Development of a Jatropha Energy System in Mpeketoni – Inception and Baseline Assessment Inception Report November 19th, 2007

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................4

2 STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP .....................................................................................................................6

3 JATROPHA BASELINE ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................8

3.2 Survey Methodology ...............................................................................................................................8

3.3 Results .....................................................................................................................................................9

3.3.1 Climate and Soil Type....................................................................................................................10

3.3.2 Performance of Jatropha in Mpeketoni..........................................................................................11

3.3.3 Pests and Diseases .........................................................................................................................13

4 SETTING UP OIL USE TRIALS - BAHARINI TOWNSHIP ELECTRICITY GRID........................................14

4.2 Overview...............................................................................................................................................14

4.3 Survey Activities....................................................................................................................................15

4.3.1 Site Visit and Survey of Baharini....................................................................................................15

4.3.2 Stakeholder Consultations .............................................................................................................18

5 APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................................20

List of Figures Figure 1 Photo of stakeholders workshop ............................................................................................................6

Figure 2: Map of Mpeketoni Scheme indicating plots in red and green where the Jatropha survey was done .9

Figure 3: Jatropha being grown/used as a live fence in 3 different farms .........................................................10

Figure 4: The jatropha branch above started rooting and sprouted leaves after being cut down and left on the ground. ........................................................................................................................................................11

Figure 5: Photo showing 7-8 jatropha fruits on a single branch .......................................................................11

Figure 6: Three mature jatropha trees ranging from 6-10 years old..................................................................12

Figure 7: Three nurseries in Mpeketoni with jatropha seedlings.......................................................................13

Figure 8: Photos showing leaf spot, damage caused by caterpillars and leaf shrinkage respectively ..............13

List of Tables Table 1 List of Respondents..................................................................................................................................8

Table 2: Performance of mature untended Jatropha trees in Mpeketoni ..........................................................12

Table 3: List of Materials Recovered from MEC grid .........................................................................................17

1 Executive Summary Norwegian Church Aid, Lamu Cotton Growers and Industrial Association and Energy for Sustainable Development are developing a Jatropha Energy System in Mpeketoni and it’s environs in Lamu District. The inception phase of the project consists of 3 activities:

1. A stakeholders workshop to create awareness of the project, get buy in from farmers and their input 2. A jatropha baseline assessment to collect information climate, soil, existing jatropha in the area and

how it is performing 3. Identification of options for setting up oil use demos

The stakeholders workshop was held at the Agricultural Training Center in Mpeketoni on 11th October 2007. About 200 farmers attended the workshop. It was also attended by the area chief (representing the Divisional Officer) and representatives form the district agricultural office and the agricultural training center. A presentation on jatropha was made on the plant description, ecology, uses, oil production, propagation, intercropping, yield, pests and diseases, maintenance and economics. Although farmers are familiar with the plant, they did not know that it’s oil had properties similar to diesel. Farmers were keen to get started right away without going through the proposed trial phase. Their main queries were with regard to the market and the price the seeds would be sold at. They also mentioned the need to raise awareness to reduce the risk of poisoning. The area chief, district agricultural office and agricultural training center supported the project. 167 farmers registered to participate in the project pledging a total of 218.75 acres. It was proposed that to facilitate implementation farmers be divided into groups based on their locations and agricultural extension officers be involved to support and assist farmers. A number of farmers in each group would be involved in the 1st year trials. After the trials the project would be expanded to farmers within the Mpeketoni settlement scheme and neighboring schemes. The jaropha baseline assessment showed that the climate and soil types were ideal for jatropha growing. Mpeketoni is a few 100 meters above sea level, temperatures range from 25-32 and receives an annual rainfall of 850-1200mm. The soil in the area is also predominantly sandy and sandy-loam. Jatropha is currently grown in the area as a live fence and for medicinal purposes (sap used to stop bleeding). The plant also gained infamy after some cases of children being poisoned after eating the seeds and farmers started destroying the trees on their farms. Jatropha grows naturally in the area and although it is not tended it grows well. The survey revealed a number of healthy 6-10 year old jatropha trees that had grown to 8m. We estimated that annual seed production for mature trees ranges between 1-2kg per tree. Save for one occurrence of stem rot, pests or diseases did not seriously affect the plants. The most common disease affecting the plant in the area is leaf spot. A number of pests also feed on the leaves. To assess the options for setting up oil use trials in the area, meetings were held with Mpeketoni Electricity Company (MEC) and stakeholders for Baharini town. MEC were in the process of winding down their diesel powered electricity generation and distribution system, they had been running the system since 1994 until the national electricity utility company took over in September 07. Baharini is located 8km from Mpeketoni and it is unlikely that the grid will extended in the near future. The proposal was for the project to support MEC to relocate their generation and distribution equipment to Baharini and run the system commercially as they had done in Mpeketoni. The generator would then be retrofitted so that system could be powered by jatropha oil. However, MEC expressed they were not keen on relocating to Baharini, but rather would prefer to sell off their assets and wind down the company. A survey and design of Baharini was undertaken to estimate the cost of setting up a generation and distribution system there. Considering use of locally harvested and treated poles and recovered MEC materials, the cost of setting up the network (1.147km) and generation station totals Kshs 2,688,603, broken down as follows: - Network cost - Kshs 1,076,603 - Cost of generator installation – Kshs 700,000 (MEC valuation of their 57kVA generator) - Cost of genset Room and switchgear - Kshs 912,000

Costs could be further reduced by considering the possibility of renting a suitable room for the generator to be housed instead of constructing one. However lack of capacity of Baharini to operate and manage the system would have to be addressed to ensure sustainability. Multifunctional platforms could provide an alternative approach. The multifunctional platform is built around a simple diesel engine, which can also run off pure jatropha oil. It can power various tools, such as a cereal mill, husker, alternator, battery charger, pump, welding and carpentry equipment, etc and can also generate electricity and be used to distribute water. The platforms would be located in the towns in the settlement scheme without access to electricity and be gradually introduced as the jatropha production increased.

