jiang ch06

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148

CHAPTER SIX

The Calculus of Residues

sect6-1 Singularities and Zeroes

clubs Laurent Series

0( ) ( )n

n

n

f z c z z infin

=minusinfin

= minussum

rArr 2 1 1

2 0 1 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f z c z z c z z c c z z minus minus

minus minus= + minus + minus + + minus +

clubs Some Definitions

1) Principal part and analytic part

The portion of the Laurent series containing only the negative powers of 0( ) z z minus is called principal

part the remainder of the series ⎯ the summation of the terms with zero and positive powers ⎯ isknown as the analytic part

2) Pole of order N A function whose Laurent expansion about a singular point 0 z has a principal part in which the most

negative power of 0

( ) z z minus is N minus is said to have a pole of order N at0

z

diams A function has a pole of order one at some point is said to have a simple pole at that point

1 Singular Point (Singularity)

A point 0 z is called a singular point of the function f (or called a singularity of the function f ) if f

is not analytic at 0 z z = but every neighborhood of 0 z contains at least one point at which f is

analytic

2 Isolated Singularity (Isolated Singular Point)

A point 0 z is an isolated singularity (or an isolated singular point) of the function f if f is not

analytic at 0 z z = but is analytic in a deleted neighborhood of 0 z

That is f is analytic in0 0

( ) | 0 | | and z z z z z C = lt minus lt isinprimereal = = =

clubs Nonisolated singularity

A singular point 0 z z = of a function ( ) f z is nomisolated if every neighborhood of 0 z contains

at least one singularity of ( ) f z other than 0 z

Example 1

The function

2( )

4

z f z

z =

+ rArr 2 z i= plusmn both are isolated singularities

In other words ( ) f z is analytic in the deleted neighborhoods 0 | 2 | 1 z ilt minus lt and 0 | 2 | 1 z ilt + lt

The function( ) Ln f z z =

rArr The branch point 0 z = is a non-isolated singularity of ( ) f z since every neighborhood of

y

x0

0| | z z minus lt =

0 z

=

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149

0 z = contains points on the negative real axis

Example 2

The function

1( )

sin( ) f z

z π =

has the singular points 0 z = and 1 1 2 z n n= = plusmn plusmn all lying on the segment of the real axis

from 1 z = minus to 1 z = Each singular point except 0 z = is isolated

The singular point 0 z = is not singular because every deleted = neighborhood of the origin

contains other singular points of the function ( ) f z

3 Removable Singularity

Let )( z f be analytic in the punctured disk

00 | | z z lt minus lt =

and let

0lim( ) ( ) 0n

z z f z rarrinfin

minus =

Then )( z f has a removable singularity at 0 z z =

In other words )( z f can be assigned a value ( ) f z at 0 z so that the resulting function is

analytic in0

| | z z minus lt =

The proof of this theorem can be seen in the textbook Complex Variable Levinson Redhefferfrom p154 to p154

Example 3

Consider the function

sin( )

z f z

z =

1) Because 0 0 is undefined the point 0 z = is singular

2) Since

3 5

sin 3 5 z z z z = minus + minus +

we have2 4

sin1

3 5

z z z

z = minus + minus rArr Taylor series on the right represents an analytic function

3) By defining (0) 1 f = we obtain a function

sin 0

( )

1 0

z z

f z z

z

⎧ne⎪

= ⎨⎪ =⎩

which is analytic for all z The singularity of ( ) f z at 0 z = has been removed by an

appropriate definition of (0) f

rArr 0 z = is a removable singular point

clubs 0 z = is also a removable singular point of the function Ln( ) z f z e=

4 Pole and Essential Singularity1) If the Laurent Series

n

n

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus=infin

=

infin

=sumsum

In the neighborhood of an isolated singular point 0 z z = contains only a finite number of negative

powers of 0 z z minus then 0 z z = is called a pole of )( z f

If m z z minusminus )( 0 is the highest negative power in the series (expansion) the pole is said to be of order

m and the series

m

m

n

n

m

n z z

b

z z

b

z z

b

z z

b

)()()( 02

0

2

0

1

01 minus

++minus

+minus

=minus=

sum

is called the principal part of )( z f at 0 z z =

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150

Then the Laurent series is rewritten as

n

n

m

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus==

infin

=sumsum

2) If the Laurent series of )( z f in the neighborhood of an isolated singular point 0 z z = contains

infinitely many negative powers of 0 z z minus then

0 z z =

is called an essential singularity of )( z f

rArr n

n

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus=infin

=

infin

=sumsum

Example 4

The function

2

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus

has singularities at 0 z = and 1 z =

1) Laurent series about 0 z = 1 2

( ) 2 3 4 0 1 f z z z z z

minus= + + + + lt lt

rArr 0 z = is a pole of order 1

2) Laurent series about 1 z = 2 1 2

( ) ( 1) ( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1) 0 1 1 f z z z z z z minus minus= minus + minus + minus minus + minus + lt minus lt


Example 5

The function3 5

11sin 0

3 5

z z z z

z

minus minusminus= minus + + ne

rArr 0 z = is an essential singularity

Example 6

Consider the function1( 1)

2( 1)

z e

z

minus

minus

Using2

1 2

u ue u= + + + and putting 1( 1)u z minus= minus we find that

1( 1) 4

2 3

2

( 1 )( 1) ( 1) 1

( 1) 2

z e z

z z z z

minus minusminus minus minus

= minus + minus + + neminus


clubs Three different kinds of principal part1) A principal part with a positive finite number of nonzero terms

Ex( 1) 1

0 ( 1) 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) N N

N N c z z c z z c z z minus minus minus minus

minus minus minus minusminus + minus + + minus where 0 N

cminus ne

2) There are an infinite number of nonzero terms in the principal part

3) There are functions possessing an isolated singular point 0 z such that a sought-after Laurent

expansion about0

z will be found to have no term in the principal part that is all the coefficients

involving negative powers of 0

( ) z z minus are zero

5 Some Examples about Pole and Singularity1) Pole

If

a)0

0lim ( ) ( )m

z z z z f z rarr minus exist and

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b)0

0lim ( ) ( ) 0m

z z z z f z

rarrminus ne

rArr 0 z z = is a pole of order m of )( z f

A pole of order one is a simple pole

2) The order of the pole for a function of the form ( ) ( ) ( ) f z g z h z =

If ( ) g z and ( )h z are analytic at0

z with0

( ) 0 g z ne and0

( ) 0h z = then ( ) f z will have an

isolated singularity at0

z

Let1

0 1 0( ) ( ) ( )

N N

N N h z a z z a z z

+

+= minus + minus + where 0 N

a ne and 1 N ge

Using the above equation we have

1

0 1 0

( )( )

( ) ( ) N N

N N

g z f z

a z z a z z +

+

=minus + minus +

To show that this expression has a pole of order N at0

z consider

0 0

0

0

0 1

0 1 0

0

1 0

( ) ( )lim ( ) ( ) lim

( ) ( )

( ) ( )lim ( )

N

N

N N z z z z

N N

z z N N N

z z g z z z f z

a z z a z z

g z g z

a a z z a

+rarr rarr+

rarr+

minusminus =

minus + minus +

= =+ minus +

⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦

Since this limit is finite and nonzero we may conclude the following rule

Rule I (Quotients)

If ( ) ( ) ( ) f z g z h z = where ( ) g z and ( )h z are analytic at0

z and if 0

( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z ne

then the order of the pole of ( ) f z at0

z is identical to the order of the zero of ( )h z at this point

clubs For the case of 0

( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z = if

[ ]0 0

lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ) z z z z

f z g z h z rarr rarr

= = infin

then ( ) f z has a pole at0

z whereas if

[ ]0 0

lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ) finite z z z z


= =

( ) f z has a removable singularity at0

z

LrsquoHocircspital rule is often useful in finding the limit

Rule II (Quotients)

The order of the pole of ( ) ( ) ( ) f z g z h z = at0

z is the order of the zero of ( ) g z at this point less

the order of the zero of ( ) g z at the same point

Example 7

The function f defined by

3)2)(1(

32)(

minusminus

+=

z z

z z f

Since

31 1

2 3lim ( 1) ( ) lim

( 2) z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =minus

05 neminus=

rArr 1= z is a simple pole of )( z f

and

3

2 2

2 3lim ( 2) ( ) lim

1 z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =

minus07 ne=

rArr 2= z is a pole of order 3 of )( z f

clubs 在遇到三角函數時不可直接冒然判斷其 order

Example 8


4sin)( z

z z f = for all 0|| lt z

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152

Hence 4

0 0lim ( ) lim sin 0 z z

z f z z rarr rarr

= =

The limit of 4

0lim ( ) z

z f z rarr

exists but equal to 0 Therefore we can not say that 0 z = is a pole of order

four of the function ( ) f z

However if we take

3

0 0

sinlim ( ) lim 1 0 z z

z z f z z rarr rarr= = ne

rArr 0= z is a pole of order 3 of the function )( z f

We can also use following method to determine the order of 0 z =

4

753

4

753sin)(

z

z z z z

z

z z f

+minus+minus

==

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

因為在3

1

z 此項以前之項的係數均為 0故知


Example 9

Discuss the singularity of

2 2 2

cos( )

( 1)( 1) ( 3 2)

z z f z

z z z z =

minus + + +

ltSolgt

Factoring the denominator we have

2 2

cos( )

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1)

z z f z

z z i z i z z =

minus + minus + +

There is a pole of order 1 at 1 z = since

[ ] 2 21 1

( 1) cos cos1lim ( 1) ( ) lim

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 24 z z

z z z z f z

z z i z i z z rarr rarr

minusminus = =minus + minus + +

which is finite and nonzero

There is a pole of order 1 at z i= minus since2

2

2 21

( ) cos cos( )lim ( ) ( ) lim

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 8(2 ) z i z i

z i z z i i z i f z

z z i z i z z irarrminus rarr minus

+ minus minus⎡ ⎤+ = =⎣ ⎦ minus + minus + + minus

Similarly there is a pole of order 2 at z i= and poles of order 1 at 2 z = minus and 1 z = minus

Example 10


( ) sin

z

e f z z =

ltSolgt

Wherever sin 0 z = that is for z k π = 0 1 2k = plusmn plusmn ( ) f z has isolated singularities

Assuming these are simple poles we evaluate

lim ( ) sin z

z k z k e z

π π rarr ⎡ ⎤minus⎣ ⎦

This indeterminate form is evaluated from LrsquoHocircspitalrsquos rule and equals

( )lim

cos cos

z z k

z k

z k e e e

z k

π

π

π

π rarr

minus +=

Because this result is finite and nonzero the pole at z k π = is of first order

Example 11Find the order of the pole of 2( 1) ( 1) z z e+ + at z iπ =

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153

ltSolgt

With 2( ) ( 1) g z z = + and ( ) ( 1) z h z e= + we verify that2( ) 1 0 g iπ π = minus + ne and ( ) ( 1) 0ih i e π π = + =

To find the order of zero of ( ) ( 1) z h z e= + at z iπ = we make the Taylor expansion

2

0 1 2( ) 1 ( ) ( ) z h z e c c z i c z iπ π = + = + minus + minus

Note that0

0c = because at ( ) 0h iπ =

Since

1( 1) 1 0 z

z i

d c e

dz π == + = minus ne

We see that ( )h z has a zero of order 1 at z iπ = Thus by Rule I ( ) f z has a pole of order 1 at

z iπ =

Example 12

Find the order of the pole of

5

sinh( ) at 0

sin

z

f z z

z

= =

ltSolgt

With ( ) sinh g z z = and 5( ) sinh z z = we find that

(0) 0 g = and (0) 0h =

Since3 5

( ) sinh3 5

z z g z z z = = + + +

We see that ( ) g z has a zero of order 1 at 0 z =

Because5

3 5 75 5 5

( ) sin3 5 3

z z z h z z z z

⎛ ⎞= = minus + minus = minus +⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

We see that the lowest power of z in the Maclaurin series for 5( ) sinh z z = is 5 Thus 5sin z has a

zero of order 5 at 0 z = The order of the pole of ( ) f z at 0 z = is by Rule II the order of the zero

of 5sin z less than the order of the zero of sinh z that is 5 1 4minus =

Example 13

Find the poles and establish their order for the function

1 2

1( )

(Ln )( 1) f z

z i z π =

minus minus

ltSolgt

Both the principal branch of 1 2 z and Ln z are analytic in the cut plane defined by the branch cut

0 0 y x= minus infin le le

This cut plane is the domain of analyticity of ( ) f z

If Ln 0 z iπ minus = we have

Ln z iπ = or 1i z e π = = minus

This condition can not occur in the domain Alternatively we can say that 1 z = minus is not an isolated

singular point of ( ) f z since it lies on the branch cut containing all nonisolated singular points of

