Reconstruction

Reconstruction is the time period in the United States after the Civil War.

Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

The Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South.

Reconstruction policies & problems

1. Southern military leaders could not hold office.2. African Americans could hold public office.3. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights

Act of 1866, which also authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

4. Northern soldiers supervised the South.5. The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved

African Americans in the South.6. Southerners resented Northern “carpetbaggers” who took

advantage of the South during Reconstruction.7. Southern states adopted Black Codes to limit the economic and

physical freedom of former slaves.

The AmendmentsThe 13th, 14th & 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America address the issues of slavery and guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens.

The 13 th Amendment bans slavery in the US and all of its territories.

The 14 th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born in the US & guarantees them equal protection under the law. (Due Process)

The 15 th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude.

These three amendments guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens.

1

The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts.

2

Abraham Lincoln His reconstruction plan called

for reconciliation.

Preservation of the Union was more important to him than punishing the South.

Robert E. Lee Urged Southerners to reconcile with

Northerners at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight.

He became the president of Washington College, which is now known as Washington and Lee University.

Fredrick Douglas Fought for the adoption of

constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights.

Was a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws are laws that were passed in the southern states almost immediately after reconstruction ended in 1877. The laws were passed to discriminate against African-Americans and to segregate them from white society. Even though other groups were also affected by the Jim Crow Laws, The American Indian for example, the Laws were directed at the African-Americans.

Jim Crow Laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education and government. That means that because of the Jim Crow Laws African-Americans could not live where they wanted to, they had to go to different schools than the white children, they were not able to get good jobs, and they were not always able vote or run for office and participate in the government.

African-Americans responded differently to Jim Crow. The two best examples of this are Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois.

Facts you gotta know!

1. Discrimination against African-Americans continued after Reconstruction.

2. Jim Crow laws institutionalized a system of legal segregation.

(that means that laws made discrimination & segregation legal)

3. Jim Crow laws were passed to discriminate against African-Americans.

4. African Americans differed in their response to discrimination and Jim Crow.

5. Plessy v Ferguson was the Supreme Court case that made “Separate but Equal” legal.

3

Racial Segregation1. Is separation based on race. (what color you are)

2. Directed primarily against African-Americans, but other groups were kept segregated as well. (primarily means mainly)

Jim Crow Laws1. Made discrimination practices legal in many communities

and states.

2. Were characterized by unequal opportunities in the

Following:1. housing2. work3. education 4. government

African-American Response

1. Booker T. WashingtonHe believed that African-Americans could achieve equality through Vocational Education. He also accepted social separation.

IN OTHER WORDSBooker T. Washington thought that African-Americans could get equal rights if they learned a trade. He also was okay with the races being separated socially as long as they had equal rights when it came to housing, work, education and government.

2. W.E.B. DuBoisHe believed in full political, civil andsocial rights for African-Americans.

IN OTHER WORDSW.E.B. DuBois thought that everyone should be equal.He wanted it to happen right away, he did not think anyoneshould have to “gain” equal rights, it should be equal, period.

The Great Plains

4

Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains(what the Great Plains looked like and what the weather was like)

1. The Great Plains were flatlands that gradually rose from east to west. (The Rocky Mountains were in the west, that is why the

land rose.)

2. The land was eroded by wind and water.

3. There was low rainfall.

4. There were frequent dust storms.

The description above doesn’t make the Great Plains look like a nice place to live. It was very hard to survive there. Besides all of the stuff above, the Great Plains didn’t have lots of trees, so there wasn’t much wood to make houses or fences with. The land on the Great Plains was hard and would easily break the wooden plows the farmers used. There wasn’t much rain so it was hard to make things grow. Before the Civil War, people thought of the Great Plains as a treeless wasteland. Then things started to change. There were new inventions, and people made adaptations to their lives and tools to make life easier on the Plains. Some of the inventions and adaptations people made are listed on the next page.

New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

5

The highlighted part of this map shows the area known as the Great Plains. In 1862, the United States opened up the Great Plains to settlers through the Homestead Act. This gave people 160 acres of land for about $10.00 if they would live on the land and farm it for 5 years. The government did this so that people would move there.

Inventions/Adaptations

1. Barbed Wire – This made it easier to make a fence because you didn’t need as much wood.

2. Steel Plows – This made the plow better by making the part that goes in the ground out of steel. Now it would not break.

3. Dry Farming – This has the farmers let part of their field rest every year, that way it would have two years to soak up the moisture from the little bit of rain.

4. Sod Houses – This made it easier for the farmers to build houses. They used sod to make their houses.

5. Beef Cattle - The farmers and ranchers got the idea for this from the buffalo. They were looking for an animal that could live well on the Plains and longhorn cattle were close to the buffalo that had lived on the

Plains for thousands of years.

6. Wheat Farming – This came from Russian Immigrants. The type of wheat seeds they brought with them did not need lots of water.

7. Windmills – This helped farmers pump water out of the deep wells they had to have to reach the water underground.

8. Railroads – This was a new technology and made it easier for the people to get supplies in and out of the Plains. It also made transportation easier. The best example is the Transcontinental Railroad that connected the east and west parts of the country.

Facts you gotta know!

1. During the 19th century, people’s perception and use of the Great Plains changed.

2. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments.

3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” BUT AS “a vast area to be settled.”

6

Reasons for Westward Expansion

1. Opportunities for land ownership.The Homestead Act gave many people a chance to own their own land.

2. Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad.

Technology made life on the Great Plains easier. The railroad made it easier to get

things into and out of the Great Plains

3. Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver.

Gold was discovered in the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and silver in Colorado. Some people went west hoping to get rich.

4. AdventureThese guys just wanted to have fun!

5. A new beginning for former slaves.The Civil War and slavery was over, many former slaves went west to start

over.

7

Other Cultural ConflictsKnow the following:

ImmigrantsTwo groups of immigrants that were discriminated against were the Irish and the Chinese. Both of these groups worked on the Transcontinental Railroad.

Indian policies and wars

US government wanted to place American Indians onto reservations. The Indians did not want to go to the reservations. This caused much of the conflict between the US government and the American Indian as the government forced the relocation from traditional lands to reservations.

There were assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes such as the reduction of the buffalo population and Indian boarding schools.