2 Stakeholders Workshop The stakeholders workshop was held to sensitize farmers on the project, generate their interest and collect their views and concerns. The half day workshop was held on 11th October 2007 at the Agricultural Training Center in Mpeketoni. About 200 farmers attended the workshop. Annexed is the attendance list1. The area chief (representing the Divisional officer) and representatives from the district agricultural office, and the agricultural training center also attended.

Figure 1 Photo of stakeholders workshop

The Workshop Program was as follows: - Area Chief - Opening Remarks - Lamu Cotton Growers Association - Introductory remarks and overview of the project - Norwegian Church Aid – Donor’s role in supporting the project - Energy for Sustainable Development – Presentation on Jatropha covering; plant description, ecology,

uses, oil production, propagation, intercropping, yield, pests and diseases, maintenance requirements and economics and a Kiswahili video showing jatropha oil being grown and used in mission in Tanzania. (Presentation annexed)

- Question and Answer Session - District Agricultural Office - Remarks - Agricultural Training Center - Remarks - Vote of thanks and closing Issues arising Awareness of jatropha amongst farmers is high. Many have grown it as a live fence and used it medicinally e.g. to stop bleeding. However farmers did not know it could be used as a substitute for diesel.

1 Unfortunately a large number of farmers came when the workshop was underway and weren’t filled in the attendance list.

Farmers were very keen to get started right away. They were of the view that we would distribute seeds, ask them to start planting and assure them of the market. Due to the interest we proposed to increase the number of decentralized trails to 100 - acre trials to get more farmers involved at the beginning. Due to cases of children being poisoned by the seeds many farmers had cut down their trees. Though this did not make them reluctant to plant jatropha the issue of undertaking measures to reduce the risk of poisoning was raised. The question on whether the project was exclusively for members of the Lamu Cotton Growers Association was also raised. It was clarified that all farmers were welcome to participate as evidenced by the fact that the stakeholders workshop was advertised to all and not specifically to members of the association. However it was noted that the association was key to the coordination and facilitation of project activities. 167 farmers registered to participate in the project pledging a total of 218.75 acres. Annexed is the list of attendees and the list of interested farmers who have pledged some land to grow jatropha. It was proposed that to facilitate implementation farmers be divided into groups based on their locations and agricultural extension officers be involved to support and assist farmers. A number of farmers in each group would be involved in the 1st year trials. After the trials the project would be expanded to farmers within the Mpeketoni settlement scheme and also to those of neighboring divisions of Witu and Hindi.

3 Jatropha Baseline Assessment ESD undertook an ecological survey of Jatropha in Mpeketoni settlement scheme. The purpose of the survey was to collect information on climate, soil types and properties, existing stock of jatropha and it’s current uses.

3.2 Survey Methodology Assessment of existing stock was done through visits to farms where Jatropha was grown. Farmers growing Jatropha were identified at the Jatropha stakeholders workshop, when visited these farmers referred the enumerators to other neighboring farmers who had also planted it. A total of 31 farms were visited as listed in the table below.

Table 1 List of Respondents

Respondent Plot Number Contact details Number of Jatropha plants Oldest (yrs) Paul Wanjohi Muthui 417 Box 27 Umoja 53 2

Fredrick Kiura 424 60 3

Muiruki Githinji 425 1 8

Peter Gichohi 426 4 2

Mwaura Wainaina 412 250 2 to 6

Solomon Ndungu 468 15

Peter Njunge 99 0720003787 2 3

John Kamau 94 10 2

Catholic Mission 30 6

Alice Njeri 40 0728628272 1 1

Peter Leposo 1498 0734964059 2 1

Paul Nganga 0725717371 36 4

Robert Mugo 2892 0733223507 9 3 months Ruth Nduta 1989 110 10

Nancy Mwarania Muguro 2063 0728728506 360 6

Teresia Wanjiru Kiiru 482 7 20

Francis Gikunju 641 10 3

David Gichu 584 0728623827 200

Peter Waweru 1724 10 20

Paul Mwangi 1697 30 6

David Muhoro 1689 10 3

Isaac Mkalamani 1679 0723285175 23 10

Geoffrey Muhindi 461 0729393601/ 0735286534

85

James Mwangi 2545 120

Mary Wanjiru 1599 17 1.5

Peter Waihumbu 1987 1 10

Stephen Mburu 0736102534 6 10

Gladys Wangeci 1992 0734869114 7 10

Ibrahim Mwaura 1971 6 1

Peter Njoroge Kiarie 1511 4 5

John Kamau 1472 0720623015 36 10

The map below indicates the farms visited in the settlement scheme highlighted in red and green. Those highlighted in green represents the farms with mature, high yield jatropha trees. The questionnaire used is attached in the Annex. Information on climate, soil types and properties was collected from the district agricultural office.

Figure 2: Map of Mpeketoni Scheme indicating plots in red and green where the Jatropha survey was done2

3.3 Results Jatropha is well known in Mpeketoni. Farmers in the settlement scheme have been growing Jatropha for over 10 years. It is unclear who introduced it in the area although there is mention of GTZ training farmers on how jatropha seeds can be used to make a simple candle. Jatropha is mainly grown by farmers as a live fence. It’s medicinal (sap stops bleeding) and insecticidal properties are also known and is another reason why farmers planted it. However cases of children being poisoned from eating its seeds have been reported and this resulted in many farmers destroying the jatropha trees they had grown.

2 Mature jatropha trees were seen in the plots marked in green

Figure 3: Jatropha being grown/used as a live fence in 3 different farms

3.3.1 Climate and Soil Type Mpeketoni is few meters above sea level. Annual rainfall ranges from 850-1200mm and temperatures range from 25-32°C. The long rains start in late March with peak rainfall in the months of May and June (500-550mm/month). Short rains occur in November and December (25-50mm/month). The predominant soil-types are is sandy and sandy loam. Black cotton soil is common in the swampy areas and clay soil in the central areas.

Mpeketoni’s climate and soils are therefore ideal for Jatropha. Jatropha occurs mainly at lower altitudes (0-500m) is adapted to temperatures above 20°C, has annual rainfall requirements of 300-1000mm and grows best on well-drained soils with good aeration especially sandy to loamy soils best fit.

Figure 4: The jatropha branch above started rooting and sprouted leaves after being cut down and left on the ground.

