated Structure/House 771751.6442 3575320.482 123 87) Hypogaeum 771531.2006 3575664.163 124.1 87) Hypogaeum 771523.3055 3575677.270 125 87) Hypogaeum 771676.8662 3575541.556 126 D5) Wall



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 771684.6254 3575498.479 127 D5) Wall 771771.5558 3575456.424 128 B3) Greek Inscription 771903.0900 3575648.647 129 71) Quarry 771798.6537 3575815.647 130.1 99) Sarcophagus 771734.1781 3575654.087 131 71) Quarry 772066.2742 3575610.868 132 87) Hypogaeum 771993 3575707 133 87) Hypogaeum 771993 3575707 134 87) Hypogaeum 771993 3575707 135 87) Hypogaeum 771993 3575707 136 87) Hypogaeum 771993 3575707 137 87) Hypogaeum 771993 3575707 138 87) Hypogaeum 771955 3575704 139 87) Hypogaeum 771955 3575704 140 87) Hypogaeum 771955 3575704 141 87) Hypogaeum 771955 3575704 142 87) Hypogaeum 771955 3575704 143 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 771955 3575704 144 77) Other Industrial Installations 771832.2366 3575688.914 145.1 22) Cave/Shelter 771967.6669 3575771.364 200 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772106.9385 3575886.107 201 71) Quarry 772129.6383 3575743.543 202 99) Sarcophagus 772129.6383 3575743.543 202 87) Hypogaeum 772129.7280 3575740.216 203 44) Agricultural Terrace 772129.7280 3575740.216 203 03) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Main Presence 772112.8294 3575737.540 204 52) Cistern

772105.3222 3575736.228 205 83) Rock-Cut Tomb (Simple Entrance or Dr

772105.3222 3575736.228 205

83) Rock-Cut Tomb (Simple Entrance or Dr

772164.9309 3575763.363 206


772150.0154 3575785.047 207 Tunnel 772150.3504 3575779.618 208 71) Quarry 772157.6781 3575787.585 209 99) Sarcophagus 772167.0695 3575788.948 210 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772201.6920 3575819.627 211 71) Quarry 772292.2217 3575937.719 212 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772292.2217 3575937.719 212 52) Cistern 772298.5472 3575947.879 213 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772282.1123 3575962.974 214 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772286.5237 3575974.192 215 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772286.0749 3575990.828 216 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772296.7672 3575978.908 217 Architectural Fragment 772333.9884 3575962.154 218 D5) Wall 772306.8911 3575988.060 219 24) Isolated Structure/House 772283.7119 3576008.523 220 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772239.8369 3575957.394 221 71) Quarry 772333.8089 3575968.808 222 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772300.8195 3576003.435 223 71) Quarry 773149.5023 3575823.256 224 71) Quarry 772908.9838 3575896.663 225 24) Isolated Structure/House 772805.0718 3575799.512 226 22) Cave/Shelter


772831.0234 3575711.422 228 71) Quarry 772801.9198 3575741.712 229 71) Quarry 772804.6264 3575746.225 230 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772804.3266 3575757.316 231 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772800.4082 3575762.759 232 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772798.5239 3575762.709 233 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772808.9773 3575759.661 234 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772806 3575803 235 82) Rock Cut Shaft Tomb 772806 3575810 236 82) Rock Cut Shaft Tomb 772806 357595 237 82) Rock Cut Shaft Tomb 772806 3575803 238 83) Rock Cut Tomb 772806 3575810 239 82) Rock Cut Shaft Tomb 772806 3575803 240 88) Grave 772801.8340 3575675.116 241 22) Cave/Shelter 772731.7929 3575545.585 242 17) Tower 772750.8589 3575572.738 243 D5) Wall 772784.1210 3575528.131 244


772787.0374 3575524.880 245 B3) Greek Inscription 773208.1362 3575851.480 246


773208.1362 3575851.480 246


773119.6256 3575289.695 247


773088.4736 3575291.072 248


773088.4736 3575291.072 248


772955.6986 3575319.668 249 24) Isolated Structure/House 772064.2497 3575738.451 250 71) Quarry 772046.7232 3575752.074 251 52) Cistern 772046.7232 3575752.074 251


772096.8284 3575771.516 252


772148.7054 3575770.694 253 52) Cistern 772143.3365 3575725.044 254 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772135.5901 3575732.605 255 71) Quarry


772133.5264 3575739.208 256 D5) Wall



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772133.5264 3575739.208 256


772127.8736 3575739.056 257


772109.1804 3575733.002 258 52) Cistern 772113.0087 3575730.886 259 Architectural Fragment 772120.1120 3575712.209 260


772126.6471 3575714.605 261 99) Sarcophagus 772121.9066 3575715.587 262 Architectural Fragment 772139.8669 3575713.852 263 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772228.8315 3575736.229 264 71) Quarry 772223.9114 3575743.865 265 62) Animal Pen 772278.5699 3575779.746 266 71) Quarry 772312.8756 3575766.243 267 71) Quarry 772329.9537 3575762.264 268 Architectural Fragment 772323.1048 3575736.552 269 24) Isolated Structure/House 772365.7092 3575799.856 270


772364.8569 3575796.503 271 B1) Arabic Inscription 772363.5556 3575809.786 272 82) Rock-Cut Shaft Tomb 772364.3781 3575814.248 273


772330.6718 3575735.646 274 52) Cistern 771922.5959 3575834.524 275 99) Sarcophagus 772206.3242 3576046.391 276