The Battle of Little Bighorn. The Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull killed General Custer and all his troops. Also known as Custer’s Last Stand. The Sioux Indians won the battle.

Chief Joseph. Chief of the Nez Perce Tribe. His tribe tried to make it to Canada rather than be sent to a reservation. The US Calvary stopped them 40 miles from the border. Chief Joseph surrendered and made a famous speech……

“……..Hear me my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sickand sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight nomore forever.”

Geronimo was the last American Indian to hold out against the US government. Geronimo was an Apache warrior.

The American Indian population was reduced through warfare and disease. An example is the Battle of Wounded Knee where 300 Lakota Souix were massacred by the US cavalry in December of 1890.

The American Indians homelands were reduced through treaties that were broken.

American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

8

Industrialization

After the Civil War life in America started to change. The biggest change was that America was turning from an agricultural nation into an industrial nation. That means that even though farms were still an important part of American life more people were starting to live in the cities and work in factories instead of living in the country and working on farms. Mechanization was one reason this change was taking place. Mechanization is when a machine does the work that people once did. The best example of this is the reaper. The reaper was a machine that cut grain (wheat). It could do the work of six men. So, if you owned a farm, it made more sense to use the reaper than to pay six men to do the work. This cut down on the amount of jobs on the farms. At the same time this was happening on the farms, factories that were being built in the cities were creating jobs. (that’s called industrial development) All the factories that were being built were making lots of stuff that people wanted to buy. That gave Americans access to consumer products. (consumer products are the stuff people buy) One of the ways people found out about all the stuff that was being made was mail order catalogs.

Facts you gotta know!

Between The Civil War and WWI, The United States was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

Postwar changes in farm and city life

1. Mechanization, the reaper, had reduced farm labor needs and increased production. (mechanization is machines doing the work

humans once to do.)

2. Industrial development in the cities created increased labor needs. (the more factories that were built, the more jobs there were.)

3. Industrialization provided access to consumer goods. (mail order catalogs made it possible for goods to reach far away

from the factories)

9

In order to make all this work, there needed to be a way to get things from one place to another easily. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad helped this happen.

Advances in Transportation

Stuff you gotta know!

1. Advances in transportation linked resources, products and markets.

That means that the Transcontinental Railroad helped get raw materials

from the mines to the factories to make the products, and then get the products to the markets to sell them.

2. Manufacturing areas were clustered near population centers.That means that the factories were built near where lots of people

lived.

Transportation of Resources

1. Moving natural resources (lead & copper) to eastern factories

2. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills. (like Pittsburgh)

3. Transporting finished products to national markets.

resources leave The railroads take The factories use The railroads then

10

the mines the resources to the resources to take the productsthe factories make products to markets

around the country.

Examples of Manufacturing Areas

1. Textile Industry New England2. Automobile Industry Detroit3. Steel Industry Pittsburgh

Examples of Big Business1. Oil 2. Steel

3. Railroads

Captains of Industry

John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie Henry Ford Corneliua Vanderbilt Oil Steel Automobiles Railroad

Inventions that added to great change and industrial growth

1. Electric lighting and other uses for electricity

11

Thomas Edison2. Telephone service

Alexander Graham Bell

Immigration

Reasons for immigration

1. Hope for better opportunitiesMany people around the world come to the US for a better life.

2. Escape from oppressive governmentsOppressive means cruel, not all governments in the world are

fair.

3. Religious FreedomPeople want to worship their own way. Not all countries in the

worldallow people to do that. People come to America so that they can worship as they want.

4. AdventureSome people just want to have fun.

KNOW THAT:Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

Industrialization is the build up of industries/factories. Urbanization is the build up of cities.

What this means is that the factories were being built so quickly and people were moving into the cities so quickly that it caused some problems. One of those problems was overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. A tenement is a run down apartment building that has way to many people living in it. These neighborhoods were called ghettos. Another problem was political corruption. That means the government was not doing the right things. An example of this is political machines. Political machines were both

12

good and bad. One way they were good was that they helped some immigrants find a place to live and a job. The bad part was that they stole from the cities they worked for and many times they cheated during elections. They were basically bullies.

Reasons that cities developed

1. Specialized industries including steel in Pittsburg & meatpacking in Chicago.

2. Immigration from other countries. (most of these people settled in the cities)

3. Movement of Americans from rural areas to urban areas in search of job opportunities.

Factors resulting in the growth of industry (How come industries got big?)

1. Access to raw materials and energy (Transcontinental Railroad)

2. Availability of work force (immigrants and Americans moving from farms)

3. Inventions (people could work longer and faster, communication was better)

4. Financial Resources (It takes lots of money to run industries. The captains

of industry were really really rich)

Basically, you just need to look at the reasons listed to remember this. There was plenty of stuff (the raw materials) there was an easy way to get the stuff to the factory (The Transcontinental Railroad) there were plenty of people to hire to work in the factories (the farm workers and immigrants) and there are some new inventions that make work easier and the people running many businesses had lots of money they were more than willing to invest so that they could make more money.

Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business(What helped the big businesses make money?)

13

1. National markets created by transportation advances.(The Transcontinental Railroad made this possible by taking products all over the country so they could be sold.)

2. Captains of Industry(They had lots of money to invest in industry and they wanted more

money so, they were willing to spend their money in order to make

businesses get bigger.)

3. Advertising(Businesses had to advertise so that people would know what they had

to sell)

4. Lower-cost production(because of things like the Transcontinental Railroad & assembly line it

didn’t cost as much to make things. So, the businesses made more money)

Challenges for Cities

1. Tenements and ghettos

3. Political Corruption (political machines)4. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions

produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

5. Population changes, growth of cities and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

Efforts to solve immigration problems

1. Settlement Houses like Hull House that was founded by Jane Addams. Jane Addams

2. Political Machines that gained power attending to the needs of immigrants. (helping find jobs & housing)

Political Machines were both good and bad,

Negative effects of Progressive MovementIndustrialization workplace reforms These were the problems that These were some of the ways people Industrialization caused tried to fix the problems.