3.3.2 Performance of Jatropha in Mpeketoni In general jatropha performs very well in Mpeketoni without being tended. It is propagated by both seeds and cuttings. When the trees are cut down at the stem, they grow back and seeds falling from the jatropha tree often germinate on their own. The tables below indicate the performance of selected jatropha trees identified during the survey. A large number of respondents did not know the exact age of their jatropha trees. In addition it was common for farmers to cut down the trees at the stem, making it difficult to compare age and performance of the trees. Respondents indicate that the trees fruit 2-3 times per year, with mature trees producing 4-14 fruits per branch. Annual yield per tree based on these figures is 1-2kg of seed. Pruning would significantly increase the number of fruiting branches and subsequently the yield. As the trees are not pruned they grow to 8 meters in height. At the time of the study, the trees were just beginning to fruit.

Figure 5: Photo showing 7-8 jatropha fruits on a single branch

Table 2: Performance of mature untended Jatropha trees in Mpeketoni

Branches Age (yrs)

Propagation Height (m)

Stem thickness (1m from ground)

Shading Spacing (cm) Total With

flowers With fruit

Fruits per branch

Number of times the plants fruit per year

3 Cutting/seedling 3 Partial 50 8 - 1 1 2

3 Seed 8.5 10cm Significant Isolated 30 20 30 6 - 10 3

4 Seed 6 13cm Partial 10 15 15 - - 2

5 Seed 4.5 10.5cm Partial 50cm 8 4 - - 3

6 Cutting 6 8cm None 60 25 20 20 7 - 10 2

6 Seed 8 11cm Partial 10 30 15 20 8 - 10 3

6 Cutting 8 13cm Partial 5m 50 40 20 5 2

6 Seed 6.5 6.5cm Significant 1.5m 12 6 5 14 1

6 Cutting 4 Partial 30 10 9 5 5 8 Seed 8 40cm None 60 40 - - 2

10 Cutting 5.2 13cm Significant 4m 10 9 2 6 - 10 3

10 Seed 6 13cm None Isolated 15 10 12 7

10 Seed 4.5 12cm None 50cm 15 10 - - 3

10 Seed 7.6 14cm None 1m 20 20 10 5 3

10 Seed 6 14cm Significant 60cm 20 10 15 5 3

20 Seed 8 15cm Significant Isolated 40 30 20 4 – 7 20 Seed 8 9.5cm Partial 3m 18 - - - 1

Figure 6: Three mature jatropha trees ranging from 6-10 years old

Table 3: Performance of young jatropha plants in Mpeketoni

Branches Age (months)

Propagation Height (cm)

Stem thickness at 50 cm

Shading Spacing (cm) Total With

flowers With fruit

Fruits per branch

1 Seed 26 1.5cm Significant - 1.5 Seed 33 In nursery -

2 Seed 20 10 - 2 Seed 26 -

4 Seed 50 2cm No Isolated -

5 Seed 66 1.5cm Partial 44 -

6 Cutting 70 1.5cm Significant 20 -

12 Cutting 250 Significant 60 4 2 1 4 to 6

12 Cutting 80 3cm No 40 2

12 Cutting 100 2cm Significant 10 2

Figure 7: Three nurseries in Mpeketoni with jatropha seedlings

3.3.3 Pests and Diseases Although majority of the plants visited were healthy, leaf spot and holes in the leaves caused by caterpillars were common. Isolated cases of leaf shrinkage and stem rot were also seen.

Figure 8: Photos showing leaf spot, damage caused by caterpillars and leaf shrinkage respectively

4 Setting Up Oil Use Trials - Baharini Township Electricity Grid 4.2 Overview Mpeketoni Electricity Company is a community run organization that provides power to over 250 customers in the town of Mpeketoni through a diesel micro-grid. In 1991 the Mpeketoni community initiated a Jua Kali Association whose main aim was to create income earning and employment opportunities by starting carpentry, metalwork and repair workshops. The association approached GTZ with a request to assist them to set up an electricity generation station to supply power for their businesses and for wider distribution to private consumers in Mpeketoni.

A partnership between GTZ and the local community enabled the initial installation of a diesel engine with a generation capacity of 57kVA generator and a mini grid in 1994. A second generator of 60 kVA was added in 1996 along with the equipment necessary to synchronize the two machines. In 1999 a third generator with a capacity of 150 kVA was added to the system. No new equipment has been added to date but although the system suffered frequent breakdowns it has been the lifeline of Mpeketoni to date. In 2005 the Government of Kenya through the Ministry of Energy agreed to install a new powerhouse and two 300kVA generators. Through the Kenya Power and Lighting Company, the Ministry of Energy is set to take over electricity generation and distribution in Mpeketoni from 1st September 2007. The grid will be extended to Hongwe town (6 km away) and Witu (40km away). An additional 500kVA diesel generator will also be added to the system for the Witu load.

As a result of the take over of the system and customers, MEC has the option of winding down, disposing of it’s assests and paying of it’s shareholders or transferring its generation and distribution system to nearby towns unlikely to be connected to the KPLC grid in the near future.

An energy demand analysis undertaken by an ESD intern based in Mpeketoni for 6 months shows Hongwe, Uziwa and Baharini as the towns with the largest demand for energy (see table below). p g

LineEnergy Demand

(kWh/mo)

Hongwe 9,350

Uziwa

(with Ginnery)5,875

Baharini 4,665

Uziwa

(without Ginnery)3,955

Lake 1,887

Mapenya 2,020

Hongwe is in the short-term expansion plans for the Ministry of Energy and Uziwa’s demand is dependant on the installation of a proposed ginnery. Since the KPLC generation station is only 2km away from the proposed site, it is likely that the ginnery will be connected to the KPLC managed grid.

Although the has been lobbying for the extension of the grid to Mpeketoni, the Ministry of Energy’s stance is that it would be expensive (estimated Ksh16-20million to extend the grid from Mpeketoni to Baharini) and since they have already invested a significant amount in the area it would not be possible to justify additional investment in the short term (5years). This leaves Baharani as the most ideal location for MEC to relocate and set up a generating and distribution systems. In addition, the proximity of Baharini town to the ocean (2km) and its virtually untouched beach means that it has enormous growth potential in the area.

