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AN INTEGRATED DESIGN AND CONTROL APPROACH FOR

PHOTOVOLTAIC MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING SYSTEM WITH

BATTERY BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLE

Mr. G. Ramakrishnaprabu, M.E., (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research

Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.

K.Meenashisundaram,PG Scholar, M.E., Power System Engineering,Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research

Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem-636308, Tamilnadu, India.

ABSTRACT:

To enhance the performance of PV power conversion

system, this research work concentrates areas such as

performance improvement of Maximum Power Point

Tracking (MPPT), Battery-based energy management

and control. State-of-charge of PV generator, and

Energy Storage during a transition of the islanded

mode operation, through identification of proper

reference source and stabilize the power generation

system. The proposed state-of-charge (SOC)

algorithm system is used to improve the power

charging control of this system. Electric vehicles

(EVs) can be considered as flexible battery storages

in micro grids.

Keyword: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT),

state-of-charge (SOC) algorithm, Electric vehicles

(EVs).

I. INTRODUCTION

This development of an electric propulsion

system, energy management system (EMS) and

battery management system (BMS) to convert a

conventional internal-combustion-engine vehicle to a

fully electric vehicle. An EMS is designed, built and

tested to optimize electrical power consumption of

the converted electric vehicle and extend its driving

range. It tracks, among others, vehicle speed, motor

speed, power consumption, battery, and motor

temperature and battery state of charge (SOC) and

gives feedback in terms of suggested actions for the

driver.

Different energy storage technologies have

been developed by using various energy converting

strategies. For example, energy is stored in water

reservoirs as the gravitational potential energy, as the

compressed air in caverns, in batteries and flow

batteries as electrochemical energy, in fuel cells as

chemical energy, in flywheels as kinetic energy, in

inductors as magnetic field and capacitors as the

electrical field. Batteries are the most common

energy storage technologies. The energy is stored in a

battery cell as electrochemical energy. The battery

cells are connected in series or in parallel to reach the

desired voltage, current and capacity values. A

battery cell composes two electrodes called anode

and cathode, and the electrolyte. The electrolyte and

electrodes are placed into a closed and sealed

container. The electrolyte gives the exchange of ions

between the electrodes, and electrons flow through

the external circuit as depicted.

Different conditions should be supported to

improve the power system stability of renewable

energy penetration. Mitigating power fluctuations is

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations

Volume VI, Issue V, May/2019

ISSN NO: 1076-5131

Page No:2071

one of these issues. Since solar irradiation and wind

speed fluctuate with time, the output power of a PV

system or wind turbine also fluctuates. This effect is

more serious in isolated power systems. Therefore,

energy storage systems are used to improve the

voltage and frequency stability and power quality of

the power system. Since the time range of power

fluctuations are usually less than a minute, an energy

storage technology that is suitable for short term

energy storage applications with high ramp power

rates is used such as lead-acid batteries, flow

batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, and

superconducting magnetic energy storage systems.

Figure 1: Structure of a residential PV system

with a battery energy storage system.

Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems

support a large field of technological approaches. The

most significant benefits are the power supply control

to get a better resilient energy infrastructure with cost

savings to consumers. The Electrical Energy Storage

includes Electrical storage (capacitor, coil),

Electrochemical Storage (batteries), Pumped

Hydroelectric, Compressed Air Energy Storage

(CAES), Rotational energy storage (flywheels) and

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES).

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Solar PV (Photovoltaic) with battery storage

is presented to a single phase grid for residential and

electric vehicle application. The main purpose of the

proposed work is to feed a continuous power to the

grid thereby enhancing the viability of the battery

energy storage support connected to the system [1].

The charging and discharging of the battery achieve

power leveling and load leveling along with

increased reliability of the system. The

multifunctional voltage source converter acts as an

active power filter and performs the harmonics

mitigation along with reactive power compensation.

