jewish people: race, religion or ethnic group? jews are a subordinate group unequal treatment ...
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Jewish People: Race, Religion or Ethnic Group?
Jews are a subordinate group Unequal treatment Share a cultural history that distinguishes them from
the dominant group Ascribed status or involuntary status Group solidarity In-group marriage
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Jewish People: Race, Religion or Ethnic Group?
Jewish identity among Jews is based on a shared culture - thus Jews are best classified as an ethnic minority
The trend in the United States among Jews has been toward Judaization -lessening of the significance of religion and an increase in culture as the bond among Jews
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Immigration of Jews to the United States
First Jewish migration occurred around 1654 from Spain and Portugal (Refugees)
Largest Jewish migration occurred around the turn of nineteenth century
Immigration Act of 1920 reduced Jewish immigration
Recent immigration has been from Israel, Soviet Union and Iran
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Figure 14-3 Intergroup Relations Continuum
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Anti-Semitism Past and Present
Origins of anti-Semitism Blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ Formation of negative stereotypes over the years Fringe-of-values theory by Gordon Allport (1979)
and the formation of negative stereotypes Jewish group identity as a means of adapting to a
hostile environment and in-group virtues becoming out-group vices
Discrimination as a source of anti-Semitism
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Holocaust
Holocaust - state-sponsored systematic extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany
German policy and the restriction of the rights of Jews
Between 1933 - 1945 two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population were killed
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Unites States Anti-Semitism: Past
Colonial America and anti-Semitism Peter Stuyvesant’s attempt to expel Jews from what is New
York city today
The 1920’s and 1930’s saw an increase in anti- Semitism
Perpetuation of false propaganda - In the forged documents “Protocols of the Elders of Zion”
The publications of the Protocols and anti-Semitism
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Differences Between Anti-Semitism in the United States and Europe
First - United States government never promoted anti-Semitic policies
Second - anti-Semitism was not institutionalized in the United States
Third - Jews did not develop a defensive ideology in order to survive
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Contemporary Anti-Semitism
Anti-Defamation League Monitors anti-Semitic incidents Rise in numbers in 1990’s and 2001
American Jews and the relationship with Israel Source of unity and identity Zionism - and anti-Semitism African Americans and Anti-Semitism
Fewer anti-Semitic and more anti-White institutions
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Figure 14-4 Anti-Semitic Incidents, 1980-2002
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Position of Jewish Americans
Declining discrimination in the business world Jewish MBAs and job opportunities Rising rapidly up the corporate hierarchy Higher salaries
Declining poverty and the invisible poor
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Education
Judaic religion and the emphasis on formal schooling Emphasis on education Higher educational attainment
Prejudice at school
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Organizational Activity
United Jewish Appeal - founded in (1939) raises funds for humanitarian causes
American Jewish Committee - founded in (1906) to improve Jewish-Gentile relations
American Jewish Congress - founded in (1918) to improve Jewish-Gentile relations
B’nai B’rith - founded in (1843) to promote cultural programs (ADL)
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Political Activity
Jewish voters and the Democratic partyPolitical officesPolitics and the New LeftPolitics and Israel
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Religious Life
Orthodox: Conservative:
Reconstructionist Reform:
Just Jewish:
7 %
29%
2%
29%
33%
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The Orthodox Tradition
Orthodox tradition Torah
Life is conducted according to tradition and rituals Kashrut - food
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The Reform Tradition
Very religiousChanged traditions to reflect social changesConservative Judaism – in between Orthodox
and Reform
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Jewish Identity
Yiddishkait - Jewish Americans and a sense of peoplehood (Jewishness)
Jewish women and Jewish identity Halakha
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Family
Delayed marriageSingle life has become increasingly more
acceptableDeclining birth rate, acceptability of
childlessness and rising divorce rateDecline in intergenerational roles in the familyDecline in Jewishness in daily live
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Figure 14-5 Generational Patterns by Denomination
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Role of Religion
Judaism and religious diversityTraditional Jewish LawReligion and marginalityThe role of cultureMaintaining a sense of peoplehood