1

jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;

âUªâa beš rhFgo

rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdj;jpy; ,s ehw;iw mjpf ,ilbtspapy;

rJu elt[ bra;J fisf;fUtp cgnahfpj;J tpisr;riy mjpfhpf;Fk; khw;W bey;gaph; rhFgo Kiw

Kidth; jp. K. jpahfuh#d;

ntshz;ikf; fy;Y]hp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epiyak; fps;spf;Fsk;, ty;yehL -628 252 J]j;Jf;Fo khtl;lk;, jkpH;ehL

2

mzpe;Jiu

jkpH;ehl;oy; bey; xU Kf;fpa czt[g; gapuhfg; gaphplg;gl;L tUfpwJ. jkpHfj;jpy; epyt[k; jl;gbtg;g epiyfs; kw;Wk; kz; tiffs; bey; rhFgof;F cfe;jjhf mike;Js;sJ. Rkhh; 21 yl;rk; vf;lh; epyg;gug;gpy; bew;gaph; rhFgo bra;ag;gl;L 72 yl;rk; ld; bey; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.

jw;bghGJ gUtkiH bgha;g;gjhYk; epyj;jo ePh; kpFjpahf cgnahfg;gLj;jg;gLtjhYk; , mz;il khepy';fspy; ,Ue;J ekf;F fpilf;f ntz;oa ePh; rhpahff; fpilf;fg; bgwhjjhYk; , bew;gapUf;Fj; njitahd ePh;ts Mjhu';fs; Fiwe;J bfhz;nl tUfpd;wd. nkYk; , tpiue;J khwptUk; cyfr; R{Hypy;, ghjpf;fg;gLk; ,aw;if ts';fs;, bgUfp tUk; kf;fl;bjhif gaph;fspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; epiyapd;ik, mjpfhpj;J tUk; cw;gj;jpr; bryt[ fhuzkhf R{H;epiyf;nfw;g khWgl;l bey; rhFgo bjhHpy; El;g';fis ifahs ntz;oa epiy mtrpakhfpwJ.

nkw;Twpa R{H;epiyapy; tHf;fkhf filg;gpof;fg;gLk; bey; rhFgo bjhHpy; El;gj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf, jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwfshd rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdj;jpy; ,s ehw;Wf;fis mjpf ,ilbtspapy; rJu elthf elt[ bra;tJ fis vLf;Fk; fUtp bfhz;L fisfis bey; taypy; ,aw;if cukhf cgnahfpg;gJ, ,iy epw ml;il _ykhf gaphpd; njitf;nfw;g kl;Lk; jiHr;rj;J cuj;ij nkYukhf ,LtJ _ykhf tpisr;riy mjpfhpf;Fk; khw;W bew;gaph; rhFgo Kiw gw;wp ,f;ifnal;oy; bjspthff; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cHth; bgUkf;fs; ,f;ifnal;oy; bjhFj;J mspf;fg;gl;l jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo El;g';fis fhyj;nj mwpe;J mitfis j';fs; tay; epy';fspy; Kiwahff; filg;gpoj;J cah; tpisr;ry; bgw md;g[ld; nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

,f;ifnal;il bjhFj;jspj;j fps;spFsk;, ntshz;ikf; fy;Y]hp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epiya Kjy;th; Kidth; jp. K. jpahfuh#d; mth;fSf;F vdJ ghuhl;Lf;fs;.

nfhak;g[j;J]h; rp. uhkrhkp 17.07.2003 Jiznte;jh;

Kidth;. rp. uhkrhkp Jiznte;jh; jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; nfhak;g[j;J]h; - 641 003