( ) f z

Consider 1 2 1 0 z minus = or 1 2 1 z =

Squaring we get 1 z = Since the principal value of 1 21 is 1 we see that ( ) f z has an isolated

singular point at 1 z = Now

1 2

0

1 ( 1) n

n

n

z c z infin

=

minus = minussum

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154

We readily find that

00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==

This shows that 1 2 1 z minus has a zero of order 1 at 1 z = Since

1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞

⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠=minus

and the numerator of this expansion is analytic at 1 z = while the denominator 1 2 1 z minus has a zero of

order 1 at the same point the given ( ) f z must by Rule I have a simple pole at 1 z =

clubs Comments on the term ldquopolerdquo

1) If ( ) f z has a pole at0

z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin

2) Equivalently ( ) unbounded f z rarr as0

z z rarr

3) Suppose ( ) f z has a pole of order N at0

z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N

N N f z c z z c z z c c z z minus minus minus

minus minus minus= minus + minus + + + minus +

rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N

N N z z f z c c z z c z z +

minus minus minusminus = + minus + + minus +

Dividing both sides of this equation by0( ) N z z minus we have this representation of ( ) f z in a

neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )

N N N z c c z z c z z ψ minus minus minus minus minus= + minus + minus +

and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z

ψ minusasymp =minus minus

and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus

We see that the higher the order N of the pole the more steeply will be the surface depicting ( ) f z

rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14

Using MATLAB obtain a plot of 2( ) 1[ ( 2) ] f z z z = minus and make comments on the poles of ( ) f z

ltSolgt

MATLAB commands

plot for f(z)x=linspace(-33200)

y=linspace(-11200)[XY]=meshgrid(xy)z=X+iYf=z(z-2)^2f=1ff=abs(f)mesh(XYf)AXIS([-10 35 -1 1 0 10])

view(1015)

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155

HW 1 (a) Using MATLAB obtain a plot similar to that of Example 14 but use the function

2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus

which has two poles of order 2 and a simple pole(b) We have observed that the magnitude of a function does not have a limit of infinity at an essential

singularity Illustrate this by generating a MATLAB plot of the magnitude of 1 z e in the region

0 1 z lt le For a useful plot it is best not to let z to get too close to zero ⎯ as you will see after

some experimentation

【本題摘自A David Wunsch Complex Variable with Applications 3rd

ed Problem 7 Exercise 62

Pearson Education Inc 2005】

HW 2 A nonisolated essential singular point of a function is a singular point whose every neighborhood

contains an infinite number of isolated singular points of the function An example is

( ) 1 sin(1 ) f z z = whose nonisolated essential singular point is at 0 z =

(a) Show that in the domain z lt = ( 0)gt= there are plots at

1 1( 1) 1( 2) z n n nπ π π = plusmn plusmn + plusmn +

where n is an integer such that 1( )n π gt =

(b) Is there a Laurent expansion of ( ) f z in a deleted neighborhood of 0 z =

(c) Find a different function with nonisolated essential singular point at 0 z = Prove that is has an

infinite number of isolated singular points inside z = =




sect6-2 Residue Theorem

clubs Definition of Residue

Let ( ) f z be analytic on a simple closed contour C and at all points interior to C except for the point

0 z Then the residue of ( ) f z at0 z written

0

Res ( ) z z

f z =

or [ ]0Res ( ) f z z is defined by

[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )

2 C z z f z f z z f z dz

iπ == = intgt

clubs Connection between0

Res ( ) z z

f z =

and the Laurent series of ( ) f z

1) Laurent expansion of ( ) f z

2 1 1


minus minus= + minus + minus + + minus + 00 z z Rlt minus lt

2) Residue of ( ) f z at 0 z z =

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[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =

ne minus⎧minus = ⎨

= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have

[ ]0 1Res ( ) f z z cminus=

clubs Theorem

The residue of function ( ) f z at the isolated singular point0

z is the coefficient of 1

0( ) z z minusminus in the

Laurent series representing ( ) f z in an annulus00 z z Rlt minus lt

Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus

Using the above theorem find

1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt

where C is the contour shown in the left figure

ltSolgt

From the shown figure we know that 1 z = is an

isolated singularity We consider two Laurent series

expansions of ( ) f z that converge in annular regions

centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z

minus= minus minus + minus minus minus +minus

0 1 1 z lt minus lt (1)

2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z

minus minus minus= minus minus minus + minus minusminus

1 1 z minus gt (2)

The series of Eq (1) which applies around the point 1 z = is of use to us here The coefficient of 1( 1) z minusminus is 1 which means that

1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt

clubs If the contour C now encloses only the singular point 0 z = (for example C 12 z = ) then our

solution would require that we extract the residue at 0 z = from the expansion

1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z

minus= minus minus minus minus minus lt ltminus

rArr [Res ( )0 1 f z = minus

Thus for this new contour we have

11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

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157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C

z z dz iπ intgt integrated around 2 z =

ltSolgt

The point 0 z = is an isolated singularity of sin(1 ) z and lies inside the given contour of

integration

Laurent expansion of sin(1 ) z z is

( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z

z = minus + minus gt

Since the coefficient of the term 1 z is zero we have

1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt

1 Three Theorems for finding Residue1) A formula for the residue in the case of a simple pole

If 0 z z = is a simple pole of )( z f

rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus

ltpfgt Since 0 z z = is a simple pole of )( z f hence the corresponding Laurent series is

)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa

minus++minus+minus+=

where 01 neb

Multiplying both sides of the above equation by 0 z z minus we have

])()()[()()( 2

02010010 +minus+minus+minus+=minus z z a z z aa z z b z f z z

If we let z approach 0 z then

0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum

2) Let the function f be defined by

)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =

where the function )( z p and )( z q are both analytic at 0 z z = and 0)( 0 ne z p

Then f has a pole of order m at 0 z z = if and if only 0 z is a pole of order m of q

In particular if 0

z z = is a simple pole of ( ) f z we have

rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

ltpfgt Since 0 z z = is a simple pole of )( z f

rArr 0)( 0 = z q and 0)( 0 neprime z q

Consequently )( z q can be expanded in a Taylors series of the form

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200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2

q z q z q z q z z z z z

q z q z z z z z

primeprimeprime= + minus + minus +

primeprimeprime= minus + minus +

Then we can see that

00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime

prime minus + minus +

=

3) Suppose that function f is analytic in a deleted neighborhood of 0 z and if 0 z z = is a pole of

order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

ltpfgt Since 0 z z = is a pole of order m of )( z f Then the corresponding Laurent expansion is of

the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum

where 0nemb and the series converges in some neighborhood of 0 z z = except at the point

0 z itself

By multiply both sides of the above equation by m z z )( 0minus we obtain

m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z

++minus+minus+minus=

minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(

This shows that the residue 1b of )( z f at 0 z z = is now the coefficient of 1

0 )(minusminus m z z in

the series of )()( 0 z f z z mminus

Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m

minus+minus+minus++=

minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum

Hence we obtain that

0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1

Find the residue of the function

)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f

ltSolgt Since the function )( z f has simple poles at 0= z and 1= z

7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2

Find the residue of 2 2

( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt

We rewrite ( ) f z with a factored denominator

2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus

rArr simple pole z i= plusmn pole of order 2 0 z =

Residue at z i=

[ ]2

( )Res ( ) Res ( ) lim

( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus

Residue at z i= minus

[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e

f z f z i z i z i z i

minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus

Residue at 0 z = Let ( ) z g z e= and 2 2( ) ( 1)h z z z = + then

[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z

d z e z e ze f z f z

dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3

Find the residue of 2

tan( )

1

z f z

z z =

+ +at all singularities of tan z

ltSolgt

We rewrite ( ) f z as

( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +

There are poles of ( ) f z for z satisfying cos 0 z = that is

2 0 1 2 z k k π π = + = plusmn plusmn

By expanding cos z in a Taylor series about the point0

2 z k π π = + we have

2

1 0 2 0cos ( ) ( ) z a z z a z z = minus + minus + where

1cos 0a k π = minus ne

Since cos z has a zero of order 1 at0

z z = ( ) f z must have a pole of order 1 there

Taking 2( ) sin ( 1) g z z z z = + + and ( ) cosh z z = we have ( ) sinh z z prime = minus Thus

[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +

minus= = plusmn plusmn+ + + +

clubs There are also poles of ( ) f z for z satisfying 2 1 0 z z + + = ie

11 2 3 2 z i= minus + and

21 2 3 2 z i= minus minus

Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z

f z f z i i i⎡ ⎤= minus + = minus +⎣ ⎦

Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z

f z f z i i i⎡ ⎤= minus minus = minus minus minus⎣ ⎦

Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =

minus +at all poles Use the principal branch of 1 2 z

7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt

We factor the denominator of ( ) f z and obtain

1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus

There is no simple pole at 0 z = since the factor 1 2 z has a branch point at this value of z that in

turn causes ( ) f z to have a branch point thereHowever ( ) f z does have a pole of order 2 at 2 z =

Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=

⎡ ⎤minus minus= = =⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

where because we are using the principal branch of the square root 1 22 is chosen positive

Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =

minusat all singularities

ltSolgt

There is a simple pole at 1 z = The residue at 1 z = is[ ]

1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +

has an essential singularity at 0 z = this will also be true of 1( ) (1 ) z f z e z = minus

Reside of ( ) f z at 0 z =

Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus

minus minusminus minus

⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +

If we multiply the two series together and confine our attention to products resulting in 1 z minus we have

1 1

1

1 11

2 3c z z minus minus

minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1

2 3 z f z f z c eminus

== = = + + + = minus

where recalling the definition 1 1 1 11

1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt

To establish the order of the pole we will expand both these expressions in Maclaurin series by theusual means

2 3

12 3

z z z e z minus = + + +

53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

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161

Since the numerator has a zero of order 1 and the denominator has a zero of order 3 the quotient has a pole of order 2


Method I Successive applications of LrsquoHocircspitalrsquos Rule we see that

[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =

Method II Using long division we have1

2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0 coefficient of

2 z f z f z z minus

== = =

HW 1 For each of the following functions state the location and order of each pole and find thecorresponding residue

(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus


ed Problems 8 10 11 13 and 14

Exercise 63 Pearson Education Inc 2005】

HW 2 Find the residue of the following functions at the indicated point

(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e

=⎡ ⎤minus⎣ ⎦

at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +

minus at 1 z = and 0 z =


ed Problems 22-25 Exercise 63


HW 3 (a) Consider the analytic function ( ) ( ) ( ) f z g z h z = having a pole at0

z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =

0( ) 0h z primeprime ne Thus ( ) f z has a pole of second order at

0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z

g z g z h z f z f z z

h z h z =

prime primeprime= = minus

prime prime

(b) Use the formula of part (a) to obtain

( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦




HW 4 Consider the function ( ) 1 sin f z z = Here we use residues to obtain

7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin

= sum for 2 z π π lt lt (an annular domain)

(a) Use the Laurentrsquos theorem to show that

1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt

where the integral can be around z R= 2 Rπ π lt lt (b) Show that

n n n nc d e f = + +

where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

(c) Show that for 2n le minus 0n

d =

(d) Show that 0n n

e f + = when n is even and 12 n

n ne f π ++ = minus for n odd

(e) Show that 0n

c = when n is even and that1

1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n

nnc π += minus for 3n le minus




HW 5 If a function ( ) f z is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except for a finite number of singular

points interior to a positively oriented simple closed contour C show that

20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt

【本題摘自James Ward Brown and Ruel V Churchill Complex Variables and Applications 7rd

ed Sec

64 pp 228-229 McGraw Hill Inc 2003】

HW 6 (a) Let 1n ge be an integer Show that the n poles of

1 2

1

1n n n z z z minus minus+ + + +

are at cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))k n i k nπ π + + + 1 2 k n=

(b) Show that the poles are simple

(c) Show that the residue at cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))k n i k nπ π + + + is

[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +




sect6-3 Cauchys Residue Theorem

1 Cauchys Residue Theorem If

1) C is a simple closed curve (or contour) in a domain D

2) )( z f is analytic in D except at finite many points n z z z z 321 in the interior of C Then we

have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮

ltpfgt Notice that the integral along C is taken in positive direction

Let1 2 3

nC C C C be n circles having centers at n z z z z 321 respectively such that

they all lie interior to C and exterior to each other as shown in above FigureHence we have

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( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j

f z dz f z dz f z dz

i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =

where the integral along C is taken in the positive direction

ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π

= =⎡ ⎤minus minus= +⎢ ⎥minus minus⎣ ⎦

minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮

where | | 1C z = described in the positive directions

ltpfgt Here we used three different methods to demonstrate this problem as following

Method I

Using Derivatives of Analytic Functions we know that

( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

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Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =

⎡ ⎤= minus + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III

Since 0= z is a pole of order 3 of 4

sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400

sin 1 sinRes lim ( )

2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=

⎡ ⎤= minus minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤minus minus

= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Then we use LHocircspitals Rule

rArr 2

4 300

sin 1 2cos 2cos 2 sin 2 sin cosRes lim

2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=

⎡ ⎤minus + minus minus= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==

⎛ ⎞= sdot minus = minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165

where C is the unit circle 1|| = z described in the positive direction

ltpfgt Method I

Using the theorem for the derivatives of analytic functions we know that

( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Also from the Leibnizs Formula

)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]

5 4 3 2(1 )cosh 5 5 sinh 10 20 cosh 10 60 sinh

5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z

= + + sdot + sdot + sdot

+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60

(1 )sinh (1 )sinh2 Res

12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮

where C is the circle 2|| = z described in the positive directions

ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

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2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =

HW 1 Evaluate the following integrals by using the method of residue

(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin

=minus + +sumintgt around 3 z iminus =

(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =


ed Problems 5 and 7 Exercise 61


HW2 Use residue calculus to show that if 1n ge is an integer then

2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

minus +⎧⎪⎛ ⎞

+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt

where C is any simple closed contour encircling the origin

ltHintgt Use the binomial theorem




HW3 Use residues to evaluate the following integrals Use the principal branch of multivalued functions

(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz

z minus⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦intgt around 16 5C z minus =

(b)C

dz

z bminusintgt around 0C z a= gt Note that the integrand is not analytic Consider a bgt

and a blt ltHintgt Multiply numerator and denominator by z


ed Problems 30 and 34 Exercise

63 Pearson Education Inc 2005】

2 Special Topics Poles and Zeros of Meromorphic FunctionsHere we want to discuss Meromorphic functions Before we discuss Meromorphic functions wemust define it first

Definition

A function f which is analytic in adomain D except at some points of D at which it has poles is said to bemeromorphic in D

We know that the non-analytic points

is called singularities it involves

A) Essential Singularities it

defines that )( z f can be expansion

as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n

a z a z f )()( minus=minusinfin=

sum

B) Poles it defines that )( z f can be expanded by

n

n

n

mn

a z a z f )()( minus=minus=

sum

A meromorphic function may have an essential singularity at infin= z Theorem

Let )( z f be a meromorphic function in a simply connected domain D in which contains a simple

closed contour C

Suppose that )( z f has no zeros on C

Let N be the number of zeros and P be the number of poles of the function )( z f in the interior of C

where a multiple zero or pole is counted according to its multiplicity Then

1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮

where the integral is taken in the positive direction

ltpfgt

First of all observe that the number of zeros and poles of )( z f interior of C is finiteSuppose that = z is a zero of order K of ( ) f z

Then we can express ( ) f z as

)()()( z z z f K λ α minus=

where )( z λ is analytic at = and ( ) 0 z λ ne

Here if 0)( = z λ it implies that there is another zero in ( ) f z then = is a zero of order

1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have

)()()()()( 1 z z K z z z f K K λ α λ α minusminus+primeminus=prime

rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ

λ primeis analytic at α = z it means that

)(

)(

z f

z f primehas a simple pole at = z which is the

only one pole that cant be reproduced and)(

)(

z f

z f primeis with residue K

Suppose that β = z is a pole of order m of )( z f then

)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=

where )( z v is analytic at β = z and 0)( ne β v

Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z

m z f mm primeminus+minus

minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β

Since )( z v is analytic then )( z vprime is analytic too

This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v

z vprime is analytic at β = z hence)(

)(

z f

z f prime has a simple pole at β = z with residue )( mminus

Moreover the only pole of )(

)(

z f

z f primeinterior to C is precisely the pole or zero of ( ) f z

If j and j β are the zeros and poles of )( z f interior to C and j K and jm are their orders

respectivelyThen by Cauchys Residue Theorem we have

( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π

prime ⎡ ⎤= minus⎣ ⎦

= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮

sect6-4 The Evaluation of the Integrals of Certain Periodic Functions Taken Between the limits 0 and 2π

By complex variable analysis

1 利用複變分析法解實變數積分時通常有底下幾種型式

1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π

d F )sin(cosintminus

3) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos0int θ θ θ

π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=

where )sin(cos θ θ F is even function of θ

In dealing with the above problems we can change them (variable real variable) into complexvariable

Hence we consider a unit circle 1|| = z as an integral path described in the positive direction

Thus we have

θ θ θ sincos)( i z += π θ π leleminus

rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=

θ θ sincos iminus=

Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and

θ θ θ d z id eidz i == rArr z i

dz d =θ

Similarly22 )sin(cos θ θ i z +=

θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is

rational function of

θ cos and θ sin

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hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

Using the same method we obtain

θ θ 3sin3cos3 i z += and θ θ 3sin3cos1

3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

以下依此類推將上列之結果代入 1) 2) 及 3)式即可使其變成複變數分析型式

2 Some Examples

Example 1Let us show that

22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt

ltpfgt Let ( ) cos sinC z iθ θ θ = + π θ π leleminus

Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ

Hence the integral becomes

θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz

a a b a a bb z i z i

b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=

=⎛ ⎞+ sdot minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

=+ minus

=⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞minus + minus minus minus minus

minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞minus + minus minus minus minus⎢ ⎥minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

⎛ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠ minus + minus minusminus =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


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clubs Similar integral2

20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt

With the substitutions

2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz

I iz iz iz iz z i z z

i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt

There is a second-order pole at 0 z = Solving 22 5 2 0iz z i+ minus = we find simple poles at 2 z i= and

2 z i= The pole at 2 z i= is outside the circle 1 z = and can be ignored

Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦

sum at 0 z = and 2 z i=

From previous sections we find the residue at 0 z =

( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦

and the residue at 2 z i=

( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ

minus⎛ ⎞= = + = minus⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠int

Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2

0=minussdotint || ba lt

where 0 1 2 3n =

ltpfgt Consider the integral

[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot

= sdot minus minus minus minus minus minus

int

int

int

int

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Let ( ) cos sin iC z i e θ θ θ θ = + = where π θ π leleminus

Then equation (1) becomes

rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=

= sdot minus sdot sdot

=

∮

Since ImIm = ReRe = we have

rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta

ltpfgt Let cos sinC z iθ θ = + 0 2θ π le le

rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞

minus sdot + +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

=minus minus +

= minus minus

= sdot sdotminus minus

minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮

HW 1 Using residues establish the following identities

(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus

⎡ ⎤= minus gt gt⎢ ⎥

+ ⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦int

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(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

int Show that the preceding integral is zero

when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)

0 is an integer 0cosh cos sinh

nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int


ed Problems 7-9 and 11-12


sect6-5 The Evaluation of Certain Types of Integrals Taken Between The Limits minusinfin and infin

clubs Improper integrals

1 The improper integral is an integral in which one or both limits are infinite that is expressions of theform

( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k

f x dxminusinfinint ( ) f x dx

infin

minusinfinint

where ( ) f x is a real function of x and k is a real constant

2 The improper integral

dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

can be defined as following form2

11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t

t t t f x dx f x dx f x dx

infin

minusinfin rarrminusinfin rarrinfin= +int int int

and we letdx x f I )(int

infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int

If both of 1 I and 2 I exist

rArr dx x f )(intinfin

infinminusis convergent

In advanced calculus we know that

if the function )( x f is continuous in [ )a infin

1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

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rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=

where A is finite and 1 P gt

rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent

In the above two cases a can be equal to minusinfin too

Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1

1 1lim lim tan tan 1

2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x

π π infinminus minus

rarrinfin rarrinfin= = minus = minus

+ +int int exists however

(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus

+int fails to exist as does

(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int

In case (b) as x increases the curve 1 y x= does not fall to zero fast enough for the area under the curve

to approach a finite limitIn case (c) a sketch of cos y x= shows that along the positive x-axis the total area under this curve has

not meaning

3 1) If the integral

dx x f )(intinfin


then we can define that

( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin

minusinfin minusrarrinfin=int int

2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin

infinminusis divergent and

lim ( ) R

R R f x dx

minusrarrinfin int exists

then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx

minusrarrinfin int is called the Cauchys Principal Value of the integral

dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If

1) the function )( x f is rational and is expressed in terms of the following form

)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =

where ( ) 0q x ne for all real x

2) the degree of ge)( xq the degree of ]2)([ + x p

3) and j z k j 321 = are poles of )( z f in the upper

half planeThen we can obtain that

)(2)( Res1 z f idx x f j z z

K

j ==

infin

infinminus sum=intπ

ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

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Let C R denote the upper half of the circle and

R z =||

described in the positive direction and take R sufficiently large so that all the poles z k of )( z f lie in

its interior Hence let RC R RC +minus= ][ This implies that C is a simple closed curve And C

encloses all poles of )( z f in the upper half plane

By Cauchys Residue Theorem we then have

1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1

z f idz z f dx x f j R

z z

K

jC

R

R ==minussum=+ intint π

When we integrate in the interval of ][ R Rminus y-component is zero this means that

0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int

Here we want to prove that

1) 0)( rarrint dz z f RC

when infinrarr R and

2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin

minus minusinfinrArrint int when infinrarr R

First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus

where 2+ge mn and 0nenb

rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b

a when infinrarr|| z

Therefore when infinrarr= |||| R z we obtain

| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)

And the ML inequality tells us that

A M dz z f C

leint |)(|

rArr M z f le|)(| where A is the arc length

Thus equation (1) still satisfies following form

M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π

minus minus minusle sdot sdot =

int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn

Thus when infinrarr R we know that

0)( rarrint dz z f RC

This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R

Hence when infinrarr R the following equation

)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=+int π

That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1

Evaluate the integral

dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x

x x f is an even function

rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ sdot minus sdot += ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦

minus⎛ ⎞= sdot ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

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1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt Since 014 =+ z

rArr π π sincos14 i z +=minus=

rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =

Thus we can obtain that

1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i

e z = are the poles of )( z f in the upper half plane

where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus minus + minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

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177

If 0 z z = is a simple pole of )(

)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin +int using residues

ltSolgt

We first consider ( )2 4 1C z z dz +intgt taken around the closed contour C consisting of the line segment

0 y R x R= minus le le and the semicircle 0 arg( ) z R z π = le le Let us take 1 R gt which means that C

encloses all the poles of ( )2 4 1 z z + in the upper half-plane (abbreviated uhp) Hence

2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

+ +⎣ ⎦sumintgt at all poles in uhp

rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x

π π π π infin minus minus

minusinfin⎡ ⎤= + =⎣ ⎦+int

clubs Because 2 4( 1) x x + is an even function we have as a bonus

2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt

Using the above-mentioned theorem we have2 2

4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟

+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumint at all poles in uhp

Using the quadratic formula we can solve 4 21 0 z z + + = for 2

z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2

i ii z e eπ π minusminus plusmn

= =

Taking square roots yields 3 2 3 3 2 3

i i i i

z e e e eπ π π π minus minus=

Thus 2 4 2( 1) z z z + + has simple poles in the uhp at 3ie π and 2 3ie π Evaluating the residues at these

two poles in the usual way we find that the value of the given integral is2 2

4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π

HW1 Evaluate the following integrals by means of residue calculus Use the Cauchy principal value

(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin

minusinfin + +int real 0a b b gt

ltAnsgt (a) 2π (b) bπ




HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

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178

Does the above-mentioned theorem apply directly to this integral Evaluate this integral by evaluatingthe sum of the two Cauchy principal values

ltAnsgt 3π




HW3 (a) When a and b are positive prove that

2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=

++ +int for both a bne and a b=

(b) Verify the answer to (a) by performing the integration with Symbolic Math Toolbox in MATLABConsider both possible cases




HW4 Show that for a b c real and 24b aclt the following hold

(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int

Obtain the result in (b) using residues but check the answer by differentiating both sides of the

equation in (a) with respect to c You may differentiate under the integral sign




HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin

minusinfin +int ltAnsgt ( 100) sin( 100)π π




HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin

minusinfin + + + +int ltHintgt See HW 6 in page 162 Sec 62

ltAnsgt ( 100) sin( 100)π π




HW7 (a) Explain why 4

0( 1) x x dx

infin+int cannot be evaluated through the use of a closed semicircular in the

upper or lower half-plane

(b) Consider the quarter-circle contour shown in the following figure is the arc of radius 1 R gt Show

that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦

sumint int int at all poles in first quadrant

(c) Let R rarr infin and show that 4

0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int

【本題摘自A David Wunsch Complex Variable with Applications

3rd

ed Problem 36 Exercise 65 Pearson Education Inc 2005】

HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int

where n and m are nonnegative integers and 2n mminus ge ltHintgt Use the method employed in HW 7 above but change to the contour of integration shown in below

y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int

where k and l are integers 0l gt which satisfy ( ) 2l k l minus ge Take 1 l u as nonnegative real

function in the interval of integration

ltHintgt First work HW8 above Then in the present problem make the change of variable1 l x u= and use the result of HW 8

(b) what is 1 4 5

0( 1)u u duinfin +int




sect6-6 Improper Integrals From Fourier Analysis

1 Basic concept Residue theory can be useful in evaluating convergent improper integrals of the form

( ) sin f x axdxinfin

minusinfinint ( ) cos f x axdxinfin

minusinfinint or ( ) iax f x e dxinfin

minusinfinint (A)

where a denotes a positive constant and ( ) f x is a rational function of xAssume that ( ) ( ) ( ) f x p x q x= where ( ) p x and ( )q x are polynomials with real coefficients and

no factors in common Also ( )q z has no real zeros Integrals of type (A) occur in the theory and

application of the Fourier integralThe method described in previous section cannot be applied directly here since

2 2 2sin sin sinhaz ax ay= +

and2 2 2cos cos sinhaz ax ay= +

More precisely since

sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=

the moduli sin az and cosaz increase like aye as y tends to infinity The modification

illustrated in the example below is suggested by the fact that

( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax

R R R f x axdx i f x axdx f x e dx

minus minus minus+ =int int int

together with the fact that the modulus( )iaz ia x iy ay iax aye e e e e+ minus minus= = =

is bounded in the upper half plane 0 y ge

Example 1

To give some insight into the method discussed in this section we try to evaluate