This project proposes to assist MEC set up an electricity generation and distribution system in Baharini using most of its existing assets (generators, poles, cables, electricity meters etc.) from the Mpeketoni electricity system. The Baharini electricity system will be run from diesel in the interim resulting in high electricity costs in the beginning. However when the existing generators are being reconditioned they will be retrofitted to enable the run off straight vegetable oil in the near future. The oil will be from locally grown and processed jatropha and cottonseed from a parallel project working with local farmers to facilitate local production of oil crops. 4.3 Survey Activities A survey was undertaken to assess the viability and cost of setting up an electricity generation and distribution system in Baharini. Survey activities consisted of:

- Site visits and survey of Baharini to establish the town requirements and survey and sssessment of MEC’s assets to determine and cost equipment reusable for setting the Baharini mini-grid

- Stakeholders’ consultations with Mpeketoni Electricity Company (MEC) and Baharini stakeholders to determine infrastructure, capacity and institutional requirements for setting up electricity generation and distribution in Baharini

4.3.1 Site Visit and Survey of Baharini The table below lists the number and type of potential electricity customers in Baharini town

BAHARINI CUSTOMERS

No. Customer category Existing Proposed Total

1 House Hold -med 3 56 59

2 House Hold -low 6 5 11

3 Church 3 6 9

4 Hospital 1 1

5 Mosque 1 1

6 Secondary school 1 1

7 Primary school 1 1

8 Kiosks,café,small business 21 21

9 Hotel 1 1

10 Posho mill 1 1

11 Government/parastatal offices 1 1

12 Sister's residents 1 1

13 Nursery school 1 1

Total 40 69 109

A survey map of Baharini town indicating the locations of the potential customers is annexed. Overhead Line Design The basic line design concept is based on standards as set by the I.E.E regulations and more governed by the electric power Act Cap 315 of the laws of Kenya. Design parameters are also borrowed from the existing norms set by Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd and edited to suit Baharini – see Appendix 1. The scope of works involves an approximate 2.5km of Low voltage grid supply from a Genset and subsequent transmission and metering of the supplies to the satisfaction of the client.

Design Options Based on the above potential customer tally and the resultant surveyed layout plan the following options were applied. Option A Considering electricity coverage for the entire Baharini town and environs extending as far PEFA & FGCK worldwide churches to the South and Baharini primary to the North (Total LV distance = 2.199km) Estimated Total network cost = Kshs 3,107,290 Estimated cost of genset installation = Kshs 700,000 Cost of genset Room and switchgear = Kshs 912,000 TOTAL Kshs 4,719,290 Option B Considering electricity coverage for Baharini town and Schools but excluding extension to F.P.F.K CHURCH on the Southern side. (Total LV distance = 1.77km) Estimated Total network cost = Kshs 2,639,080 Estimated cost of genset installation = Kshs 700,000 Cost of genset Room and switchgear = Kshs 912,000 TOTAL Kshs 4,251,080

Option C Considering electricity coverage for Baharini town and the secondary school and Sister’s convent only. (Total LV distance = 1.147km) Estimated Total network cost = Kshs 2,168,370 Estimated cost of genset installation = Kshs 700,000 Cost of genset Room and switchgear = Kshs 912,000

TOTAL Kshs 3,780,370

BAHARINI ELECTRICITY GRID CONSTRUCTION

MV/LV GRID EXTENSION

NO DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY

EST. UNIT COST ksh.(m)

AMOUNT ksh.(m) TOTAL

1

OPTION 1 COSTS -WHOLE OF BAHARINI TOWNSHIP 4.71929

3-PHASE LINE NEW CCT1 KM 0.161 1.28 0.206

SINGLE-PHASE LINE NEW CCT1 KM 0.712 1.09 0.776

3-PHASE LINE NEW CCT2 KM 0.522 1.28 0.668

SINGLE-PHASE LINE NEW CCT2 KM 0.804 1.09 0.876

2.199 2.527

OPTION 2 COSTS EXCLUDING F.P.F.K CHURCH 4.25108

3-PHASE LINE NEW CCT1 KM 0.161 1.28 0.206

SINGLE-PHASE LINE NEW CCT1 KM 0.283 1.09 0.308

3 -PHASE LINE NEW CCT2 KM 0.522 1.28 0.668

SINGLE-PHASE LINE NEW CCT2 KM 0.804 1.09 0.876

1.77 2.058

OPTION 3 COSTS EXCLUDING F.P.F.K CHURCH &BAHARINI PRIMARY SCHOOL 3.78037

3-PHASE LINE NEW CCT1 KM 0.161 1.28 0.206

SINGLE-PHASE LINE NEW CCT1 KM 0.283 1.09 0.308

3 -PHASE LINE NEW CCT2 KM 0.522 1.28 0.876

SINGLE-PHASE LINE NEW CCT2 KM 0.181 1.09 0.197

1.147 1.588

BAHARINI ELECTRICITY GRID CONSTRUCTION

3 GENERATORS .

1X 57KVA Three phase Genset pc 1 0.705 0.7050

Cost of construction of Genset rm sq M 75.6 12000 0.9072

1.6122

4 SERVICE CABLES

Single phase 10sq mm Copper cables pc 42 0.01 0.479

Three phase 25sq mm Copper cables pc 170 0.0001 0.014

0.493

5

INSTALLATION OF MV CIRCUIT CONTROLS

2NO. X 200A MCCB MV CIRCUIT BREAKERS pc 2 0.015 0.030

0.030

6 METERS

Single phase meters pc 3 0.015 0.045

Three phase meters pc 1 0.0125 0.013

0.058

GRAND TOTAL (CHEAPEST OPTION) 3.78037

All the above methods are calculated with the current market rates without any consideration of the Mpeketoni recovered grid materials. If the materials held by MEC are factored in at the estimated recovery price as detailed in the attached list, and also taking the approximate cost of locally treated poles as Ksh. 2000, then the cost of line construction per km reduces.

Table 3: List of Materials Recovered from MEC grid

Materials Details Comments Generators (3) - 57kVA Gen-set 415/240V 50hz Deutz Type

- 60kVa Gen-set 415V/240V 50hz Deutz type - 150kVA Gen-set 415V/240V 50hz Deutz type - Two diesel tanks, one for 1400 litres and other 1000 litres.

