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Whe Jesse Spue Hie ce t his seses, he u

hisel sti i the eep wtes Cpes Ceek,

hi bl [hi] k hi bi i bh h.Te slie ee tht his beti het wul eithe bust

by hi li. Hi ii wh h

Chy wi i h k y y

[hi] illy hi pi lii y

li wh h p hi li bh.

jesse s. haireUnwilling Indian Fighter

By P mil

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H w whh hi w pply,

[whh] i w illy, b h l p l

hi pi b hh h bh w h

bi Cp Ck Si. ly, pii h h h

h hpl li.

S ii h i, Hi p h h S.

Jh T kl.

kl h wih Hi w h li

ivestite epte sihti tw Iis i the viciity.

ate eei t stick tethe t u wy ech

h, h p p l by Ii i

hill, h w h li bl wy.

h li i h y h bi, whil h

h h hi h h hi, i hi h bh l [h] k.

ate ekle ws uhse, Hie e et t pull

hi up t his hse, but the bullet settle [the

] h ll h . I w hi pi

h Hi h l b h lh, h

ih li hil i h w.

Ti ii w j l pi h J

Hie expeiece s slie pii esct l the

oel il i dkt eity, betwee e y

Lie rwlis, Wyi. Such ility us l

h l il b iy i h -h h S Ck m, wh Hi h b

p b h Cl i vl.

Haire Witnesses AtrocitiesAt Sand Creek Massacre

I seies juls tes, 1859 t 1897,

Hie eltes his ecutes with such tbles s Kit

C, Jh Chii, h J bh, y

Bill Cy i h h Cl l

h; gli, h ly j Ciil W bl i h W;

the Ute eleti t Wshit d.C.; the S Ceekm. Hi wii l j hw ll h

wl w i h 19h y h

i qi hi h i hi.

Whe ue e, Hie eee t his ntive aeic p-

p wil il hll l l .

I less etilly che witis, hweve, Jesse eltes his

bli h h whi bl h h Ii

i hi w, lhh h bl h .

Hie, eul bitte tht peple lke w

Cl slies, cplis tht the ist Cl

vlutees h bee pise by [thei] ces . . . tht e wh [wee] tyi t esty the best veet

i this wl. He ls cplis tht they wul the

hi h i h S h hi Ii

h pli, hy [h Sh] h w h w.

b 29, 1864, Cp. Sil S. Sl Cpy

d, t which Hie bele, be witess t the S Ceek

m. Tk i p Sl iy h ay

The Sand Creek Massacre, described by Jesse Haire in his diary, is

depicted in this 1936 painting by Robert Lindneux.

Prologue 4Jesse S. Haire

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iii h ii hi ip-

i pl bhl h Chy

aph, h ii h S

Ck h l b kwl.

L wll kw h hh pi-

is the e ue Sules c with

h . J Hi

h iih i pl pi-

h h ii i.

Hies juey t S Ceek its te-

h w li . Hi wk hi

wy his hetw Cicleville, ohi,

h Cl l i wh y wh

p hi h ly j h l

b h hb.

Hies eltie cceptce the cul-

tues kes his icuet pesece

t S Ceek. He e et t le

Spish scilize with the lcl ppul-

i i w mxi, i

iieus tis, esse aic

ai i wih h il mi.

While plce pst y tie

p h li l

but the Iis cps t t Ly, Hie

the the us bece cquite with

aphe chie Let H, wh tlke t

ll [h] i [hi] w l . . .

tht [they] wul suppse tht se

[hi] w by w lki i h k.

Hie sttes tht Let H h bee

p ii h pik li [ Ly]

b h i w h

hi i . . . h i h U.S. -

. . . . [L H ppl] wl

h w i. T wk

wll il mj. S ahy pl mj.

Ew Wykp h

b 5, 1864. L H, i

t Hie, cplie tht mj athy

ubte his siceity but bei pece-

ble Ii h isulte hi. despite

athys less th cil ttitue, Let H

h wly i Chy Chi Blk

Kl p h j i wi

l h Bi Sy, ily kw

s S Ceek, ews pece, thewise.

