jathropha biodiesel: the solution for food and fuel discussion

8/14/2019 Jathropha Biodiesel: The Solution for Food and Fuel Discussion

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Martin Mittelbach

[email protected]

Institute of Chemistry (IFC)

Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Graz

A-8010 GrazAustria

International Jatropha Conference, Bogor, June 24-25

Jatropha Biodiesel : The Solutionfor Food and Fuel Discussion ?


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M.Mittelbach, Jatropha ConferenceBogor, June 24-26, 2008


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1987: 1st pilot plant worldwide forBiodiesel: Silberberg, Styria, Austria

1st Biodiesel Plant in a EuropeanCapital, BDV Vienna, 2006

IFC: Over 25 Years Experience in Biodiesel



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European Directive on the Promotionof the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources

January 2008

Binding Target for Renewable Energy 2020: 20 %Binding Target for Biofuels 2020: 10 %

Valid for all 27 member states

Production being sustainable (> 35 % GHG saving)

Second-generation biofuels becoming commerciallyavailable

Fuel Quality Directive: allow for adequate levelsof blending


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European Directive on the Promotionof the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources

Biofuels must not be produced:

a) Forests undisturbed by significant human

activityb) Areas designated for nature protection

purposes

c) Wetlandsd) Permanent grassland


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Biofuels Roadmap until 2020

EC, 2007M.Mittelbach, Jatropha ConferenceBogor, June 24-26, 2008


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Biodiesel Production 2006/07

EU27: 5.700.000 t

USA: 1.000.000 tRest of world: 2.200.000 t

Others: 1.847.000 t

Germany: 2,660.000 tItaly: 450.000 t

Source: EBB, NBB, own estimations

France: 743.000 t



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EurObserver 2007

Biofuels Production in EU 27


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M.Mittelbach, New Biofuels,Berlin, May 6-7, 2008

Raw Material Sources for Todays

Biodiesel Production, Worldwide

1

2

3

4

5

6

Palm 1 %Rapeseed 68 % Soybean 15 %

Palm 6 %

Sun 1 %

UFO 5 %

Animal Fat 5 %



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1

2

3

4

5

Raw Material Sources for Tomorrows

Biodiesel Production, Worldwide ???

Soybean 19 %

Rapeseed 28 %

Palm 28 %

Jatropha 19 %

Others 6 %



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Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production

First Generation:Vegetable food oils: rape seed, palm, soybean, sunflower

Second Generation:

New seed oils

Cuphea, camelina, crambe, cotton seed, GMONon-edible seed oils

Jatropha curcas, castor oil, karanja.

Waste oils and fats

Used frying oil, tallow, soap stock, trap greaseThird Generation:

Single cell oils: algae



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Vegetable Oil Production[Mt/a]

2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 increaseWorld total 130.3 138.4 145.8 152.9 22.6

Soybean 30.9 32.9 34.8 36.6 5.7

Palm 29.9 33.3 35.2 37.6 7.7Rape/Canola 14.4 15.7 17.7 18.6 4.4Sunflower 9.6 9.4 10.5 10.8 1.2

Cottonseed 4.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 0.8Peanut 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.5 -0.3Corn 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 0.3Olive 3.2 3.0 2.7 3.1 -0.1Palm-kernel 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.3 0.8Coconut 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 0.2Butter 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 0.6

Lard 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 0.6Tallow 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.5 0.4

Other commodities not included in this table are fish oil (~1.0 MT), sesame (~0.8 MT), linseed (~0.7 MT), andcastor (~0.5 MT). MT; million metric tons.

Source: INFORM adapted from Oil World Annual 2006



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.

Jatropha curcasL

The Biofuel Crop in the Future???


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.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Number of Publications on Jatropha

Source: CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service)



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Jatropha curcasHype

jatros (griech.) = physiciantrophe (griech.) = food



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Jatropha curcasL. Source: www.jatropha.de

Rajastan, IndiaJatropha fence, Mali, India

Single trees, 35 y, MaliSeeds, Ghana



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Why Jatropha c. for Biofuel Production ?

Oil quality is similar to major food oils

Could be used as PPO or transformed into biodiesel

No change in oil raffination and biodiesel production

is necessary High oil content in the seeds: 55 % (dehulled)

High productivity: approx. 1.600 l of oil per ha

Content of toxic compounds in the seeds:

curcine in protein, phorbol esters in oil

No competition with food production



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Biomass Project within an Austrian

Development Help Project in Nicaragua

1990 2000

Evaluation of Jatropha curcasL. asenergy plant

Cultivation of 1.000 ha

The biofuel part, however, suffers from the

development of fossil fuel prices, whichmakes the production of diesel fromphysic nut uneconomical at the moment.