772985.2168 3575762.206 277 71) Quarry 772985.2168 3575762.206 277 83) Rock Cut Tomb


772926.1446 3575785.027 278 71) Quarry 772954.4862 3575748.057 279 71) Quarry 772954.4862 3575748.057 279


772963.6853 3575721.668 280 71) Quarry 772963.6853 3575721.668 280


772963.7453 3575719.450 281 71) Quarry 772963.7453 3575719.450 281


773055 3575662 282 71) Quarry 773066.4746 3575651.195 283


773066.4746 3575651.195 283 71) Quarry 773043.1664 3575665.881 284 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773064.4162 3575587.875 285 02) Sherd / Flint Scatter (Uncertain Pre



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 773071.1313 3575583.617 286 88) Grave 773081.4950 3575583.897 287


773080.4328 3575588.308 288


773084.0814 3575592.846 289 71) Quarry 773078.2484 3575599.348 290


773078.2184 3575600.457 291


773072.7924 3575692.987 292 Architectural Fragment 773004.0567 3575414.208 293

85) Burial Cave (Loculus / Arcosolium Ty

773038.6702 3575319.692 294


773149.8756 3575670.100 295 71) Quarry 773168.4067 3575647.293 296 71) Quarry 773169.7090 3575634.010 297 71) Quarry 773142.4585 3575665.459 298


773210.8334 3575647.332 299.1 88) Grave 773210.8334 3575647.332 299.2 A4) Statue / Sculpture / Bas-Relief 773210.8334 3575647.332 299.3 87) Hypogaeum 773230.1222 3575526.874 300


773316.2041 3575377.148 301 71) Quarry 773305.9602 3575372.431 302


773430.1632 3575625.523 303.1 71) Quarry 773441.0076 3575608.058 303.2 71) Quarry 773357.6096 3575693.482 304 71) Quarry 773353.0190 3575688.918 305


773353.0190 3575688.918 305 71) Quarry 773367.1812 3575688.191 306 71) Quarry 773651.6487 3575385.126 307 D5) Wall 773640.6733 3575372.619 308 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773316.0085 3575596.792 309 Architectural Fragment 773430.2482 3575413.533 310 Architectural Fragment 773292.8628 3575194.492 311 52) Cistern 773444.1973 3574933.323 312 71) Quarry 773415.2512 3574992.474 313 D5) Wall 773397.5517 3575054.149 314 52) Cistern 773428.8136 3575013.930 315 75) Kiln 773182.4225 3575129.349 316.1


773183.5448 3575122.720 316.2 22) Cave / Shelter 773191.2024 3575118.487 317 71) Quarry



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 773216.4081 3575058.125 318 Architectural Fragment 773192.9431 3575054.160 319 Architectural Fragment 773532.6756 3574939.050 320 22) Cave/Shelter 773518.6625 3574934.230 321 52) Cistern 773536.8179 3575064.581 322 22) Cave/Shelter 773474.9628 3575050.696 323 22) Cave/Shelter 773293.9045 3574947.012 324 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773271.5314 3574937.528 325.1 22) Cave/Shelter 773278.1270 3574937.706 325.2 22) Cave/Shelter 773286.7270 3574933.499 325.3 22) Cave/Shelter 773358.8418 3574812.252 326 71) Quarry 773356.0151 3574812.176 327


773498.1823 3574854.872 328 Architectural Fragment 773506.1817 3574872.848 329 Architectural Fragment 772530.4062 3574483.528 331 Architectural Fragment 772706.6274 3574766.869 332 D5) Wall 772569.9744 3574764.289 333.1 Architectural Fragment 772580.4886 3574759.023 333.2 Architectural Fragment 772567.9402 3574769.783 333.3 Architectural Fragment 772628.9636 3574674.870 334 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772631.1495 3574593.907 335 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772709.6416 3574550.521 336 22) Cave/Shelter 772732.2992 3574584.429 337 D5) Wall 772682.3924 3574512.048 338 99) Sarcophagus 772683 3574512 339 50) Rock Cut Basin 772683 3574512 340 83) Rock Cut Tomb 772798.7593 3574707.203 341.1 Architectural Fragment 772797.6373 3574713.832 341.2 Architectural Fragment 772693.1304 3574533.426 342 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772703.0184 3574481.528 343 Architectural Fragment 772792.5221 3574379.616 344 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772789.3657 3574391.739 345 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772735.7004 3574423.587 346 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772710.1395 3574427.336 347 24) Isolated Structure/House 772506.6812 3574733.723 348 Architectural Fragment 772508.6112 3574697.149 349 52) Cistern/ Spring 773098.3634 3575239.174 350 71) Quarry 773102.7622 3575215.986 351 52) Cistern 773104.8866 3575207.164 352 52) Cistern 773309.1730 3575253.759 353


773310.9673 3575257.137 354 D5) Wall 773361.8454 3575258.514 355


773365.9257 3575281.933 356 50) Rock Cut Basin 773365.9257 3575281.933 356 88) Grave 773365.9257 3575281.933 356 71) Quarry 773365.9257 3575281.933 356 71) Quarry



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 773235.6157 3575323.911 357 24) Isolated Structure/House 773407.9635 3575296.390 358 71) Quarry 773401.1880 3575302.866 359