Child labor Restrictions placed on child labor

Low wages, long hours Reduced work hours

14

Unsafe working conditions Improved safety conditions

The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms

Rise of organized labor

Formation of Unions – Growth of American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Strikes – Aftermath of the Homestead StrikeThe Homestead Strike took place in a steel mill located in Homestead Pennsylvania just outside of Pittsburgh. The strike started over a dispute in wages (pay) for the steel workers. The strike turned out to be very violent and the state militia was eventually called in to help maintain order. The Union lost the strike and Carnegie’s steel mills remained union free for over 40 years.

Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War lasted for just four months in 1898. Three

years earlier in 1895 Cuba had begun a revolution against Spain in order to gain their independence. American businesses had lots of money invested in Cuban sugar plantations. Many Americans also lived in Cuba running these businesses. Americans were concerned that the revolution could hurt the profits of their businesses. Americans also supported the Cuban rebels in their fight to gain independence, after all it had only been about 100 years or so since America had fought it’s own war for independence. The reasons for America getting involved and the results of the war are listed below.

Reasons for the Spanish American War

1. Protection of American business interests in Cuba

2. American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain.

3. Rising tensions as a result of the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. (Spain was blamed for this.)

4. Exaggerated news reports of events (yellow journalism)

Results of The Spanish American War

1. The United States emerged as a world power.

15

2. Cuba gained it’s independence from Spain.

6. The United States gained possession of : Guam,

The Philippines Puerto Rico.

FACT YOU GOTTA KNOW

Economic interests and public opinion often influence US involvement in international affairs.

THAT MEANS THAT, money and what people think have a lot to do with if the US will get involved in something.

16

Theodore Roosevelt was a Lt. Col. During the Spanish American War, he led the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, also known as the Rough Riders during the Spanish American War. He was also the 26th President of the United States.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Asserted the United States’ right to interfere in the economic

matters of other nations in the Americas.

Claimed the United States’ right to exercise international police power.

Advocated Big Stick Diplomacy. (building the Panama Canal)

Big Stick Diplomacy

Big Stick Diplomacy was how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy was described. Roosevelt got the phrase from an African proverb – "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." – When he became president in 1901, several Latin American countries were behind on debt payments to European nations. Worried that European nations might threaten action against the countries, Roosevelt announced what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904. Roosevelt promised to protect Latin American nations, and he said that the United States had the right to intervene to ensure Latin American states met their financial responsibilities to other nations.

After the U.S. Navy made an impressive showing in the Spanish-American War (1898), Roosevelt continued to expand the Navy. In 1907, a "Great White Fleet" of American ships went on a world cruise to demonstrate the "big-stick" side of Roosevelt diplomacy.

17

Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine as a way to prevent European involvement in the affairs of Latin American countries.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a Proclamation in 1823 by President James Monroe. Basically it told European countries to stay out of the Americas & not to become involved in political matters in Central & South America.

The Panama Canal

Early 20 th Century

As the 20th century began, there were many changes in American life. We studied three areas where big changes happened that affected the way Americans lived. They were transportation, communications, & electrification.

FACT YOU GOTTA KNOW

Technology extended progress into all areas of American life,

including neglected rural areas.

Transportation Changes1. The use of the assembly line by Henry Ford made automobiles more affordable for Americans. This also

showed a rise in mechanization.

2. Transportation improved because more people had automobiles.

Results of improved transportation brought on by affordable automobiles. this means what happened because of better transportation.

1. Greater mobilityThis means people could move around better.

2. Creation of jobs – to make cars, sell them, service them, build roads, etc.

18

A ship canal, about 51 mi long, it crosses the Isthmus of Panama and connects the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean. It was started in 1881 by the French, but they abandoned it in 1889. The United States gained construction rights after Panama declared its independence in 1903, and the

7. Growth of transportation related industries – road construction, oil, steel.

4. Movement to suburban areas.This means that people started to move to live on the outskirts of the cities.

Other Transportation Changes

Invention of the airplane o The Wright Brothers

Communication changes

1. Increased availability of telephones

2. Development of the radio & the broadcast industry.Guglielmo Marconi was the first to send wireless signals

Guglielmo Marconi developed the radio

3. Development of movies

Ways Electrification changed American Life

1. Labor-saving products like washing machines, electric stoves and water pumps.

2. Electric lights

3. Entertainment (radio was possible with electricity)

19

4. Improved communications

The labor saving products gave American families more free time. Electric lights and radio improved life. Lights gave people more flexibility, the radio helped withcommunication, enabling almost instant communication around the country.

World War I

World War I started in Europe in 1914. The United States did not join the war until 1917. Below is what you will be expected to know about this war.

Allied Powers Central PowersBritish Empire German EmpireFrance BulgariaSerbia Ottoman EmpireBelgium Austro-Hungarian EmpireRussia (until 1917)United States

The United States’ involvement in WWI ended a long tradition of avoiding involvement in European conflicts and set the stage for the United States to emerge as a global superpower later in the 20th century.

There were disagreements about the extent to which the United States should participate in world affairs.

Reasons for US involvement in WWI

1. Inability to remain neutral2. US economic and political ties to Great Britain3. German submarine warfare – sinking of the Lusitania4. The Zimmerman Telegram

US leadership as the war ended

20

1. At the end of WWI, President Woodrow Wilson prepared a peace plan called the 14 points. The plan called for the formation of The League of Nations, a peace keeping organization.

2. The US decided not to join The League of Nations because politicians were worried about being caught up in future European wars. Because of this the Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

A new type of fighting was introduced during WWI. It was called trench warfare. At the beginning of WWI British and French generals were not sure how to stop the Germans. They decided to “dig in” and ordered the construction of the trenches to act as a barrier against the Germans. The trenches were not just for fighting, the soldiers stayed in them 24 hours a day. Trench warfare was not easy, there were many problems that came along with being stuck in the mud day after day. Some of them were body lice, rats the size of rabbits and trench foot. Many soldiers would become sick just from being in the trenches.

The Great Migration

The Great Migration north and west started when great numbers of African Americans moved north in search of better lives. The Great Migration went from about 1910 until the middle of the 1900s (1940s & 1950s)

Reasons for The Great Migration

1. Jobs for African Americans in the south were scarce and low paying.

2. African-Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South.

3. African-Americans moved to cities in the north & midwest in search of better employment opportunities.

4. African-Americans also faced discrimination in the north.

Economic conditions & violence led to the migration of people

21

The Great Migration series by Jacob Lawrence

The Temperance Movement & Prohibition

The Temperance Movement was part of the Progressive Movement. It was made up of groups that thought drinking was wrong. They worked hard to make it illegal to make, transport and sell alcoholic beverages. Below is what you will be expected to know.