- The 60kVA Gen-set has got a electrical problem on the Rotor stator which is repairable. All control panels are electronic from Eectro Watts Limited

Switch gear - 57kVA Gen-set has got 70 – 100A main – switch moulded case circuit breaker DTH 100. - 60kVA Gen-set has got a control circuit – breaker (miniature circuit – breaker) thermal magnetic type rating range 63-100a. - 150kVA Gen-set has got control circuit – breaker 3 phase 32A

Materials Details Comments Poles (4) Only 4 re-coverable poles others were cut-off

by MEC to give way to KPLC to erect theirs.

Conductors (Aluminium overheads)

- Gauge - 50mm2, Length - 20,180m (longest length, 200m) - Gauge - 70mm2, Length - 3,300m (longest not defined)

Service line cables - 10mm2, copper cable twin (heat and fire resistant) -2,813m - 10mm2, copper cable twin - 650 m - 10mm2, single phase armored 2 wire – 48m - 16mm2, 3 phase copper cable 4 wire – 47m - 25mm2, 3 phase copper cable 4 wire - 67 m - 50mm2, 3 phase copper cable 4 wire - 27 m

Jua kali sector and Safaricom transmission centre has got armoured cable to be re-covered after KPLC installs theirs.

Re-usable kWh meters They are more than 290 meters which MEC company recovered, 19 are 3 phase 4 wire meters in good working condition according to MEC reports

Other - Over 200pcs miniature circuit breakers (mult-9) type have been recovered also in good working condition. - Shackles, D-iron are plenty but bolts and nuts need to be replaced.

Using these items and by the most cost-effective option C, the estimated cost is as shown below; Option C - I Considering use of locally harvested and treated poles with the above cost given and recovered MEC materials, the cost of grid extension are hence adjusted accordingly as below; (Total LV distance = 1.147km) Estimated Total network cost = Kshs 1,076,603 Estimated cost of genset installation = Kshs 700,000 Cost of genset Room and switchgear = Kshs 912,000 TOTAL Kshs 2,688,603 The other option on reduction of costs will be to look at possibilities of renting a suitable room for the genset to be housed and maybe the community will build theirs later as they generate income.

4.3.2 Stakeholder Consultations Meetings were held with Mpeketoni Electricity Company (MEC) and stakeholders for Baharini town. MEC were in the process of winding down their diesel powered electricity generation and distribution system, they had been running the system since 1994 until the national electricity utility company took over in September 07. The proposal was for the project to support MEC to relocate their generation and distribution equipment to Baharini and run the system commercially as they had done in Mpeketoni. The generator would then be retrofitted so that system could be powered by jatropha oil. However, MEC expressed they were not keen on relocating to Baharini, but rather would prefer to sell off their assets and wind down the company. This approach presented a number of challenges:

- Unless the Baharini community was willing and able to co-finance the set up of the Baharini Generation and Distribution System, Norwegian Church Aid would be required to cover the entire cost of equipment and installation

- Unlike MEC, the Baharini community lacked the capacity to operate, manage and maintain an electricity generation and distribution system and therefore capacity building would be required

5 Appendix Appendix 1: List of Workshop Attendees Appendix 2: List of Interested Farmers Appendix 3: Workshop Presentation Appendix 4: Farmer Mobilization and Committee Formation for Trial Phase Appendix 5: Survey Map of Baharini Appendix 6: Baharini Township Proposed Electricity Grid Lines Appendix 7: Detailed Cost Breakdown for single phase and 3-phase lines Appendix 8: Proposed Generator House Design Appendix 9: Standards for MV Lines

1

1

Building a Reliable Source of Jatropha Seeds:First Step in the Development of a Jatropha Energy

System in Mpeketoni

Consultative Stakeholders Workshop

Farmers Training Center: Mpeketoni

11th October 2007

2

Jatropha

3

Plant Description and Ecology

• Woody shrub with big oily seeds

• Old plants grow to 5 meters and produce seedsfor 30years

• Occurs mainly at lower altitudes (0-500m)

• Adapted to higher temperatures above 20°C

• Annual rainfall requirements (300-1000mm)

• Grows well on well-drained soils with goodaeration

• Sandy to loamy soils best fit, clay soilsunsuitable,

4

Plant Description and Ecology

• Soil pH between 6-8 suitable

• Adapted to marginal soils with low nutrientcontent

• Drought Tolerant, sheds its leaves during thedry season

• Oil is poisonous

• Widely cultivated in the tropics as a livingfence

• Not eaten by cattle

2

5

Plant Uses• Medicinal:

– Purgative,

– Cures skin diseases

– Soothe rheumatic pains

– Water for boiled leafs used for coughs and antiseptic after birth,

– Sap used to stop bleeding of wounds

• Insecticidal:– Extracts and seed oil effective against cotton, potato, maize,

sorghum, pulses (peas & beans)

– Leaves used for fumigating houses against bed bugs

• Organic Manure - Press cake higher in nitrogen,potassium, phosphorus and organic matter than chickenmanure

• Fruit hulls and seed shells used a burning material

6

Plant Uses - Oil Production and Use

• Oil content 30-40%

• 3-5kg jatropha seeds yield 1-liter of oil

• Seed oil extracted using a press

• Oil can be a substitute for diesel

• Oil can be used directly inDeutz, Hatz, IFA, Elsbett, DMS,Farymann and Lister-type(India) engines

• Electricity generation, milling,water pumping & transport

• Pure oil has higher viscositythan diesel

7

Plant Uses - Oil Production and Use

8

Plant Uses - Oil Production and Use

• Diesel engine modifications allow for use of purejatropha oil

• Diesel & jatropha mix (80:20) can be used withoutengine modification

• Oil can be used for lighting

• Burns without emitting much smoke

• Cannot be used directly in kerosene stoves and lamps

• Special jatropha stoves and lamps being developed

• Oil also used to soften leather, lubricate machineryand soap production

3

9

Plant Uses - Oil Production and Use

10

Propagation• Seeds or cuttings

• Direct seeding least successful

• Cuttings show longer life buthave lower drought and diseaseresistance than those plantspropagated by seeds

• Planting widths are 2X2,2.5X2.5 and 3X3m, equivalentto crop densities of 2,500,1,600 and 1111 plants/ha

• For hedges 1X1 meters

• For quick establishment ofhedges or early seed yieldsdirectly planted cuttings arebest

11

Propagation• Quality planting material should be used

• Seeds older than 15 months have low viabilities

• To break dormancy intervals of presoaking and dryingrequired

• Freshly harvested show dormancy and after ripening isnecessary

• Direct sun has a negative effect on seed viability, seedsshould be dried in the shade

• With good rainfall nursery plants may bear fruits after1st rainy season, direct sown plants after 2nd season

• Two flowering peaks. In permanently humid equatorialregions, flowering occurs throughout the year.