773081.6539 3574915.742 360 71) Quarry 773100.3426 3574991.720 361 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773322.8199 3575338.259 362 24) Isolated Structure/House 773019.8449 3574865.235 363 71) Quarry 773126.3881 3574900.303 364.1 88) Grave 773126.3881 3574900.303 364.2 88) Grave 773126.3881 3574900.303 364.3 88) Grave 773107.0637 3574917.539 365 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773120.1347 3574922.332 366 71) Quarry 773093.4104 3574899.411 367 71) Quarry 773088.7171 3574863.768 368a Architectural Fragment 773096.2248 3574865.081 368b Architectural Fragment 773090.6015 3574863.819 369 71) Quarry 773090.1392 3574846.048 370 Architectural Fragments 773031.5289 3574816.715 371 Architectural Fragment 773126.5681 3574893.649 372 71) Quarry 773125.5059 3574898.060 373 22) Cave/Shelter 773120.8304 3574826.900 374 Architectural Fragment 773134.6216 3574805.075 375 71) Quarry 773220.3343 3574808.504 376 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773119.1492 3574714.754 377 71) Quarry 773119.1492 3574714.754 377.1 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 773327.3765 3574790.313 378


773268.6280 3574800.931 379 71) Quarry 773401.7413 3574760.139 380 71) Quarry 773463.2568 3574751.815 381 Architectural Fragment 773409.5495 3574750.361 382 71) Quarry 772811.7541 3574749.730 383 D5) Wall 772902.9616 3574654.524 384 Architectural Fragment 772955.8342 3574617.107 385 Architectural Fragment 772772.7198 3574728.698 386 Architectural Fragment 772778.2533 3574733.287 387a Architectural Fragment 772778.2533 3574733.287 387b Architectural Fragment 772770.6586 3574665.378 388 Architectural Fragment 772776.8947 3574678.865 389 32) Church / Chapel 772776.8947 3574678.865 389 31) Temple 772747.8951 3574670.313 390. 81) Cemetery 772747.8951 3574670.313 390.1 Architectural Fragment 772767.4589 3574644.204 390.2 Architectural Fragment 772763.7798 3574640.774 390.3 Architectural Fragment 772777.5404 3574620.058 390.4 Architectural Fragment 772793.4387 3574624.927 390.5 Architectural Fragment 772805.0452 3574614.142 390.6 Architectural Fragment 772802.3983 3574607.411 390.7 Architectural Fragment



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772805.2849 3574605.269 390.8 Architectural Fragment 772789.7761 3574585.982 390.9 Architectural Fragment 772778.0002 3574707.752 391


773457.2541 3574799.379 392 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772527.5599 3574728.737 393 43) Mill 772800.0245 3574834.875 394 52) Cistern 772550.7123 3574709.384 395 Spring 772513.9353 3574709.501 396.1 Architectural Fragment 772517.0613 3574698.487 396.2 Architectural Fragment 772517.0613 3574698.487 396.3 D5) Wall 772548.8278 3574709.333 397 44) Agricultural Terrace 772548.2306 3574661.592 398 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772574.3596 3574636.769 399 Architectural Fragment 772518.0612 3576337.827 400.1 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772646.5589 3576606.564 400.10 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772596 3576606 400.11 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772686.4978 3576628.731 400.12 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772594.2197 3576659.535 400.13 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772455.0982 3576574.755 400.14 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772594.1431 3576697.269 400.15 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772622.9869 3576711.367 400.16 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772622.4045 3576698.033 400.17 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772616.2559 3576751.141 400.18 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772621 3576771 400.19 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772512.4223 3576372.082 400.2 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772443.9329 3577232.622 400.20 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772629.0537 3576207.638 400.21 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772763.0622 3576098.049 400.22 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772657.0844 3576635.705 400.23 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772527.0734 3576457.940 400.3 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772513 3576458 400.4 51) Aqueduct or Warer Channel 772524.2308 3576493.379 400.5 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772568.2816 3576537.855 400.6 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772577.3427 3576551.419 400.7 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772565.6919 3576598.830 400.8 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772573.5579 3576586.833 400.9 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772514.6359 3576359.933 401 99) Sarcophagus 772515.3684 3576367.722 402 Architectural Fragment 772488.6283 3576450.242 403 99) Sarcophagus 772508.3219 3576454.103 404 Architectural Fragment 772512.9424 3576457.558 405 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772512.9424 3576457.558 405 41) Hamlet / Farmstead 772560.1759 3576558.724 406 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772560.1759 3576558.724 406 41) Hamlet / Farmstead 772526.8414 3576641.066 407 99) Sarcophagus 772510.0154 3576356.478 408 41) Hamlet / Farmstead 772510.0154 3576356.478 408 52) Cistern 772556.5367 3576344.416 409 Architectural Fragment