Temperance Movement1. Made up of groups opposed to the making and consuming of

alcoholic beverages

2. The groups supported the 18th Amendment prohibiting the manufacturing, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages.

Results of Prohibition The 18 th Amendment

1. Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages.

2. Bootleggers smuggled illegal alcohol and promoted organized crime.

22

KNOW THE FOLLOWING FACTS:

Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional Amendment that made it illegal to manufacture, transport or sell alcoholic beverages.

Women’s Suffrage

Women were not allowed to vote in America until 1920. The women’s suffrage movement worked hard to get the 19th Amendment passed giving women this right. The suffrage movement was not only about voting rights, but women’s rights in general. It was also part of the Progressive Movement. Below is what you will be expected to know.

Women’s Suffrage1. Worked to gain the right to vote for women.2. Worked to gain increased educational opportunities for women.3. The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.4. Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s

suffrage.

Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

23

The growth Organized Crime was an unexpected result of Prohibition.This proved that reforms in the early 20th Century could not legislate how all people behaved.

Prohibition was repealed with the 21st Amendment.

The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place in the 1920’s and 1930’s. It started and was centered in a neighborhood in New York City called Harlem. It was the first time that publishers and critics took African American literature and art seriously. It was also the first time that white society in the United States embraced African American arts as well.

The leaders of the Harlem Renaissance drew upon the heritage of African American culture to establish themselves as powerful forces for cultural change.

People you gotta know from the Harlem Renaissance

24

Langson Hughes was a poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots

African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture

Other people you need to know during the 1920’s and 1930’s

25

Bessie Smith was a Blues Singer

Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were both Jazz composers

Jacob Lawrence was a painter who chronicled the experience of the Great Migration

Georgia O’keeffe painted urban scenes then later switched to scenes of the Southwest

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote about the Jazz Age of the 1920’s. He wrote The Great Gatsby

The Great Depression

The Great Depression started in 1929. For over a decade life was very hard in America. Jobs were hard to find, many banks and businesses closed, many people found themselves homeless. Below is what you will be expected to know about this time.

Know the following facts:

1. The optimism of the 1920s concealed problems in the American economic system and attitudes about the role of government in controlling the economy. (basically, things were so good in the 20’s that no one wanted to think about any problems.)

2. The Great Depression had a widespread and severe impact on American life.

Causes of The Great Depression

1. People over-speculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not repay when stock prices crashed.

2. The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system.

3. High Tariffs discouraged international trade.

26

George Gershwin and Aaron Copland were both composers of uniquely American music.

John Steinbeck wrote about the poor migrant workers of the 1930’s. He wrote The Grapes of Wrath.

How were the lives of Americans affected by The Great Depression?

(What was the impact on Americans)

1. A large number of banks and other businesses failed.

2. One-fourth (1/4) of workers were without jobs.

3. Large numbers of people were hungry and homeless.

4. Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels.

The New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933. He promised a “New Deal” to help the nation recover from the Depression. The New Deal did a lot to help, but The Great Depression would not truly end until WWII. Below is what you need to know about The New Deal.

Major features of The New Deal

1. Social Security

2. Federal work programs

3. Environmental improvement programs

4. Farm assistance programs

5. Increased rights for labor

KNOW THE FOLLOWING FACT:

Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal used government programs to

help the nation recover from the Depression.

27

World War IIThe causes of WWII: There are two main causes of WWII they are;

1. The political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from World War I.

2. The rise of Fascism

You need to understand the above two causes. Think of them this way.

The first cause is the political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from World War I. An easy explanation of that is….

The governments of countries in Europe were not strong. Since the governments were having problems, it was hard for life to get back to normal after WWI. Many countries were having money problems too. This was because so much stuff and so many cities, towns and farms were hurt during WWI, the countries were having a hard time paying for everything to get fixed. I listed four examples of this that you need to know….

A. Worldwide depression It was the 1930’s, the rest of the world was in a depression just like the United States.

B. High war debt owed by Germany

28

The other countries in Europe blamed Germany for the war. They wanted Germany to pay for the damage that was caused by WWI.

C. High Inflation This means that people had to pay a lot of money for the things they needed like food and clothes, even if they weren’t getting paid a lot of money.

D. Massive Unemployment This means that many people were out of work. It also means that there really weren’t any jobs for these people to work in.

The second cause of World War II was the rise of Fascism. That happened because of the first cause. The definition of fascism and countries that were considered fascist are below.

Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied. Nationalism and often racism are emphasized. Germany, Italy and Japan were fascist countries.

Political and economic conditions in Europe following WWI led to the rise of fascism and to WWII.

The rise of fascism threatened peace in Europe and AsiaChange in the American Policy

How and why did American policy toward the war change?

As conflict grew in Europe and Asia, American foreign policy evolved from neutrality to direct involvement

FIRSTAmerica believed in isolationism. That means the we wanted nothing

to do with the problems other countries were having. We felt this way for

two reasons.

1. The Great Depression was going on. We were having enough trouble taking care of ourselves. We didn’t want anyone

else’s problems.

2. The legacy of World War I. This means that because we remembered how bad WWI was, we didn’t want to get involved in another war.

29

THEN

America was friends (another word for allies) with Great Britain. We wanted to help them, but didn’t want to actually be in the war. So westarted giving Economic Aid to the Allies. This was the Lend Lease Act

FINALLYDirect involvement in the war. That means that finally, theUS was fighting in WWII. That happened because Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec ember 7, 1941.

1st the US wanted to Next, the US wanted Finally, the US be isolated to help the allies. gets directly involved

in WWII

War In The Pacific(How did Pearl Harbor happen?)

1. Rising tension developed between the United States and Japan because of Japanese aggression in East Asia.

2. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor without warning.

3. On December 8, 1941 the United States declared war on Japan.

4. Germany then declared war on the United States.

In other words……..