3

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo

eilKiwapy} ,Ue;J tUk; bey; rhFgo Kiwfspy; rpy khw;wq;fisf; bfhz ;l g[jpa Kiw

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo vjw;fhf? rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdk; _yk; ghrd ePh; jl;Lg;ghl;il Fiwf;Fk; cj;jpahf kz;zpy;

fhw;nwhl;lj;ija[k; Ez;Qaph; bray;ghl;oida[k; nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jiHr;rj;J njitiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf bey;Yld; tsUk; fisfis ,aw;if cukhf khw;Wtjw;fhf tpij bey;ypd; msit btFthf Fiwg;gjw;fhf bey;Yld; tsUk; fisfis ,aw;if cukhf khw;Wtjw;fhf tpij bey;ypd; msit btFthf Fiwg;gjw;fhf jpUe;jpa Kiwfspd; Tl;Lg; gadhy; tpisr;ry; mjpfkhfp mjpf ,yhgk; bgw mog;gil vz;zf;fU

bey; brofSf;F ,ilna mjpf ,ilbtsp ,Ue;jhy; nth;fs; ed;F tsh;fpd;wd.

kz;zpy; fhw;nwhl;lKk;, Ez;Qaph;fSk; mjpfhpg;gjhy; bew;gaph; ed;F tsh;fpd;wJ

bey; ePh; thH; jhtuky;y. ePiuj;njf;fp itj;jhy;jhd; mjpf tpisr;ry; vd;gJ

cz;ikay;y. fisfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj;jhd; ePh; njf;fp itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

bey;Yf;F rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdk; Vd;?

ePh; tWikapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jkpH; ehl;oy;/ ntshz;ikf;fhf fpilf;ff; Toa ePhpd; mst[ nkd; nkYk; Fiwe;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. kw;w gaph;fis tpl ePhpd; njit bey;Yf;F (3-4 kl§F) mjpfkhFk;. jkpH;ehl;od; bkhj;j ePh;g;ghrdj;jpy; 80% bey;Yf;F cgnahfg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. Mifahy;, ve;j tifapyhtJ bey;;Yf;F brytplg;gLk; ePhpd; msit (cw;gj;jpiag; ghjpf;fhky;) Fiwf;f Koe;jhy; nrkpj;j ePiu gpw cgnahfj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;syhk;.

4

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;;fs;

t. vz;

mk;rk; jw;nghija rhFgo jpUe;jpa rhFgo

1. ehw;W taJ 21-30 ehl;fs; 13-15 ehl;fs;

2. elt[ ,ilbtsp 15 x 10 br. kP (fhh; / FWit) 20 x 10 br. kP

(jhso / gprhdk;)

20 x 20 br. kP

3. ePh; nkyhz;ik 5 br. kP cauj;jpw;F Kjypy; gha;r;rpa ePh; Kw;wpYk; kz; gug;gpypUe;J kiwe;j kWehs; kWgoa[k; 5 br.kPP. fl;Ljy;

2-2.5 br. kP cauj;jpw;F ePh; fl;Ljy.; gP ;R fl;Lk; gUtk; tiu : Kjypy; fl;oa ePh; toe;J kz;zpd; nky; gug;gpy; rpW fPuy; btog;g[fs; njhd;wpa gpd; kWKiw ePh; fl;Ljy; gP ;R fl;Lk; gUtj;jpw;F gpd; : Kjypy; fl;oa ePh; kiwe;j gpd; kz;izf; fha tplhky; kWgoa[k; ePh; fl;Ljy;

4. jiHr;rj;J eph;thfk;

rpghhpR bra;j jiHr;rj;ij gphpj;J ,Ljy;

,iyepw ml;ilia cgnahfpj;J gapUf;Fj; njitahd nghJ kl;Lk; nkYukhf jiHr;rj;ij ,Ljy;.

5. fis nkyhz;ik el;;l 3-5k; ehspy; fisf; bfhy;;;yp cgnahfpj;J

(my;yJ) el;l 15-k; ehs; iff;fis vLj;jy; ; gpd; 30-35k; ehs; iff;fis vLj;jy;

fisf;fUtpia, el;l gpwF 10-12 ehs; ,ilbtspapy; 4 Kiw elt[ thpirf;fpilna FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf cgnahfpj;jy;.

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo nfhl;ghLfs; Fiwe;j taJ ehw;Wfis fhyk; jhH;j;jhJ elt[ bra;jy;.

