jiron and hedstrom 1988 occurrence of fruit flies of the genera anastrepha and ceratitis

8/14/2019 Jiron and Hedstrom 1988 Occurrence of Fruit Flies of the Genera Anastrepha and Ceratitis

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Occurrence of Fruit Flies of the Genera Anastrepha and Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae), andTheir Host Plant Availability in Costa Rica

Author(s): Luis Fernando Jiron and Ingemar HedstrmSource: The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 62-73Published by: Florida Entomological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3494894.

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62 Florida Entomologist 71(1) March,1988OCCURRENCE OF FRUIT FLIES OF THE GENERAANASTREPHA AND CERATITIS(DIPTERA:TEPHRITIDAE),

AND THEIR HOSTPLANT AVAILABILITY IN COSTA RICA.Luis FERNANDOJIRONEscuelade Fitotecnia,Museo de Insectos, Universidadde CostaRica,CiudadUniversitariaRodrigoFacio, SanJose, CostaRica

ANDINGEMARHEDSTROMDepartmentof Zoology,Sectionof Entomology,

UppsalaUniversity,P.O. Box 561, S-751 22 Uppsala,SwedenandEscuelade Biologia, Universidadde CostaRica,CiudadUniversitariaRodrigoFacio, SanJose, CostaRicaABSTRACT

Collectionsof wild and cultivatedtropicalfruits were examinedfor infestationbyAnastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Diptera:Tephritidae).Of 440collections withat least 4 fruitsin each)from201 sites throughoutCostaRica,CentralAmerica,95%ofthe fruitflies (n= 4126)belonged o the generaAnastrepha A. obliqua,A. striata, A. serpentina,A. manihoti,A. pickeli, A. distincta,A. chiclayae,andA.fraterculus),while 4.7%were C.capitata.Anastrephaspp. had a strongpreference orhost plants withinthe samefamily.A. obliqua nfested92%of the attackedMangiferaindica (mango),87.5%of the Spondiasmombin(jobo),and 100% f the S. dulcis (Juneplum/goldenplum)andS. purpurea(Spanishplum)collections,all Anacardiaceae.A.striata was recovered from 97.8%of the infested Psidium guajava (commonguava),97%of the P. friedrichsthalianum(Costa Rican sour guava) and 100%of the P.savanarum (guiisaro)ollections; hese three host speciesbelongto the Myrtaceae.A.serpentinawas the dominantspecies in Sapotaceaehost plants, and it was recoveredfrom 100%of all infested Manilkara achras (zapote), and Pouteria cainito (yellowcaimito),and 98% of Chrysophyllumcainito (caimitomorado).A. manihoti and A.pickeliwere associatedwith Manihotesculenta(cassava) 45.8% nd54.2%nfestation,respectively).A. chiclayaeinfested 100%of the Passiflora quadrangularis granada)collections.A. distinctainfestedspeciesofInga (Fabaceae) xclusively.C. capitatawasthe only speciesoffruitflyrecovered romPrunuspersica(clingpeach).Theinfestationrates for C. capitatawere low (


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Jiron &Hedstrom:Fruit Flies in Costa Rica 63el 97.8% de las guayaba, Pisidium guajava infestadas, el 97% de P.friederichsthalianum y el 100%del gusaro, P. savanarum;estas tres especies hos-pederaspertenecen a la familiaMyrtaceae.A. serpentinafue la especie dominanteenplantas hospederas de la familiaSapotaceae,y se encontr6 en el 100%de todos loszapotes, Manilkaraachrasinfestados,el camaimito marillo,Pouteriacainito, y el 98%del caimitomorado,Chrysophyllum ainito. A. manihotiy A. puckeliestabanasociadoscon casave, Manihot esculenta (45.8%y 54.2% de infestaci6nrespectivamente).A.chiclayaeinfest6 el 100%de las muestras de granada,Passiflora quadranqularis.A.distincta infest6 exclusivamenteespecies de Inga (Fabaceae).C. capitatafue la uinicaespecie de mosca de frutas encontradaen el melocot6n,Prunxus ersica. El grado deinfestaci6nde C. capitata fuebajo(