The United States and Japan were mad at each other. The United States said it was because Japan was being a bully to the other countries in East Asia. Japan said it was because it wasn’t any of the United States business what happened in East Asia. So, after awhile, Japan thought they could keep The United States out of the war by destroying the American fleet (navy ships) in the pacific. The ships were at Pearl Harbor, so Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. The United

30

States was really mad that Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and said weweren’t in the war and Japan should have left us alone. We were somad that we declared war on Japan.

Who was in World War II

ALLIES

THE AXIS

31

Winston Churchill was the leader of Great Britain

Joseph Stalin was the leader of The Soviet Union

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the leader of The United States.In 1945 Harry Truman became the leader of the US when FDR died.

Major Events and Turning Points of World War II

1. Germany invaded Poland. This started the war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations. September 1, 1939

2. Germany invaded France, capturing Paris. May to June 1940

3. The Battle of Britain began and Germany bombed London. Began July 1940, London started getting bombed September 1940.

4. The United States gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. This was called Lend – Lease. March 1941

5. Germany invaded the Soviet Union. June 1941

6. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. On December 8, 1941 the US declared war on Japan. Then Germany declared war on the United States and finally the United States then declared war on Germany.

32

Adolf Hitler was the leader of Germany

Benito Mussolini was the leader of Itlay.

Hideki Tojo was the leader of Japan

7. The United States won the Battle of Midway against Japan. Marking the turning point of the war in the Pacific. June of 1942.

8. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe. The battle lasted from September 1942 to February 1943.

9. American and Allied troops landed in Normandy, France on D-Day to begin the liberation of Western Europe. June 6, 1944

10. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Hiroshima and

Nagasaki were the two cities the atomic bombs were dropped on. The bombings forced Japan to surrender and ended World War II.

Hiroshima August 6, 1945 ~ Nagasaki August 9, 1945

Despite initial Axis success in both Europe and the Pacific, the Allies persevered and ultimately defeated Germany and Japan.

The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the attempted extermination of all Jews in Europe by the Nazis in World War II which led to the mass murder of 6 million Jews.

Some of the ways the Nazis tried to do this. They threatened Jewish people. Then they boycotted Jewish stores. Then they segregated Jewish people. Then they imprisoned and killed Jews and other groups the Nazis

wanted to get rid of. They sent them to concentration camps where many were gassed and others were worked to death.

After the war, Allied forces liberated the concentration camps.

33

The Holocaust is an example of prejudice and discrimination taken to the extreme

The Homefront

1. American involvement in World War II ended the Great Depression. Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war.

2. Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war. A symbol used to encourage this was Rosie the Riveter.

3. Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources.

4. The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers. But, there was still discrimination.

5. While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, others were treated with distrust and prejudice, and many were forced into interment camps.

o WWII affected every aspect of American lifeo Americans were asked to make sacrifices in support of the war effort

and the ideals for which Americans fought.

Post War Stuff

The United States Role as a World Leader: Much of Europe was in ruins after World War II. Soviet forces occupied most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern part of Germany. The United States felt it was in it’s best interest to rebuild Europe and prevent political and economic instability. In others words….The US wanted to rebuild Europe to keep another war from starting.

The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create a body for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars.

Learning from the mistakes of the past, the US acceptedits role as a world superpower, helping to rebuild Europeand Japan and taking the leading role in establishing the United Nations.

Rebuilding Efforts The United States instituted George C. Marshall’s plan to

rebuild Europe. It was called the Marshall Plan. It provided for massive financial aid to rebuild European

34

economies and prevent the spread of communism. George C. Marshall

Germany was divided into East and West Germany.o West Germany became democratic and went back to self-

government after a few years of American, British and French occupation.

o East Germany remained under the control of the Soviet Union and did not take on democratic institutions.

Following its defeat, Japan was occupied by American forces.o Japan soon had a democratic form of government, started self-

government, and became a strong ally of the United States.

Prosperity With rationing of consumer goods over, business converted (changed)

from production of war materials to consumer goods. Americans purchased goods on credit. The workforce shifted back to men, and most women returned to

family responsibilities. Labor unions merged (joined together) and became more powerful.

Workers got new benefits and higher salaries. As economic prosperity continued and technology boomed, the next

generation of women re-entered the labor force in large numbers

Following WWII, Americans prospered due to an expanding economy stimulated by America’s involvement in the war.

35

This is a map of how Germany was divided after WWII. Below is a map of how Berlin was divided.

THE COLD WAR

Cold War = The state of tension without actual fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union, which divided the world into two camps.

The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as world powers. The two countries had lots of differences. They had always had lots of differences, but had been able to come together to defeat an enemy they both had….Hitler. Now that WWII was over, the tension between the two countries became very bad. The Cold War started. It was the main thing that formed foreign affairs for forty years.

Origins of the Cold War

The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as world powers, triggering a rivalry over ideology and national security.

1. Differences in goals and ideologies between the United States and the Soviet Union. Goals & ideologies means what the countries wanted, and what they believed.

36

The United States was democratic and capitalist The Soviet Union was dictatorial and communist

2. The Soviet Union’s domination over Eastern European countries.

3. American policy of containment this was to stop the spread of communism.

4. North Atlantic Treaty Organization ~ NATO ~ was made up of the United States, Canada and some Western European countries. It was formed to protect from Soviet aggression.

5. Warsaw Pact was made up of The Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. The Warsaw Pact was an answer to NATO.

Major Conflicts in the Post-World War II Era

Since WWII, the United States has been directly involved in various conflicts that reflected the divisions created by Cold War tensions and hostilities.

The tension between the free world and the communist world caused divisiveness at home and abroad.

1. The Korean War (1950-1953)South Korea and the United States resisted Chinese and North Korean aggression. The conflict ended in a stalemate. In other words, no onewon…it was a tie.

2. The Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962)The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred when the Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba. The Soviets removed the missiles in response to a US blockade. John F. Kennedy was President of the US during this crisis.

37

The Cold War was the central organizing principle in foreign affairs for 40 years.

3. The Vietnam War (1965-1975)The United States intervened to stop the spread of communism into South Vietnam. Americans were divided over whether the United States should be involved militarily in Vietnam. The conflict ended in a cease fire agreement in which US troops withdrew.

Collapse of Communism and New Challenges

Breakup of the Soviet Union into independent countries.

