jica - tsukuba international centerconcluding report – roadmap toward effective flood hazard...
TRANSCRIPT
ROADMAP TOWARD EFFECTIVE FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING
IN INDONESIA
JICA Regional Training Course on Flood Hazard Mapping 31 October - 3 December 2005
JICA - Tsukuba International Center Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
JAPAN
Prepared by: Thomas Firdaus Larosa Water Resources Engineer
Research Institute for Water Resources Development Indonesia
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia i
CONTENT I THE ROLE OF FHM TO MITIGATE FLOOD DAMAGE .................................. 1
I.1 Present Flood........................................................................................... 1 I.2 Mitigation Flood........................................................................................ 3 I.3 Useful of Flood Hazard Map (FHM).......................................................... 4
II THE ALLOCATION OF ROLES IN MAKING FLOOD HAZARD MAPS IN INDONESIA............................................................................................................ 6
II.1 Organization for Making Fundamental FHM............................................. 6 II.2 Disseminating of Flood Hazard Maps....................................................... 8
III ACTION PLAN OF MAKING FLOOD HAZARD MAPS (FHM) ........................ 9
III.1 Target Basin area..................................................................................... 9 III.2 Propose next five years.......................................................................... 11 III.3 Problem in propose FHM ....................................................................... 11
IV SUGGESTIONS FOR TRAINING COURSE MORE MEANINGFUL ............. 12 V OTHERS ................................. エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 1
CONCLUDING REPORT
ROADMAP TOWARD EFFECTIVE FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING (FHM)
IN INDONESIA
Name : Thomas Firdaus Larosa Country : Indonesia E-mail : [email protected]
I THE ROLE OF FHM TO MITIGATE FLOOD DAMAGE
I.1 Present Flood
The most severe climate-related natural disaster in Indonesia are monsoon flood, flash flood and debris flood. These flood are common hydrological phenomena in Indonesia. Flash flood from intense thunderstorms are becoming very common phenomena, especially in urban area like Jakarta province. Figure 1 shows the location of annual inundation, limited only on flood location occur without inundation area.
Table 1. Flood type in Indonesia Flood Type Location River Time Cause of flood Damage Flash flood “banjir bandang”
Nias island Masio Feb, 2001
Radial river basin type Small tributary outlet
325 house felt down 121 death
Medan Bahorok 2003 (Leuser mountain) Deforestation Hard rainfall on upstream 67 death (3 foreign)
East Java, Pacet, Mjokerto
Brantas tributary
Dec, 2002 Deforestation 26 death
Leisure area broken
Monsoon flood “Banjir musiman”
Jakarta Ciliwung, etc annual
Inland area Tide + water from upstream Land use change (retard flood area) Poor drainage system Garbage
170 location Jump traffic Stop school activity
Semarang annual
Inland area Tide (rob) + water from upstream Land use change (retard flood area) Poor drainage system Garbage
Aceh & Nias 2005 200 000 death Tsunami flood Flores Earth quake in deep Indonesian ocean 2 100 death
Debris flood “Banjir lahar dingin”
Yogyakarta Progo, Opak, Oyo
Merapi mountain Debris volcano
West Java Citanduy Galunggung mountain Debris volcano
Aggradations river mouth
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 2
LEG
EN
D
Inun
dati
on D
epth
(m
)D A
Inun
dati
on A
rea
(m )2
50.0
00 m
A
10
.000
man
d 0.
50 m
D
0
.20
m
2
>> => =
>2
A
100
.000
m o
r D
1
0 m
> =2
> =
>10
0.00
0 m
A
5
0.00
0 m
and
10 m
D
0
.50
m
2> =
>> =
2
U1
Te
luk
Gon
gU
2
Bun
dara
n Pl
uit
U3
K
apuk
Mua
raU
4
Jem
bata
n II
& I
II B
inok
U5
K
p. P
adem
anga
n Ti
mur
U6
Pa
dem
anga
n B
arat
U7
K
elap
a G
adin
g Ve
spa
U8
Pe
rum
Wal
i K
ota
Jkt.
Uta
raU
9
Kpl
x. A
. L. K
odam
arU
10 P
erum
H. I
. Kel
apa
Gad
ing
U11
Kpl
x. D
ewa
Ruc
iU
12 K
ali
Bar
u Ta
nah
Mer
deka
U13
Kp.
Mal
aka
U15
Kp.
Raw
a B
adak
U16
Kp.