2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin

minusinfin minus +int

y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

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180

using the technique of the preceding section

ltSolgt

From the preceding section we have

12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥

minus + minus + minus +⎣ ⎦sumint int in uhp

As before C 1 is an arc of radius R in the upper half-plane Although the preceding equation is valid for sufficiently large R it is of no use to us We would like to show that as R rarr infin the integral over C 1 goes

to zero However3 3 3 3 3 3

cos32 2

iz iz i x y i x ye e e e z

minus minus minus ++ += =

As R rarr infin the y-coordinate of points on C 1 become infinite and the term 3 3i x ye

minus + whose magnitude is3 ye becomes unbounded The integral over C 1 thus does not vanish with increasing R

The correct approach in solving the given problem is to begin by finding3

2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin


Its value can be determined if we use the technique of the previous section that is we integrate

3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin


around the contour of the figure shown below and obtain

1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥

minus + minus + minus +⎣ ⎦sumint int in uhp (1)

Assuming we can argue that the integral over arc C 1 vanishes as R rarr infin (the troublesome 3i z eminus no

longer appears) we have in this limit

3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

minus + minus +⎣ ⎦sumint in uhp

Putting 3 cos3 sin 3i xe x i x= + and rewriting the integral on the left as two separate expressions we have3

2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin

minusinfin minusinfin+ =

minus + minus + minus +sumint int in uhp

When we equate corresponding parts (reals and imaginaries) in this equation the values of two real

integrals are obtained3

2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

minus + minus +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦sumint at all poles in uhp (2)

3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


Equation (2) contains the result being sought while the integral in Eq (3) has been evaluated as a bonus

Solving the equation 2( 1) 1 z minus = minus and finding that 1 z i= plusmn we see that on the right sides of Eqs (2) and

(3) we must evaluate a residue at the simple pole 1 z i= + From the previous section we obtain

[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

minusminus +⎝ ⎠= = +

y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

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181

Using the result in Eqs (2) and (3) we have finally

3 3

2 2

cos3 sin 3cos 3 and sin 3

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π

+infin +infinminus minus

minusinfin minusinfin= =

minus + minus +int int

2 Theorem

Let ( ) f z have the following property in the half-plane Im 0 z ge There exist constants0

0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge

Then if C 1 is the semicircular arc i

Reθ

0 θ π le le and 0 R Rgt we have

1

lim ( ) 0 when gt 0ivz

R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)

When 0v lt there is a corresponding theorem that applies in the lower half-plane

Notice that when the factor ivz e is not present we require 1k gt whereas the validity of Eq (4)

requires the less-restrictive condition 0k gt

To prove Eq (4) we rewrite the integral on the left which we call I in terms of polar coordinates

taking i z Re θ = idz Re id θ θ = we have

1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i

C I f z e dz f R e iR d

θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)

Recall now the inequality

( ) ( )b b

a a g d g d θ θ θ θ leint int

Applying this to Eq (5) and resulting that 1i

eθ = we have

e

0( e )

ii ivR I R f R e d θ π

θ θ le int (6)

We see that

e (cos sin ) sin cosi

ivR ivR i vR ivRe e e eθ

θ θ θ θ + minus= =

Nowcos 1ivRe θ =

and since sin 0vRe θ minus gt we find that

e siniivR vRe eθ θ minus=

Rewriting Eq (6) with the aid of the previous equation we have

sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int

With the assumption ( ) ( ) i k f z f Re Rθ micro = le it should be clear that

1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R

π π θ θ micro micro

θ θ minus

minus minusle =int int (7)

Since sinθ is symmetric about 2θ π = (see the

figure shown below) we can perform the integration

on the right in Eq (7) from 0 to 2π and the double

the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)

The above figure also shows that over the interval

0 2θ π le le we have

1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR

π θ π micro πmicro θ minus

minus minus⎡ ⎤le = minus⎣ ⎦int

y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

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With R rarr infin the right-hand side of his equation becomes zero which implies 0 I rarr in the same

limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int

clubs Jordanrsquos Lemma

1

( )lim 0 if 0 degree degree 1

( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P

Q z rarrinfin= gt minus geint (9)

3 Improper Integrals From Fourier Analysis

Evaluation for ( ) ( )ivz e P z Q z dz int

All zeros of ( )Q z in uhp are assumed enclosed by the contour and we also assume ( ) 0Q x ne for

all real values of x Therefore

1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C

P x P z P z e dx e dz i e

Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint int at all poles in uhp (10)

Now provided the degrees of Q and P are as described in Eq (9) we put R rarr infin in Eq (10) and

discard the integral over C 1 in this equation by invoking Jordanrsquos lemma We obtain the following( ) ( )

2 Res( ) ( )

ivx ivz P x P z e dx i e

Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)

The derivation of Eq (11) requires that 0v gt ( ) 0Q x ne for xminusinfin lt lt infin and the degree of Q

exceed the degree of P by at least 1

We now apply Eulerrsquos identity on the left in eq (11) and obtain

( )( ) ( )

cos sin 2 Res( ) ( )

ivz P x P z vx i vx dx i e

Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint in uhp

We can then equate corresponding parts (reals and imaginaries) on each side of the preceding equationwith the result that

( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )

ivz P x P z vx dx i e

Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦sumintin uhp (12a)

( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦sumint in uhp (12b)

where degree Q minus degree P ge 1 ( ) 0Q x ne for xminusinfin lt lt infin and 0v gt

4 If 1) function f is rational and is in the following form as

)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =

where 0)( ne xq for all real x


3) z k j 321 = are the poles of imz e z f )( located in the upper half plane

4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j

f x e dx i f z eπ infin

minusinfin === sumint

5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

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183

ltSolgt Because the function f can be given by

2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +

which satisfies the conditions mentioned above

Thus in the upper half plane the poles of imz e z f )( are given by

0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q

namely i z 2= and i z 3= Taking 1m = we can obtain

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e

i z i z i z i z z z i

e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=

Also we can solve the problem in the following waySince

)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f

is an odd function then

rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f

is an even function we can

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184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z

ze zei z i z i z z z z

e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int and4

sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int for 0ω gt

ltSolgt

Using Eqs(11) and (12) for the evaluations we see all involve our finding

42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum at the poles of 4

1

z

z +in the upper half-plane

The poles of 4( ) ( 1) f z z z = + in uhp are

1 1

2 2iplusmn + Thus we have

42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=

Applying Eqs(11) and (12) to this last result we evaluate three integrals

2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4

sin( )Im sin( 2) sin( 2)

1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

6 Jordans Inequality

The θ cos is a strictly decreasing function for 20 π θ lele

Therefore the mean (or average) coordinate of the graph x y cos= over the range θ lele x0 also

decreasing steadilyThis means that the coordinate is given by

0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int

Hence for 20 π θ lele we have

2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m

π θ π θ minus ltint

for 0m gt

which is known as Jordans Inequality

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185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π

θ θ θ π θ θ θ minus minus minus= +int int int

where m is a real number

Let φ π θ minus= substitute it into the last integral above

We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π

θ θ θ θ minus minus=int int

From Eq (a) if 0m gt sin 2 m me eθ θ π minus minusle when 20 π θ lele

and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ

minus minus minusle = minusint int

Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ

minus leint 0m gt (B)

Combining Eqs(A) and (B) yields

sin

0

me d m

π θ π

θ minus ltint for 0m gt

HW 1 Evaluate the following integrals by residue calculus Use Cauchy principal values and take advantage

of even and odd symmetries where appropriate

(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int


ed Problems 7 8 12 and 13


HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=

+int for 0m nge ge Assume a is positive

ltHintgt Express sin sinmx nx as a sum involving cos( )m n x+ and cos( )m n xminus




HW3 The following is an extension of the work used in deriving Eq(11) and deals with integrands having

removable singularities In parts (b) and (c) take 0m n gt

(a) Show thatimz inz e e

z

minushas a removable singularity at 0 z =

(b) Use the above to prove that0

sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )

na mamx nxdx e e x x a a

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus⎣ ⎦+int where 0a gt

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186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +

minus noting the removable singularities




HW4 To establish the well-known result

0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int

we proceed as follows(a) Show that

1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=

Has a removable singularity at 0 z = How should (0) f be defined to remove the singularity

(b) Using the contour shown below prove that

1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus

minus minus+ =int int

and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus

minus+ = minusint int int int

(c) Evaluate the first integral on the above right by using the polar representation of C 1i z Re θ =

0 θ π le le Pass to the limit R rarr infin and explain why the second integral on the right goes to zero

Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int

【本題摘自A David Wunsch Complex Variable with

Applications 3rd

ed Problem 24 Exercise 66 Pearson

Education Inc 2005】

HW5 Consider the problem of evaluating

cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin

minusinfin minusinfin= =int int

If we try to evaluate the preceding integral by employing the contour shown above and the methods

leading to Eq (12) we get into difficult because the function coshiz e z has an infinite number of

poles in the upper half-plane ie at ( 2) 0 1 2 z i n nπ π = + = which are the zeros of cosh z

Thus the Theorem in Point 2 in page 182 is inapplicable However we can determine I with the aid of the contour C shown below(a) Using residues show that

y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

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187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt

(b) Using the appropriate values of z integrals along the top and bottom portions of the rectangleshow that

( ) 22

cosh cosh( ) cosh cosh II IV

ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C

e e e edx dx dz dz e

x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int

(c) Combine the first two integrals on the left in the preceding equation to show that

2

(1 ) 2cosh cosh cosh II IV

ix iz iz R

R C C

e e edx e dz dz e x z z

π π

π minus minus

minus + + + =int int int

(d) Let R rarr infin in the preceding Using the ML inequality argue that the integrals along C II and C IV

are zero in this limit

ltHintgt Recall that2 2

cosh sinh cos z x y= + (see chapter 3)

Thus on C II and C IV we have

1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle

Prove finally that 2cos 2

cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int




HW6 Using a technique similar to that employed in HW5 prove the following

(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt

ltHintgt Use a rectangle like that in the above figure but having height aπ Take cosh cosh z az as the

integrand and prove that the integrations along segments C II and C IV each go to zero as R rarr infin

(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt

ltHintgt Use a rectangle like that in the above figure but having height 2 aπ




HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus

minusinfin=int 0a gt

is derived in many standard texts on real calculus Use this identity to show that

2 2 2 2(4 )cosm x b me bx dx e

m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int

where b is a real number and 0m gt

y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

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188

ltHintgt Assume 0b gt Integrate2 2m z eminus around a contour similar to that in the above figure Take

2(2 )b m as the height of the rectangle Argue that the integrals along C II and C IV vanish as

R rarr infin Why does your result apply to the case 0b le




sect6-7 Integrals Involving Indented Contour

1 Theorem Suppose that

(1) a function ( ) f z has a simple pole at a point 0 z x= on

the real axis with a Laurent series representation in a

punctured disk 0 20 z x Rlt minus lt (see FigA) and with

residue 0 B

(2) C ρ denotes the upper half of a circle 0 z x ρ minus = where

2 R ρ lt and the clockwise direction is takenThen

00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt

Assuming that the conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied we start the proof of the theorem by writing theLaurent series in part (1) as

0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus

for 0 20 z x Rlt minus lt

where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )

C C C f z dz g z dz B dz

z x ρ ρ ρ

= +minusint int int (2)

Now the function ( ) g z is continuous when 0 2 z x Rminus lt according to the convergence theorem of

power series Hence if we choose a number 0 ρ such that 0 2 R ρ ρ lt lt (see Fig A) it must be bounded

on the closed disc 0 0 z x ρ minus lt according to the section of discussing continuity That is there is a

nonnegative constant M such that

( ) g z M le where 0 0 z x ρ minus lt

and since the length L of the path C ρ is L πρ = it follows that

( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)

Inasmuch as the semicircle ⎯ C ρ minus has parametric representation

0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )

the second integral on the right in Eq (2) has the value

0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C

dz dz ie d i d i z x z x e ρ ρ

π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π

ρ minus= minus = minus = minus = minus

minus minusint int int int

Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)

Limit (1) now follows by letting ρ tend to zero on each side of equation (2) and referring to limits (3) and

(4)

clubs

Concept review1) Let the function ( ) f z possesses a simple pole at the point 0 z and let C be a circle of radius r

centered at 0 z

2) Suppose 1cminus is the residue of ( ) f z at 0 z

3) Assuming that ( ) f z has no other singularities on and inside C

we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C

f z dz ic i f z π π minus= =intgt (1)

2 Theorem

Let the function ( ) f z have a simple pole at the

point 0 z An arc C 0 of radius r is constructed

using 0 z as its center The arc subtends an angle

α at 0 z (see Fig B) Then

[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)

where the integration is done in thecounterclockwise direction (For clockwise

integration a factor of 1minus is placed on the rightof Eq (2))

diams If C 0 is a circle then 2α π =

ltpfgt

We first expand ( ) f z in a Laurent series about 0 z

Because of the simple pole at 0 z the series assumes the form

1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=

= + minus = +minus minussum

where

0

0

( ) ( ) Taylor seriesnn

n

g z c z z

infin

=

= minus equivsum is analytic at 0 z

and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =

We now integrate the series expansion of ( ) f z along C 0 in FigB Thus

0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)

