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Lao Zi (604 BC), one of Taoist Grand Prophet, created “Tao-Te-Ching”

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A Brief of “Tao-Te-Ching”A Brief of “Tao-Te-Ching”

o “Tao-Te-Ching” can be literally translated as the book (Ching) of How (Tao) things happen (Te)

o The main focus of the book is concerned with man. Eighty percent (80%) of the book is devoted not to the substance of Tao but to its functions, particularly to its operation in society. This is the reason why Tao is relevant to management, especially in leadership.

o Tao and Confucianism have several similarities:

- Humanity - Oppose the use of- Righteousness power/punishment- Deep Love - Highly esteem

the- Faithfulness integrity of the

individual and social harmony

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Tao at Macro Level: Nations’ Tao at Macro Level: Nations’ CultureCulture

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Cultural Relevance of the Tao Cultural Relevance of the Tao in Construction Project in Construction Project

ManagementManagement

• Tao and Dimensions of Culture of Hofstede (1991)

• Tao and Dimensions of Culture of Trompenaars (1993)

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Five Dimensions of Culture of HofstedeFive Dimensions of Culture of Hofstede

Individualism or Collectivism

Large or Small Power Distance

Strong or Weak Uncertainty Avoidance

Masculinity or Femininity

Short or Long Term Orientation

Confucianism

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(1) Relationship Between Tao Concepts (1) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Individualism-Collectivism of Hofstede& Individualism-Collectivism of Hofstede

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(2) Relationship Between Tao (2) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Power Distance of Concepts & Power Distance of

HofstedeHofstede

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(3) Relationship Between Tao (3) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Uncertainty Avoidance of Concepts & Uncertainty Avoidance of

HofstedeHofstede

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(4) Relationship Between Tao (4) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Masculinity-Femininity of Concepts & Masculinity-Femininity of

HofstedeHofstede

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(5) Relationship Between Tao (5) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Confucian DynamismConcepts & Confucian Dynamism

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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Comparison of Scores by Hong Kong, USA, UK, and Tao Culture on the Cultural Dimensions under Hofstede

CONCLUSION:CONCLUSION:

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Five Dimensions of Culture of Five Dimensions of Culture of TrompenaarsTrompenaars

Individualism or Collectivism

Universalism or Particularism

Affective orNeutral

Specific orDiffuse

Achievement or Ascription

Orientation

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(1) Relationship Between Tao Concepts (1) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Individualism-Collectivism of & Individualism-Collectivism of

TrompenaarsTrompenaars

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(2) Relationship Between Tao (2) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Universalism – Capitalism Concepts & Universalism – Capitalism

of of TrompenaarsTrompenaars

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(3) Relationship Between Tao (3) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Affective – Neutral of Concepts & Affective – Neutral of

TrompenaarsTrompenaars

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(4) Relationship Between Tao (4) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Specific – Diffuse of Concepts & Specific – Diffuse of

TrompenaarsTrompenaars

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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(5) Relationship Between Tao (5) Relationship Between Tao Concepts & Achievement – Ascription Concepts & Achievement – Ascription

of of TrompenaarsTrompenaars

Note: ‘ST’ represents strong adherence of the Tao concepts and ‘SL’ represents slight adherence.

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Comparison of Scores by Hong Kong, USA, UK, and Tao Culture on the Cultural Dimensions under Trompenaars

CONCLUSION:CONCLUSION:

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Tao Concepts and Comparing Features of Asian and Western Management