Destruction of the Berlin Wall.

By the late 1980’s The Soviet Union was starting to lose it’s grip on Eastern Europe. Many of the Eastern European countries demanded their independence. Communism was

beingreplaced with a free market system. On November 9-11, 1989 the Berlin Wall came tumbling down as hundreds of thousands of people cheered and the world watched.

Challenges After The Cold War

Role of US military intervention. Environmental challenges. Global issues, including trade, jobs, diseases, energy.

Civil Rights

Some Effects of Segregation

Separated educational facilities and resources for white and African American students.

Separated public facilities like restrooms, drinking, fountains, restaurants.

Social isolation of races.

The Civil Rights Movement resulted in legislation that ensured constitutional rights to all citizens of the United States regardless of race.

Civil Rights Movement

1. Brown v. Board of Education required the desegregation of schools.

38

2. Martin Luther King, Jr. practiced passive resistance against segregated facilities. Most famous speech…..I have a dream……

3. Rosa Parks --- Montgomery Bus Boycott

4. Organized protests like freedom rides, sit-ins, marches & boycotts.

5. Expansion of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ~ NAACP

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned discrimination based on race, gender or national

origin. The Civil Rights Act benefited all minorities.

7. Voting Rights Act of 1965Banned voting discrimination, outlawed literacy tests.

Changing Role of Women

Women activists were inspired by the achievements of the Civil Rights Movement and took action to gain equality for women, particularly in the workplace.

Workplace disadvantages

Discrimination in hiring practices against women.

Lower wages for women than for men doing the same job.

Improved conditions

National Organization for Women ~ NOW

39

Federal legislation to force colleges to give women equal athletic opportunities.

The Equal Rights Amendment, despite its failure, and a focus on equal opportunity employment created a wider range of options and advancement for women in business and public service.

Changing Patterns in US Society After WWII & The Cold War

Changing patterns in American society since the end of WWII changed the way most Americans lived and worked.

Strong economy….healthy job market, increased productivity, increased demand for American products.

Greater investment in education.

The Baby Boom which led to changing demographics.

Interstate highway system.

40

Evolving role of women (expected to play supporting role in the family, but increasingly working outside the home.)

Role of Eleanor Roosevelt in expanding women’s rights.

African Americans’ aspirations for equal opportunities.

Policies and programs expanding educational and employment opportunities

G.I. Bill of Rights gave educational, housing, and employment benefits to WWII veterans.

Truman desegregated the armed forces.

Civil Rights legislation led to increased educational, economic, and political opportunities for women and minorities.

Globalization is the linking of nations through trade, information, technologies and communication.

Globalization involves increased integration of different societies.Impact of globalization on American Life

Improvement of all communications Availability of a wide variety of foreign-made goods & services Outsourcing of jobs.

Peacetime Technologies

After the war, Americans turned their energies to the development of peacetime technologies.

41

Eleanor Roosevelt was not just the wife of FDR, she worked hard to gain rights for women and other minorities.

Between the end of WWII and the present, the world has been marked by an increase in globalization and interdependence.

New technologies in communication, entertainment and business have dramatically affected American life.

Industries benefiting from new technologies Airline industry……Jets

Automobile industry and interstate highway system.

Entertainment and news media industry.

Exploration of space.

Computer industry.

Satellite system……telecommunications….pagers, cell phones, TV.

InternetImpact of New Technologies on American Life

Increased domestic and international travel for business and pleasure.

Greater access to news and other information.

Cheaper and more convenient means of communication.

Greater access to heating and air conditioning improved the quality of life and encouraged population growth in certain areas of the country.

Decreased regional variation, resulting from nationwide access to entertainment and information provided by national television and radio programming, Internet services, computer games.

American foreign policy, immigration policies, energy policies and environmental policies affect people both in the United States and in other countries.

Foreign Policy

Increase in terrorist activities Conflicts in the Middle East Changing relationships with nations

Immigration

Changing immigration patterns – Hispanic Americans & Asian Americans

42

More people want to immigrate to the United States than are allowed by law

Global Environment

Policies to protect the environment Global climate change Conservation of water and other natural resources

Other Issues

Energy issues – dependence on foreign oil World health issues – global pandemic

People You Gotta KnowAbraham Lincoln Robert E. Lee Fredrick Douglas

His reconstruction plan He urged Southerners He fought for the

43

called for reconciliation to reconcile at the end adoption of With the South. He felt of the war and reunite constitutional that preservation of the as Americans when some

amendments that Union was more important wanted to continue to fight. guaranteed voting than punishing the South. He became president of rights. He was a

Washington College, which powerful voice for

is now known as Washington human rights and and Lee University. civil liberties

for all.

W.E.B. Dubois Booker T. Washington Chief Joseph

Believed in full Believed equality Chief of the Political, civil, and could be achieved Nez PerceSocial rights for through vocational “…I will fightAfrican Americans. education. He no more

accepted social forever.” separation.

Sitting Bull Geronimo George Custer

Leader of the Lakota Leader of the Apache He was killed at the Souix. He helped defeat in Southwest Arizona. Battle of Little BigCuster at The Battle of He was the last American Horn. (Custer’s LastLittle Big Horn Indian to surrender. Stand)Andrew Carnegie Cornelius Vanderbilt John D. Rockefeller Henry Ford

44

Captain of the Captain of the Captain of the Captain of the Auto steel industry Shipping & Railroad oil industry. Industry. He also

industry. Developed the

assembly line.

TheodoreJane Addams Roosevelt Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison

Founded Led the charge Invented the Telephone Invented the Hull House up San Juan Hill. light bulb

26th President

The Wright Brothers Guglielmo Marconi Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Considered first in flight Developed the radio Worked hard for

first to send wireless women’s suffrage

signals.

45

Susan B. Anthony Woodrow Wilson Georgia O’Keeffe

Worked hard for President of US during An artist known forwomen’s suffrage WWI. Developed a urban scenes and, movement peace plan that called later paintings of

for the formation of the southwest.