Applying ML inequality to the second integral on the right in Eq(3) we have

0

( )C

g z dz Mr α leint (4)

where

( ) upper bound of ( ) g z M g z le equiv in a neighborhood of 0 z

r α equiv the length of contour C 0

From eq (4) we see that

00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)

With 0i z z re θ = + idz ire d θ θ = and the limits on θ indicated in FigB we have

y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC

c c ire d dz c i i c

z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus

minus minus= = =minusint int (6)

1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+

minus minusminusint int int

13 課本sect22-4 利用 Residue Theorem 求級數和的方法

7272019 Jiang Ch06


149

0 z = contains points on the negative real axis

Example 2

The function

1( )

sin( ) f z

z π =

has the singular points 0 z = and 1 1 2 z n n= = plusmn plusmn all lying on the segment of the real axis

from 1 z = minus to 1 z = Each singular point except 0 z = is isolated

The singular point 0 z = is not singular because every deleted = neighborhood of the origin

contains other singular points of the function ( ) f z

3 Removable Singularity

Let )( z f be analytic in the punctured disk

00 | | z z lt minus lt =

and let

0lim( ) ( ) 0n

z z f z rarrinfin

minus =

Then )( z f has a removable singularity at 0 z z =

In other words )( z f can be assigned a value ( ) f z at 0 z so that the resulting function is

analytic in0

| | z z minus lt =

The proof of this theorem can be seen in the textbook Complex Variable Levinson Redhefferfrom p154 to p154

Example 3

Consider the function

sin( )

z f z

z =

1) Because 0 0 is undefined the point 0 z = is singular

2) Since

3 5

sin 3 5 z z z z = minus + minus +

we have2 4

sin1

3 5

z z z

z = minus + minus rArr Taylor series on the right represents an analytic function

3) By defining (0) 1 f = we obtain a function

sin 0

( )

1 0

z z

f z z

z

⎧ne⎪

= ⎨⎪ =⎩

which is analytic for all z The singularity of ( ) f z at 0 z = has been removed by an

appropriate definition of (0) f

rArr 0 z = is a removable singular point

clubs 0 z = is also a removable singular point of the function Ln( ) z f z e=

4 Pole and Essential Singularity1) If the Laurent Series

n

n

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus=infin

=

infin

=sumsum

In the neighborhood of an isolated singular point 0 z z = contains only a finite number of negative

powers of 0 z z minus then 0 z z = is called a pole of )( z f

If m z z minusminus )( 0 is the highest negative power in the series (expansion) the pole is said to be of order

m and the series

m

m

n

n

m

n z z

b

z z

b

z z

b

z z

b

)()()( 02

0

2

0

1

01 minus

++minus

+minus

=minus=

sum

is called the principal part of )( z f at 0 z z =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


150


n

n

m

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus==

infin

=sumsum



0 z z =


rArr n

n

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus=infin

=

infin

=sumsum

Example 4

The function

2

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus



( ) 2 3 4 0 1 f z z z z z






Example 5

The function3 5

11sin 0

3 5

z z z z

z



Example 6


2( 1)

z e

z

minus

minus

Using2

1 2


1( 1) 4

2 3

2

( 1 )( 1) ( 1) 1

( 1) 2

z e z

z z z z





Ex( 1) 1

0 ( 1) 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) N N



cminus ne



expansion about0





If

a)0

0lim ( ) ( )m


7272019 Jiang Ch06


151

b)0

0lim ( ) ( ) 0m

z z z z f z

rarrminus ne





z with0

( ) 0 g z ne and0



z

Let1

0 1 0( ) ( ) ( )

N N

N N h z a z z a z z

+


a ne and 1 N ge


1

0 1 0

( )( )

( ) ( ) N N

N N

g z f z

a z z a z z +

+

=minus + minus +


z consider

0 0

0

0

0 1

0 1 0

0

1 0

( ) ( )lim ( ) ( ) lim

( ) ( )

( ) ( )lim ( )

N

N

N N z z z z

N N

z z N N N

z z g z z z f z

a z z a z z

g z g z

a a z z a

+rarr rarr+

rarr+

minusminus =

minus + minus +

= =+ minus +

⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦


Rule I (Quotients)


z and if 0

( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z ne




( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z = if

[ ]0 0

lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ) z z z z


= = infin


z whereas if

[ ]0 0



= =


z


Rule II (Quotients)




Example 7


3)2)(1(

32)(

minusminus

+=

z z

z z f

Since

31 1

2 3lim ( 1) ( ) lim

( 2) z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =minus

05 neminus=


and

3

2 2

2 3lim ( 2) ( ) lim

1 z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =

minus07 ne=



Example 8


4sin)( z


7272019 Jiang Ch06


152

Hence 4


z f z z rarr rarr

= =

The limit of 4

0lim ( ) z

z f z rarr



However if we take

3

0 0





4

753

4

753sin)(

z

z z z z

z

z z f

+minus+minus

==

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

因為在3

1



Example 9


2 2 2

cos( )

( 1)( 1) ( 3 2)

z z f z

z z z z =

minus + + +

ltSolgt


2 2

cos( )

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1)

z z f z

z z i z i z z =

minus + minus + +


[ ] 2 21 1


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 24 z z

z z z z f z





2

2 21


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 8(2 ) z i z i

z i z z i i z i f z




Example 10


( ) sin

z

e f z z =

ltSolgt



lim ( ) sin z

z k z k e z



( )lim

cos cos

z z k

z k

z k e e e

z k

π

π

π

π rarr

minus +=



7272019 Jiang Ch06


153

ltSolgt



2


Note that0


Since

1( 1) 1 0 z

z i

d c e



z iπ =

Example 12


5

sinh( ) at 0

sin

z

f z z

z

= =

ltSolgt


(0) 0 g = and (0) 0h =

Since3 5

( ) sinh3 5

z z g z z z = = + + +


Because5

3 5 75 5 5

( ) sin3 5 3

z z z h z z z z


⎝ ⎠




Example 13


1 2

1( )

(Ln )( 1) f z

z i z π =

minus minus

ltSolgt








( ) f z




1 2

0

1 ( 1) n

n

n

z c z infin

=

minus = minussum

7272019 Jiang Ch06


154


00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==


1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞






z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin


z z rarr


z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N



rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N




neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )


and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z


and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus


rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14


ltSolgt

MATLAB commands



view(1015)

7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


150


n

n

m

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus==

infin

=sumsum



0 z z =


rArr n

n

n

n

nn z z

b z z a z f

)()()(

01

00 minus

+minus=infin

=

infin

=sumsum

Example 4

The function

2

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus



( ) 2 3 4 0 1 f z z z z z






Example 5

The function3 5

11sin 0

3 5

z z z z

z



Example 6


2( 1)

z e

z

minus

minus

Using2

1 2


1( 1) 4

2 3

2

( 1 )( 1) ( 1) 1

( 1) 2

z e z

z z z z





Ex( 1) 1

0 ( 1) 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) N N



cminus ne



expansion about0





If

a)0

0lim ( ) ( )m


7272019 Jiang Ch06


151

b)0

0lim ( ) ( ) 0m

z z z z f z

rarrminus ne





z with0

( ) 0 g z ne and0



z

Let1

0 1 0( ) ( ) ( )

N N

N N h z a z z a z z

+


a ne and 1 N ge


1

0 1 0

( )( )

( ) ( ) N N

N N

g z f z

a z z a z z +

+

=minus + minus +


z consider

0 0

0

0

0 1

0 1 0

0

1 0

( ) ( )lim ( ) ( ) lim

( ) ( )

( ) ( )lim ( )

N

N

N N z z z z

N N

z z N N N

z z g z z z f z

a z z a z z

g z g z

a a z z a

+rarr rarr+

rarr+

minusminus =

minus + minus +

= =+ minus +

⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦


Rule I (Quotients)


z and if 0

( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z ne




( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z = if

[ ]0 0

lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ) z z z z


= = infin


z whereas if

[ ]0 0



= =


z


Rule II (Quotients)




Example 7


3)2)(1(

32)(

minusminus

+=

z z

z z f

Since

31 1

2 3lim ( 1) ( ) lim

( 2) z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =minus

05 neminus=


and

3

2 2

2 3lim ( 2) ( ) lim

1 z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =

minus07 ne=



Example 8


4sin)( z


7272019 Jiang Ch06


152

Hence 4


z f z z rarr rarr

= =

The limit of 4

0lim ( ) z

z f z rarr



However if we take

3

0 0





4

753

4

753sin)(

z

z z z z

z

z z f

+minus+minus

==

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

因為在3

1



Example 9


2 2 2

cos( )

( 1)( 1) ( 3 2)

z z f z

z z z z =

minus + + +

ltSolgt


2 2

cos( )

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1)

z z f z

z z i z i z z =

minus + minus + +


[ ] 2 21 1


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 24 z z

z z z z f z





2

2 21


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 8(2 ) z i z i

z i z z i i z i f z




Example 10


( ) sin

z

e f z z =

ltSolgt



lim ( ) sin z

z k z k e z



( )lim

cos cos

z z k

z k

z k e e e

z k

π

π

π

π rarr

minus +=



7272019 Jiang Ch06


153

ltSolgt



2


Note that0


Since

1( 1) 1 0 z

z i

d c e



z iπ =

Example 12


5

sinh( ) at 0

sin

z

f z z

z

= =

ltSolgt


(0) 0 g = and (0) 0h =

Since3 5

( ) sinh3 5

z z g z z z = = + + +


Because5

3 5 75 5 5

( ) sin3 5 3

z z z h z z z z


⎝ ⎠




Example 13


1 2

1( )

(Ln )( 1) f z

z i z π =

minus minus

ltSolgt








( ) f z




1 2

0

1 ( 1) n

n

n

z c z infin

=

minus = minussum

7272019 Jiang Ch06


154


00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==


1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞






z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin


z z rarr


z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N



rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N




neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )


and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z


and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus


rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14


ltSolgt

MATLAB commands



view(1015)

7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


151

b)0

0lim ( ) ( ) 0m

z z z z f z

rarrminus ne





z with0

( ) 0 g z ne and0



z

Let1

0 1 0( ) ( ) ( )

N N

N N h z a z z a z z

+


a ne and 1 N ge


1

0 1 0

( )( )

( ) ( ) N N

N N

g z f z

a z z a z z +

+

=minus + minus +


z consider

0 0

0

0

0 1

0 1 0

0

1 0

( ) ( )lim ( ) ( ) lim

( ) ( )

( ) ( )lim ( )

N

N

N N z z z z

N N

z z N N N

z z g z z z f z

a z z a z z

g z g z

a a z z a

+rarr rarr+

rarr+

minusminus =

minus + minus +

= =+ minus +

⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦


Rule I (Quotients)


z and if 0

( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z ne




( ) 0h z = and0

( ) 0 g z = if

[ ]0 0

lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ) z z z z


= = infin


z whereas if

[ ]0 0



= =


z


Rule II (Quotients)




Example 7


3)2)(1(

32)(

minusminus

+=

z z

z z f

Since

31 1

2 3lim ( 1) ( ) lim

( 2) z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =minus

05 neminus=


and

3

2 2

2 3lim ( 2) ( ) lim

1 z z

z z f z

z rarr rarr

+minus =

minus07 ne=



Example 8


4sin)( z


7272019 Jiang Ch06


152

Hence 4


z f z z rarr rarr

= =

The limit of 4

0lim ( ) z

z f z rarr



However if we take

3

0 0





4

753

4

753sin)(

z

z z z z

z

z z f

+minus+minus

==

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

因為在3

1



Example 9


2 2 2

cos( )

( 1)( 1) ( 3 2)

z z f z

z z z z =

minus + + +

ltSolgt


2 2

cos( )

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1)

z z f z

z z i z i z z =

minus + minus + +


[ ] 2 21 1


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 24 z z

z z z z f z





2

2 21


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 8(2 ) z i z i

z i z z i i z i f z




Example 10


( ) sin

z

e f z z =

ltSolgt



lim ( ) sin z

z k z k e z



( )lim

cos cos

z z k

z k

z k e e e

z k

π

π

π

π rarr

minus +=



7272019 Jiang Ch06


153

ltSolgt



2


Note that0


Since

1( 1) 1 0 z

z i

d c e



z iπ =

Example 12


5

sinh( ) at 0

sin

z

f z z

z

= =

ltSolgt


(0) 0 g = and (0) 0h =

Since3 5

( ) sinh3 5

z z g z z z = = + + +


Because5

3 5 75 5 5

( ) sin3 5 3

z z z h z z z z


⎝ ⎠




Example 13


1 2

1( )

(Ln )( 1) f z

z i z π =

minus minus

ltSolgt








( ) f z




1 2

0

1 ( 1) n

n

n

z c z infin

=

minus = minussum

7272019 Jiang Ch06


154


00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==


1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞






z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin


z z rarr


z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N



rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N




neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )


and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z


and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus


rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14


ltSolgt

MATLAB commands



view(1015)

7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


152

Hence 4


z f z z rarr rarr

= =

The limit of 4

0lim ( ) z

z f z rarr



However if we take

3

0 0





4

753

4

753sin)(

z

z z z z

z

z z f

+minus+minus

==

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

因為在3

1



Example 9


2 2 2

cos( )