In the proposed system a different control is

developed for resynchronization of the grid during

reconnection of the grid after the reduction of failure

[2]. The overall control of the system is adaptable

under various practically occurring situations such as

disconnection of PV array, battery, and grid from the

system. The detailed design and control of the

proposed method are presented.

The transition of energy generation entirely

through renewable resources such as solar may take

time and thus must be coupled together with the

present utility grid to achieve the desired results.

Various researches have been carried out and

surveyed in the literature dealing with the ways of

incorporating and integrating solar PV system with

the utility grid [3]. A two-stage grid-connected solar

PV system with adjustable DC link voltage. The

proportional integral controllers are used which are

based on instantaneous quantities. The basic

component of the load current is extracted using the

adaptive filtering through the least mean square

(LMS) algorithm. The passive islanding detection

scheme is implemented to achieve the disconnection

of the grid under faults. Second order generalized



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integrator (SOGI) based phase locked loop is

performed to make the synchronization with the grid

parameters [4].

The resynchronization is achieved using a

PLL-PI (Phase Locked Loop - Proportional Integral)

based controller. The stability analysis of the

controllers is performed through frequency domain

and linearization. The control of boost, bidirectional,

and the voltage source converter. The instantaneous

quantities are controlled using the proportional-

integral (PI) controller [5]. The stability analysis of

the controllers is performed using the small signal

model through frequency domain analysis. To

counteract the nonlinearity of converters, the phase

margins and the bandwidth of the controllers are kept

high enough to maintain the stability of the system.

The output of the PV array is influenced by

the sunshine, with significant intermittency and

uncertainty, and the fuzzy control method has the

advantages of strong reasoning and robustness, which

can be applied to the energy management of

Reasonable micro grid allocation of power to

improve the utilization of photovoltaic power. Based

on the analysis of the micro grid energy management,

by a general consideration of ordinary power user

load demand,[6] the PV array output and energy

storage unit remaining power and other factors, put

forward a kind of optical storage based on the fuzzy

control system of micro grid energy management

control strategy.

Real-time optimization strategies have been

proposed in scientific publications. Most often used

the method in those strategies is model predictive

control. Other strategies also utilize reinforcement

learning, dynamic programming fuzzy logic or a

genetic algorithm. The optimization strategies use

complex descriptions on EMS and are more

challenging to implement in real-world than rule-

based strategy [7]. They also rely on the accuracy of

the models of the energy storage system used in the

optimization process. Such applications would

require real-time parameters detection to update those

models.

Electric vehicle battery can also be

considered as a mobile energy storage unit, how to

effectively use it when it is idle is a critical issue that

needs to be solved. Effective integration of electric

vehicles into the power grid as a distributed energy,

as a controllable load, can balance the demand for the

non-peak power grid. Large-scale renewable energy

grid integration has brought severe challenges to the

network while improving energy structure [8]. With

the continuous expansion of the distributed power

grid connection capacity, the control method of the

distributed power supply as an uncontrollable power

generation unit can no longer meet the requirements

of practical applications. The traditional control

method treats the energy storage system as an

uncontrollable unit and does not participate in the

Frequency Modulation and Voltage Modulation of

the micro-grid. However, with the continuous

increase in the penetration rate of distributed power

sources, their lack of inertia and the characteristics of

strong output fluctuations will jeopardize the stable

operation of the power grid [9].

The control needs to rely on the

coordination of the central controller and does not

consider the state of charge of the system energy

storage device. The virtual synchronous generator

technology can simulate the rotor equations of

generators and make the distributed power generation

system exhibit virtual inertial and damping

characteristics, and achieve equivalence with

synchronous generators in physics and mathematics.



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Studied the supporting function of the distributed

power supply accessing the micro-grid based on the

practical simultaneous machine control strategy to

improve the stability of the micro-grid [10]. Proposed

to configure the battery pack and the PV array on the

DC side, but did not clarify the control method of the

DC side components, and how to achieve the organic

combination of DC side control and VSG control.