• Seeds mature 3 months after flowering

12

Intercropping

• Choice of companion cropdepends on:– preference of the farmer

– available market

– adaptability to the site

• Suitable support plant forclimbing plants

• Intercropping between rowsof hedge rows common

• Preferably shorter cropsduring Yr 1 (peanut, cowpea,sweet potato, beans)

• Yr 2 taller crops can beincluded

4

13

Yield• Seed production peaks and stabilizes in yrs 4-6

• Suitable plantations yield 2kg/tree

• Optimum 6-8tons/ha in good soil with goodmanagement

• Examples– Mexico - 2.5kg/tree, 2tons/ha yr1 to 12.5tons/ha yr5

– Guatemala - 1.25ton/ha yr 1 (2.5X2.5m & 4,000mm)

– Indonesia - 4-5ton/ha yr 1(2X2m & 2000mm)

– At 600mm rainfall seed yield 5 tons/ha yr 2

– India - 1.3ton/ha yr 2 (4X3m & 800mm)

– Nicaragua - 4.5ton/ha yr 4

– Estimated yield for 1yr old plantations 2.5ton/ha

– 600kg/ha yr 1 (2500 plants/ha), 2tons/ha yr2, 5 tons/ha yr 314

Yield

15

Pests and Diseases

• Not known to cause severe problems

• Damage and Symptoms include:– Damping off/Root rot

– Leaf spots

– Loss of seedlings (millipede, locust)

– Galleries in leaves, feeding of leaves (larvae)

– Die-back of branches (cushion scale, wooly aphid)

– Sucking on fruits (blue bug, green stink bug)

– Inflorescence and capsule borer

• Pests treated with Endosulfan and insecticides

• Damping off/Root rot treated with Bordeauxmixture and fungicides 16

Pests and Diseases

5

17

Pests and Diseases

18

Maintenance

• Weeding - 3- 4 times per year, 1 meter from the base

• Organic Fertilizer - After transplantation and annually

• Inorganic - 20-50g/plant NPK annually years, press cakecan be used instead

• Pruning - Side shoots needed for maximum sprouting,flowers and seed and to keep tree less than 2m tofacilitate harvesting

• Plant should have 36 fruiting branches to yield5tons/hectare

• 1 ha of jatropha requires about 60 - 80 person days in yr1 and 30 - 50 in subsequent years

19

Economics - ExpenditureLabor Days Unit Cost Total cost

Site preparation 10 200 2,000

Alignment and staking 2 200 400

Digging of Pits 10 200 2,000

Fertilzer application and refilling pits 5 200 1,000

Planting and replanting 10 200 2,000

Weeding and soil working (4 times/year) 15 200 3,000

Plant protection 5 200 1,000

Pruning 10 200 2,000

Subtotal-Labor 67 13,400

Materials Quantity Unit Cost Total cost

Fertilizer - FYM (2kg/pit) 3,200 1,000

Fertilizer - MPK (100g/plant) 160 4 640

Plant protection (fungicide/pesticide) 600

Seedlings 2,000 8 16,000

Subtotal-Materials 18,240

TOTAL Investment/hectare 31,640

Farmer contribution 15,640

Possible Support from NCA at the beginning 16,000

Cost Estimates Year 1 (1600 plants/ha)

20

Economics - Expenditure

Labor Days Unit Cost Total cost

Fertilzer application 3 200 600

Weeding and soil working (4 times/year) 15 200 3,000

Plant protection 5 200 1,000

Pruning 10 200 2,000

Subtotal-Labor 33 6,600

Materials Quantity Unit Cost Total cost

Fertilizer - FYM (1kg/pit) or press cake 1,600 500

Plant protection (fungicide/pesticide) 600

Subtotal-Materials 1,100

TOTAL Investment/hectare 7,700

Cost Estimates from Year 2

6

21

Economics - Revenue

Estimated

Yields

Seed/Tree/

Year (kg)

kg/ha/yr liters of oil

extracted

(4kg - 1

liter)

Income from

oil

(40Ksh/liter)

Farmers

income

(80%)

Year 1 0.3 480 120 4,800.00 3,840

Year 2 0.9 1440 360 14,400.00 11,520

Year 3 1.8 2880 720 28,800.00 23,040

Year 4 2.5 4000 1,000 40,000.00 32,000

Year 5 2.8 4480 1,120 44,800.00 35,840

Year 6 3 4800 1,200 48,000.00 38,400

22

Way Forward

• Stakeholder consultation

• 4ha central trial plantation set up in 2008

• 20, 1/2-acre decentralized trials totaling 8ha

• 1 Central nursery, 2ha - 200,000 seedlings

• 10 Satellite nurseries, each 0.5ha - 50,000 seedlings

• Target - 400ha (700,000 jatropha trees) planted induring the long rains in 2009

• Requires 800,000 seedlings

• 400,000 liters of Jatropha oil produced in 2012

23

Way Forward

• Seed collection, oil processing, marketing andsale to be undertaken by the association

• NCA to support setting up of requiredinfrastructure and building of institutional andtechnical capacity of the association

• Oil use trials and demos to be undertaken in2008 (diesel generators, posho mills and waterpumps)

Appendix 7: Detailed Cost Breakdown for single phase and 3-phase lines COST ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THREE PHASE LV LINE 0.683 KM. LONG

