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ANCIENT EGYPT By: Jenna Mellor

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Page 1: Jenna socials

ANCIENT EGYPT By: Jenna Mellor

Page 2: Jenna socials

MAP OF ANCIENT EGYPT

During this time frame, ancient Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt was farther north and Upper Egypt was farther south. However, Upper and Lower Egypt split between 1000 and 1100 B.C. This civilization lasted from 3100 B.C. to 30 B.C. This is equivalent to the first Dynasty to the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

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BACKGROUND

The civilization of ancient Egypt that I chose lasted from 3100

B.C. to 30 B.C. (the first Dynasty to the Ptolemaic Dynasty). 3100

B.C. is when the Hieroglyphic script was invented and Upper and

Lower Egypt were unified. In 30 B.C., Cleopatra VII died. In

between this long period of time, many important events

happened such as the pyramids of Giza were built, various kings

ruled Egypt, the temple of Karnak was built, and Upper and

Lower Egypt split. There have been many events that have

occurred in Ancient Egypt that have made history.

Pyramids

of Giza

Hieroglyphic script

Temple of

Karnak Cleopatra VII

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE

The Social Pyramid is a metaphorical way of showing which

individual is in a higher class than another. In this case, the

Pharaoh is the most important. Then come the viziers, who are

the Pharaoh's most trusted advisors. The high

priests and nobles are next, the officials and

scribes were the only people who knew how

to read and write, the skilled craftsmen were

below the high priests and nobles, and at the

bottom of the Social Pyramid are the slaves,

labourers, and the peasants. The position of

each of these individuals was dependent on

their class, gender, race, and occupation.

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HOUSING

In ancient Egypt, the houses were mainly

made out of mud bricks. Brick makers would

let the mud bake in the sun after placing them

in wooden moulds. The mud bricks would be

stacked to make houses as soon as they

hardened. After the annual flood, there was a

lot of mud in ancient Egypt, especially around

the Nile River. For the wealthier people, the

houses were made out of double thick walls

and the poor people lived in houses made out

of walls that were only one brick thick.

The floor in a poor person‟s home was dug

beneath the ground. The floor of a wealthy

person‟s home was tiled. The roof of a house

was made out of timber and was covered with

thatch and matting. Reeds and straw bound

together is thatch and it was layered with mud

plaster. Because the inside of a house was

dimly lit, people often used the roof as living

space.

The average house in ancient Egypt had four

rooms; small rooms joined to a central room.

The central room was often higher than the

others and used for sleeping. The other three

rooms were usually a kitchen, a storage

room or extra bedroom, and an entry room

that led to the central room. However, the

wealthy people usually had ten rooms and

the poor people only had one.

Every rich person‟s home had a

garden with a swimming pool.

Except for the poor, most people

had furniture in their home. The

richer the person, the more furniture

they had. The wealthiest homes

even had painted walls; usually blue

or yellow with coloured ceilings.

Mud bricks

Ancient

Egyptian

house

Tiles in a

rich

person‟s

house

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FOOD

Most Egyptian food came from the Nile River. Because of the Nile River,

Egypt had extremely fertile soil around the area which was great for growing

crops. The river produced enough fish to supply the people with their daily

recommended amount of fish and meat, seeing as how it is difficult for

ancient Egypt to raise livestock. Since there is very fertile soil around the Nile

River, people would grow wheat to make many food recipes or be fermented

and ground into different things, vegetables including peas, beans, onions,

garlic, leeks, lettuce, cabbages, and turnips, and fruits including figs, dates,

and grapes which could be used to make wine for those who could afford it.

The wealthy people could afford to eat coconuts, olives, and meat on

occasion. The poor people could only afford to eat wheat and whatever fruits

and vegetables they could grow in a garden.