The Chiefs Hollowing,The Squaws Crying . . .

Te Cheyee aph cpe t

S Ck i h wi l

swe. o the i nebe 28,

1864, Hie ws supise by le c-

slies ci it the Pst. He

lte ecize Cl. Jh Chiit

Cl. gee Shup with cpies H, C,

E h i Cl vl b

ix pi h Ti i h

H dy milii Cl iy.

S the ces t t Ly h es t

y wih hi xpii, i-

i kw h. S p

evey hl hu s . . . s they tvel[e]

siletly, thuh the iht. illy, but

h b ylih, i [] hh

h [w] ippi i i h

y h pl hy xp.

Scibble be this ccut, Jesse lte

e, nt e u cpy kew whee

w w i wh w w h.

at w, Chiits tps luche

pi k h hly 500 Chy

aph cpe l S Ceek.

Iititi the ttck, Lt. Luthe Wils le

bttli css the ceek t the est sie,

wh h i p , i-

h . a hi pi,

Li Wil by [sic]

shti vlley te vlley vci

s they sht it but ve six hue

chies, bes, squws, ppses which

ws ll hule tethe i e cw.

Te chies hllwi [sic], the squws cy-

i, pp l wl p

hi h h ill p.

Hies escipti pllels the ccut

ie ue th by mj athy

mh 14, 1865, h Ji Ci

the Cuct W: the Iis, e, w-

, hil w i p h.

mwhil, Hi i Cpy d, l

with Cpy K, che the llp

w the hill t the t . . . suth sie

h p. Hi wh y llw

by h g Pi . . . llp[]

m. Sih, h ip, wh h

bee i the cp t the tie. mj athy

l i Pi hi

Jh Sips Sith, thuh he etis

Pi ly y . Pi w

j b k hl Sih wh h

ws sht; t lest athy thuht s

hi i i h l.

Te, te his hse ws sht w

[Piece] ttepte t et up se Ii

p hi, h hi . . . b

hi e the he kille hi. Lte,

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wis peset t the tie the ttck

Hi, hw, pi h

Te es the Ti reiet bys su-

ee s uch ws they ushe up t the

bks the ceek whe the Iis ws

yi i hi hl, whih i

h Ii i h pik h

. . . . I hi wy y h

hhl by h kill.

I e the s hles, Jck Sith

the hl-Cheyee s itepete Jh

Sith, ccele hisel with lt

the Iis. Hie he hi eei

i Elih [i] hy wl

h hi. Th h li -

p Jk , hy h hi l

ey t sht. Wisely, Jck wul t tke

hi w i h i .

mewhile, Hie sw mj athy

i h k hi pii, i

l h bk hl. Hi

h hll[] hi [ ]

t clse he ws clse k the

l Ii.

ate athy eche the by euvei

h l, h i Jk Sih

ut. Jck Siths escue pve utile, hweve

he ws uee the llwi te whil

ii wih ii l, i

ahy, wih Cll Chii ppl

Hie tice athy lki t e

h by h i hi.

as Hie ppche, he ecize the

yu tht che i. Hie e,

hi hi h h bh b h

his shess. gee Piece hls the

iii bi h li kill

S Ck.

Seties epicte s the sle hlut

h , Cpi Sl, i

J, wih hi pi

b i S Ck:

By, y kw wh y h-

i y?

, i.

Wll, h i [Sl], W h-

i L H hi b.

Te , m. Lych si, Well,

w w h y. T h

hll h hi.

T, h Cp i, I k y

sht, but llw e we will ix

i hi hh i. S,

bys, wy we the l-

lp w hh h bh

i [h] h .

I hi ih biphy, Ew

Wykp pies ccete suppt

Hi . Wykp wi, Sl . . .

l wih hi h. Sl

hil li l i hi

ppii h . I l wi-

by Sl Wykp S Ck,

Sl ly h hi py w h

ly h kp hi i.