USING 502 AAC PVC MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

Dimensions S/no

UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE

TOTAL COST 1km

QUANTITY 0.683 KM

UNIT PRICE

TOTAL COST 0.683 KM

1 Stay block 3/4" PCS 10 2,100 21,000 7 2,100 14,343

2 Danger / Hatari plates

50mm x 300mm

PCS 20 200 4,000 14 200 2,732

3 Number plate 95mm x 85mm

PCS 20 100 2,000 14 100 1,366

4 Wooden pole 10 m medium c/w cap & nails

10 m medium PCS 20 2,000 40,000 14 2,000 27,320

5 Plastic Pole cap

(12"x12") pcs 20 100 2,000 14 100 1,366

5 GMS bolt & nut M16x220 mm (9"X5/8")

M16x220 mm

PCS 80 106 8,480 55 106 5,792

6 Washer square GMS curved for M16 bolt

M16 PCS 80 25 2,000 55 25 1,366

7 LV Shackle Insulator

.433kv PCS 80 83 6,640 55 83 4,535

8 D'Irons c/w bolt and nut

95mmx16mm PCS 80 250 20,000 55 250 13,660

9 Barbed wire Swg 8 km 0.1 10,000

1,000 0 10,000 683

10 Staples galvanized

13/4" kg 0.4 99 40 0 99 27

11 Binding wire soft Al. PVC

(SWG 10) km 0.10 8,000 800 0 8,000 546

12 stay wire 4/8 4/8" km 0.10 52,000

5,200 0 52,000 3,552

15 Stay insulator 11kv PCS 10 115 1,150 7 115 785

16 Stay rod c/w adjuster and thimble

3/4" PCS 10 980 9,800 7 980 6,693

17 Copper earthing wire 19/064

19/064 km 0.01 45,000

540 0 45,000 369

18 Connector line taps

25-75mm PCS 50 150 7,500 34 150 5,123

19 Copper earth rods c/w connectors and couplers

PCS 2 500 1,000 1 500 683

17 AAC 50 mm2 PVC

km 4 43,000 172,000.00 3 43000 117,476

Material Total with local material

208,417

Miscellaneous 10%

20,842

COST ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THREE PHASE LV LINE 0.683 KM. LONG

USING 502 AAC PVC SUB - TOTAL 229,259

6% Storage, Inland transportation 13,756

Sub Total for material 243,014

Add 16 % VAT

38,882

add 5 % Insurance

12,151

Add 3% retention fee

7,290

Add 30% Mark-up

72,904

Freight charges 1km = 3tons (20tons =155,000/)

23,250

Total 397,492

LABOUR COSTS

198,070

595,562

Hence Total 1,076,603

COST ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE LV LINE 0.464 KM. LONG

USING 502 AAC PVC MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

Dimensions S/no

UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE

TOTAL COST 1km

QUANTITY 0.464 KM

UNIT PRICE

TOTAL COST 0.464 km

1 Stay block 3/4" PCS 10 2,100 21,000 5 2,100 9,744

2 Danger / Hatari plates

50mm x 300mm

PCS 20 200 4,000 9 200 1,856

3 Number plate 95mm x 85mm

PCS 20 100 2,000 9 100 928

4 Wooden pole 10 m medium c/w cap & nails

10 m medium PCS 20 11,400

228,000 9 11,400 105,792

5 Plastic Pole cap

(12"x12") pcs 20 100 2,000 9 100 928

5 GMS bolt & nut M16x220 mm (9"X5/8")

M16x220 mm

PCS 40 106 4,240 19 106 1,967

6 Washer square GMS curved for M16 bolt

M16 PCS 40 25 1,000 19 25 464

7 LV Shackle Insulator

.433kv PCS 40 83 3,320 19 83 1,540

8 D'Irons c/w bolt and nut

95mmx16mm PCS 40 250 10,000 19 250 4,640

9 Barbed wire Swg 8 km 0.1 10,000

1,000 0 10,000 464

10 Staples galvanized

13/4" kg 0.4 99 40 0 99 18

11 Binding wire soft Al. PVC

(SWG 10) km 0.02 8,000 160 0 8,000 74

12 stay wire 4/8 4/8" km 0.10 52,000

5,200 0 52,000 2,413

15 Stay insulator 11kv PCS 10 115 1,150 5 115 534

16 Stay rod c/w adjuster and thimble

3/4" PCS 10 980 9,800 5 980 4,547

17 Copper earthing wire 19/064

19/064 km 0.01 45,000

540 0 45,000 251

18 Connector line taps

25-75mm PCS 50 150 7,500 23 150 3,480

19 Copper earth rods c/w connectors and couplers

PCS 2 500 1,000 1 500 464

17 AAC 50 mm2 PVC

km 2 43,000 86,000.00 1 43,000 39,904

Material Total with local material

180,009

Miscellaneous 10%

18,001

SUB - TOTAL 198,009

COST ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE LV LINE 0.464 KM. LONG

USING 502 AAC PVC 6% Storage, Inland transportation 11,881

Sub Total for material 209,890

Add 16 % VAT

33,582

add 5 % Insurance

10,495

Add 3% retention fee

6,297

Add 30% Mark-up

62,967

Freight charges 1km = 3tons (20tons =155,000/)

23,250

Add transport for poles

Total 346,481

LABOUR COSTS

134,560.00

481,041

Appendix 9: Standards for MV Lines (KPLC MV LINES NORMS)

DESIGN WORK - Size of conductor and voltage levels The conductor size and type and voltage level shall be selected by the designer based on the load, expected load growth and environmental conditions. - Route selection The line should be within the close proximity to roads and avoid all forms of obstructions. The recommended way leaves clearances shall be maintained. The designer, using a cadastral map of the area shall propose the shortest feasible route. The designer will decide on the suitable pole size and category to suit the local conditions and the specific requirements. - Pole schedule This will be indicated on the profile provided by the surveyor. Pole schedules will contain all the necessary information including, pole size and category, size of cross arm, type of insulators, stay sizes and number etc. - Budget The budget of the installation shall be obtained using construction units. SURVEY WORK - Design The surveyor shall physically survey the proposed route to ensure that the line does not pass through swamps, over buildings etc. and that the way leaves can be easily obtained. The surveyor shall pick the details of the route and make the profile. This should include all the necessary features that might be of interest. All distances shall be accurately measure, the chainages and angles indicated clearly on the profile and the ground plan. A report on crossings, lines running parallel to each other and other regulated situations together with the necessary data for its identification of the proprietor, entity or affected body will be included. - Construction Pegging shall be done by the surveyor after the pole position; size and category have been selected by the designer. WAYLEAVES Way leaves officer, where necessary, will seek permission to survey after the designer has made the proposal. Way leaves shall be obtained and any damage caused by the line shall be accessed designer has made the proposal. Way leaves shall be obtained and any damage caused by the line shall be accessed for purposes of processing payment. Way leaves agreements will be signed before construction commences. They shall then be stamped and caveats (protecting our way leaves) registered against the titles at the Lands Office. The Way leaves officer together with the construction supervisor will compile a damage assessment report which will be used for any payment. A Way leaves report will be compiled and will include all documentation pertaining to that particular scheme.