III.PROPOSED SYSTEM

The solar system is an essential device to

produce a DC power through the PV array. The

maximum Power Point Tracking is used in this

system to observe the maximum power from the solar

panel. In the Transformative Intrinsic Algorithm

(TIA) is used to monitor the PV Array and the battery

storage system. The Bidirectional DC-DC converter

is used to convert the DC power from the Panel via

the controller, and it has given constant DC power to

the battery storage system.

Figure 2: Proposed block diagram

The battery is fully charged the controller is

cut off the charging current and also noted the

discharging current of the battery. The State of

Charge (SOC) is the primary parameter that is used in

this system for enhancing battery efficiency. This

proposed system increases the ability of the battery

and decreases the charging time of the battery storage

system, and also increase the lifetime of the cell to

maintain a constant speed of an Electrical vehicle.

In this model, the Transformative intrinsic

Algorithm (TIA) is the proposed system is balancing

and observing the maximum solar power and charge

to the battery in short duration under partial shading

condition. A Transformative intrinsic Algorithm

(TIA) is used to control the MPPT controller and

monitor the battery voltage whether it is fully

charging or not, and this system increases the

efficiency of the battery storage system. The effective

proposed scheme is analyzed and including battery

charging and discharging with different levels of

solar irradiation. The dynamo is used for generating

power in the run time of the electric vehicle system.

It will also be connected to the SOC system to

improve the efficient power stability Electrical

vehicle.

3.1 Solar Energy:

Solar energy, the radiation sun created by

the reactions of the Sun's central nucleus, provides

almost all the heat and the Earth receives, so they are

lightweight every living thing.The solar energy is

directly converted sunlight into electricity. The

output characteristic of a PV module is non-linear

depending on sunlight, cell temperature, and

especially operating point. The solar system is an

essential device to produce a DC power through the

PV array. The solar energy conversion is based on

the principle of the photovoltaic effect. When the

sunlight enters into the p-n junction, electric power is

directly generated by semiconductor effect. The solar

MPPT

DC-DC

converter

SOC

V/I

measurement

Battery

System Dynamo

Electrical

Vehicle

Solar

Energy TIA

Controller



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cells normally consist of a single crystal silicon p-n

junction. And this solar power is utilized to store the

battery and connected to the load system.

Figure3: Solar energy

3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT):

The solar power is not an ideal energy

source. The solar cell panels can only generate power

at certain times of the day. So the most important

consideration for using solar power is to maximize

the utility of solar power while it is available. The

maximum Power Point Tracking is used in this

system to observe the maximum power from the solar

panel. PV solar systems have different configurations

about their relationship with inverter systems,

external phases, battery banks, or other electrical

loads.

Regardless of the ultimate goal of solar

power, the central problem is addressed by the MPPT

that the solar cell power swap capacity depends on

both the amount of solar light and load power

properties falling in the solar panels. The size of the

sun is variable, the ability of the system to be

optimized when the load traits can be switched to

high efficiency, resulting in greater power transfer

capabilities. This burden is called the maximum

efficiency point (MPP) attribute, and the MPPT is the

process of keeping the load attribute where this point

is found. Electric circuits present voltage loads,

voltage and other devices or systems to present

voltage loads, and can be designed to provide the

MPPT efficiency.

3.3 Dc to Dc Converter:

A conventional boost converter can

management the power flow in one direction only,

but power can flow in both the direction in the DC to

DC converter. The dc-dc converters are the device for

step-up or step-down the voltage level with the

capability of flow power in either forward directions

or backward direction. Converters work as a power

flow of DC in both the direction. In the power

generation by windmills and solar power systems,

output fluctuates because of thechanging

environmental condition.