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772603.6107 3576346.797 410 Architectural Fragment 772631.9163 3576380.859 411 Architectural Fragment 772642.6220 3576403.346 412 Architectural Fragment 772631.0270 3576518.462 413 Architectural Fragment 772461.9646 3576495.028 414 99) Sarcophagus 772477.7785 3576677.478 415 Architectural Fragment 772615.8832 3576730.043 416a Architectural Fragment 772615.8832 3576730.043 416b Architectural Fragment 772621.8014 3576790.138 417 Architectural Fragment 772602.9307 3576790.738 418 Architectural Fragment 772622.4307 3576766.847 419 Architectural Fragment 772533.5295 3576882.094 420 Architectural Fragment 772454.7884 3576865.539 421a Architectural Fragment 772454.7884 3576865.539 421b Architectural Fragment 772435.5831 3577018.186 422 59) Milestone 772427.8100 3576956.932 423 59) Milestone 772423.9821 3576959.048 424 59) Milestone 772447 3577041 425 01) Sherd Scatter 772438.7086 3577007.172 426a Architectural Fragment 772438.7086 3577007.172 426b Architectural Fragment 772439 3577007 427 59) Milestone 772439.0596 3577203.633 428 59) Milestone base 772440.8538 3577207.011 429 Architectural Fragment 772576.9391 3576217.329 430 46) Wine Press 772576.9391 3576217.329 430 45) Oil Press 772630.0258 3576206.554 431 Architectural Fragment 772631.3574 3576192.161 432 Architectural Fragment 772620.3219 3576181.874 433 96) Other Type of Tomb 772610.5880 3576158.303 434 Architectural Fragment 772610.1851 3576138.314 435 96) Other Type of Tomb 772610.1851 3576138.314 435 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772561.7950 3576114.810 436 96) Other Type of Tomb 772564.9508 3576102.686 437 99) Sarcophagus 772564.4580 3576086.024 438 Architectural Fragment 772580.7733 3576075.366 439 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772636.1178 3576085.740 440 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772600.5874 3576074.791 441 44) Agricultural Terrace 772603.3838 3576075.977 442 Architectural Fragment 772571.8179 3576022.959 443 Architectural Fragment 772571.8179 3576022.959 443 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772575.5129 3575990.872 444 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772601.4292 3575973.813 445 Architectural Fragment 772594.7281 3576012.479 446 83) Rock Cut Tomb 772575.7960 3576015.297 447 41) Hamlet / Farmstead 772575.7960 3576015.297 447 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772612.6582 3576011.853 448 Architectural Fragment 772686.2963 3575938.369 449 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772687.8509 3575950.620 450 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772687.8509 3575950.620 450a Architectural Fragment



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772687.8509 3575950.620 450b Architectural Fragment 772687.8509 3575950.620 450c Architectural Fragment 772687.8509 3575950.620 450d Architectural Fragment 772675.7532 3575944.744 451 Architectural Fragment 772704.9982 3576048.754 452 99) Sarcophagus 772707.0623 3576042.151 453 99) Sarcophagus 772713.4772 3576048.984 454 Architectural Fragment 772712.2991 3575987.907 455 99) Sarcophagus 772699.2893 3575980.896 456a Architectural Fragment 772699.2893 3575980.896 456b Architectural Fragment 772716.2212 3575912.540 457a Architectural Fragment 772716.2212 3575912.540 457b Architectural Fragment 772717.8057 3575923.682 458 Architectural Fragment 772713.2749 3575916.900 459 Architectural Fragment 772704.4231 3575895.573 460 Architectural Fragment 772684.9082 3575885.057 461a Architectural Fragment 772684.9082 3575885.057 461b Architectural Fragment 772627.4252 3575849.097 462 Architectural Fragment 772632.9416 3575889.202 463 99) Sarcophagus 772302.8127 3575615.026 464 Architectural Fragment 772724.6626 3576053.725 465 43) Mill 772784.8289 3576199.638 466

51) Aqueduct or Water Channel – Rock Cut

772744.0320 3576488.219 467 43) Mill 772716.4765 3576670.607 468 Architectural Fragment 772480.1860 3575785.187 469 94) Mausoleum 772480.1860 3575785.187 469 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772504.2483 3575766.968 470 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772461.5370 3575812.431 471 52) Cistern 772461.5370 3575812.431 471 96) Other Type of Tomb 772465.5151 3575804.769 472 96) Other Type of Tomb 772476.8506 3575803.965 473 94) Mausoleum 772476.2199 3575897.179 474 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772504.9049 3575812.492 475 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772480.8866 3575864.008 476 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772486.4795 3575866.379 477 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772528.0228 3575864.171 478 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772511.9259 3576041.320 479 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772498.9599 3576067.607 480 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772420.1945 3576156.492 481 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772416.8593 3576175.270 482 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772366.2241 3576234.948 483 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772299.8526 3576598.312 484 52) Cistern 772294.1703 3576599.268 485 51) Aqueduct or Water Channel 772294.1703 3576599.268 486 45) Oil Press 772294.1703 3576599.268 486 96) Other Type of Tomb 772319.4120 3576572.202 487 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772303.8901 3576588.432 488 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772302.0203 3576622.788 489 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772297.1888 3576697.020 490 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772392.2018 3576669.618 491 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772412.0724 3576736.748 492 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772293.5845 3576725.780 493 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772196.1951 3576736.471 494 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772221.1216 3576756.012 495 Architectural Fragment 772263.1842 3576769.356 496 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772282.5023 3576822.042 497 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772401.0351 3576796.384 498 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772402.6358 3576772.010 499 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772508.6567 3574660.524 500.1 44) Agricultural Terrace Wall 772495.8988 3574679.047 500.2 44) Agricultural Terrace Wall 772497.9030 3574674.662 500.3 44) Agricultural Terrace Wall 772505.4408 3574674.865 500.4 44) Agricultural Terrace Wall 772541.3513 3574636.988 501 44) Agricultural Terrace 772536.6700 3574635.752 502 44) Agricultural Terrace 772525.8876 3574581.076 503 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772545.5094 3574622.672 504.1 Architectural Fragment 772526.6359 3574553.349 504.2 Architectural Fragment 772526.6359 3574553.349 504.3 Architectural Fragment 772540.6812 3574487.135 505 43) Mill 772523.6308 3574490.004 505.1 43) Mill 772534.2051 3574482.520 505.2 D5) Wall 772544.4203 3574488.346 505.3 D5) Wall 772492.7894 3574584.623 506 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772471.1622 3574617.336 507 Architectural Fragment 772450.3738 3574549.072 508.1 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772454.5318 3574534.755 508.2 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772478.8063 3574508.773 508.3 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772452.5882 3574466.999 508.4 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772428.6124 3574551.814 509 D5) Wall 772569.2309 3574582.246 510 Architectural Fragment 772560.7649 3574616.424 511 Architectural Fragment 772555.4407 3574604.072 512 Architectural Fragment 772557.2968 3574535.309 513 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772606.9242 3574443.417 514 Architectural Fragment 772590.0235 3574440.741 515 Architectural Fragment 772573.7499 3574484.698 516 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772482.9624 3574634.303 517 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772440.8163 3574588.770 518 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772487.3599 3574611.114 519 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772362.4095 3576865.265 520 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772360.2379 3576980.635 521 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772360.2379 3576980.635 522 71) Quarry 772353.2545 3576994.875 523 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter


772347.0336 3577015.795 525 99) Sarcophagus 772344.2974 3577012.392 526 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter



Easting Northing Site Number Site Type 772369.0731 3577037.478 527 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772362.7301 3577132.758 528 01) Sherd / Flint Scatter 772135.2313 3575745.914 529 Quarry 771895.0551 3574721.675 Quarry 30/12/1999 00:00 772072.7775 3574739.780 Quarry1 30/12/1999 00:00 771630.9984 3575774.507 Quarry10 30/12/1999 00:00 771648.0929 3575804.934 Quarry11 30/12/1999 00:00 771821.7905 3574816.262 Quarry2 30/12/1999 00:00 771808.5564 3574852.532 Quarry3 30/12/1999 00:00 771635.2198 3575092.042 Quarry4 30/12/1999 00:00 771851.9403 3575132.281 Quarry5 30/12/1999 00:00 771687.9050 3575306.557 Quarry6 30/12/1999 00:00 771845.4025 3575445.093 Quarry7 30/12/1999 00:00 771692.7240 3575652.971 Quarry8 30/12/1999 00:00 771892.2645 3575700.520 Quarry9 30/12/1999 00:00



ARTEFACT AND CRATE PACKING LIST AND DEPOSITION DETAILS JHS 08 Crated Finds Crate Bag Site Contents 11 260 251 4 x Bases 261 251 4 x Handles 262 251 14 x Rims 263 251 65 x Body Sherds 264 251 2 x Plaster Fragments 265 251 32 x Body Sherds 266 251 11 x Rims 267 251 1 x CBM 268 251 2 x Handles 310 251 2 x bases 311 251 6 x handles 312 251 1 x cbm 313 251 5 x rims 314 251 40 x body sherds 837 251 1 x ceramic water pipe with lead filter 838 251 2 x complete cbm (square) 12 334 1000 6 x rims 335 1000 1 x base 336 1000 4 x cbm 337 1000 8 x handles 338 1000 44 x body sherds 384 1001 1 x handle 385 1001 1 x rim 386 1001 21 x body sherds 13 242 203 1 x Flint 249 204 2 x Basalt 274 220 14 x flint 300 285 2 x flints 304 284 2 x flint 305 284 1 x tessera



Crate Bag Site Contents 13

324 400.8 1 x tessera 342 406 2 x tesserae 342 406 2 x tesserae 347 360 3 x stone tool fragments 357 425 2 x flints 358 425 5 x tesserae 367 330 2 x tesserae 377 365 1 x tessera 378 365 3 x flint 380 406 3 x tesserae 380 406 3 x tesserae 382 405 3 x tesserae 394 361 10 x flint 396 361 1 x tessera 407 444 3 x tesserae 417 435 1 x tessera 422 368 2 x flints 423 368 1 x tesserae 433 440 6 x tesserae 434 440 7 x flint 435 308 9 x flint 436 308 1 x stone 438 365 14 x tesserae 451 424 1 x tessera 459 376 1 x flint 463 361 3 x stone 464 361 1 x flint 470 389 67 x tesserae 472 389 4 x stone 473 389 3 x flint 480 334 1 x flint 481 390 17 x tesserae 484 335 1 x flint 486 335 2 x tesserae 494 474 3 x tesserae 495 474 2 x stone - calcite banded marble 496 345 1 x flint 497 345 6 x tesserae 514 398 24 x tesserae 515 398 1 x flint 516 398 1 x marble 523 526 6 x tesserae 529 449 2 x worked limestone 530 449 1 x marble - carbonated ultramafic fragmented 531 449 10 x marble - green micaceous 532 449 2 x marble - white crystalline 533 449 1 x marble - red iron stained 534 449 1 x marble - haematitic



Crate Bag Site Contents 13 535 449 1 x limestone arc fragment

536 449 1 x flint 543 508.3 2 x tesserae 544 508.3 1 x flint 549 469 1 x tessera 558 483 2 x tesserae 565 346 1 x flint 569 476 4 x tesserae 570 476 1 x flint 583 523 33 x tesserae 584 523 3 x marble 585 523 2 x basalt 588 389 2 x tesserae (joined together) 595 517 4 x tesserae 596 517 1 x marble 612 478 1 x tessera 618 482 2 x tesserae 619 482 1 x flint 624 519 1 x tesserae 627 519 1 x flint 636 343 3 x tesserae 637 343 3 x flints 646 516 3 x tesserae 647 516 1 x flint 653 487 1 x pierced limestone (loomweight) 654 487 3 x flints 655 487 2 x marble 657 487 3 x tesserae 661 498 3 x tesserae 666 470 4 x tesserae 670 513 3 x tesserae 678 489 2 x tesserae 679 489 3 x flints 689 523 1 x drilled stone (possible loomweight) 690 523 1 x basalt tool 695 494 33 x tesserae 696 490 11 x tesserae 697 490 5 x flint 698 490 1 x marble 707 492 3 x tesserae 714 508.4 1 x marble 715 508.4 1 x limestone tool 721 398 16 x tesserae 722 398 5 x flints 727 392 2 x flints 731 480 4 x tesserae 733 480 1 x flint 739 496 10 x tesserae