Wheat

Salmon

Lettuce

Turnips

Figs

Grapes

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FAMILY LIFE

In the poor ancient Egyptian families, the mother raised the children. In the richer

families, hired servants and slaves would help take care of the children and provide

them with their basic needs. Whether rich or poor, ancient Egyptians thought of

children as a blessing and a treasure. Surprisingly, men and women were treated

equally and had the same rights for the most part; however, the women were still taught

and expected to obey their fathers and husbands. In fact, the wives and mothers of the

pharaohs were known to have the „real‟ ruling power. In the absence of their husbands

or sons, women could run farms and businesses. People hired women in courts and

temples to work as acrobats, singers, dancers and musicians. Women worked as

maids and nannies for the rich families and also could become priests if they were

noblewomen. Also, women sometimes worked as perfume makers and professional

mourners. Trading and crafting was the job of a young boy; they learned these skills

from their fathers or an artisan. Young girls learned their training from their mothers at

home. If a family was wealthy enough, they would send their son to school to study

religion, reading, arithmetic, and writing at about seven years old. Too bad that it was

against the law for girls to go to school. All children were intended to look after their

parents if they were elderly. If the parents died, the son would take over the land and

the girl would inherit all of the household goods. Although if there were no sons, the

land would become the daughter‟s.

Egyptian Family

Egyptian Trading

Egyptian

Acrobat

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MARRIAGE

Ancient Egyptian

marriage

Egyptian

Jewellery

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CHILDBIRTH PRACTICES (EXTRA)

Birth Stool

Egyptian

woman with

baby

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CHILDHOOD

Most ancient Egyptian children had brothers and sisters. It

was very rare for parents to let their children die if they were

too poor to look after them because whether rich or poor,

children were highly valued and loved. It made it easier for

poor families because most children didn‟t need clothes until

they left babyhood. Before the children were old enough to

play outside, their mother looked after them. Wealthy

parents owned servants to look after the babies, whereas

working mothers took their babies wherever they had to go.

If a child‟s mother was a slave, there is a chance that the

child may become a slave as well. As a slave, people get

beaten or sold, although if you did your job well, your owner

may reward you with freedom. A lot of foreigners were quite

surprised with the fact that children were loved very much

for the most part because in other countries, people would

take their children for granted.

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EDUCATION

When the boys were four years old, their father would start to teach them

everything they needed to know. The son would usually follow in his

fathers footsteps, so if a father traded goods, he would teach his son the

rules of trading so he could become a trader one day. Some children

attended a school in a village, whereas other children went to school that

was meant for a particular career such as a scribe or priest. The schools

mainly taught reading, writing, math, sports, morals, and manners. The

higher branch of education called “Instruction of Wisdom” taught

morality, ethics, and knowledge needed to become a doctor or scribe.

When a boy was fourteen, he would join his father in his career. Although

schools were not open for girls, they could train to be dancers, bakers,

entertainers, and weavers. Girls were usually trained by their mothers on

motherhood and learning how to be a good wife. Only the wealthiest

families could afford their daughters getting education in reading and

writing.

Reading and writing;

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian

school

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RELIGION The ancient Egyptians had around 2000 gods and goddesses; some of them were

worshiped by everybody, and others worshiped by certain citizens and ethnic groups.

Quite a few gods and goddesses were shown and represented as part animal and part

human. It was believed that a person had the ba or soul of a bird with a human head and

every ancient Egyptian had a twin called a ka. The ka would make trips to the world

where gods and goddesses of the dead lived and the ba kept in touch with family and

friends from the dead. The ka and ba always lived in the body of its person forever, even

in his or her tombstone. If the ka and ba couldn‟t find its person, the Egyptian would not

live forever and it was mummified so the ba and ka could locate it. For a person to live

forever, he or she had to be honest. Egyptian god Anubis would weigh a person‟s heart

with the feather of truth to decipher whether or not that person was honest. If the heart

weighed more than the feather of truth, the person wasn‟t honest and his or her heart

would be eaten by an animal that was part alligator, part cheetah, and part lion called the

devourer, and if the feather weighed more than the heart, the person was honest and

would live forever. There were many different theories on how the world started including

the ocean started in darkness. After, dry land rose up and the sun god appeared and he

created light and all things. There were many temples in ancient Egypt, as they were the

dwelling places for the gods. When a pharaoh died, he became a god. All in all, religion

was a big part in Egyptian lives.

Ba (left) and ka

(right)

Weighing the

heart with the

feather of truth Devourer

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CLEOPATRA VII

(EXTRA)

Cleopatra VII was a part of the

Ptolemaic Dynasty. She was

born in late 69 B.C. and died in

30 B.C. She ruled Egypt after

Alexander the Great. She

refused to speak Egyptian and

therefore spoke Greek.

She was the Queen of

Egypt from 51 B.C. until

she died in 30 B.C. The

people of Egypt idolized

her for her original

statements with her style

and ways to govern the

country.

