Jihad

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Sequence Concepts Various Kinds of Jihad History and Issues Is Jihad Terrorism Epilogue

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Outline

What is Islam about? Definition of Jihad Jihad in Islamic Terminology Aim of Jihad Elements of Jihad Levels of Jihad Significance of Jihad War in Islam Jihad and Terrorism Roots of Fundamentalism

Concepts

Meaning from Arabic “Juhd”Dictionary: Struggle, strivingPractical : A determined struggle in the cause

of good

“Jihad fi Sabilillah”

Can be termed as struggle of various types

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Concepts Cont…

A person engaged in jihad is called a Mujahid, the plural is Mujahideen

In Modern Standard Arabic, term jihad is used for a struggle for any cause, violent or non-violent, religious or secular

Sixth pillar of Islam.(According to some Sunni scholars)

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Concepts cont….

As Military Warfare (Qittal) With certain conditions and practice it is

termed as Jihad bi-saif

The term Jihad is generally used in fiqh manuals in reference to military combat

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Quranic View

Indeed believers are those who hold belief in Allah and His messenger (PBUH).Then do not have any doubt and wage jihad in the cause of Allah with their property and life…”

(Al-Hujraat : 15)

Further explained in Al-Nissa-74,95 , Al-Infaal-9,10,17,Al-Tauba-19 to 22

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In Ahadiths, Reference 1:

Hazrat Abu Qatada (RA) Muslim,Kitabul Amara,Bab min Katal Fi Sabillillah

Reference 2 : Hazrat Abdullah bin Masud (RA) Bukhari, Kitab ul

Jihad, Bab Fazlul Jihad.

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Objectives as described in Quran

According to verses [Qur'an 8:39], the Qur'an implies two objectives:

Uproot fitnah (فتنة) Establish supremacy of Islam in the world

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What is Islam about?

Islam= s-l-m; Peace, Submission, Salvation

Order, Harmony, and Integrity Within one’s soul and society

Definition of Jihad

Jihad=J-h-d; to strive, to achieve a goal Jihad in Islam

To strive in the way of God To use all physical, intellectual, and spiritual

resources for GodTo struggle to win God’s pleasure and love

Aim of Jihad

To be purified of sins To attain true humanity To achieve order peace and harmony

within the soul and society

Two Elements of Jihad

Spreading the Word of God Enjoining Good, Forbidding Evil

Significance of Jihad

Sixth/Fifth pillar of Islamic practice Problems in translations “O you who believe! Do your duty to Allah and

fear Him. Seek the means of approach to Him, and strive hard in His Cause as much as you can. So that you may be successful.” (Maide, 35)

War in Islam

War= Only when inevitable, when preaching is prevented, when Muslims are oppressed

No transgression (2:190) "Do not burn a plant, nor cut a tree, nor kill an

older man, a young child, or a woman... nor monastery dwellers… in the territory of combatants." 2:190 Fight in the cause of God those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for God loveth not transgressors.

Roots of Fundamentalism What is fundamentalism? Theological basis

- 9:36, 2:190

Historical roots

- Colonialism, resistance and revivalists movements

Social situationLack of Education, Poverty, Fragmentation

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Pickthall (9/36)Lo! the number of the months with Allah is twelve months by Allah's ordinance in the day

that He created the heavens and the earth. Four of them are sacred: that is the right religion. So wrong not yourselves in them. And wage war on all of the idolaters as they are waging war on all of you. And know that Allah is with those who keep their duty (unto Him).

Urdu ( ) ( ) ( ) لکھے ) مہینے بارہ کے برس میں خدا کتاب کیا۔ پیدا کو زمین اور آاسمانوں نے اس کہ سے روز اس یعنی ہیں بارہ میں گنتی مہینے نزدیک کے خدا ) ( ) ( ) تم( ) اور کرنا۔ نہ ظلم پر آاپ اپنے سے ناحق قتال میں مہینوں ان تو ہے۔ راستہ سیدھا کا دین یہی ہیں۔ کے ادب مہینے چار سے میں ان ہیں۔ ہوئے

ہے ساتھ کے گاروں پرہیز خدا کہ رکھو جان اور ہیں۔ لڑتے سے تم سب کے سب وہ جیسے لڑو سے مشرکوں سب کے سب

Various Types of Jihad, its level and Different views

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Jihad is an Economy

Various Types of Jihad

Jihad bil MaalJihad bil Qalum (pen)Jihad bil Saif (Qital)

Greatest is Jihad bil Nafs (Jihad-e-Akbar)

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Jihad bil-ma’al

Wealth is given by Allah and it should be spent in His way

Necessary source for every Jihad

If everyone cant participate physically, they can participate financially

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Jihad bil-Qalum (Pen)

To fight with pen

Against ignorance, Illiteracy, Social evils

Mental persuasion for teachings of Islam

Superior to Jihad bil Maal

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Jihad bi-na’fs

Fighting with inner self against the evils Because ,Rightness of all actions depends

on precision of inner-self It means controlling evil desires of Nafs-e-

Ammara (Evil Self) Requires the greatest efforts Superior to all kinds of Jihads

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JIHAD AL-AKBAR The highest kind of jihad is to strive against

one's self and restrain oneself from evil desires Quran say's “And those who strive in Our cause. We will certainly guide

them in Our paths,For verily Allah is with those who do right.”