The League of Nations

George Gershwin & F. Scott Fitzgerald John Steinbeck Aaron Copland

Both were composers of A novelist who A novelist who uniquely American music wrote about the portrayed the

Jazz Age of the strength of 1920’s He wrote poor

migrant The Great Gatsby workers

during the Great

DepressionHe wrote The Grapes of Wrath

Duke Ellington & Bessie Smith Langston HughesLouis Armstrong

46

Both were Jazz composers Blues singer A poet who During the Harlem Renaissance during the combined the

Harlem Renaissance experiences of

African and American cultural roots

Jacob Lawrence Franklin D Roosevelt Rosie the Riveter

Painter who chronicled He started the New Character usedthe experience of the Deal to help the US during WWII to Great Migration north out of the Great encourage women

Depression. Also to go to work for president during WWII the war effort.

Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Harry S Truman

Leader of Great Britain Leader of Soviet President of the USDuring WWII Union during WWII. after FDR died. He

He was a communist made the decision to

47

dictator drop the atom bombs

on Japan. He alsodesegregated the armed forces.

Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo

Leader of Germany during Leader of Italy

Leader of Japan WWII. He was a fascist during WWII. He during WWII. He dictator. was a fascist dictator was a fascist dictator.

George C. Marshall Eleanor Roosevelt Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosa Parks

Wrote the plan Worked hard to Leader of the Civil She refused to give To help rebuild expand the rights Rights Movement up her seat to a Europe after WWII. of women and other He believed in white man and was

minorities. Passive Resistance. Arrested. This was what started the

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Charles Drew Robert Oppenheimer Frank Lloyd Wright Martha Graham

48

An African American A physicist. He was Was an architect Was a pioneer of modernDr. He did research the Scientific Director he is considered dance. She is consideredfor blood transfusions of the Manhattan the most to be it’s most He also improved theProject that developed influential Amer. important figure.techniques for storing the Atom Bomb. architect of the blood, saving many 20th Century.lives during WWII.

Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Maya Angelou Ray Kroc Bill Gates

A Historian, he An artist best known Founder of Founder of has been refered For her poetry and McDonald’s Microsoftto as the nation’s Autobiography “I Know most famous Why the Caged Bird black scholar Sings”

Stuff You Gotta Know A good way to use this section is to give someone your study guide, then go down this list and see how much you know about each subject. You can also have someone ask questions from this section.

Dates To Know 1876…………………………………..Battle of Little Bighorn 1877…………………………………..Chief Joseph & Reconstruction is over 1898…………………………………..Spanish American War 1914……………………………………Panama Canal opened

49

1914.....................................WWI begins (America Joins in 1917) December 7, 1941……………….Bombing of Pearl Harbor June 6, 1944……………………….D-Day, allied landing at Normandy,

France

Time Periods to Know 1865 – 1877 - Reconstruction Late 19th century – early 20th century (1877-1914)

o US changes from an agricultural to an industrial nation.o Many immigrants from Europe come to the US.o Many advances in transportation, electricity, & communication.

1917-1918 o America was involved in WWI

1920’so Jazz Age – Harlem Renaissanceo Prohibitiono Women’s suffrageo Period of prosperity in US

1930’so Great Depression

1941-1945o America was involved in WWII

1955 – about 1968o Civil Rights Movemento This is also a period of prosperity in the US through the early

1970s 1945 – 1991

o The Cold War

Court Cases to Know Plessy v Fergusson – 1896 – made “Separate but equal” legal. Brown v Board of Education – 1954 – made “Separate but equal”

illegal. Desegregated the schools.

Constitutional Amendments to Know 13th Amendment – Bans slavery 14th Amendment – Defines citizenship, guarantees due process. 15th Amendment – Right to vote for former slaves. 18th Amendment – Prohibition of alcohol 19th Amendment – Women’s right to vote (suffrage) 21st Amendment – Repeals prohibition Equal Rights Amendment – This one failed. It did not become an

Amendment, but created a wider range of options & advancement for women

Organizations to Know AFL – American Federation of Labor (during industrialization)

50

League of Nations (after WWI) United Nations (after WWII) NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Cold War) Warsaw Pact (Cold War) NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored

People NOW – National Organization for Women

Acts and Policies to Know Jim Crow Laws Homestead Act (Great Plains) New Deal (great depression) Marshall Plan (after WWII) G.I. Bill of Rights (after WWII) Policy of containment (Cold War) Civil Rights Act (Civil Rights Movement) Voting Rights Act (Civil Rights Movement)

Wars & Conflicts Battle of Little Bighorn………….1876 Nez Perce Indians ……………….1877 Homestead Strike ..……………..1892 Spanish American War………….1898 WWI……………………………………1917-1918 WWII…………………………………..1941-1945 Cold War Conflicts

o Korean War…………………1950-1953o Cuban Missile Crisis………October 1962o Vietnam War……………….1965-1975

US HISTORY VOCABanalyze………………….……to examine carefully and in detail adapt………………………….to adjust to different conditionsadaptations…………….……Something, such as a device or mechanism, that is

changed or changes so as to become suitable to a new or special application or situation.

advocate…………………….to speak or write in favor of. To support aggression………………….any offensive action, attack or procedure agricultural………………….Farming, producing crops or raising livestock. (animals)alliance……………………….a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations

to cooperate for specific purposes. amendment…………………An addition or change to the US Constitution

51

Anti-Semitism ……………..Hostility or prejudice against Jews.Armed Forces………………military forceaspirations………………….strong desire, longing or aim assimilation…………………the merging of cultural traits from previously distinct

cultural groupsBlack codes………………… any code of law that defined and esp. limited therights of

former slaves after the Civil War.blockade……………………..The shutting down or blocking of a port to keep people or

goods from moving in or out of a country.

bureau……………………….. an office for collecting or distributing news or information, coordinating work, or performing specified services