745 497 11 x tesserae 746 497 2 x flint 760 503 1 x tessera 761 503 3 x flints 767 493 1 x flint 768 493 5 x tesserae 773 499 1 x tessera 787 506 1 x stone object 791 527 1 x tessera 792 529 1 x sculpted limestone frag 798 518 4 x flint 799 518 7 x tesserae 805 518 7 x tessera 813 517 6 x tessera 814 517 2 x flint 820 520 1 x flint 821 520 3 x tessera 827 508.1 1 x marble 828 508.1 1 x basalt (smooth) 835 508.2 2 x flint 836 508.2 1 x stone (with hole) 14 231 200 1 x Handle 232 200 8 x Body Sherds 233 203 12 x Rims 234 203 7 x Bases 235 203 5 x CBM 236 203 11 x Black painted pot 237 203 1 x Body Sherds 238 203 9 x CBM 239 203 96 x Body Sherds 240 203 35 x Handles 241 203 38 x Rims 243 204 4 x Bases 244 204 8 x Rims 245 204 7 x Handles 246 204 21 x Body Sherds 247 204 1 x Pottery Waster 248 204 6 x Patterned Body Sherds 250 206 7 x Body Sherds 251 206 1 x CBM 252 206 2 x Bases 253 206 6 x Rims 254 206 5 x Handles 255 210 8 x Rim 256 210 2 x Handles 257 210 3 x Bases 258 210 1 x Body Sherd



Crate Bag Site Contents 14 259 210 4 x CBM 269 254 6 x Bases 270 254 12 x Handles 271 254 22 x Rims 272 254 7 x CBM 273 254 40 x Body Sherds 275 220 3 x Rims 276 220 2 x CBM 277 220 1 x Body Sherd 278 220 2 x Handles 279 257 1 x Body Sherd 280 257 1 x Handle 281 257 2 x Bases 282 257 5 x Rims 283 215 10 x Body Sherds 290 205 4 x Rims 291 205 10 x Handles 292 205 3 x Bases 293 205 40 x Body Sherds 294 202 25 x Body Sherds 295 202 8 x Rims 296 202 3 x Bases 297 202 2 x Handles 315 203 19 x sherds of same pot? 348 231 1 x handle 349 231 14 x body sherds 350 230 10 x body sherds 351 230 2 x rims 361 231 3 x rims 362 231 26 x body sherds 845 230 4 x body sherds (from robbers upcast) 15 284 263 4 x Kiln Wasters 285 263 8 x CBM 286 263 7 x CBM 287 263 2 x Rim 288 263 2x Bases 289 263 2x Body Sherds 298 285 3 x rims 299 285 17 x sherds 301 284 3 x handles 302 284 9 x rims 303 284 62 x body sherds 306 284 1 x base 307 284 1 x cbm 308 284 1 x slag 343 360 1 x base 344 360 3 x handles



Crate Bag Site Contents 15 345 360 1 x rim 346 360 6 x body sherds 363 330 3 x handles 364 330 3 x rims 365 330 32 x body sherds 366 330 1 x cbm 369 352 2 x handle 370 352 1 x rim 371 352 1 x base 372 352 5 x bodysherds 373 365 4 x handles 374 365 4 x rims 375 365 2 x cbm 376 365 34 x body sherds 387 354 15 x body sherds 388 354 1 x rim 395 361 12 x rims 397 361 43 x body sherds 398 361 1 x base 399 361 2 x cbm 408 361 3 x handles 418 368 5 x cbm 419 368 7 x handles 420 368 8 x rims 421 368 35 x body sherds 437 365 17 x cbm 439 365 1 x spout 440 365 7 x rims 441 365 2 x body sherds 442 365 6 x handles 443 377.1 1 x rim 444 377.1 1 x handle 445 377.1 5 x body sherds 446 377.1 3 x cbm 452 324 23 x body sherds 453 324 1 x aggregate 455 376 3 x cbm 456 376 5 x rims 457 376 3 x handles 458 376 25 x body sherds 460 361 2 x rims 461 361 1 x handle 462 361 1 x body sherd 466 389 23 x handles 467 389 26 x rims 468 389 1 x spout 469 389 3 x bases 471 389 25 x cbm




474 389 77 x body sherds 476 334 3 x handles 477 334 3 x rims 478 334 3 x cbm 479 334 22 x body sherds 487 335 2 x rims 488 335 8 x body sherds 498 345 4 x cbm 499 345 1 x base 500 345 9 x handles 501 345 8 x rims 502 345 49 x body sherds 559 346 5 x cbm 560 346 20 x body sherds 561 346 3 x bases 562 346 4 x rims 563 346 1 x amphora foot 564 346 3 x handles 633 343 6 x rims 634 343 5 x handles 635 343 19 x body sherds 16 325 400.8 9 x handles 326 400.8 5 x rims 327 400.8 1 x cbm 328 400.8 10 x body sherds 329 405 2 x cbm 330 405 9 x handles 331 405 13 x rims 332 405 2 x bases 333 405 16 x body sherds 339 406 2 x handles 339 406 2 x handles 340 406 1 x lid 340 406 1 x lid 341 406 9 x body sherds 341 406 9 x body sherds 352 425 4 x handles 353 425 10 x body sherds 354 425 4 x rims 360 425 3 x handles 389 406 1 x base 389 406 1 x base 390 406 2 x handles 390 406 2 x handles 391 406 1 x rim 391 406 1 x rim 392 406 2 x cbm