XU Fj;Jf;F xU ehw;iw rJu Kiwapy; mjpf ,ilbtspapy; eLjy;.

rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdk;.

fisfis mHpg;gjw;Fk; kz;Zf;F fhw;nwhl;lk; fpilg;gjw;Fk; cUSk; fisf;fUtp

cgnahfpj;jy;.

Koe;j mst[f;F ,aw;if cuq ;fis cgnahfpg;gJ.

,iy epw ml;il cgnahfpj;J gaphpd; njitf;nfw;g kl;Lk; jiHr;rj;J cukpLtJ.

jpUe;jpa Kiwahy; gapUf;F Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

mjpf J]h;fs; mjpf nth; tsh;r;rp fjph; Kw;Wk; rkaj;jpy; mjpf gr;ir ,iyg;gug;g[ mjpf kzpfSld; mjpf fjph;fs;

mjpf ,ilbtsp ,Ug;gjhy;/ mjpf fhw;W/ R{hpa xsp

Mfpad brofSf;F jilapd;wp fpilf;Fk;

5

tpij bey;iy bjhpt[ bra;jy;

rhd;wpjH; bgw;w tpijfisna cgnahfpf;f ntz;Lk;

cg;g[ ePh;f;fiurypy; ( xU fpnyh rikay; cg;ig 10 ypl;lh; ePhpy; fiuj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;) tpijfis nghl;L kpjf;Fk; tpijfis ePf;fptpl;L mkpH;e;jpUf;Fk; ey;y tpijfisf; fGtp vLj;Jf; bfhs;st[k;.

bey; ,ufq;fs;

mhprp juk; fhh; / FWit

(105-115 ehl;fs;) jhso / gprhdk; (125-135 ehl;fs;)

ePz;l rd;dk; mk;ig 20 MLJiw 38, nfh 45 kj;jpa rd;dk; mk;ig 18, MLJiw 36,

MLJiw 43 MLJiw 39, nfh 43, I. Mh;. 20 , bts;is bghd;dp

Fl;il rd;dk; --- mk;ig 19 Fl;il gUkd; mk;ig 16, o. nf. vk;. 9 ---

tPhpa xl;L ,ufk; MLJiw tPhpa xl;L 1 nfhit tPhpa xl;L 2

tpij mst[

xU Vf;fh; elt[ taYf;F 3 fpnyh (vf;lUf;F 7.5 fpnyh ) tpij kl;Lnk nghJkhdJ. njitg;gLk; tpij mst[ (Xg;gPL)

g[jpa Kiw jw;nghija Kiw

fhh; / FWit jhso / gprhdk; elt[ tay; gug;g[

Fj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

(1)

tpij vil

(2)

Fj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

(3) tpij vil

Fj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

(4)

tpij vil

1 rJu kPl;lh;

25 500 kp. fp 66.6 2.66 fpuhk; 50 2 fpuhk;

1 brd;l; 1,000 20 fpuhk; 2,644 106.4 fpuhk; 2,000 80 fpuhk; 1 Vf;fh; 1,00,000 2 fpnyh 2,66,400 10.64 fpnyh 2,00,000 8 fpnyh 1 vf;lh; 2,50,000 5 fpnyh 6,66,000 26.6fpnyh 5,00,000 20 fpnyh

(1) xU bey; tpij xU ehw;W kl;Lnk (20 x 20 br. kP. ,ilbtsp) (2) xU bey; tpij vil ruhrhpahf 20 kpy;yp fpuhk; ,Uf;Fk; (3) xU Fj;Jf;F 2 ehw;Wf;fs; kl;Lnk (15 x 10 br. kP. ,ilbtsp) (4) xU Fj;Jf;F 2 ehw;Wf;fs; kl;Lnk (20 x 15 br. kP. ,ilbtsp)

tpij neh;j;jp kw;Wk; Kis fl;Ljy;

xU Vf;fUf;F njitahd 3 fpnyh tpija[ld; tpijg;gjw;F Kd;g[ 30 fpuhk; R{nlhnkhdh!; g[Snuhrd;!; vd;w caph; g[{rzf;bfhy;yp bfhz;L tpij neh;j;jp bra;at[k;.