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Jiron & Hedstrom:Fruit Flies in CostaRica 65taceae, is also attackedprimarilyby A. striata (97%).In the case of M. indica, A.obliquaoccurredmost often (92.7%).No data has been publishedon the infestationratefor wild or semi-wildAnastrepha host plants, but preliminary tudies on infestationrates forA. striata in different localities n Costa Rica show that as much as 92.5%ofcommonguavaand 97.5%of sourguavaare attacked (Jir6n,unpubl.data).The flies showed a markedpreferencefor certain plantfamilies (Table 1). An ex-treme exampleis A. distincta, whichinfested species of Inga (Fabaceae)exclusivelyand was the only fruit fly speciesfoundattacking he three species of Inga. Similarily,A. serpentinaappearsto prefer the family Sapotaceae.Data from Table2 support hehypothesisthat fruit flies prefer certainplant families.

FRUIT FLIESTable2 shows the annualocurrenceof adults and larvaeof eight species of Anas-trepha and Ceratitis associated with different host plants in Costa Rica. After a 19-month samplingperiod, we noticedthat the phenologyof plants may vary according olocal climatic conditions, which affect the physiology of different mango varieties(Hedstrom, et al. 1986). Many host plants are widely distributed throughoutCostaRica, i.e. M. indica, P. guajava andP. friedrichsthalianum,which allowedus to ob-serve the effects of climaticpatternson host phenology Table2).

A. obliquaWest Indies fruit fly.This speciesinfested M. indica, P. guajava, S. purpurea,S. mombinandS. dulcis.It was primarily ssociatedwith M. indica and Spondiasspp. (bothwild and cultivated)as shown n Table1. [Of91 samplesof attackedM. indicafrom69 localities,92.7%wereinfested by A. obliqua, 6.3% by C. capitata, and 0.1%by A. serpentina (Table1)].Individual ruitswere infested by only on fruit fly species. A. obliqua nfestsM. incicafrom May to September,but subsequently nfests otherhosts (Anacardiaceae)uch asS. purpurea.S. mombinandS. purpureawhich are used by growers as living fences.Fruits of S. purpureaare available o female flies fromApril to June (overlappingwithM. incica, Table1). Apparently, he same applies to S. dulcis.The populationdynamicsof A. obliqua dependson the variety of M. indica (Joel

1980, Guillo-Sosa t al. 1985,Soto-Manitiu t al., in press). Althoughmangovarietieswere not distinguishedn this study, the oneknown ocallyas "criollo" as never foundinfestedwith Anastrepha.Infestationof M. indica by fruit flies reaches 70% n Costa Rica (Soto-Manitiut.al. 1986).There is a peak shortlyafter the onset of the rainyseason(W. Umania, ers.comm.),whichsuggests that Anastrephaadults(mainlyA. obliqua)survives betweencropsas pupaeunderground.In ourlaboratory, ive adultsof A. obliquaemergedaftersome 200 days as pupaein dry dirt in a jar. In agreementwith previousauthors,wefoundthat A. obliqua s the most common ruitfly in mango (90%of infested fruits inCostaRica,Soto-Manitiu 986,andpresentin ten out of elevenvarietiesin Guatemala,Guillo-Sosa t al. 1984).In CentralAmericathis fly infests:Anacardium occidentaleL. (marani6n), nnona spp. (an6nas),Averrhoa carambolaL. (carambola), Citrusaurantium L. (naranjaagria), C. grandis (L.) Osbeck(toronja),Dovyalis hebecarpaWarb.(kitembila),Eriobotrya aponica (Thumb.)Lindl.(nispero),EugeniaunifloraL.(pitanga),Manilkaraachras(zapotecolorado),P. guajava,Spondias spp. y SyzygiumjambosL. (manzanaosa) (Soto-Manitiu, 986).We havesampled hese fruits andfoundlarvae,whichsuggests that A. obliquaprefersM. indica, S. purpureaand S. mombinin CostaRica.