( 1)( 1) ( 3 2)

z z f z

z z z z =

minus + + +

ltSolgt


2 2

cos( )

( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1)

z z f z

z z i z i z z =

minus + minus + +


[ ] 2 21 1


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 24 z z

z z z z f z





2

2 21


( 1)( ) ( ) ( 2)( 1) 8(2 ) z i z i

z i z z i i z i f z




Example 10


( ) sin

z

e f z z =

ltSolgt



lim ( ) sin z

z k z k e z



( )lim

cos cos

z z k

z k

z k e e e

z k

π

π

π

π rarr

minus +=



7272019 Jiang Ch06


153

ltSolgt



2


Note that0


Since

1( 1) 1 0 z

z i

d c e



z iπ =

Example 12


5

sinh( ) at 0

sin

z

f z z

z

= =

ltSolgt


(0) 0 g = and (0) 0h =

Since3 5

( ) sinh3 5

z z g z z z = = + + +


Because5

3 5 75 5 5

( ) sin3 5 3

z z z h z z z z


⎝ ⎠




Example 13


1 2

1( )

(Ln )( 1) f z

z i z π =

minus minus

ltSolgt








( ) f z




1 2

0

1 ( 1) n

n

n

z c z infin

=

minus = minussum

7272019 Jiang Ch06


154


00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==


1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞






z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin


z z rarr


z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N



rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N




neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )


and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z


and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus


rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14


ltSolgt

MATLAB commands



view(1015)

7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


153

ltSolgt



2


Note that0


Since

1( 1) 1 0 z

z i

d c e



z iπ =

Example 12


5

sinh( ) at 0

sin

z

f z z

z

= =

ltSolgt


(0) 0 g = and (0) 0h =

Since3 5

( ) sinh3 5

z z g z z z = = + + +


Because5

3 5 75 5 5

( ) sin3 5 3

z z z h z z z z


⎝ ⎠




Example 13


1 2

1( )

(Ln )( 1) f z

z i z π =

minus minus

ltSolgt








( ) f z




1 2

0

1 ( 1) n

n

n

z c z infin

=

minus = minussum

7272019 Jiang Ch06


154


00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==


1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞






z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin


z z rarr


z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N



rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N




neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )


and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z


and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus


rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14


ltSolgt

MATLAB commands



view(1015)

7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


154


00c = and 1 2

1 1[(1 2) ]

z c z

==


1 2

1

Ln( )

1

z i f z

z

π

⎛ ⎞






z z = then0

lim ( ) z z

f z rarr = infin


z z rarr


z z = Then

( 1)

0 ( 1) 0 0 1 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N



rArr 1

0 ( 1) 0 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) N N




neighborhood of 0

z z =

0( ) ( ) ( ) N f z z z z ψ = minus

where

( 1) 0 ( 2) 0( ) ( ) ( )


and 0 N

cminus ne

Thus as0

z z rarr we have

0

0 0

( )( )

( ) ( )

N

N N

z c f z

z z z z


and so

0

( ) ( )

N

N

c f z

z z

minusasympminus


rise as0 z z rarr

Example 14


ltSolgt

MATLAB commands



view(1015)

7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


155


2 2

1( )

( 2) ( 2) f z

z z z =

+ minus
























0

Res ( ) z z

f z =


[ ]0

0

1Res ( ) Res ( ) ( )


iπ == = intgt


Res ( ) z z

f z =



2 1 1




7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


156

[ ]

0

0

0

0

0

1Res ( ) ( )

2

1( )

2

1( )

2

C

n

n z z r

n

n

n z z r n

f z z f z dz i

c z z dz i

c z z dz i

π

π

π

infin

minus ==minusinfin

infin

minus ==minusinfin

=

= minus

= minus

int

sumint

sumint

gt

gt

gt

Note that

00

0 1( )

2 1

n

z z r

n z z dz

i nπ minus =


= minus⎩intgt

Thus we have


clubs Theorem





Example 1

Let

1( )

( 1) f z

z z =

minus


1( )

2 C f z d z

iπ intgt


ltSolgt




centered at 1 z =

1 21( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z



2 3 41( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 1) z z z

z z


1 1 z minus gt (2)


1Res 1 1

( 1) z z

⎡ ⎤=⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1 ( ) 12 C

f z dz iπ

=intgt



1 211 0 1

( 1) z z z z

z z




11

2 ( 1)C

dz

i z z π = minus

minusintgt

Example 2

0

x

r

R

0 = 1 x

r = 1

C

1 1 z minus =

7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩



3i

z minus=

that is

3

3

3

3

1 1cos3

2

1 1sin2

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩


2 Some Examples


22

2

0

2

sin baba

d

minus=

+intπ

θ

θ π

| |a bgt


Then we have

rArr 1 1

sin2

z i z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

and z i

dz d =θ


θ

θ π

sin

2

0 ba

d

+int

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

1 1

2

2

22

22 Res

2 12

C

C

C

b a b z

b

dz i z

a b z i z

dz bz aiz b

dz


b b

ia a b a a b

b z i z ib b

ib a a b

z z b

π

π

minus + minus=


=+ minus


minus minus⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥


∮

∮

∮

2 2

2 2

2 2

4 1

2

2

a a b

b

i

b a bi

b

a b

π

π

+ minus

= sdotminus

=minus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


170


20

2 1

sin 1

d I k

k k

π θ π

θ = = gt

+ minusint

Example 2

Find2

0

cos2

5 4sin

d I

π θ θ

θ =

minusint

ltSolgt


2 2

2 2

1 1 1 1cos 2 sin 2

2 2

dz z z d

z i z iz θ θ θ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = minus =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

we have

( )

( )( )

2 2

4

2 21 11

12

2 2 2 5 25 z z

z z z dz dz dz


i

minus

= =minus

++⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠+ minusminus +

int intgt gt



Thus we have

( )( )

4

2 2

12 Res

2 2 5 2

z dz I i

iz iz z iπ

⎡ ⎤+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦



( )( )

4

2

0

11 5

2 82 5 2 z

z d i

i dz iz z i=

⎡ ⎤+ minus⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥+ minus⎣ ⎦


( )

4

22

2

11 172

242 5 2(2 )

2 z i

i

id i iz z ii dz

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥ =

⎢ ⎥⎛ ⎞ + minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

Thus we obtain2

0

cos 2 5 172

5 4sin 8 24 6

d I i i i

π θ θ π π

θ


Example 3

Let us show that

nd ne

π θ θ θ θ

π 2)cos(sincos

2


where 0 1 2 3n =


[ ]2

cos

0

2cos (sin )

0

2cos sin

0

2 cos sin

0

cos(sin ) sin(sin )

( ) (1)

i n

i in

i i n

e n i n d

e e d

e e e d

e e d

π θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

π θ θ θ

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

minus

+ minus

sdot minus + minus

= sdot

= sdot sdot


int

int

int

int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


171



rArr z n

C

dz e z

i z

minussdot sdot∮

1

0

12 ( )

2

z

nC

z

z

ie

dz z

i i en

n

π

π

+

=

minus=


=

∮


rArr θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint

nn

π π 22Re =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

and

θ θ θ θ π

d ne )cos(sincos2

0

minussdotint 02

Im =⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

n

π

Example 4

Show that

22

2

0 1

2

cos21 aaa

d

minus=

+minusintπ

θ

θ π

where 1|| lta


rArr 1 1

cos

2

z

z

θ ⎛ ⎞

= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

z i

dz d =θ

rArr 2

2

0 cos21 aa

d

+minusint θ

θ π

2

2 2

2

2

1

1 11 2

2

( )( 1)

12

( )( 1)

12

1

2

1

Res

C

C

C

z a

dz

i z a z a

z

idz

az a z z a

idz

z a az

i i z a az

a

a

π

π

π

=

= sdot⎛ ⎞


=minus minus +

= minus minus


minus= sdot

minus

=minus

∮

∮

∮


(a)3 2

2 2 2

cos 2 11 for 0

cos

d a b

a b b a b

π

π

θ π θ

θ minus



7272019 Jiang Ch06


172

(b)2

20

2 cos for 0 even

2

2

m

m

md m

m

π π θ θ = ge

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


when m is odd





(a)( ) ( )

2

2 20 2 2

2 for 0

sin

d aa b

a b a b

π θ π

θ = gt ge

+ minusint

(b)2

20

2 for 0

sin ( 1)

d a

a a a

π θ π

θ = gt

+ +int

(c)2

2 20

cos 2 for real 1

1 2 cos ( 1)

d a a

a a a a

π θ θ π

θ = gt

minus + minusint

(d)

2

0

cos 2 ( 1)


nan d e

n aa a

π θ θ π

θ

minusminus

= ge gt+int

(e)2

2 2 2 2 20

2 for real 0

sin cos

d a b ab

aba b a

π θ π

θ θ = gt

+ +int







( ) k

f x dxinfin

int ( ) k


infin

minusinfinint



dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus


11 2

0

0( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

t


infin



infin

infinminus=

11

0

1lim ( )

t t I f x dx

rarrminusinfin= int

2

22

0lim ( )

t

t I f x dx

rarrinfin= int






1) lim ( ) 0 x

xf x Ararrinfin

= ne

7272019 Jiang Ch06


173

rArr ( )a

f x dxinfin

int is divergent

2) lim ( ) P

x x f x A

rarrinfin=


rArr dx x f a

)(

int

infin

is convergent


Example 1

(a) ( )1 1

2 21 1


2 41 1

R

R Rdx dx R

x x




(b) ( )2

1

1lim ln ln1

1 Rdx R

x

infin

rarrinfin= minus


(c)0

cos lim sin R

xdx Rinfin

rarrinfin=int



not meaning


dx x f )(intinfin



( ) lim ( ) R

R R f x dx f x dx

infin


2) If the integral

dx x f )(int

infin


lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


then lim ( ) R

R R f x dx


dx x f )(intinfin

infinminus

and is denoted by

PV ( ) f x dxinfin

minusinfinint

4 If


)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =






K

j ==

infin


ltpfgt

y

x0

R z C R =||

R 1minus R

z 1 z 2

z 3 z 4

z 5

z k

7272019 Jiang Ch06


174


R z =||





1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

K

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sdot sdotsum∮

rArr )(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R



0i x z +=

rArr xd z d =

Hence we have

( ) ( ) R R

R R f x dx f z dz

minus minus=int int




2) ( ) ( ) R

R f z dz f x dx

infin


First suppose that

01

1

1

01

1

1

)(

)()(

b z b z b z b

a z a z a z a

z q

z p z f

n

n

n

n

m

m

m

m

++++

++++=

=

minusminus

minusminus


rArr

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+sdot++sdot+

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+++sdot+

=

minusminus

minusminus

nnnn

n

mmmm

m

z b

z b

z bb z

z a

z a

z aa z

z f 111

111

)(

0111

0111

But we know that

1 1 01

1 1 01

1 1 1

1 1 1

m m m m

n n n n

a a a a z z z

b b b b z z z

minus minus

minus minus

+ sdot + + +

+ sdot + + sdot +

rarr n

m

b



| ( ) |m

mn

n

a R f z

b Rrarr sdot ----------- (1)


A M dz z f C

leint |)(|



M R

z f mn

sdotleminus

1|)(|

Hence

1

1( )

R n m n mC

M f z dz M R

R R

π π


int

Since 2+ge mn then

7272019 Jiang Ch06


175

11 geminusminus mn



This means that

0)( rarrintdz z f

RC when infinrarr R


)(2)()( Res1


z z

K

jC

R


becomes

)(20)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R


That is

)(2)( Res1

z f idx x f j z z

K

j

R

R ==minussum=int π

5 Some Examples

Example 1


dx x

x22

2

0 )1( +intinfin

ltSolgt Since22

2

)1()(

+=

x


rArr dx

x

xdx

x

x22

2

22

2

0

)1(2

1

)1( +

=

+

intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2

2 2

2

2

2 2

4

12

2 ( 1)

( )

( ) 2 2( )

( )

4

4

Res z i

z i

z

d z i

z idz z i

z i z z z ii

z i z i

ii

π

π

π

π

π

== sdot

+

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

=+⎣ ⎦


=+⎣ ⎦


⎝ ⎠

=

Example 2

Show that

π 6

5

)4)(1(

322

2

=++

+int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

ltpfgt dx x x

x

)4)(1(

322

2

++

+int

infin

infinminus 2 2

2 2 2 22

2 2

2 2 2 2

3 32 Res Res

( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

3 32

2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

z i z i

z z i

z z z z

z z i

z i z i z z z z

π

π

= =

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


176

1 12

3 12

1 1 5 52 2

3 12 12 6

ii i

π

π π π

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + = sdot =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Example 3Evaluate

dx x 1

14 +int

infin

infinminus



rArr 4

2sin

4

2cos

π π π π k i

k z

++

+=

where 01 2 3k =


1) when 0k =

rArr 4

sin4

cos π π i z +=

4

π i

e=

2) when 1=k rArr 4

3sin

4

3cos

π π i z +=

4

3π i

e=

3) when 2=k rArr 4

5sin

4

5cos

π π i z +=

4

5π i

e=

4) when 3=k rArr 4

7sin4

7cos

π π i z +=

4

7π i

e=

Here only both of 4

π i

e z = andπ

4

3i


where

41

1)(

z z f

+=


dx x41

1

+intinfin

infinminus

3

4 4

4 4

33 3

4 4

3 9

4 4

1 12 Res Res1 1

1 12

4 4

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2

22 2

i i

z e z e

i i

i i

i z z

i z z z e z e

ie e

ii i

i

i

π π

π π

π π

π

π

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥+ +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= +⎢ ⎥= =⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦


⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= minus =⎣ ⎦

7272019 Jiang Ch06


177


)()(

z q

z p z f =

rArr 0

0

0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime

Example 4

Find2

41

xdx

x

infin


ltSolgt




2 2

4 42 Res

1 1C

z z dz i

z z π

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥


rArr 2 4 3 4

42

41 2

i i x idx e e x




2

40

1

21 2

xdx

x

π infin

=+int

Example 5

Find2

4 21

xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin + +int

ltSolgt


4 2 4 22 Res

1 1

x z dx i

x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟



z and obtain

2 2 3 2 31 3

2


= =


i i i i




4 2 4 22 Res1 1

x z dx i x x z z π

infin

minusinfin

⎛ ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟+ + + +⎝ ⎠sumintin uhp 3

π


(a)3 2

4

1

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+ + +

+int (b)2 2

1

( )dx

x a b

infin






HW2 Consider 3 2

2 2( 1)( 4) x x dx

x x

infin

minusinfin+

+ +int

7272019 Jiang Ch06


178


ltAnsgt 3π





2 2 2 2

1

2 ( )( )( )

dx

b a ab x a x b

π infin

minusinfin=







(a)2 2

2

4

dx

ax bx c ac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + minusint

(b)2 2 3

2

4

( )4

dx a

ax bx cac b

π infin

minusinfin=

+ + ⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

int






HW5 Find100 1

dx

x

infin





HW6 Find4 3 2 1

dx

x x x x

infin







0( 1) x x dx




that

1

0

4 4 4 40

2 Res1 1 1 1

R

R C

x y z z dx dy dz i

x y z z π

⎡ ⎤minus + = ⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎣ ⎦



0( 1) 4 x x dx π

infin+ =int


3rd


HW8 Show that

[ ]0 sin ( 1) 1

m

n

xdx

n m n x

π

π

infin=

++int


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

7272019 Jiang Ch06


179




HW9 (a) Show that

[ ]

1

0 sin ( 1) ( )1

l

k

udu

k l lk u

π

π

infin

=++int




(b) what is 1 4 5










minusinfinint (A)







sinh2

ay aye eay

minusminus=



( )cos ( ) sin ( ) R R R

iax





Example 1


2cos(3 )( 1) 1

x dx x

+infin


y

x

1 arc of radiusC R

R

2 nπ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


180


ltSolgt


12 2 2

cos3 cos3 cos32 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

R

R C

x zdz z dx i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




cos32 2






2( 1) 1

i xedx

x

+infin



3

2( 1) 1

i z e dz z

+infin



1

3 3 3

2 2 22 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz iz R

R C

e e edx dz i

x z z π

+

minus

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




3 3

2 22 Re

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

ix iz e edx i s

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥



2 2 2

cos3 sin 32

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz

res

x x edx i dx i

x z z π

+infin +infin





2 2

cos3Re 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


3

2 2

sin3Im 2 Res

( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

iz x edx i

x z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥





[ ]

3 3

2

(1 )

3 3 3

2 Re 1 2 lim

2( 1)( 1) 1

cos3 sin 3

iz iz

z i

i

e ei s i i

z z

e e i

π π

π π

rarr +

minus + minus

⎛ ⎞+ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟


y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R1minus R

i

Closed

contour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


181


3 3

2 2


( 1) 1 ( 1) 1

x xdx e dx e

x xπ π




2 Theorem


0 k Rgt

and micro such that

0( ) for allk

f z z R z

micro le ge


Reθ


1


R C f z e dz v

rarrinfin=int (4)






1

e

0( ) ( e ) e

iivz i ivR i


θ π θ θ

θ = =int int (5)


( ) ( )b b



eθ = we have

e

0( e )


θ θ le int (6)

We see that




Nowcos 1ivRe θ =




sin

0( e )

i vR I R f R e d

π θ θ

θ minusle int


1

sin sin

0 0k k

vR vR I R e d e d

R R


θ θ minus





the resultHence

2sin

10

2 vR

k I e d

R

π θ micro

θ minusminus

le int (8)



1

2 2

01

k k

vR vR I e d e R vR



y

xπ2

2

n

θ

π

sinθ

7272019 Jiang Ch06


182


limit Thus

1

lim ( ) 0iv z

R C f z e dz

rarrinfin=int


1


( )

ivz

R C

P z e dz v Q P






1

( ) ( ) ( )2 Res

( ) ( ) ( )

ivx ivz ivz

C


Q x Q z Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥




2 Res( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦sumint (11)




( )( ) ( )



Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥



( ) ( )cos Re 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z

π +infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥


( ) ( )sin Im 2 Res

( ) ( )


Q x Q z π

+infin

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥




)(

)()(

xq

x p x f =




4) and 0gtm

then we obtain that

1

( ) 2 Res ( ) j

K

imz imz

z z j



5 Some Examples

Example 2

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

7272019 Jiang Ch06


183


2 2

1 ( )( )

( )( 4)( 9)

p z f z

q z z z = =

+ +



0)9)(4()(22 =++= z z z q


dx x x

x

)9)(4(

cos22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3Re 2

( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)Res Res

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z π

= =

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

2 2

2 3

2 3

Re 22 3( 2 )( 9) ( 4)( 3 )

Re 220 30

10 15

i z i z e e


e eii i

e e

π

π

π

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Evaluate

dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

ltSolgt dx x x

x

)9)(4(

sin22 ++int

infin

infinminus

2 2 2 22 3

2 3

2 3

Im 2 Res Res( 4)( 9) ( 4)( 9)

Im 220 30

Im10 15

0

i z i z

z i z i

e ei

z z z z

e ei

i i

e e

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= minus⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥

⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=


)9)(4(

sin)( 22 ++= x x

x x f


rArr 0)9)(4(

sin22

=++int

infin

infinminusdx

x x

x

Example 4

Evaluate

dx x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin22

0 ++intinfin

ltSolgt Since)4)(1(

sin)(

22 ++=

x x

x x x f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


184

dx x x

x xdx

x x

x x

)4)(1(

sin

2

1

)4)(1(

sin2222

0 ++=

++ intintinfin

infinminus

infin

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2

1 2

2

1Im 2 Res Res

2 ( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im2( 1)( 4) ( 1)( 4)

Im6 6

1 1

6

i z i z

z i z i

i z i z

ze zei

z z z z


e ei

e e

π

π

π

π

= =

minus minus

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪= +⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥= =+ + + +⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= minus⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Example 5

Evaluate

4 1

i x xedx

x

ω +infin

minusinfin +int 4

cos

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


sin

1

x xdx

x

ω +infin


ltSolgt


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦


1

z



1 1


42 Res

1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp(1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2

2

i i i ii e e

i i

ω ω π + minus +⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rArr 4

2 Res1

i z z i e

z

ω π

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+⎣ ⎦

sum in uhp 2

sin( 2)i eω

π ω minus=


2

4sin( 2)

1

i x xe

dx i e x

ω ω

π ω +infin

minus

minusinfin=

+int

2

4

cos( )Re sin( 2 ) 0

1

x xdx i e

x

ω ω π ω

+infinminus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int

2 2

4


1

w x xdx i e e

x

ω ω π ω π ω

+infinminus minus

minusinfin

⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦+int





0

1 sincos x dx

θ θ

θ θ =int


2 sin1

θ

π θ le le

Thus we have

θ θ π

θ lele sin

2 where

20

π θ lele (A)

and

sin

0

me d m


for 0m gt


7272019 Jiang Ch06


185

Observe that

sin sin sin2

0 02

m m me d e d e d

π π π




We can obtain that0

sin sin( )

2 2

sin2

0

m m

m

e d e d

e d

π θ π φ

π π

π

θ

θ θ

θ

minus minus minus

minus

= minus

=

int int

int

Thus we have

sin sin2

0 02m me d e d

π π



and so

( )sin 2 2 2

0 01

2

m m me d e d e

m

π π

θ θ π π θ θ


Hence

sin2

0 2

me d m

π

θ π θ



sin

0

me d m

π θ π




(a)3 2

4

( ) cos( 2 )

1

x x xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

+

+int (b) 3

2( ) 4

ix xe

dx x i

infin


(c)3 2

2 2

( )sin( 2)

( 1)( 4)

x x x xdx

x x

infin

minusinfin

+ +

+ +int (d)2 2

0

cos

( 4)

xdx

x

infin

+int




HW2 Show that

2 20

sin sinsinh

2

mamx nxdx e na

a x a

π infinminus=









z



sin sin0

mx nxdx

x

infin minus=int

(c) Show that 2 2 2

sin sin

( )


π infinminus minus

minusinfin

minus


7272019 Jiang Ch06


186

(d) Show that ( )2

4

cos ( 2)1

41

xdx e

x

π π π infinminus

minusinfin= minus +

minusint

ltHintgt Study4

1

1

i z e

z

π +






0

sin

2

xdx

x

π infin=int


1( )

iz e

f z z

minus=



1

1 10

ix iz R

R C

e edx dz

x z minus


and also

1 1

cos 1 sin 1 iz R R

R R C C

x x edx i dx dz dz

x x z z minus minus




Thus prove that

cos 10

xdx

x

infin

minusinfin

minus=int

and

sin xdx

xπ

infin

minusinfin=int

and finally that

0

sin

2

x

dx x

π infin

=int


Applications 3rd




cosRe

cosh cosh

ix x e I dx dx

x x

infin infin






y

x0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

y

x 0

1 | |C z R=

R 1minus R

i

Closedcontour C

7272019 Jiang Ch06


187

22cosh

iz

C

edz e

z

π π minus=intgt


( ) 22


ix i x i iz iz R R

R R C C


x x i z z

π π π

π

+minus

minus minus+ + + =

+int int int int


2


ix iz iz R

R C C


π π

π minus minus







1

cosh sinh

iz e

z Rle


cosh cosh( 2)1

x edx

x e

π

π

π π

π

minusinfin

minusminusinfin= =

+int

and explain why

0

cos

cosh 2cosh( 2)

xdx

x

π

π

infin=int





(a)0

cosh

cosh cos( 2 )

xdx

ax a a

π

π

infin=int for 1a gt



(b)sin( )1

x

axe dx

a ae

π π

infin

minusinfin=

+int for 1a gt





HW7 The result

2 2a xe dxa

π infinminus




m

π infinminus minus

minusinfin

=

int


y

x0 Rminus R

π2

Closed

contour C

π

C III

C II

C I

C IV

7272019 Jiang Ch06


188












residue 0 B



00

lim ( )C

f z dz B i ρ ρ

π rarr

= minusint (1)

ltpfgt


0

0

( ) ( )B

f z g z z x

= +minus


where

0 0 2

0

( ) ( ) ( )nn

n

g z a z x z x R

infin

=

= minus minus ltsum

Thus

00

1( ) ( )


z x ρ ρ ρ








( )C

g z dz ML M ρ

πρ le =int

Consequently

0lim ( ) 0

C g z dz

ρ ρ rarr=int (3)


0i z x e θ ρ = + ( 0 θ π le le )


0 00 0

1 1 1 i

iC C


π π θ

θ ρ θ θ π



Thus

y

x x0

C ρ ρ

R2

Fig A

ρ 0

7272019 Jiang Ch06


189

00

1lim

C dz i

z x ρ ρ π

rarr= minus

minusint (4)


(4)

clubs


centered at 0 z



we know that

0

1( ) 2 2 Res ( ) z C


2 Theorem





[ ]0

00

lim ( ) 2 Res ( )2r C

f z dz i f z z α

π π rarr

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦int (2)




ltpfgt



1 10

0 00

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

nn

n

c c f z c z z g z

z z z z

infinminus minus

=


where

0

0


n

g z c z z

infin

=


and0

1 Res ( ) z

c f z minus =


0 0 0

1

0

( ) ( )( )C C C

c f z dz dz g z dz

z z

minus= +

minusint int int(3)


0

( )C


where




00lim ( ) 0r C

g z dz rarr

=int (5)


y

x

z 0

0C

r

Fig B

θ 1

θ 2

7272019 Jiang Ch06


1

0 1

1 11 1

0

2( ) 2

i

iC


z z re

θ θ α

θ θ

θ α α π

π

+minus minus


1 3 2

1 1 2

1 1 1 and

( 2) sindx dx dx

x x

π

π

+



7272019 Jiang Ch06


157

Find1

sin(1 )2 C


ltSolgt


integration


( ) ( )2 4

1 11sin( ) 1 0

3 5

z z z z



1Res sin( ) 0 0 z

z =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Thus we have

1sin(1 ) 0

2 C z z dz

iπ =intgt



rArr 00

0Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )

z z z z f z z z f z

rarr== minus


)()()(

0

10

0 z z

b z z a z f n

nn minus

+minus=infin

=sum

)()()(

0

12

02010 z z

b z z a z z aa


where 01 neb


])()()[()()( 2



0

0

0

0

1

0 10

1

lim ( ) ( )

lim ( )