Capitalist……………………..A person who invests money in a business in order to make more money. (profit)

carpetbaggers……………… a Northerner who went to the South after the Civil War and became

active in Republican politics, esp. so as to profiteer from the unsettled

social and political conditions of the area during Reconstructioncenters of population…….cities, places where there are lots of people.century……………………….100 years characterized……………….To describe the qualities or to be a distinctive mark of somethingchronicle……………………..to record citizenship……………………viewed as a member of societycivil liberties………………..such a right as guaranteed by the laws of a country, as in the U.S. by the Bill of Rightsclimate………………………..the general weather conditions of an area over a period of timecluster………………………… a group of things or persons close togethercompass rose………………. a design, used on maps to indicate the points of the compass. compromise………………… a settlement of differences where both parties give up a littleconsequence……………….. the result, or outcome of something occurring earlierconsumer goods…………..Things that we buy and use. (clothes, food, toys)containment…………………Preventing the spread of something. contiguous…………………..Connecting without a break.continental…………………..Relating to, or characteristic of a continent.corruption……………………dishonestcultural………………………..dealing with the shared knowledge & values of a society.demographics………………The characteristics of human populations and population areasdesire………………………… to wish or long for; crave; wantdiscrimination………………The policy or practice of giving treatment or consideration based on race, class or categorydivisiveness………………….Causing people to disagreeelectrification……………….To provide with electric power.emerge………………………. to come up or ariseempire……………………….. a group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful sovereign or government: usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom

52

erode………………………….To wear awayexaggerated……………….. abnormally increased or enlargedFederal Reserve …………..The central banking system in the United States. It regulates the money and banking system. The bankers bank.foreign policy………………. a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nationsghetto………………………… a section of a city, esp. a thickly populated slum area, inhabited predominantly by members of an ethnic or other minority groupglobal………………………… pertaining to the whole worldharbor……………………….. a part of a body of water along the shore deep enough for anchoring a shiphemisphere………………… half of the terrestrial globe or celestial sphere, esp. one of the halves

into which the earth is divided. Compare Eastern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere, Southern

Hemisphereheritage………………….….something that comes or belongs to one by reason of birth homeland………………..….one's native land human rights…………..….fundamental rights, esp. those believed to belong to an individualimmigration………………….The moving from one country to another country to live.imperialism industry……………………….any general business activity in a particular fieldindustrialization…………….The growing/building of lots of factories in an area that uses lots of machines and human power.infamy……………………….. to be remembered for bad reasons

inflation……………………….A increase in price; having to pay more money for a good than it used

to be. (Like gas prices)international…………………Involving two or more nationsindustrial………………………Having to do with industries or factories.isolationism latitude………………………..Lines of Latitude are the horizontal lines shown running east-to-west on maps. Latitude measures distance north or south.legislate………………………... make or enact laws liberation………………………Freeinglifestyle………………………… the habits, attitudes, tastes, etc., that together makeup the way of living of an individual or group.longitude………………………Lines of longitude are the parallel lines shown running north-to-south on maps. Longitude measures distance east or west.manufacturing………………To make or produce something, usually through a process

which sometimes includes machines.markets………………………..A place where products or goods are bought & sold.mechanical…………………..Involving machinery or tools.mechanization………………Changing to using machines to produce items. Machines

doing the job people used to do.meridian………………………line of longitude

53

migration……………………Moving from one place to another.militarism nationalism neutral………………………. not taking part or giving assistance in a dispute or war between others noncontiguous…………….Not connectedoppressive………………….To treat cruelly or unjust, sometimes creating a state of fear.optimism…………………… tendency to look on the more favorable side of events or conditions outsourcing……………….. A practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internallypandemic…………………… prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole worldpartitioned………………….Split or dividedpassive resistance………..Resistance by nonviolent methods like sit-ins, marches,

boycotts or freedom rides.plasma………………………. the liquid part of bloodpolitical……………………….Dealing with the structure or affairs of government.political machineproducts……………………..Items that are made or grown.prosperity……………………Being wealthy or having good fortune, good times.ratify…………………………. to confirm by expressing consent, approvalrebel…………………………. to reject, resist, or rise in arms against one's government or ruler. Reconstruction……………The period after the Civil War from 1865 to 1877.region…………………………A specified district or territory.renaissance…………………A rebirth or revival.reservation………………….Areas of land the US gov’t set aside for Native Americansrural…………………………..In the country. (farms)scarce………………………. insufficient to satisfy the need or demand; not abundant segregation…………………The policy or practice of separating people of different

races, classes or ethnic groupssettlement house...........a center in an underprivileged area that provides various community

services. slogan……………………….. a distinctive cry, phrase, or motto of any party, group society………………………. a body of individuals living as members of a community; community.social………………………… characterized by friendly companionship or relationsspecialization……………….Making or selling one particular product or item.speculate…………………… to engage in any business transaction involving considerable risk or the chance of large gainssuffrage………………………The right or privilege to vote.Supreme Court…………….The highest court in the United States. It has nine justices and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the US.suburb………………………residential area outside a large city.telecommunications……..Sending messages over long distances by using electronic means.temperance…………………Restraint in the use of or not using alcoholic beverages.tenement………………….. a run-down and often overcrowded apartment housetextile…………………………A fabric made by weaving or knitting

54

transcontinental…………..spanning or crossing a continenttreaty………………………… a formal agreement between two or more states in reference to peace,

alliance, commerce, or other international relationsurban………………………….Having to do with the city.urbanization…………………The movement of a population from farms to cities.The growing of cities.vocational education……..training for a specific trade or industryworld power………………….A nation or other political group having the power to

influence world events.

REGIONSNoncontiguous

Pacific Southwest Rocky mountains

Midwest Northeast Southeast

HawaiiAlaska

CaliforniaOregonWashington

ArizonaNew MexicoTexasOklahoma

NevadaUtahColoradoWyomingMontanaIdaho

N. DakotaS. DakotaNebraskaKansasMinnesotaIowaMissouriWisconsinMichiganIllinoisIndianaOhio

MaineNew HampshireVermontMassachusettsRhode IslandConnecticutNew YorkNew JerseyPennsylvania

MarylandDelawareVirginiaTennesseeWest VAKentuckyN. CarolinaS. CarolinaGeorgiaFloridaAlabamaMississippiLouisianaArkansas

CitiesNoncontiguous Northeast

Honolulu, Hawaii Boston, MassachusettsJuneau, Alaska New York City, New

YorkPacific Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Seattle, Washington Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania San Francisco, California Los Angeles, CaliforniaSouthwest

Santa Fe, Mexico

55

San Antonio, TexasRocky Mountains

Denver, ColoradoSalt Lake City, Utah

MidwestChicago, IllinoisDetroit, MichiganSt. Louis, Missouri

SoutheastNew Orleans, LouisianaAtlanta, GeorgiaWashington D.C.

56

57

58

59