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CLOTHING

Clothing has hardly changed over the course of a hundred years. Almost

always, the ancient Egyptian clothes were made out of linen, which they

wove from fibres of the flax plant. The workers wore loincloths or tunic

dresses; although when they were on the job, they would often work

naked and the servant girls just wore a belt. Wealthy people wore

transparent white cloth that was pleated, draped, then tied to fit them. On

their heads they wore black wool wigs and makeup on their eyes and lips.

Before being clothed, each person had to be washed. This means that

water is poured over you and the rich people had tiled washing areas to

be washed on. After an Egyptian was washed, he or she would put

scented oil all over his or her body. Each women would wear rings,

necklaces, and earrings out of gold or beads, whether rich or poor.

Ancient Egyptians wore sandals out of plaited papyrus, leather, and palm

fibre, although they were only worn when they were necessary and

carried around otherwise. Loincloths and tunic dresses were made using

a spindle and a stripper and wigs were made out of human hair.

Loincloth

Tunic

Sandals

Egyptian

wigs

Jewellery

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ART AND MUSIC

Ancient Egyptian art consisted of painting,

sculpting, architecture, papyrus, pottery,

hieroglyphs, and literature. Animals were

very symbolic in Egyptian art and the

colours used were very expressive. When

painting humans, it was typical to have the

head facing the side, showing the person‟s

portrait, the torso facing front, and the legs

and feet facing the side. Sculptures mainly

represented Egyptian gods and

goddesses. Architects used sun dried and

kiln baked brick to build. The buildings

were then decorated from top to bottom.

Papyrus means paper. Crafting papyrus

had to be done with precision. Pottery was

steatite or soapstone carved into vases,

deities, or animals. Hieroglyphs are an

Egyptian form of writing. Literature was

almost always written on papyrus and

included elements of Egyptian art.

In ancient Egypt, music was

significant in every day life. Music

occurred in festivals, entertainment,

dancing, temples, workshops,

palaces, farms, battlefields, and

tombs. Egyptian god Osiris brought

music into everyday life. Throughout

the Predynastic period, Old Kingdom,

and Middle Kingdom, harps, flutes,

double clarinets, percussion

instruments, lyres, lutes, and cymbals

were brought into civilization. In

ancient Egypt, there was folk music,

coptic music, and saidi music. All in

all, music was a large part of

civilization in ancient Egypt.

Art

Music

Painting (left)

and sculpture

(right)

Flute (left)

and cymbals

(left)

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FESTIVALS (EXTRA)

There were often festivals of the gods. They

were holidays that would sometimes even last

for several days. Throughout festivals, there is

singing, dancing, lots of noise in the streets,

eating, and drinking. The Beautiful Festival of

the Valley was celebrated in the Middle

Kingdom period and later. This was in the 12th

Dynasty. This festival was celebrated every

year for the second month of Shomu

(beginning of summer; harvest season). This

festival represented the land of the dead and

the Thebes that dated in the Middle Kingdom.

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CONCLUSION

Egyptian children

playing (left) and

religion- ka (left)

Elders were

respected

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INFORMATION BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites:

Ancient Egypt http://www.woodlandsjunior.kent.sch.uk/homework/egypt/Hierarchy.html

Ancient Egyptian Food http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ancient-egyptian-food.htm

Ancient Egyptian Religion http://www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.3.html

Art of Ancient Egypt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt

A Timeline of Ancient Egyptian History http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/time/explore/main.html

Cleopatra VII http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII

Education in Ancient Egypt http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/a-education.htm

Egypt: Daily Life http://www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.2.html

Houses of Ancient Egypt http://www.dragonstrike.com/egypt/house.htm

Housing in Ancient Egypt http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/a-housing.htm

Music in Ancient Egypt

http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html

Religion http://www.site-ology.com/egypt/RELIG.HTM

Social Structures of Ancient Egypt http://www.all-about-egypt.com/social-structures-of-

ancient-egypt.html

The Middle Eastern Dowry http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/gift_giving_customs/77199

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INFORMATION BIBLIOGRAPHY #2

Books:

Clare, John D. Pyramids of Ancient Pyramids. San Diego:

Harcourt, 1992.

Morley, Jaqueline. How Would You Survive as an Ancient Egyptian? Belgium: Franklin Watts, 1995.