Seeking RefugeIn the Sand Holes

aw hi xp lbl p-

ii, y h Chy aph

suht eue i hstily u teches i the

s. as Cpy d e w it the

k , J w b Cll

Shups c shti shells it the

hl h Ii . J -

ce his zeet t the ube kille

w h.

Te eltively hih ube slie csu-

li9 kill, 38 wi

by S Ceek eees bth t isceit

the peceul itet the Cheyee

aphe the ube ble-bie

Left: Cheyenne and Arapaho chies and military leaders

met at Camp Weld in 1864 to negotiate a peacesettlement. Participants included Black Kettle (middle

row, center), Edward Wynkoop (ront row, let), and Silas

Soule (ront row, right).Above:On November 28, 1864,

Jesse Haire and other soldiers stationed at Fort Lyon,

Colorado, were ordered to leave on an expedition with

Col. John Chivingtons troops. They marched through

the night, and at dawn the next day, they launched a

surprise attack at Sand Creek.

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The Days BrutalityComes to an End

Te lly esciptie Hie etis

w il S Ck. H

eti cpy tw the Ti

[reiet] wh sht w se escp-

i Ii whil hy w hi h

the i espi, he s tht he sw tw

h hh hy w i hi x.

I h i, h wi l

thse che Hue dys i

pi w fi y w. Hi

wtche l euh t bsee, the ils

w h hy p hi

ech thes ecks bee the e cest

t e t the. Whethe cpssi

b h h iw, Hi

i h h l lk i h ii

i l y wh w

[h] l hlp h by [hi]l.

a pi, Hi i . . . h h

teepees wiws ws ely ll e.

Tuh he i t kw wh stte the e,

h i h hy w l

ll pi h w pl ll

h y hi h Ii h. L, h

sw tht st ll the bys h ll ki

Ii phi h pi l

w wih h.

i by h y bliy,

the bys sht t the Ii s tht hwle

ily y ii. h hl

bys busie theseles by thwi te

tee yu pups . . . i the e t bu live.

Tt iht, the slies Cpy d,

with blkets ly w ue [thei]

sle blkets ects i the wi

sw. Te i u thei situ-

i lil ip. Wih hi ,

hy [] hi[] li hi

hki h.

I the slies wh h jie Chivits

c with thee ys cke tis

twety ucke spet the iht i

such wetche citis, the Cheyee

aphe suis ust he expeiece

i by phi.

A Methodist PreacherDraws Haires Attention

Hi w hi iil y h

iy yl b

evisis wheeve he e t spce, i

ypil J yl, l h p b

pes, betwee lies, up w the sies.

a p h ii p, Hi l

wet thuh csse ut lies i

p ly h hi h wi-

esse. I e such istce, he ees t

white f, thuh it is ucle whethe he

es the t-ebte white f Blck

Kettle the white f wve by Jh Sith.

Wh hi iil i, Hi xpli

besie seies see csse ut lies,

these this but white f, I i t see,

b ly h h y . . . I h.

Iteestily, Hie es isiht

y ipessi Sils Sule y he e

hi h Cpy d. dpi

Sules ble histicl eputti, pp-

l b bw h pi

Pvt. Jesse Hie. He etis Sule ly

i .

Tis lck ulti ctsts shply with

Jesses ely ipessis Jh m. Chivit.

Sll-sttue Hie seee tke by the l-

h li Chii h i h

w hi. Whil wki i bk Ciy

his wy west, Hie seties wet t the

methist Chuch t he thei ele the

hh ph, m. Chii.

Hie escibes Chivit s vey le

b 6 4 l i ppi

wh sys just wht he thiks eless

q. Hi , h h bh

wh is s le s he wh seve s the i-

i hi hh.

Hi l l h ly ppl y

hw the hti peche ee his

ik by i mii -

ti wh itee t whip hi the ext

i h h. a ki h pi

ll[i] up his sleeves, Chivit ske

tht pt his uiece [wh] wte t ht

. . . whh hy wl h i b ph-

i phi. mii Hi

h w pil, h i

h Bible, ly by il S.