Tug
u U
tara
U17
Jl.
Don
ggal
aU
18 L
agoa
U19
Kp.
Keb
on B
awan
gU
20 S
unga
i Bam
buU
21 K
p. W
arak
asU
22 K
p. P
apan
gga
U23
Jl.
R. E
. M
arta
dina
taU
24 (
Sun
ter
Jaya
) / M
uara
Bah
anU
25 J
l. Yo
s S
udar
so /
deal
er H
onda
U26
Pod
omor
o S
unte
r A
U27
Kp.
Bah
an
JAK
AR
TA U
TAR
AIN
UN
DA
TIO
N A
REA
NO
INU
ND
ATI
ON
AR
EAIN
UN
DA
TIO
N A
REA
JAK
AR
TA B
AR
AT
B1
Pa
l M
erah
B2
Je
lam
bar
Ilir
B3
K
plx.
Wal
i Kot
a Jk
t. B
arat
B4
Po
ndok
Ban
dung
B6
Po
glar
B7
Jl
. Kap
uk R
aya
B8
Dur
i Kos
ambi
/ B
oyon
gB
9
Bat
u S
ari
B10
Kel
apa
Dua
/ H
UB
AD
B11
Mar
uya
Ilir
B12
Bas
moi
B14
Kom
p. D
PR K
ebon
Jer
ukB
15 P
os P
engu
mbe
nB
18 T
aman
Kot
aB
19 B
udi M
ulya
B20
Mar
uya
Udi
kB
21 K
emba
ngan
B22
Jl.
Jem
bata
n B
atu
Pina
ngsi
tB
23 K
ali B
eton
B24
Man
gga
Bes
ar I
B25
Man
gga
Bes
ar I
VB
26 K
alid
eres
B27
Kam
alB
28 P
egad
unga
nB
29 S
eman
anB
30 T
egal
Alu
rB
31 J
ati
Pulo
B32
Jem
bata
n B
esi
B33
Kre
ndan
gB
34 J
emba
tan
Lam
a
INU
ND
ATI
ON
AR
EA
NO
JAK
AR
TA S
ELA
TAN
NO
INU
ND
ATIO
N A
RE
AS
1
Kp.
Cir
ende
S2
Jl
. Rin
g R
d. S
port
Clu
b C
LDK
S3
G
anda
ria
Sel
atan
S4
G
anda
ria
BD
N C
ilan
dak
S5
Po
ndok
Lab
uS
6
Ses
kopo
l / D
epda
gri
S7
IK
PN
Bin
taro
S8
K
p. U
luja
mi
S9
S
ango
la I
ndah
S10
Pes
angg
raha
nS
11 P
etuk
anga
n U
tara
S12
Kp.
Pon
dok
Pina
ngS
13 K
p. D
ukuh
S14
Jl.
Cil
eduk
Ray
aS
15 K
p. C
ipul
irS
16 K
eman
dora
n P
luit
S17
Gro
gol
Sel
atan
S19
Kp.
Per
tam
ina
Pasa
r M
ingg
uS
20 K
plx.
Pol
ri P
asar
Min
ggu
S21
Jat
i Pad
ang
S22
Rag
unan
S23
Cila
ndak
Tim
urS
24 K
p. P
etog
ogan
S25
Gan
dari
a U
tara
S26
Han
g Ja
bat
S27
Han
g Le
kir
S28
Kra
mat
Pel
aS
29 C
ipet
eS
30 G
unun
gS
31 M
elaw
aiS
32 R
awa
Bar
atS
33 T
ebet
S34
Keb
on B
aru
S35
Buk
it D
uri T
anja
kan
S36
Man
ggar
ai S
elat
anS
37 K
p. M
elay
u K
ecil
S38
Men
teng
Dal
amS
39 K
plx.
Pol
ri P
ondo
k K
arya
S40
Pul
o R
aya
Tara
kani
taS
41 K
unin
gan
Bar
atS
42 B
angk
a an
d K
uman
gS
43 M
ampa
ng P
rapa
tan
S44
Set
ia B
udi B
arat
S45
Gun
tur
Kaw
i-ka
wi
S46
Men
teng
Ata
sS
47 K
aret
Kun
inga
nS
48 K
unin
gan
Tim
urS
49 D
uren
Tig
aS
50 P
enga
dega
nS
51 K
alib
ata
S52
Tan
jung
Bar
atS
53 L
ente
ng A
gung
JAK
AR
TA P
USA
TN
OIN
UN
DA
TIO
N A
RE
AP1
P
etam
bura
n +
Ben
d. H
ilir
P2
Jl.
