JFK• 1960-1963• 1st Catholic• Young• Assassinated 1963• Legacy

Election of 1960JFK vs. Richard Nixon

• Kennedy was Catholic• Televised debate helps

Kennedy• TV allows candidates to

address public• TV has big impact• We still have normal

electoral process

New Frontier• Education, health

care, urban development, migrant workers, defense, space race, women’s rights (Equal Pay Act).

• Deficit spending worried congress

Bay of Pigs Invasion• JFK (1961) sends in

Cuban exiles with special forces to get rid of Castro in Cuba.

• The communists were ready and captured the invasion force

• JFK and US look bad

Peace Corps• JFK’s program to help

developing countries through education and build up of their infrastructure

• Set up to fight communism

• Still active today

Kennedy Assassination: Took place November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas in Dealey Plaza. The ten-month investigation of the Warren Commission concluded that the President was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, who was murdered by Jack Ruby before he could stand trial.

The Warren Commission• Investigated murder

of JFK lead by Earl Warren.

• Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone.

• He was killed by Jack Ruby a night club owner from Dallas (mafia)

• Speculation on possible cover up

Flexible Response

• JFK builds up conventional army instead of just nukes (Ike)

• This means more spending but no “brinkmanship.”

Presidential Power During Cold War

• Greatest change was that troops could be deployed without declaring war.

• Example: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Should they be allowed to do that?

Cuban Missile Crisis• Closest we came to

war against soviet troops.

• They took missiles out of Cuba and we took them out of Turkey

• We promised not to invade Cuba again

• USSR looks weak

1964 Joint Resolution of Congress

• Known as Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Authorized President (LBJ) to send troops to battle in Vietnam even though no formal war declaration.

• Example of presidential power increase during crisis

Big Idea #3 Civil Rights

• Major changes• Government passes laws• Churches play major role in South• Desegregation/ Voting Rights

Plessy vs. Ferguson• The Supreme Court

rules “separate but equal” facilitates for the races in 1896. This lasts until the 1950’s.

Brown Versus the Board of Education (1954)

• It ended segregation in public schools

• Southern congress members signed Southern Manifesto (opposed integration)

• Southern states diverted public funds to create “private schools”

Study the photograph of Central High School student. How would you describe Elizabeth Eckford’s demeanor compared to those around her? What might this tell you about her character?How do you think Elizabeth Eckford felt on the day this picture was taken?

Little Rock 9• Eisenhower sends

in federal troops to escort African Americans at Central High in Arkansas.

• He sets precedent for enforcement of Brown case.

MLK Jr

• He supported non-violent protests to end discrimination and segregation

• Leader of the Civil rights Movement

• “Soul Force”• Gandhi

MLK’s letter from Jail

• the need to protest against unfair treatment.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference: is an American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference: is an American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.

James Farmer

• Farmer co-founded Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) which sought to bring an end to racial segregation in America through active nonviolence.

SNCC Student Nonviolent

Coordinating Committee's major contribution was in organizing voter registration drives all over the South.

Freedom Riders• Young people who

went south to protest against segregation and discrimination.

• They used non-violent tactics

• Many were hurt or thrown in jail

• They were often shown on T.V. which helped the movement

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• This authorized the federal government to send federal officials to supervise local officials when registering voters.

• Freedom Summer was a massive voting registration campaign

Black Power Movement: the movement emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values.

Black Panthers: was an African-American revolutionary left-wing organization working for the self-defense for black people. It was active in the United States from the mid-1960s into the 1970s.

Malcolm X: was an African-American Muslim minister, & public speaker. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans his detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, anti-Semitism, and violence.

LEADER VIEWSLEADER VIEWS

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm XMalcolm X

Non-ViolenceNon-Violence Self DefenseSelf Defense

Peaceful ProtestPeaceful Protest Separatism Separatism

Cooperation with whites and Cooperation with whites and other culturesother cultures

Being a Victim of the past does Being a Victim of the past does not mean you must be one in not mean you must be one in the present.the present.

Civil Rights act of 1964

• Segregation illegal in most public places

• Private companies must stop discrimination

• EEOC and enforces segregation in public places.

Effect of African American Civil Rights Movement on others• It brought about anti-

discrimination legislation that applied to other groups.

• Women, Asians, Hispanics etc…

The Warren Court• 1954-1967 activist

role• Segregation, rights of

the accused, reapportionment, prayer in school search and seizure laws, and voting rights.

Great Society: President Johnson’s plan to end poverty and continue President Kennedy’s work.

GREAT SOCIETY INITIATIVESGREAT SOCIETY INITIATIVES

HEALTH & WELFARE

EDUCATION

THE “WAR ON POVERTY”

Medicare: Helped senior citizens afford health care Medicaid: Helped low-income citizens afford health careHead Start: Provided preschool for needy familiesElementary and secondary school Act 1965

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): Created to help low-income families get better housing.

LBJ’s Great Society• He wants to put an

end to racial injustice and poverty

• low cost housing, education, voting rights, job training, Medical insurance (Medicare/Medicaid)

• Vietnam takes money away

Immigration since 1960• Policies have greatly

increased ethnic diversity in American society.

• Quota system has been replaced by Hemispheric caps

• More flexibility for family members

• More Catholics from Latin America

Immigration Act of 1965• The elimination of an

immigration policy based on national origin quotas

• More ethnic diversity

Television and Sports• This new

technology greatly expanded the audience for professional sports in the years immediately following World War II.