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) once said

“the best jihad is that one does against one's self and desires

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Jihad bil Saif (Qital)

A distinctive feature of Islam

Jihad in the form of warfare

High honor for Shaheed and Ghazi

Option of last resort

Concept became debatable in these days

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Jihad as warfare (Qitaal)

In the Qur’an the term used for this form of Jihad is Qittaal

The only form of warfare permissible under in Islamic jurisprudence

May be declared against : Apostates, Rebels, Violent Groups, Non-Muslim combatants,

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Rules for Jihad

Classical manuals of Islamic jurisprudence, the rules regarding armed warfare are covered at great length.

Not killing women, children and non-combatants

Not to damage cultivated or residential areas

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Levels of JihadThree levels:

Personal: That of the soul

Verbal: Raising one's voice in the name of Allah on behalf of justice.

"The most excellent jihad is the speaking of truth in the face of a tyrant" (Hadith)

Physical: Combat waged in defense against oppression and transgression.

Profoundly misunderstood in today's world.

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Various Views about Jihad

Jihad has been classified by sunni scholars as

Jihād al-akbar (the greater jihad), the struggle against one's soul

(nafs), Jihād al-asghar

(the lesser jihad), the external, physical effort, often implying fighting

Similar view of the shiite scholars about Jihad

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Another view

The Hanbali scholars believe that

"internal Jihad" is important but they suggests those Hadith as weak which consider "Jihad of the heart/soul" to be more important than "Jihad by the sword".

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History of JihadDriving forces and Issues

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History

Righteous CaliphateAgainst Zakat refusers, Apostates

Umayyad (661-750)Samarqand,Bukhara,Spain,Sindh

Abbasid (750-1258)Crusades (1095-1270)

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Cont…. Ottoman (1299-1923)

Constantinople(1452)

Sub Continent : Tarain (1192) Mughals 1526 -1757 Mysore(1782-1799) Balakot (1831) War of Independence Kashmir(1948 and 1987) Afghanistan (1980s).

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Driving Forces

Jihad should not be undertaken To gratify one’s whims, nor to obtain wealth and riches. To conquer territories and rule them ,to acquire fame to appease the emotions of communal support, and

hostility.

On the contrary, it should be undertaken only for the cause of Allah as is evident from the words. As in Qur'an: Those who believe, fight in the cause of Allah, and those

who disbelieve, fight in the cause of Satan. So fight you against the friends of Satan.

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Propaganda against Jihad Ad hoc definitions of US of jihad :

Individuals involved in terrorist activities

'holy war‘ the use of violence, including paramilitary action against persons, governments deemed to be enemies of the fundamentalist version of Islam.”

'violent jihad' or 'jihad' include planning, preparing for, and engaging in, acts of physical violence, including murder, damaging, kidnapping, and hostage-taking.

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Cont…

In West ,specially in US the term Jihadist, technically is referred

A derogatory term of MujahidFrequently used to describe militant Islamic

groupsNot restricted to Islamic terrorism

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Issues

Qital: When does it become obligatory? permission of State required or not

Qital: Defensive (Difai) or Offensive (Iqdami)?

Qital: Obligatory on all or on few?

“Jihadist:” Western attempts at defaming Jihad

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Conclusion

This is one of the fundamentals of Islam and it is a great worship.

Adversaries of Islam has restricted this word to the narrow meaning of “war against the enemies of religion.

The word jihad contains in itself the broad significant activities striving without which no movement has either succeeded in the past or can succeed in the future.

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Conclusion

A unique worship

Ijtihad in essence of Johad is needed

Negative propaganda to be countered

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Warfare is ordained for you, though it is hateful unto you;

but it may happen that ye hate a thing which is good for

you, and it may happen that ye love a thing which is bad for

you. Allah knoweth, ye know not. (02/216)

) نہیں( ) عجب مگر ہوگا تو ناگوار تمہیں وہ ہے گیا کردیا فرض لڑنا میں رستے کے خدا پر تم مسلمانوکو تم چیز ایک کہ نہیں عجب اور ہو بھلی میں حق تمہارے وہ اور لگے بری کو تم چیز ایک کہ

) جانتے نہیں تم اور ہے جانتا بہتر ہی خدا کو باتوں ان اور ہو۔ مضر لئے تمہارے وہ اور لگے بھلی

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Pickthall

O Prophet! Exhort the believers to fight. If there be of you twenty

steadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a

hundred (steadfast) they shall overcome a thousand of those who

disbelieve, because they (the disbelievers) are a folk without

intelligence. Surat Al-'Anfāl /65 ! پر کافروں سو دو تو گے ہوں والے رہنے قدم ثابت آادمی بیس تم اگر اور دو۔ ترغیب کی جہاد کو مسلمانوں نبی اے

) بھی ) کچھ کہ ہیں لوگ ایسے کافر کہ لیے اس گے۔ رہیں غالب پر ہزار تو گے ہوں ایسے سو اگر اور گے۔ رہیں غالبرکھتے نہیں سمجھ

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