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PICTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/silverthornjps/egypt/index.htm Pyramids. Slide 1.

http://www.bible-history.com/geography/maps/map_pharaonic_egypt.html Map of ancient Egypt. Slide 1.

http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/time/explore/tihie.html Hieroglyphic Script. Slide 3.

http://tigerx.com/history/people/cleopatra.htm Cleopatra VII. Slide 3.

http://www.places-to-visit.us/category/Egypt.html Pyramids of Giza. Slide 3.

http://www.wayfaring.info/2006/10/30/the-astonishing-temple-of-karnak-in-luxor-spiritual-center-of-the-ancient-egyptians/ Temple of Karnak. Slide 3.

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/egypt/Hierarchy.html Social structure of ancient Egypt. Slide 4.

http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/a-housing.htm Ancient Egyptian House. Slide 5.

http://www.dragonstrike.com/egypt/house.htm Mud bricks and tile floor. Slide 5.

http://www.khalilpakistan.com/trading.html Wheat. Slide 6.

http://www.victorialodging.com/recreation/fishing Salmon. Slide 6.

http://www.foodpoisonjournal.com/foodborne-illness-outbreaks/the-uglier-side-of-lettuce/ Lettuce. Slide 6.

http://www.sheknows.com/food-and-recipes/articles/805855/turnips-and-red-kidney-beans Turnips. Slide 6.

http://www.justfruitsandexotics.com/Figs.htm Figs. Slide 6.

http://www.free-extras.com/images/grapes-5432.htm Grapes. Slide 6.

http://www.fathom.com/course/21701778/session2.html Egyptian family. Slide 7.

http://www.mediastorehouse.com/trade_ancient_egypt/print/585699.html Egyptian trading. Slide 7.

http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/egypt_soul.html Egyptian Acrobat. Slide 7.

http://www.adornmentsatthefactory.net/tag/gemology/ Ancient Egyptian marriage. Slide 8.

http://fashionweekblog.blog.com/ Ancient Egyptian Jewellery. Slide 8.

http://www.fourmums.com/just-us-two/06-02-2011/one-yanked-out-every-minute-under-bright-hallogen-lights/ Birth Stool. Slide 9.

http://www.ancient-egypt-history.com/2011/02/ancient-egyptian-womens-health-and.html Egyptian woman with baby. Slide 9.

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PICTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY #2 http://pc.ign.com/dor/objects/669069/immortal-cities-children-of-the-nile/images/immortal-cities-

children-of-the-nile-20040623042954236.html Children playing. Slide 10 & 17.

http://oldegypt.wikispaces.com/Hieroglyphics+Symbols Hieroglyphics. Slide 11.

http://ancientegyptmoberly.pbworks.com/w/page/12830337/Ancient-Egypt-Education Ancient

Egyptian school. Slide 11.

http://www.andrewgough.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=3360 Bird with human head. Slide 12.

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ka.htm Egyptian ka. Slide 12 & 17.

http://www.stencilkingdom.com/catalogue/catalogue.php?page=egypt/catalogue_body_egypt_egypt

44.php Heart and feather of truth. Slide 12.

http://www.egyptiandreams.co.uk/ammit.php The devourer. Slide 12.

http://sastha-knowyourledge.blogspot.com/2011/02/all-of-historys-most-scandalous-woman.html

Cleopatra VII. Slide 13.

http://www.modthesims.info/download.php?t=163398 Loincloth. Slide 14.

http://www.costumecraze.com/Couples-Costumes-p7.html Tunic. Slide 14.

http://christianimageresource.org/catalog2.html Sandals. Slide 14.

http://theafrostory.blogspot.com/2009/11/do-i-perpetuate-self-hatred-because-i.html Wigs. Slide 14.

http://ancientegyptmoberly.pbworks.com/w/page/12830342/Ancient-Egyptian-Fashion-Legacy

Egyptian jewellery. Slide 14.

http://www.oldandsold.com/articles20/painting-methods-1.shtml Egyptian painting. Slide 15.

http://www.pleasantmorningbuzz.com/arts/ Egyptian sculpture. Slide 15.

http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/egyptian-music.html Flute. Slide 15.

http://christianimageresource.org/catalog5.html Cymbals. Slide 15.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley Festival of the Valley. Slide 16.

http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_past_elder.html Egyptian elders. Slide 17.