Crate Bag Site Contents 16 393 406 15 x body sherds 393 406 15 x body sherds 400 444 16 x cbm 401 444 1 x spout 402 444 34 x rims 403 444 32 x handles 404 444 8 x bases 405 444 1 x strainer 406 444 14 x body sherds 409 439 13 x rims 410 439 12 x handles 411 439 6 x body sherds 412 435 2 x rims 413 435 16 x body sherds 414 435 3 x cbm 415 435 3 x handles 416 435 2 x bases 424 430 5 x rims 425 430 6 x body sherds 426 430 6 x cbm 427 430 6 x rims 429 440 2 x cbm 430 440 16 x handles 431 440 19 x rims 432 440 28 x body sherds 447 424 2 x rims 448 424 3 x handles 449 424 18 x body sherds 450 424 1 x cbm 482 390 8 x body sherds 483 390 1 x handle 489 474 5 x bases 490 474 22 x handles 491 474 21 x rims 492 474 6 x cbm 493 474 44 x body sherds 509 398 38 x handles 510 398 19 x rims 511 398 9 x cbm 512 398 3 x bases 513 398 75 x body sherds 537 449 1 x quarzite 545 469 1 x plaster (from mausoleum wall) 546 469 19 x body sherds 547 469 1 x rim 548 469 1 x handle 662 470 14 x handles 663 470 16 x rims



Crate Bag Site Contents 16 664 470 4 x bases 665 470 70 x body sherds 716 398 31 x rims 717 398 7 x bases 718 398 18 x body sherds 719 398 20 x handles 720 398 4 x cbm 723 392 5 x handles 724 392 4 x bases 725 392 10 x bases 726 392 81 x body sherds 17 504 475 2 x cbm 506 475 3 x handle 507 475 11 x rims 508 475 38 x body sherds 550 477 26 x body sherds 551 477 14 x rims 552 477 12 x handles 553 477 4 x bases 554 477 1 x cbm 555 483 10 x rims 556 483 12 x body sherds 557 483 4 x handles 566 476 21 x body sherds 567 476 9 x handles 568 476 3 x rims 604 479 6 x bases 605 479 15 x body sherds 606 479 26 x handles 607 479 21 x rims 609 478 24 x body sherds 610 478 11 x rims 611 478 3 x handles 613 482 11 x handles 614 482 5 x body sherds 615 482 9 x rims 616 482 4 x cbm 617 482 1 x base 628 490 6 x handles 629 490 5 x rims 630 490 6 x body sherds 631 490 1 x base 632 490 1 x cbm 649 487 10 x rims 650 487 20 x body sherds 651 487 4 x cbm 652 487 10 x handles



Crate Bag Site Contents 17 658 498 6 x body sherds 659 498 4 x handles 660 498 6 x rims 673 489 24 x body sherds 674 489 18 x rims 675 489 18 x handles 676 489 2 x cbm 677 489 1 x body sherd (with pierced hole) 680 505 3 x handles 681 505 18 x body sherds 682 505 2 x rims 692 494 3 x handles 693 494 5 x rims 694 494 9 x body sherds 699 490 8 x body sherds 700 490 1 x base 701 490 25 x rims 702 490 26 x handles 703 490 2 x cbm 704 492 8 x body sherds 705 492 2 x handles 706 492 4 x rims 728 480 20 x handles 729 480 16 x rims 730 480 6 x body sherds 735 496 2 x rims 736 496 13 x handles 737 496 21 x body sherds 738 496 1 x base 740 497 20 x body sherds 741 497 15 x rims 742 497 3 x cbm 743 497 11 x rims 744 497 11 x handles 755 503 100 x body sherds 756 503 53 x rims 757 503 2 x cbm 758 503 27 x handles 759 503 7 x bases 762 493 6 x handles 763 493 1 x rim 764 493 2 x bases 765 493 3 x cbm 766 493 22 x body sherds 769 499 1 x rim 770 499 3 x handles 771 499 4 x body sherds



Crate Bag Site Contents 17 772 499 1 x cbm 774 499 1 x lead object 775 501 27 x bases (including 19th century sherd) 776 501 4 x handles 777 501 2 x bases 778 501 1 x rim 781 487 9 x body sherds 782 506 8 x rims 783 506 4 x bases 784 506 9 x handles 785 506 47 x body sherds 18 538 508.3 4 x handles 539 508.3 3 x cbm 540 508.3 7 x body sherds 541 508.3 4 x rims 542 508.3 3 x bases 590 517 15 x rims 591 517 15 x body sherds 592 517 4 x bases 593 517 14 x handles 594 517 11 x cbm 620 519 14 x rims 621 519 6 x bases 622 519 6 x handles 623 519 2 x cbm 625 519 24 x body sherds 638 513 36 x body sherds 639 513 5 x rims 640 513 1 x base 641 513 6 x handles 642 516 7 x bases 643 516 29 x handles 644 516 9 x cbm 645 516 64 x body sherds 648 516 37 x rims 667 513 11 x bases 668 513 11 x handles 669 513 28 x rims 671 513 1 x cbm 672 513 55 x body sherds 709 508.4 7 x bases 710 508.4 10 x handles 711 508.4 12 x rims 712 508.4 22 x body sherds 713 508.4 11 x cbm 749 518 12 x bases 750 518 56 x rims