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Jiron &Hedstrom:Fruit Flies in Costa Rica 69In addition,we observedmangocultivatedfrom5 m s.m. (Jicaral,Provinceof Pun-tarenas) to 1300m s.m. (San Rafael de Montesde Oca,Province of San Jose). Theselocalities are situated in the tropical dry and rain forests, respectively. In the firstregion, as well as in otherareas with well definedseasons(Aranjuez,Canias,Barranca,Esparza, Orotina, etc), mango is easily cultivated for commercialpurposes. On theotherhand, mango s adverselyaffectedby the climate n the tropicalrain forestareas,which have no predictabledry season. In these areas the floweringseasonof M. indicais not well defined, the pollengrainsbecome moist and sticky after a short periodofrain(Jir6nand Hedstrom1985),and the fruitsproduced reheavilyaffectedby anthrac-nose (a fungus disease) and/orby Anastrepha spp. and C. capitata.For these reasonsmost orchards of M. indica are located in central Costa Rica and the Province ofGuanacaste,whichrepresentthe most suitable areasclimaticallyor commercialmangoproduction Fig. 2a). Varietiesof M. indica differin their fruitingphenology,even in

the samelocality (Soto-Manitiut al. 1986).ConsequentlyM. indica fruits areavailablefromMarch o September, n manydifferent ocationsof Costa Rica.A. striata guavafruitfly.

The range of the guava fruit fly is the widest in the Anastrepha group, fromGuatemalan the north(Hedstrom1985) o Ecuador nthe south(Hedstrom1987).Thiscorrespondso the naturalrangeof Psidium (Myrtaceae),which he fly can nfest undermany climaticconditions voltinismvaries widelyas does the phenologyof P. guajava).We foundthis speciesfrom sea level (PlayaJunquillal,Provinceof Guanacaste)o 1510m s.m. (Monteverde,Province of Puntarenas).In 138samples of P. guajava from 94 localities 97.8%were infestedby A. striata,P. guajava, is infested occasionallyby A.obliqua (0.7%),A. fraterculus (Wiedemann)(0.7%)and C. capitata(0.7%) Table 1).A. striata infests P. guajava year-round,however, populationdynamicsdepend onthe geographicarea. Recentlywe found that in Guapiles,Province of Lim6n(tropicalwet forest), A. striata survives year-round n secondaryhosts, i.e. Persea americanaL. (avocado) Lauraceae),P. friedrichsthalianumand S. dulcis. As mentionedbefore,our samples showed that A. striata infests primarily hree species of Myrtaceae.A.striata was also foundin two other secondaryhosts, S. mombin and C. cainito (Table1 and 2).Commonguava may be the most widely distributedAnastrepha and/orCeratitishost plantin Costa Rica. It is most abundant n tropicalrain forest onCaribbean acingslopes.These donot have a pronounced ry season(Fig. 2b). Due to genetic variability,fruits support populationof A. striata throughout he year. Table 1 shows that about98%of the fruit flies on commonguava are A. striata. Occasionallywe found solatedguavatrees resistant to infestationby A. striata.On the otherhand, sourguava or "cas"has a restrictedrangein Costa Rica. It isnot grown commercially ue to high fruit fly infestation. Our data comefrom isolatedbut commercially xploitedtrees, sincewe knew of nolarge orchards.Consumersusu-ally accceptthese fruits even when a few larvae (that canbe removedmanually)arepresent.A. serpentinafruit fly.

We collected73samples,fromM. achras, C. cainito,C. nammosum andP. cainito,with infestationrates of 98-100%.ApparentlyA. serpentina prefers Sapotaceae ruitsin the tropicalwet (Provinceof Lim6n)and dry (Provinceof Guanacaste)orests. TheSapotaceae ruits were infestedprimarilywithA. serpentina n wet anddry zones. In



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jiron and hedstrom 1988 occurrence of fruit flies of the genera anastrepha and ceratitis

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