Ben
dung
an H
ilir
P4
Jl.
Sab
ang
/ Agu
s S
alim
P6
Ser
dang
Tim
urP7
J
l. I
ndus
tri
P8
Jl.
Ang
kasa
/ B
ungu
rP9
R
ajaw
ali S
elat
anP1
2 J
l. P
ange
ran
Jaya
kart
aP1
3 M
anng
a D
ua A
bdad
P14
Dw
i War
naP1
5 J
l. B
atu
Tuka
/ Ju
anda
III
P16
Jl.
Bat
u C
eper
P17
Dur
i Pul
oP1
8 P
etoj
o E
ncle
kP1
9 K
ebon
Kel
apa
JAK
AR
TA T
IMU
RN
OIN
UN
DA
TIO
N A
RE
AT1
C
ipin
ang
Rum
bata
nT3
K
p. M
akas
arT4
K
p. K
ebon
Pal
aT5
C
ipin
ang
Mel
ayu
T6
Sun
ter
Hal
im P
erda
na K
usum
aT7
C
awan
Dew
i S
arti
kaT8
B
idar
a C
ina
T9
Kp.
Mel
ayu
T10
Con
det
T11
Kra
mat
Jat
iT1
2 K
ebon
Nan
asT1
3 C
ipin
ang
Bes
ar
T14
Cip
inan
g M
uara
T15
Kp.
Sod
ong
T16
Keb
on P
ala
Jati
nega
raT1
7 R
awa
Bun
gaT1
9 K
plx.
Pal
adT2
0 J
l. Pe
rint
is K
emer
deka
anT2
1 P
erum
HI
Kel
apa
Gad
ing
Uta
raT2
2 J
atin
egar
a K
aum
T23
Kay
u Pu
tih
T25
Cip
inan
g Ja
gal
T26
Pis
anga
n Ti
mur
T27
Uta
n K
ayu
T32
Dur
en S
awit
T33
Kle
nder
T34
Pon
dok
Bam
buT3
6 P
engg
ilin
gan
T37
Pul
au G
eban
g
Figu
re 1
. Lo
catio
n of
inun
datio
ns a
rea
in J
akar
ta u
rban
City
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 3
I.2 Mitigation Flood
Since flood management and flood fighting should be provided on the comprehensive and holistic work, it should be achieve technical and non technical measures.
a. Technical Measures • Multi purpose Reservoir • River embankments (“dyke” as not a long the river, part of branch that
flood occur). • River Normalization (improvement/restoration). • Short Cut. • Sabo Dam. • Drainage system, Flap gate & pump (garbage problem) • Retention Reservoir (kolam penahan air sementara)
b. Non Technical Measures • Triangulations Point that sound return period of flood (Peil Banjir). • Garbage management (periodically). • Clean side ditch (“kerja bakti’) • Making PRE-Flood Hazard Maps • Elevate house (Living harmony with flood)
Table 2. Structural and non structural measures activities sharing Action Risk Management (Pro-active Response) Crisis Management (Re-active Response)
• Flood insurance • Flood proofing
• Collection of flood information • Rising household goods • Self initiated evacuation
• Pre Flood hazard mapping (case) • Organization flood fighting corps • Assign higher elevation for
evacuation (not building) • Cooperation with rescue volunteers
• Dissemination of flood information/enquire on safety condition
• Flood fighting • Assign provide emergency
applicants (boat)
Dam
age
Miti
gatio
n
Dam
age
Red
uctio
n
• Observation and data collection • Flood forecasting and warning
system • Organization of rescue teams • Emergency drainage pump
Em
erge
ncy
Res
pons
e
• Supply real time flood information and warning (case)
• Evacuation order and evacuation directives (event)
• Rescue activities • Emergency flood control works
• Resettlement to safe area-social problem
• Elevate housing land-harmony flood
• Removal of mud garbage • Reconstruction and restoration of
house • Zoning flood prone area • Drainage pump • Ring levee (seldom) • Understanding among stakeholders
of flood control project (sometime)
• Collecting and distributing relief fund• Draw and report lessons from the
disaster
Dam
age
Det
erre
nce
Ris
k R
educ
tion
• Planning & flood control project • River improvement works (dredging
and widening channel, diversion channel)
• Levee construction and rising levee • Flood control dams and reservoir
Reh
abilit
atio
n R
esto
ratio
n
• Inspection and study of the cause of damage
• Epidemic prevention • Restoration of attacked facilities • Rank up of flood control plan
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 4
I.3 Useful of Flood Hazard Map (FHM)
Table 3. Use of Flood Hazard Maps Category Local Resident Local Municipalities/Government
• Consider proper land use patterns and water resistant buildings suited to the flood vulnerability of the area
• Review urban planning and land use patterns that are resistant to flood
• Prepare emergency kits, emergency food, etc
• Prepare boats and other appropriate means of evacuation
• Updated disaster prevention and flood fighting plans of the area
• Review refuges and evacuation routes
• Updated specific assistance plan to evacuate or rescue the vulnerable (elderly, handicapped, sick, injured, etc)
• Identify proper communication channels and systems for information on evacuation
• Organize voluntary disaster prevention units
• Updated communication channels and systems for information on evacuation
• Develop voluntary disaster prevention units