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Symposium on Biofueland Industrial Productsfrom Jatropha curcasand other Tropical Oil SeedPlants

Managua / Nicaragua

23 - 27 February 1997


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Biodiesel from Oil of Jatropha CurcasL.

Fuel Parameter Rape Seed Jatropha curcas

Cetane Number 49 - 62 51 59

CFPP [C] -19 - -8 -3

Iodine Number 96 - 117 95 - 107

Oxidation Stability [h] 7 3

FAME from



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Fatty Acid Distribution of Non Edible Oils

C-16:0 C-18:0 C-18:1 C-18:2 C-18:3 Others IodineNr

Rape seed 3-5 1-2 55-65 20-26 8-10 96-117

Jatrophacurcas

12-17 5-10 37-63 19-41 1-2 93-107

Pongamiapinnata

3-8 2-9 44-71 10-18 15-20 80-96

Rubber seed 7-8 9-10 28-30 33-35 20-21 121-145

Sal 5-9 34-48 34-45 2-3 6-12 33-45

Castor 1-2 1-2 3-4 5-6 0.5-1 87-88 82-90

Tobacco seed 11 3.5 14.5 69.5 136-146



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Oil Yields: kg/ha

Corn: 145Cotton: 273Soybean: 375

Mustard: 481Camelina: 490Safflower: 655Rice: 696Sunflower: 800Peanuts: 890

Poppy seed: 978Rapeseed: 1000Castor: 1188

Jojoba: 1528Jatropha: 1000-2000 ???Macadam: 1887Avocado: 2217

Coconut: 2260Oilpalm: -5000

Algae: 20.000 - 100.000 ????



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Toxic Principles of Jatropha CurcasL.

Phorbol esters:mainly in the oil; esters of tigliane diterpenes

tumor promotion, cell proliferation, activation of bloodplatelets, lymphocyte mitogenesis, inflammation

Content in oil: approx. 0.37 % !!

Curcin:mainly in the oil cake; Ribosome-inactivating protein



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Identification of 6 New Phorbol Esters

W.Haas, H.Sterk, M.Mittelbach: J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1434-1440

O HO

OH

HO

HH

O

O O

O

H1

2

3 4

5 6

7

8

910

1112

13

14 15

16

17

18

19

20

1'

2' 3'

4'

5'6'

7'

8'

9'10 '

11 '

12 '

13 '

14 '

15 '

16 '

17 '

18 '

19 '

20 '

21 '

22 '

23 '

24 '



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Detoxification Experiments with the Seed Oil

Oil Raffination

Degumming

Deacidification Bleaching Desodorization

W.Haas, M.Mittelbach, Industrial Crops Prod. 2000



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Detoxification During Raffination

Untreated degumming

deacidification

bleaching desodorization



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min0 2 4 6 8 10

mAU

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

VWD1 A, Wavelength=280 nm (A060508\081-0101.D)

min0 2 4 6 8 10

mAU

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4


HPLC:

Toxic variety

Non toxic

variety

Phorbol esters


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min0 2 4 6 8 10

mAU

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


HPLC:

Oil:

Toxic variety

Methyl Ester:

After trans-esterification

Phorbol esters

min0 2 4 6 8 10

mAU

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2



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Possible Risks of Jatropha

High yields need agricultural production

(water, fertilizer, pest control)

Toxic seeds have to be processed in specified plants(labelling ?)

Possibly toxic compounds in glycerol ?

Detoxification of oil cake would improve the economy

Use as PPO: raffination necessaryengine modificationlong term engine tests



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Conclusions:

Biodiesel is and will remain the most important biofuel

worldwide in the next future Current food & fuel discussion triggers the search for

alternative feedstocks for biofuels production Jatropha seems to be the candidate for filling the

feedstock gap Full life cycle assessment is necessary for meeting the

European requirements Oil from Jatropha almost ideally meets the technical

specifications as biodiesel feedstock Special precautions for marketing the oil and byproducts

have to be considered


Th k Y f Y Ki d A i !


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Jakarta, November 20-21, 2006

Thank You for Your Kind Attention!

jathropha biodiesel: the solution for food and fuel discussion

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