Crate Bag Site Contents 18 751 518 5 x cbm 752 518 76 x body sherds 753 518 29 x handles 800 518 13 x bases 801 518 19 x handles 802 518 41 x rims 803 518 74 x body sherds 804 518 6 x cbm 806 517 1 x lid 807 517 11 x bases 808 517 8 x cbm 809 517 55 x rims 810 517 39 x handles 811 517 50 x body sherds 822 508.1 46 x body sherds 823 508.1 20 x rims 824 508.1 9 x bases 825 508.1 14 x handles 826 508.1 9 x cbm 829 508.2 11 x bases 830 508.2 10 x cbm 831 508.2 33 x handles 832 508.2 34 x rims 833 508.2 72 x body sherds 19 518 526 23 x rims 519 526 19 x handles 520 526 20 x body sherds 521 526 3 x bases 522 526 8 x cbm 525 528 2 x cbm 526 528 4 x rims 527 528 3 x handles 528 528 3 x body sherds 573 523 20 x cbm 574 523 10 x cbm 575 523 17 x cbm 576 523 40 x rims 577 523 37 x rims 578 523 70 x body sherds 579 523 100 x body sherds 580 523 46 x handles 581 523 9 x bases (includng Jarash bowl frag) 582 523 2 x kiln wasters 684 523 5 x rims 685 523 1 x handle 686 523 2 x body sherds 687 523 1 x base



Crate Bag Site Contents 19 688 523 1 x cbm 691 523 1 x kiln waster 779 521 5 x body sherds 780 521 1 x cbm 788 527 2 x rims 789 527 1 x handle 790 527 4 x body sherds 793 529 1 x cbm 794 529 1 x body sherd 815 520 17 x rims 816 520 5 x bases 817 520 26 x handles 818 520 23 x body sherds 819 520 6 x cbm 20 309 284 1 x glass 320 231 2 x bronze bracelet fragments 321 231 18 x bronze sheet 322 231 4 x iron sheet 323 231 4 x glass sherds 355 230 11 x bags of human and animal bones 356 231 9 bags loose bones (human and animal) 359 425 3 x glass 368 330 1 x glass 379 406 1 x glass 379 406 1 x glass 381 405 4 x glass 383 1001 2 x glass 428 430 1 x glass 454 324 1 x glass 465 361 3 x glass 474 231 7 x bags of human bone 485 335 1 x glass 517 398 1 x glass 524 526 2 x glass 571 476 7 x glass 572 000 1 x silver Roman coin 586 523 13 x glass 587 523 1 x mother of pearl (inlay?) 589 389 2 x glass tessera 608 479 7 x glass 626 519 9 x glass 656 487 1 x glass 683 505 1 x glass 708 492 1 x glass 734 480 3 x glass 747 497 1 x glass 748 518 1 minim



Crate Bag Site Contents 20 754 503 1 x glass 786 506 2 x glass 795 529 1 x FE object 796 529 1 x glass 797 518 42 x glass 812 517 5 x glass 834 508.2 2 x glass 839 267 1 x glass disc 840 267 1 x mosaic fragment 841 231 1 x glass (from tomb entrance) 842 231 1 x glass (from tomb interior) 843 251 1 x Roman coin 844 231 2 x FE flat objects 846 000 bag does not exist 847 000 2 x CU alloy coin Finds Notes All of the above finds have been deposited in the Department of Antiquities storeroom at Jerash. JHS08 have a copy of this list signed by the Inspector in charge of finds (Akram). All 5 coins were individually checked in and have been placed in one bag. Please note that Site No. 000 means there is no find spot. Three of the coins were donated to the project by local people we met during the survey. Note that all finds from Site 343 are actually from Site 342. The artefacts pick-up from Site 344 is missing and not entered into the database. CBM = ceramic building material The lithics have been given a preliminary non specialist assessment and are described in the notebook included in Crate 13, which also notes bag and crate numbers. Fragments of marble (mostly Opus Sectile fragments) have descriptive labels in the bags, notes by Don Boyer (geologist). A letter from David Kennedy and a letter from Dr Fawwaz al Khraysheh are required before the finds can be removed from the storeroom for study.



LIST AND LOCATION OF PRIMARY RECORDS The primary field records of the project include:

• Field record sheets for sites 200 to 529 inclusive in ring binder folder • 7 field notebooks (2008 season) • Finds and crate packing list signed as received by DoA Jarash Office • Google satellite aerial photograph survey maps • A4 map of Jarash • 3 x A3 colour Google satellite AP print outs • 3 x CDs of GIS data • Copy of geological report by Don Boyer • Copy of DoA site element description card • Copy of JHS2005 site list annotated with condition do sites in 2008 • 1:50 plan and profile drawing by DC of Site 251 • 1:50 plan of mausoleum Site 469 by DK • 1:75 plan of subterranean house Site 486 by DB • Copy of JHS08 Permit Application • List of land owned by the DoA in and around Jarash, with short descriptions

and maps of land parcels kindly supplied by Mrs Iman Oweis, 2005. All of these are in Arabic and need translation into English before they can be correlated with JHS sites.

The primary field records of the project are held by Anne Poepjes in Jarash.

jarash hinterland survey 2008 report

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