These energy storage systems are not

reliable to feed the power as a standalone system

because of the large fluctuations in output and hence

these energy system systems are always connected

with energy storage devices such as batteries and

supercapacitors. These energy storage devices store

the surplus energy during low load demand and

provide backup in case of system failure and when

the output of energy system changes due to weather

conditions. Thus, bidirectional dc-dc converters are

needed to allow power flow in both forward and

backward the directions A conventional dc-dc

converter can be converted into a bidirectional

converter using bidirectional switch by using a diode

in anti-parallel with MOSFET or IGBT allowing

current flow in both the direction using controlled

switching operation.



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Figure 4: Bidirectional dc –dc converter

3.4 State-Of-Charge (SOC) Algorithm:

As the State of Charge (SoC) is a most used

parameter, which reflects the battery execution, so

exact estimation of the SoC cannot just secure the

battery, it prevent over discharge time, and enhance

the battery life yet in addition enable the application

to make the control techniques to save the battery

power However, a battery is a chemical energy, and it

stores the energy, and this chemical energy cannot

directly store the power.

Temperature and discharge rate effects

reduce effective capacity even further. This issue

makes the implementation of the SOC of a battery

difficult. An accurate estimate of the SOC remains

very difficult to implement the system because

battery models are limited and there are parametric

uncertainties. In this case, a fully charged battery,

nearing the end of its life, could have a SOC of but it

would only have a sufficient capacity of its rated

capacity, and the adjustment factors have to be

applied to the estimated ability to compare it to its

rated new potential.

Using the current capacity rather than the

ability to be evaluated is usually a design shortcut or

compromise which allows you to avoid the

complexity of allowing age-appropriate skill

modifications. The SOC rating ceases on current

battery capacity rather than its rated capacity while

the new step is not equivalent to reducing fuel tank

capacity for vehicle life. If an accurate estimate of the

remaining charge in the battery is required the aging

and environmental factors must be taken into

account.

3. 5 Battery:

The batteries have two or more voltage cells

connected to the series to provide a standard DC

voltage in the battery's output areas. A chemical

reaction inside the cell produces the voltage.

Immersed in an electrolyte, which in the form of

electrical ions and the form of free electrons from the

charge. A voltaic battery contains two different metal

electrodes (acid or a base) that are immersed in the

electrolyte.

As a result of the immersion, he produces

separation for chemical reaction charges. The current

capacity increases the size of the larger electrode. It

produces positive electrolyte ions because the cell's

antibody in the negative terminal is considered. A

battery is a device, which consists of multiple voltaic

cells. Each voltaic cell comprises of two half cells

connected in series by a conductive electrolyte

holding anions and cations. A half-cell electrolyte

and include the electrode or negative electrode,

which means any electrode; The other half includes

cell electrolyte cations move, i.e., the cathode or

positive electrode.

+

L1

Q1

+

C1

-

Q2

-

C2



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Figure5:Battery

3.6 Electric vehicle:

An electric vehicle, also called EV, uses one

or more electric motors or traction motors. A

collector system may drive an electric vehicle by

electricity from off-vehicle sources, or a self-

contained battery, solar panels or electrical power to

convert electricity into electricity. EVs include, but

are not limited to, road vehicles, surface and

underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric

spacecraft.

When thepower of time was to provide a

level of comfort and ease that could not be achieved

through petrol cars, while motor vehicle foreclosure

was among the preferred methods.In the modern

internal combustion engines have been the dominant

propulsion method for motor vehicles, But electricity

is common to other vehicle types, such as trains and

small vehicles of all kinds.

3.7 Dynamo:

A dynamo is a generator device that creates

a direct current with the help of a commutator.

Dynamos is the first electrical power generators

capable of producing and delivering power for

application, and the foundation upon which many

another later electric power conversion of power

devices were based on electric motor, alternator-

current alternator, and rotary converter. Today, for

the simple transformer capacity, reliability and cost

reasons, large scale power dominates.

Figure 6: Power generation dynamo model

A dynamo is a mechanical commutator.

Also, the conversion of current power modification

devices (such as vacuum pumps or more than

recently via solid state technology) and effective and

usually economical to use.

IV.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 7: Circuit diagram

A solar engine is a completely or

significantly powered vehicle by direct solar power.