Everyday life
• Learn about past inundation history and risk of inundation of the local area
• Organize educational sessions on potential flood damage, preparedness and evacuation
• Promote education on disaster prevention and conduct evacuation practice drills
• Publicize importance of disaster prevention and preparedness
• Confirm proper refuges, evacuation routes, emergency kits, etc
• Identify flooded areas, inundation depth, location of refuges, and evacuation routes
• Evacuate independently, following weather forecast, flood related information, emergency warnings, etc
• Provide information on weather forecast and flood forecast
• Assist in evacuation of those vulnerable to floods
• Support and rescue those vulnerable to floods
Emergency situations
• Evacuate to proper refuges through safe routes, following advisory and imperative evacuation warnings
• Provide continuous flood related information on evacuation
• Set up refuges • Issue advisory and imperative
evacuation warnings • Direct evacuation
The information incorporated in flood hazard maps shall be those items that are practical and useful in the event of flooding, ensuring the safety and proper evacuation of local residents. Items such as predicted inundation areas and location of refuges, are terms “Evacuation use Information”, and items that will be helpful in everyday life, by notifying the residents of potential flood damage and enhancing their awareness of the importance of flood disaster preparedness, are termed “Educational use Information”.
To make efficient use of flood hazard maps, local residents must be thoroughly convinced of the real danger of flooding. The indispensable information on evacuation and, accordingly, the evacuation use information, shall be incorporated in the hazard maps. Educational-use information shall be appropriately incorporated or
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 5
not, depending on the purpose of preparing the flood hazard maps in the respective municipalities.
Table 4. Key items to be corporated in Flood Hazard Map
Evacuation use Information Educational use Information • Predicted inundation area, inundation depth,
flood concentration time • Historical inundation records • Areas to be evacuated (where inundated and
high land) • Location of evacuation refuges (high area) • Evacuation routes (nearest high area to
evacuate) • Dangerous spot on evacuation routes • Rules to follow in the event of evacuation • Communication channels and systems for
information on evacuation • Issuance criteria for evacuation warnings • Map preparing body, date of preparation
• Flooding mechanism • Topographic features, flood types • Real danger of flood, predicted extent of
damage • Meteorological information • Past flood records (rainfall, inundation and
damage) • Rules to follow in the event of flood • Explanation and directions to use-up flood
hazard maps • Preparedness against flood
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 6
II THE ALLOCATION OF ROLES IN MAKING FLOOD HAZARD MAPS IN INDONESIA
II.1 Organization for Making Fundamental FHM
The responsibility for making FHM are lay on the people who fell warn of the flood, Flood not became a problem if it is occur on land where there is not a human life.
Since flood “disturb” human life, so that we try to avoid flood, include level of inundation just 10 cm. But sometime or many time we disturb swam pond or flood retention area for resident/household.
There are some stakeholder who have link to government policy : a. Central = National = Pusat b. Prefecture = Province/Governor = Propinsi/Gubernur c. Local Government = Municipality = Kabupaten/Bupati
Role sharing
A
B
Sea
River C River D
River Administrative area Shore line
Figure 1. Illustrated river management
The cases in Indonesia about role sharing to manage some river that it cross over the administrative boundary area, the river managed by one level above of government, , if it is cross two or more the border line administrative area. If it cross province boundary area the river managed by central government and If it cross local government boundary area the river managed by province government.
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 7
Central Government
Central government has ministry who responsible to flood damage. Since flood damage influence many aspect, there are several ministry involve in flood management activities.