Ci i hi biphy Chii.

Hi i l wk wh h

pths with Chivit i Cl eity

i hi ii y. i pi-

i phyil ipi h ly

pptie , Hie clis tht the

i pp hi pik hl

the bles ppe thei cs ice

Despite threats on his lie, Capt. Silas Soule, the leader

o Company D, testifed at the Armys investigation o

the Sand Creek incident.

To learn more about

i ai

i h il ahi,

www.archives.gov/research/

native-americans.

T S Ck m,

www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/

2001/summer/.

T Ii by l pplii i

lil h, www.archives.gov/

publications/prologue/index/#1993.

46 Prologue Summer 2011

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w ll p h h Chii

pech Chist hi cucie up the

i i i h pi ib.

T bw Hi

Sule Chiit pi t S Ceek

pvies pit bckp t exi-

i hi li h .

An Assassination AttemptOn Captain Soule Succeeds

nt eve th te S Ceek, -

i p h H pi

iestiti by the Cittee the

Cuct W. w itil iesti-

tis it Chiits cuct wul l-

lw hi , iliy ii

ivestiti by the Jit Specil Cittee,

h pp whih w ii h

ii Ii ib.

Sule ppee bee the ility c-

ii by 15, 1865. H w q-

i w y, llw by -y

-xii by Chii y-

l xii by h ii.

Sule pie his testiy espite

ius thets his lie t lest tw

ctul ssssiti ttepts. o ebuy

24, 1865, the Daily Mining Journalepte,

ssssis he twice ttepte the lie

Cp. Sl wihi ix wk; Sl i wi-

wh xp iy b h C

Iquiy his testiy is eietly

; h h i h ih i h b-

b d.

Elie, ebuy 9, thee h bee

i h d T bi l-

h Ii. my b

h iliy w h. Cll Chii

w ll p h q hi

b p w h ll.

I h ph h llw, Chii -

cle tht he cte t ly the kill-

i Iis, but ls ll the Iis

.

Whethe ecue by Chiits

speech, cti thei w liti,

tw e, Chles W. Squies Willi

mw, h Sl apil 23, 1865,

t the ce 15th aphe i deve,

wh Sl p hl.

Jesses ccut Sules ue iclues

hi :

[m]y the bys the Sec

i i w p w

i h iy l ih hi ly,

S m. Sqi h y l-

lw ws i the cpy shti

hi hi pil i h py wih

[Hie lees spce e] wh

li w h Pl i.

Hi l, hi hi h

i Cp. Sl h P mhl

the Cpti Cpy d, u c

py wh ut u e tw ce

the steet et these ellws. He ept

h Cpi Sl h b h , h

sht i i belw his iht eye. Tuh

h i h w kw h i-

, h h ii i.

me telli th Hies tte--c

ecuti his cptis ue e the

seeily ucecte tes witte c

spicuusly e the uceet Sule

eth. I this te, Hie kes e

i Sl k i i

i Chii.

Still, Hies t kes his ius cle. H

hi ih[] [Chii

Left:Col. John Chivington, the fghting preacher, had a larger-than-lie persona. He ell rom grace ater the Sand Creek Massacre.Center:Jesse Haires death certifcate

is rom his pension fle in the National Archives Building. Right:Jesse Haire died on November 24, 1898, ater a all in his home. He is buried in Columbus, Ohio.

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i i h ph h i

bles the utisie. Jesse c- Chii byi L H,

h , pbl hi, wh i kp

ll the bes the ilies his peple

pbl . . . .wh h bl hi i

ws cusi hi tyi t et hi t ce

ut the w pth le the it bttle.

Hie ws shcke t the e peches

lue, he cul ll ut blsphey

bi h y y l p b

pi. Wh Hi Chii i

uptw shible sl, he is supiset see hi hli tht spkli bevee tht

[h ] bil [J] i bl.

w, h ph, ki pi l

hi ll i i i i i. T

eeece t Chivits eise cul iicte

h J w hi i l-

i Chii b 4, 1894, h.