CONSTRUCTION Before the work commence the construction supervisor in charge should ensure that the required tools are available and is familiar with all the work to be done. Construction supervisor and the team leader should also confirm the route before the work commence. They should also check that all the pegs are in place. - Excavation The hole for the pole shall be excavated to a minimum of 1.6m for the 10m pole. If the base of the hole is not firm ground the hole shall be excavated until firm ground is reached, otherwise a murram base shall be prepared. The minimum hole depth for wood poles shall be as defined in the table. Table: Hole depths Pole height H (m)

Size Hole depth minimum (m)

10 Medium 1.6

11 Medium 1.8

11 Stout 1.8 12 Medium 2.0

12 Stout 2.0 14 Medium 2.2

14 Medium 2.2

The holes shall be dug to the required depth. Any holes left overnight must be covered in such away that they do not pose any danger to persons or animals. A suitable method of warning shall be used to identify the position of the holes. - Erection The butt of the pole is laid over the hole with the length in the direction of the line. A skid board is placed against the hole to facilitate the entry of the butt when the pole is raised and prevent earth breaking into the hole during the process of erection. Erection of a pole shall be done using:

- Erection ladders - Truck mounted hydraulic lifts - Guy ropes shall be used to prevent accidents and to hold the pole in a true vertical position. The

pole is gradually raised to the vertical position and the butt guided into the hole. - Pole dressing Partial dressing can be done while the poles are lying on the ground; in this case care must be taken during erection to avoid the fittings being damaged. The fitting of insulators is normally done after the pole has been erected. - Back filling The soil used to fill the foundation after the pole has been inserted shall be the excavated soil unless the soil is found unsuitable. In this case the fill shall be imported from the nearest suitable area. The foundation fill shall be compacted manually in layers. These layers shall not exceed 150mm so as to allow for compacted to an acceptable degree. In areas where the ground is unsuitable for firm erection of poles, such as the coast, swampy areas, areas with black cotton soil, etc, kicking blocks can be used to reinforce the foundation.

- Stringing of conductor Conductor running out with all the necessary care to avoid kinking, nicking of various strands and chuffing of the conductor between the drum and the snatch blocks. COMMISSIONING REPORT The construction supervisor will compile a commissioning report with the following details. The exact quantities of all the materials used. A drawing showing the line ‘as constructed’ Justification of any changes that might have made during construction stage. List of all the customers Any recommendations for the future. Handing over form-fully completed by the construction and maintenance supervisors.

MATERIALS - Poles The poles shall be wooden. The wood poles shall meet specifications set in Kenya standard KS02-516: Poles for power and telecommunication lines. Alternatives such as concrete poles may be considered. In addition to the attached standards of wooden poles it is also imperative to highlight that poles do require to be protected from water seepage in order to last longer and not rot out easily. The following tips will be necessary to use in order to enhance this; Tapering of the top edge of the pole. Binding with a steel wire round the neck and bottom of the pole Use pole caps tied with clout nails at the top. Uses of a polythene paper cover at the bottom of the pole up to the ground level. The paper thickness to

be high enough not to be punctured easily while erecting the pole. Seasoning of poles necessary before oil or anti-termite treatment. The treatment to be penetrative to a depth of at least 50mm all round the pith of the pole. Physical and mechanical properties The wood poles used in the medium voltage lines shall have the following properties. Table 2.1: Wood poles physical and mechanical properties Nominal Length

10 11 11 12 12 14 14

Category Medium Medium Stout Medium Stout Medium stout

H (mm) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 dc (mm) 220 230 295 240 305 248 310

dm (mm) 150 150 160 200 160 200

dg (mm) 220 230 295 240 305 270 335 de (mm) 175.9 185.6 234.8 189 238.1 199.4 248.4

f (kN) 5.90 4.94 13.05 4.03 10.37 3.45 8.23 Ultimate Load (kN)

8.64 8.73 18.42 8.89 18.24 10.46 20,02

Cripping load (kN)

59.4 58.6 149.8 51.2 128.9 45.9 110.3

h Grounding position from butt dc Critical diameter dm Minimum top diameter (mm) dg Minimum groundline diameter (mm)

de Effective diameter f Load per mm of deflection at point of application of load. Note that the mechanical properties used in the mechanical calculations are those stated in the Kenya Bureau of Standards KSO2-516. CONDUCTORS The conductors to be used shall be the All Aluminium Conductors (AAAC). The conductors shall meet the specification as detail in KPLC specifications which is in accordance with BS 215. - Conductor characteristics Pvc Conductors AAAC - 50mm2

No. Description Unit Requirements

1 Standard specification BS-215 Part 1:1970

2 Country of origin China

3 Manufacturer To be specified

4 Type of conductor AAAC

total cross section mm2 50

5 Catalogue reference To be specified

6 Source of Aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy To be specified

7 Type of alloy according IEC60104 A or B B

8 Diameter of wires mm 3.10

9 Number of wires 7

10 Diameter of complete conductor mm 9.30

11 All Aluminium cond: distance between 2 consecutive welding m 50

12 Grease melting point temperature � 100

13 Weight of conductor without grease kg/km 195.6

14 Weight of grease kg/km 12.5 15 Conductor rated breaking load kN 21.14

16 Linear expansion coefficient 23 x 10-6

17 Modules of elasticity hbar 0.7

18 Conductor d.c. resistance at 20°C /km 0.4591

19 Permissible continuous current at 20°C A 240 (70°C)