Such as Ministry of Public Works, Where I have been work, has several division. Who concern to flood such as Directorate of Water Resources.
The river which it is manage under central government would be handled case by case as project work such as Ciliwung-Cisadane River Basin Project, Citanduy-Ciwulan River Basin Project and Bengawan Solo River Basin Project, etc.
Making Flood hazard maps in Indonesia depending on Table 4 should be provided by project work, such as :
Table 5. Stakeholder should be work together for making FHM
Data type / items Analysis work Ministry (national) Dinas (local) Individual/private
Rainfall (meteorological information)
BMG BMG daerah
Land use cover Bakosurtanal Pemetaan & survai Relief contour
Soil type Soil research agency
Predicted flood PU-DGWRD Balai-Local Gov. Flood mechanism PU-DGWRD Balai-Local Gov. Flood type PU-DGWRD Balai-Local Gov.
Inundated simulation & predicted PU-DGWRD Balai-Local Gov.
Historical inundated records
Inner Gov. & PU Dinas inner Gov. Yes
Area to be evacuated Inner Gov. & PU Local inner & PU-
balai Yes
Location of refuge
• legal law aspect of the location
• Location capability
Inner minister PU
Local inner Gov. Local Yes
• Evacuation routes • Traffic routes supplies Inner Gov. & PU Local Gov. Yes
Explanation & direction to use-up FHM
Social, Transportation (BMG), Inner Gov., PU (DGWRD)
Dangerous spot on evacuation route
Inner Gov. Local Gov. Yes
Flood warning system PU-DGWRD Balai-Local Gov.
Order to evacuated
• Flood warning sign • Evacuation
• PU-DGWRD • Rescue fire,
Soldier, Volunteers
• Balai-Local Gov. • Inner local Gov. Yes
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 8
Local Government
Local government (prefecture or municipalities) has division who they work as long arms of central government. It is called “Dinas”, since reform political situation, it change in many name, such as “Dinas pengairan” always work together on river basin project work (see Table 5).
II.2 Disseminating of Flood Hazard Maps
My office has been made leaflet that it is inform how to escape from flood and earthquake. Disseminating and distribution the information needs more works. Information on the leaflet is limited since many data should be provided.
Disseminating should be provided by everyone who has warned to the flood. Firstly it is provided by central government. Method of disseminating by using radio or TV as educational information.
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 9
III ACTION PLAN OF MAKING FLOOD HAZARD MAPS (FHM)
III.1 Target Basin area
Jakarta province is my target for making FHM, but I am employer of government and no promise to JICA, since there are many considerations for selected river basin, such as political condition, etc. My selected area depend on available data, such as rainfall data (1916 – 2004 publish), discharge, relief contour (Digital Terrain Module), climatologically data, land use cover.
Fulfill the request action plan FHM, supported only for Jati Pinggir (Central Jakarta) area, since on that area I have data on my hand for making pre-FHM.
Figure 2. Target area for action plan Flood Hazard Map
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 10
8
9.5
5
8
6.5 5
9.5
11
55
8 6.5
59.5
5
11
6.5
8
9.5
11
9.5
47.2 48.2
47
48
5
Figure 3. Relief contour line, on Jati Pinggir area
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 11
III.2 Propose next five years
Proposed on making flood hazard maps for next five year ahead is Jakarta Province, since there are 13 river basin enter to Jakarta province boundary and much effort to define loss of flood damage.
III.3 Problem in propose FHM
The problem for making FHM such as updated topographic map/relief contour include in detail scale map, may be on budget, as this project just in my head plan.
Concluding Report – Roadmap Toward Effective Flood Hazard Mapping in Indonesia
Thomas Firdaus Larosa - Indonesia 12
IV SUGGESTIONS FOR TRAINING COURSE MORE MEANINGFUL All lecturer designed for this course were useful, some of them have provided in term of materials, process, concept, theory, and practical, especially on exercise in the group field survey for making the hazard maps ISE City with group presentation on the Town Watching.
The field survey is more importance, because of the real situation found could be comparing to lecture.
Flood management in Japan is very importance for expertise. The significance of hydrological statistics, flood inundation analysis, calculation of residents evacuation, runoff flood analysis and anticipation of inundation area are key functional of flood hazard map drawing and establishment.
Tryout when making pre-FHM after town watching more useful if we work together with resident people by using PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISSAL). We can get information directly about inundation area, vest life and traffic refuge routes need.