Generally, cells with photovoltaic (PV) solar panels

are converted into solar energy into energy. The term



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"solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is

used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion.

Solar power may also be used to provide power for

communications or controls or other auxiliary

functions.

4.1 Hardware Circuit Model

Figure 8: Hardware Simulation Output

The figure 6.2 photovoltaic maximum power

point tracking system with battery based

energy management consist of the solar

panel, PIC controller, charge control and

Relay, Battery.

Initially the solar power is connected to the

battery for providing power to the entire

circuit. During variation of the solar power

the MPPT will track the solar power and

produce the stabilize voltage with help of

buck-boost converter.

The converter is connected to the SOC (state

of charger) for providing constant voltage to

the output vehicle, during the full speed

operation ofthe motor is coupled with

dynamo is produced the stabilize voltage.

That generated voltage is provide to the

battery for additional charging purpose

through SOC circuit.

The vehicles is run either in low and high

speed operation during this period the SOC

and DC-DC converter will provide stabilize

charging power to the battery.

Hence the Free Energy and generation and

efficient vehicle operation is achieved for

the proposed model.

4.2 TABULATION OUTPUT

Hardware Specification Input

Ranges

Output

Ranges

Generating

power

Input source 0-230V 230V

Solar panel Input source 11.25v 13V

DC

Relay ON and OFF 12 V 24V

Microcontroller PIC

(16f877a)

5V DC 5V DC

Rectifier Input power 12V

AC

12V

DC

Inverter Output

power

12V

DC

12V

AC

Boost

converter

Converting

the input

supply

12VDC 24VDC

Load Motor 24v 100

RPM

4.3ADVANTAGES

Most Successful Electrochemical System

Ever Developed.

Best Balance Specific Energy, Specific

Power, Lifecycle, and Reliability.



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4.4 APPLICATION

Public Transportation, HEVs, Start Stop

System.

Back Up and Ups System.

The system of Energy Recuperation

V.CONCLUSION:

The Power Quality Analysis impact of

photovoltaic power generation on power quality in an

Electrical vehicle system. Summaries the requirement

of power quality problems caused by photovoltaic

power plant which connected in the user side. The

power quality produced by grid side combined

photovoltaic generation injecting into a battery

system, and the energy management is improved to

this regulation capability. The proposed

Transformative Intrinsic Algorithm (TIA) system is

to improve the input stability initially and SOC to

provide safety charging of battery during Run Time

operation.

VI. REFERENCES:

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L. “Energy management strategies for hybrid

electric vehicle using PV, ultracapacitor and

battery." IEEE Transportation Electrification

Conference. 2017

3. Verma, A., & Singh, B. “Energy Management

Strategy of Solar PV-Battery and Diesel

Generator Based Electric Vehicle Charging

Station." IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and

Exposition (ECCE).2018.

4. Nayanatara, C., Divya, S., & Mahalakshmi, E.

K.”Micro-Grid Management Strategy with the

Integration of Renewable Energy Using IOT."

Internet International Conference on

Computation of Power, Energy, Information and

Communication and Conference on Computation

of Power, Energy, Information and

Communication. 2018.

5. Feng, Z., Jingling, Z., Ji, X., Yingying, C., Ling,

F., Zhe, L. Jiaming, Z. “Energy Management

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Communicates, Electronic and Automation

Control Conference. 2018.

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Yu, L., Cheng-Yi, H., Yu-Jun, D., & Yu-Jiao,

G. “Research Progress and Strategy on Stand-

alone DC Micro-grid with Multi-sources and

Multi-loads." Chinese Control and Decision

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7. Zhou, D., GAO, F., Ravey, A., Al-Durra, A.,

&Smiles, M. G. “Online energy management

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on time series prediction." IEEE Transportation

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8. Wieczorek, M., Lewandowski, M., Swarovski,

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10. Song, S., Wu, Y., Liao, B., Wang, Z., & Wei,

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