Enum Types

Built-in support for types of discrete values

Advantages over C++s enum:

Enum declaration defines a class

Type-safety

Body can include methods and fields

Values may be objects

Support for iteration, naming

1

Representing a Set of Predefined Values The Old Way

public class OldTrafficLight {

public static final int RED = 1;

public static final int YELLOW = 2;

public static final int GREEN = 3;

private int c = RED;

public int getColor() {

return c;

}

public void setColor(int newCol) {

if(newCol >= RED && newCol

Representing a Set of Predefined Values With Enum Types

public class TrafficLight { public enum Colors {

RED, YELLOW, GREEN

}

private Colors c = Colors.RED;

public Colors getColor() {

return c;

}

public void setColor(Colors newCol) {

c = newCol;

}

}

3

The TrafficLight class - cont.

public class TrafficLight { ...

public void setColor(int n) {

Colors[] temp = Colors.values();

setColor(temp[n]);

}

public boolean isColor(int n) {

return c.ordinal() == n;

}

public void setColor(String colorName) {

setColor(Colors.valueOf(colorName));

}

public boolean isColor(String colorName) {

return c.name().equals(colorName);

}

}

4

Using enum types

import static TrafficLight.Colors.*;

public void main() {

TrafficLight tl = new TrafficLight();

System.out.println(tl.getColor());

tl.setColor(YELLOW); //

Switching on Enumspublic class TrafficLight {

...

public enum Colors {

RED, YELLOW, GREEN;

public Colors next() {

switch(this) {

case RED:

return YELLOW;

case YELLOW:

return GREEN;

default:

return null;

}

}

6

An enum type with methods

public class TrafficLight {

public enum Colors {

RED {

public Colors next() { return YELLOW; }

},

YELLOW {

public Colors next() { return GREEN; }

},

GREEN;

public Colors next() { return null; }

}

private Colors c = Colors.RED;

public Colors getColor() { return c; }

public void setColor(Colors nc) { c = nc; }

}

7

Maps of Enums

EnumMap is a high performance map implementation for enums.

Implemented as an array.

public class TrafficLight {

EnumMap colorMsgs =

new EnumMap(Colors.class);

colorMsgs.put(RED, stop);

colorMsgs.put(YELLOW, get ready);

colorMsgs.put(GREEN, go);

}

8

Enums - Summary

Enums are classes Extend java.lang.Enum Might implement interfaces

Enums have no public constructor removes the ability to create additional instances of the enum

not defined at compile-time

Enum values are public, static, and final Values cannot be changed The enum cant be subclassed

Enums override toString( ) TrafficLight.Colors.RED.toString() returns the

String RED.

9

Annotations

The goal: Allow the programmer to provide additional information about the program This information can be used by software engineering tools

An annotation is a type defined using an interface-like syntax

An annotation can be specified whenever a modifier is allowed Convention: before the public/static modifiers

Annotations do not affect semantics of the class But may affects semantics of things using the class (tools,

code generation, runtime options, etc.)

10

Predefined Annotations

@Override

Assert intention to override a method in a superclass

Compiler fails if not actually overriding

Checks spelling, override vs. overload

@Deprecated

Indicates that an element should not be used

@SuppressWarning

Tells the compiler to suppress specific warnings

11

Definition of two annotation types

// Author.java:

public @interface Author {

String value() default "Unknown";

}

// MethodKind.java:

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;

import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)

public @interface MethodKind {

boolean composite() default false;

boolean mutator() default false;

}

12

Using @overridepackage my.prg;

public class Rational extends Number {

private long a, b;

public Rational(long a, long b) {

this.a = a;

this.b = b;

}

private Double asDouble() {

return new Double(a * 1.0 / b);

}

@Override

public short shortValue() {

return asDouble().shortValue();

}

13

Using @Author, @MethodKind

public class Rational extends Number {

...

@Author(value="Pazit")

@MethodKind(composite=false, mutator=true)

public void assign(long n) {

a = n;

b = 1;

{

@Override

@Author("Pazit")

@MethodKind(composite=true, mutator=false)

public byte byteValue() {

return asDouble().byteValue();

}

}

14

Kinds of Annotations

Marker annotations

Have no attributes

@Override, @Deprecated

Single value annotations

Provide a single piece of data.

Attribute type can be primitive, class, enum, or array

@Author(Pazit)

@SuppressWarnings({unchecked, deprecation})

Multi valued annotations

@MethodKind(composite=true, mutator=false)15

What Can Be Annotated?

Any program element

Package

Types

Class, Interface, Enum definition, Annotation type

Method, Constructor, Field, Enum constant, Method parameter

Local varible declaration

16

Meta-Annotations

Annotations that annotate annotations

Specify how the annotation should be used @Documented

Javadoc should be generated when this annotation is applied to an element

@Inherited Does the annotation get applied to subclasses/

@Target Where the annotation can be used (source elements)

Default is all

@Retention Where is the annotation retained

17

Meta-Annotations Example

@Target({TYPE, CONSTRUCTOR, FIELD})

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

Public @interface Marker{}

@Marker class foo { //OK

@Marker public foo(){} //OK

@Marker int x; //OK

@Marker public void m(){//NO

@Marker int y; //NO

}

}

18

Reflection and Annotations

Annotations marked with @Retain(RUNTIME) are available via reflection.

Class, Constructor, Field, Method, Package have methods to handle annotations: isAnnotationPresent

getAnnotations

getDeclaredAnnotations

19

Author annotation will be accessible only if its declaration was annotated with @Retention(RUNTIME)

Inspecting Annotations using Reflection

20

public class AuthorPrinter {

static void printMethodsAuthor(Class c){

for(Method m: c.getMethods())

if(m.isAnnotationPresent(Author.class)) {

Author a = m.getAnnotation(Author.class);

System.out.println(m.getName() +

" by " + a.value());

}

}

}

Usage Example

Output is:

f by Unknown

g by Pazit

21

class TestAnnotations {

@Author()

public void f() {}

@Author("Pazit")

public void g(){}

public static void main(String[] args){

AuthorPrinter.printMethodsAuthor

(TestAnnotations.class);

}

}

VarArgs

22

private static String format(Object... values) {

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder( );

for (Object o : values)

sb.append(o).append(" ");

return sb.toString( );

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.print(format(args));

System.out.print(format());

System.out.print(format(new Integer(7),

new Date(),

hello,

2));

}