Sand Creek Is ConsideredMassacre, Not a Battle

ew ys i Cl histy elicit s

pii h S Ck m.

T i h h iii w

uius; et bttle h tke plce,

S Ck w .

Chiit, wh h esie the

iliy, w h i, p

pih b i p -

i, ih Hi h Ui

Sttes eet. Te Jit Cittee

the Cuct W ecle tht they

cul hly tti tes t escibe

his cuct. Wei the ui theUi S, whih hl b h bl

ji hiy; hli h ip-

tt psiti ce ility is-

i, h hi h h h

h x i hi kpi, h

libly pl x l

ly .

Setie te his ische octbe

26, 1865, bee his ie t my

Ely b 5, 1871, J Hi

hi wy bk h hi. H li hhti peche by ly u yes. o

b 24, 1898, h ipp h b-

p hi h i Clb, hi,

hit his he, ee eii cscius-

. H i 10 h h i,

i h lil wh ki

pviece h escue s y ties bee.

Te lesss S Ceek ctiue t

eucte; the ices euse t be silet. oe

such vice, tht Jesse Spue Hie, es

wy wih h i i h h-i yu Cpti Sule wh st le,

bii his e t e. I etu, Jesse

plx iw h Cl

slie wh seve ui the Civil W. oe

wes wht the S Ceek ices the

will ? P

2011 by P mil

A card rom John Treakles compiled service record

shows his death at the hands o Indians at Rock

Creek on June 30, 1865.TeJesse Haire Journals: 18591897, esie t the

hi Hiil Siy i Clb, hi.

Hi pi l (wiw pi WC485043)

is i the recs the deptet vetes

ai, g 15. Jh kl i i i h

recs the ajutt geels oce, 1780s

1917, g 94. Bh i h il

ahi Bili, Whi, d.C. Wh Hi

ii h li h ii i h pi

pphs s Cpes Ceek, bth Seet ekles

sevice ec Cpt. Luthe Wilss ept the

iciet ietiy the lcti s rck Ceek. athe

i wih i h jl i

the ccut Jck Siths ue t S Ceek.

Itepete Jh Sith testie t the Cittee

the Cuct W, I h hl-bee s

thee, wh e hisel up. He stte t the tie

h Ii f; bi hl-b h h b lil

hp bi p, i h , h

wy wih h Ii h i b

il. i h h p h h wlk bk y

p w i h l. I l b h Jh

Sih w w Jk l i h , tht Hie istkely ietie the Jck.

Chi L H, m Cl, Chief

Left Hand: Southern Arapaho (: klh

Uiiy P, 1981). S Hi, Te Sand Creek

Massacre (n: oklh Uiesity Pess,

1961) Te Western Odyssey of John Simpson Smith

(gll, Ca: ah H. Clk Cpy, 1974)

lbl .

Quttis Ew Wykp e u

i Te all Chie: Te Autobiography o Edward

W. Wynkoop (dee: Cl Uiesity Pess,

1994). Te sty Chiits pew eput-

i i il S. Ci, Te Fighting Parson:

Biography of Col. John M. Chivington (L al:

Westele Pess, 1959). Cis ceite suce hi i h hi p y

Jh Sp Report to Fred Martin of Interview

with Mrs. John M. Chivington, mch 11, 1902.

Chiits speech i dee is epte i the

Rocky Mountain News, by 9, 1865.

War o the Rebellion,: A Compilation o the

Ofcial Records o the Ofcial Records o the Union

and Confederate Armies, Si I, vl. 41, p I, p.

948, i Chii p gl Ci

h .

ote on Sources

Author

Pam Milavececeive ueute

i bh hiy Elih.

She is cuetly pusui he m.a. i

histy t the Uivesity Cl

d i ply by d Pbli Shl.

Sh h h xily pblih i

aiwhi li. C pj il h

tscipti theJesse Haire Journals, 18591897,

biphy Cp. Sil S. Sl.

48 Prologue Summer 2011