Res ( )

z z

n

nn z z

z z

z z f z

a z z b

b f z

rarr

infin+

=rarr

=

minus

⎡ ⎤= minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

= =

sum


)(

)()(

z q

z p z f =



In particular if 0


rArr 0

( )Res ( )

( ) z z

p z f z

q z ==

prime




7272019 Jiang Ch06


158

200 0 0 0

200 0 0

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

( )( )( ) ( )

2


q z q z z z z z




00

0

0

020

0 0 0

0

0

Res ( ) lim ( ) ( )( )

lim ( )( )

( )( ) ( )2

( )

( )

z z z z

z z

f z z z f z p z

z z q z

q z z z z z

p z

q z

rarr=

rarr

= minus

= minusprimeprime


=


order m of )( z f

Then we have

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus


the form

m

mn

nn z z

b

z z

b

z z

b z z a z f

)()()()()(

0

2

0

2

0

10

0 minus++

minus+

minus+minus=

infin

=sum


0 z itself


m

mmmn

nn

m

b z z b z z b z z a

z f z z


minus

minusminus+infin

=

sum 2

02

1

0100

0

)()()(

)()(




Then we have

1

1

00

01

1

)1())(2()1)((

)]()[(

bm z z nmnmna

z f z z dz

d

n

nn

m

m

m


minus

+infin

=

minus

minus

sum


0

0

1

01

1

1

lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

( 1) Res ( )

mm

m z z

z z

d z z f z

dz m b

m b f z

minus

minusrarr

=

⎡ ⎤minus⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦= minus

= minus

That is

00

1

01

1Res ( ) lim [( ) ( )]

( 1)

mm

m z z z z

d f z z z f z

m dz

minus

minusrarr== minus

minus

Example 1


)1(

3434)(

2 minus

minus=

minus

minus=

z z

z

z z

z z f


7272019 Jiang Ch06


159

rArr 0

4 3Res ( ) 4

02 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= = minus

=minusand

1

4 3Res ( ) 1

12 1 z

z f z

z z =

minus= =

=minus

Example 2


( )

( 1)

z e f z

z z

=

+

at all poles

ltSolgt


2( )

( )( )

z e f z

z i z i z =

+ minus


Residue at z i=

[ ]2


( )( ) (2 )( 1)

z i

z i z i

z i e e f z f z i

z i z i z irarr=

minus= = =

+ minus minus


[ ] 2

( )

Res ( ) Res ( ) lim ( )( ) (2 )

z i

z i z i

z i e e


minus

rarrminus=minus

+

= minus = =+ minus


[ ]2 2

2 2 2 20

( 1) 2Res ( ) Res ( )0 lim lim 1

( 1) ( 1)

z z z

z i z i z


dz z z z rarr rarr=

+ minus= = = =

+ +

Example 3


tan( )

1

z f z

z z =


ltSolgt


( )2

sin

( ) 1 cos

z

f z z z z = + +





2






[ ]0

2

2

2

1Res ( ) Res ( ) 2

1

1 0 1 2( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1

z k

f z f z k z z

k k k

π π

π π

π π π π

+

= + = minus+ +





Residue at1

z

1

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Residue at2

z

2

Res ( ) Res ( ) 1 2 3 2 tan( 1 2 3 2) ( 3) z


Example 4


3 2( )

4 4

z f z

z z z =


7272019 Jiang Ch06


160

ltSolgt


1 2

2( )

( 2)

z f z

z z =

minus



Residue at 2 z =

[ ]2 1 2

2 1 22

( 2) 1Res ( ) Res ( )2 lim

( 2) 4(2) z i z

d z z f z f z

dz z z rarr=



Example 5


( )1

z e f z

z =


ltSolgt


1Res ( ) Res ( )1 z

f z f z e=

= =

Since2

1 112

z z e z

minusminus= + + +



Laurent expansion

211 1

1 z z z

z = + + + lt

minus

we have

( )1 21 2

2 1

2 1 0

( ) 1 11 2

z e z f z z z z z

c z c z c

minusminus


⎛ ⎞= = + + + + + +⎜ ⎟minus ⎝ ⎠

= + + + +


1 1

1

1 11


minus

⎡ ⎤= + + +⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Thus we see that

[ ] 10

1 1Res ( ) Res ( )0 1 1


== = = + + + = minus


1 2 3e = + + + +

Example 6


1( )

sin

z e f z

z

minus= at 0 z =

ltSolgt


2 3

12 3


53 3sin

2

z z z = minus +

Thus2 3

533

12 3( ) sin

2

z

z z z

e f z z z

z

+ + +minus= =

minus +

7272019 Jiang Ch06


161




[ ]0

1Res ( ) Res ( )0

2 z f z f z

== =


2

5 2 33

2

2 2 3

z z

z z z z z

minusminus + +

minus + + + +

rArr [ ] 1

0


2 z f z f z z minus

== = =


(a)sin

( )sinh

z z f z

z z

minus=

(b)2

1( )

sin f z

z =

(c)cos(1 )

( )sin

z f z

z =

(d)2

1( )

1 z z f z

e e=

+ +

(e)[ ]

2

1( )

Ln( ) 1 f z

z e=

minus





(a)

2

1( )

cos sin z

f z

e z π

=⎛ ⎞+⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

at 0 z =

(b)( )1

( )sin 1 z

f z z e


at 0 z =

(c)( )

10

cos 1 2( )

1

z f z

z z

minus= +






z Let0

( ) 0 g z ne

0 0( ) ( ) 0h z h z prime= =


0 z z = Show that

[ ][ ]0

0 0 00 2

0 0

2 ( ) ( ) ( )2Res ( ) Res ( )

( ) 3 ( ) z z


h z h z =


prime prime


( )2

cosRes

Ln 1

z e

z

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦





7272019 Jiang Ch06


162

1

sin

n

n

n

c z z

infin

=minusinfin



1

1 1

2 sinn n

c dz i z z π +

= intgt



where

1

1Res 0

sinn n

d z z +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

e z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1

1Res

sinn n

f z z

π +

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


d =

(d) Show that 0n n



(e) Show that 0n


1cminus = minus 2

12 1 6c π = minus + 4

32 7 360c π = minus +

and 12 n







20

1 1( ) 2 Res

C z f

z z f z dz iπ

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦intgt


ed Sec



1 2

1





[ ]cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1)) 1

( 1) cos(2 ( 1)) sin(2 ( 1))

k n i k n

n k n n i k n n

π π

π π

+ + + minus

+ + + +








have

rArr 1

( ) 2 ( )Res j

n

C z z j

f z dz i f z π ==

= sum∮


Let1 2 3



7272019 Jiang Ch06


163

( )C f z dz ∮

1 2

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( ) 2 Res ( )

2 Res ( )

n

n

j

C C C

z z z z z z

z z j


i f z i f z i f z

i f z

π π π

π

= = =

infin

==

= + + +

= + + +

= sum

∮ ∮ ∮

Example 1

Find5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮ | | 3C z =


ltSolgt 5 2

( 1)C

z dz

z z

minus

minus∮

0 1

5 2 5 22 Res Res( 1) ( 1)

5 2 5 22

0 1( 1)

2 [2 3]

10

z z

z z i z z z z

z z i

z z z z

i

i

π

π

π

π


minus minus= +

= =minus

= +

=

Example 2

Let us show that

4

sin

3C

z dz i

z

π = minus∮



Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮

Then3

4 3

sin 2[sin ]

03

( cos )03

3

C

z idz z

z z z

i z

z

i

π

π

π

part=

=part

= minus minus=

= minus

∮

y

x0

3|| = z C

1

y

x 0

C D z 2

1

z 4

z 3

z 5

z n C 1

C 2 C 5

C 3

C 4

C n

7272019 Jiang Ch06


164

Method II

Since ]753

[1sin 753

44+minus+minus=

z z z z

z z

z

+minus+minus=75

1

3

11 3

3

z z

z z

rArr 3

4 30 0

sin 1 1 1Res Res

3 5 7 z z

z z z

z z z = =


⎣ ⎦

1

3

1

6

= minus

= minus

Thus we have

4 40

sin sin2 Res

12

6

3

C z

z z dz i

z z

i

i

π

π

π

==

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

∮

Method III


sin)(

z

z z f =

rArr 2

3

4 2 400


2 z z

z d z z

z dz z rarr=

⎡ ⎤= sdot⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

2

20

3 2 3

0

2

30

1 sinlim

2

1 2sin 2cos sinlim

21 2sin 2 cos sin

lim2

z

z

z

d z

dz z

z z z

z z z z z z z z

z

rarr

rarr

rarr

=



= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦


rArr 2

4 300


2 3 z z

z z z z z z z z z

z z rarr=


⎣ ⎦

0

1 coslim

2 3

1 1

2 3

1

6

z

z

rarr

⎡ ⎤= minus⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

= minus

Hence we have4sin

C z z dz

minus∮

40

sin2 Res

12

6 3

z

z i

z

i i

π

π π

==


⎝ ⎠

Example 3

Let us show that5

6(1 )sinh

60C z z idz

z π + = minus∮

7272019 Jiang Ch06


165


ltpfgt Method I


( )

01

0

( ) 2( )

( )

n

nC

f z idz f z

z z n

π +

=minus

∮


)()(

)]()([

)()(

0

][

x g x f K

n

x g x f

K n K

n

K

n

minus

=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ =

sdot

sum

Then we have

[ ]0

sinh)1( 5

5

5

=+

z z z

z d

d

[

]


5 120 cosh 1 120 sinh0

1

z z z z z z z z

z z z z z


+ sdot + sdot=

=

Hence we have5

6

(1 )sinhC

z z dz

z

+∮

[ ]

601

120

2

0sinh)1(

5

2 5

5

5

ii

z z z

z d

d i

π π

π

=sdotminus=

=+=

Method II

Since

6

5 sinh)1(

z

z z +

5 3 5 7

6

25 5

1

3 5 7

1(1 )

3 5 7

z z z z z

z

z z z z

minusminus

⎡ ⎤+= + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus +⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Then we have5

60

(1 )sinhRes z

z z

z =

+

25 5

0

1 1Res(1 )

3 5 7 5 z

z z z z

minusminus

=

⎡ ⎤= + + + minus + =⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦

Hence5 5

6 60


12

5 60

C z

z z z z dz i

z z

ii

π

π π

=

+ +=

= sdot = minus

∮

Example 4

Let us show that2 4

0( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+=

minus +∮


ltSolgt 2 4

( )( )C

z dz

z i z i

+minus +

∮

y

x0

| | 2C z =

i

minus i

7272019 Jiang Ch06


166

2 2

2 2

4 42 Res Res

( )( ) ( )( )

4 42

3 322 2

10 0 0

z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

z z i

z i z i z i z i

ii i

i

π

π

π

π

= =minus

⎡ ⎤+ += +⎢ ⎥minus + minus +⎣ ⎦

+ += +

= = minus+ minus

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥minus⎣ ⎦

= sdot =


(a)5

1

( ) ( 6)nndz

z i n

infin


(b)1

sin1

z dz z

⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟minus⎝ ⎠

intgt around 2 z =





2

1 1

2 2

odd1

0 evenC

in

n nn

z dz z

n

π ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


+ = ⎨⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎪

⎩

intgt







(a)( )

1

Ln Ln 1C dz


(b)C

dz







Definition






as

Analytic

region

poles of )( z f

D

7272019 Jiang Ch06


167

nn

n

n


sum


n

n

n

mn


sum



closed contour C




1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P

i f z π

prime= minus∮


ltpfgt






1+ K of ( ) f z

Hence we have


rArr

)(

)(

)(

)(

z

z

z

K

z f

z f

λ

λ

α

prime+

minus

=prime

Since)(

)(

z

z

λ


)(

)(

z f



)(

z f



)()(

1)( z v

z z f

m β minus=


Since

)()(

1)()()( 1 z v z z v z


minus

=prime + β β

we have

poles of )( z f

D

P

N

C

poles of )(

)(

z f

z f prime

7272019 Jiang Ch06


168

)(

)(

)(

)(

z v

z v

z

m

z f

z f prime+

minus

minus=

prime

β


This implies that)(

)(

z v

z vprimeis analytic

Since)(

)(

z v


)(

z f



)(

z f




( )2

( )

2 ( )

j jC

f z dz i K m

f z

i N P

π

π


= minus

sum sum∮

rArr 1 ( )

2 ( )C

f z dz N P i f z π

prime

= minus∮




1) θ θ θ π

d F )sin(cos2

0int

2) θ θ θ π

π


3) θ θ θ π


π

π d F )sin(cos

21

intminus=




Thus we have


rArr θ θ sincos

11

i+=


Hence1 1

cos2

1 1sin

2

z z

z i z

θ

θ

⎧ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎪

⎝ ⎠⎪⎨

⎛ ⎞⎪ = minus⎜ ⎟⎪ ⎝ ⎠⎩

and


dz d =θ


θ θ 2sin2cos i+=

θ θ 2sin2cos1

2i

z minus=

)sin(cos θ θ F is


θ cos and θ sin

7272019 Jiang Ch06


169

hence we have

2

2

2

2

1 1cos2

2

1 1sin2

2

z z
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