Mnuhf;fpakhd ehw;W ey;y tpif bey;ypypUe;J jhd;

fpilf;fpwJ

6

,t; tpijapid 24 kzp neuk; jz;zPhpy; Cwitj;J gpd;g[ ,Ul;L miwapy; 24 kzp neuk; itj;jpUe;J Kis fl;l ntz;Lk;.

tpijg;gjw;F Kd;g[ Kisf;fl;oa tpijapid xU ghf;bfl; mnrh!;ighpy;yk; caph;

cuj;Jld; fye;J tpij neh;j;jp bra;a ntz;Lk;. ehw;wq;fhy; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapy; gjp_d;W Kjy; gjpide;J taJila ehw;Wf;fis cgnahfpf;f ntz;oa[s;sJ. ,jw;fhd ehw;wq;fhiy me;je;j kz; R{H;epiyf; nfw;g cUthf;fyhk;. Mdhy;, ftdj;jpy; bfhs;s ntz;oa fUj;J vd;dbtd;why; ehw;Wf;fs; ehw;W nkilapypUe;J kpff; FWfpa mtfhrj;jpy; elt[ taYf;F vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gl;L elg;glntz;Lk;. mjw;nfw;wthW elt[ taypd; mUfpnyh my;yJ elt[ taypd; Xuj;jpnyh ehw;W nkil mikf;f ntz;Lk;. Xt;bthU ehw;Wk; ed;F tsu tpij msit Fiwj;J ehw;WfSf;fpilna ,ilbtsp ,Uf;FkhW tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.

ehw;wq;fhy; jahhpg;g[ elt[ taypd; Xuj;jpy; 1 x 5 kP. mst[s;s vl;L nkilfis mUfpypUf;Fk; kz;iz vLj;J cUthf;f ntz;Lk;. nkilfis jFe;j ,ilbtspapy; cUthf;Fk;nghJ ,ilna ,Uf;Fk; kz;iz btl;o vLj;J nkilia mikf;fntz;Lk;. epyg;gug;g[f;F 5 br. kPP. cauk; nkil mike;j gpd; nkilnky; ghypjPd; jhisnah (m) gphpj;j cur; rhf;Ffisnah gug;gp tpl ntz;Lk;. gpwF ehw;W nkil xd;Wf;F 95 fpuhk; tPjk; 8 ehw;W nkilfSf;Fj; njitahd 760 fpuhk; o.V.gp. cuj;ij ed;F bgho bra;J kz;Qld; fye;J ehw;W nkilfspy; 4 br. kP. cauj;jpw;F epug;gp tpl ntz;Lk;. gpd; _q;fpy; Fr;rpfis nkil Xuq;fspy; gLf;ifapy; Cd;wptpl;lhy; kz; nkil Xuq;fspypUe;J fiue;J tplhky; ,Uf;Fk;. gpwF Kis fl;oa tpijia (xt;bthU 5 r. kP. nkilf;Fk; 375 fpuhk; tpij) gutyhf tpijf;f ntz;Lk;. ehw;W nkilia fha;e;j kz; bfhz;L jahhpj;jhy; tpijj;jgpd;, tpijfs; _oapUf;FkhW 1 br. kP. cauj;jpw;F kz;iz J]tp tplyhk;. g[{thsp bfhz;L ePh; bjspf;fyhk;. (my;yJ) Rw;wpapUf;Fk; gs;sq;fspy; ePh; epug;gyhk;. nkil nrw;why; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; tpijfis nrw;wpy; bjspj;J nkiliar; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; gs;sq;fspy; ePh; fl;o itf;f ntz;Lk;. gpwF, ehw;wq ;fhiy tHf;fkhd Kiwapy; guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;.

; Vf;fUf;F 3 fpnyh tpij kl;Lk; njitbad;gjhy; xU Vf;fh; elt[f;Fj; njitahd ehw;Wf;fis xU brd;l; (40 rJu kPl;lh;) ehw;W nkilapy; jahhpf;fyhk;. 1 x 5 kP. mstpyhd 8 ehw;W nkilfis cUthf;fp xt;bthU 5 r. kP. nkilapYk; 375 fpuhk; (Kis fl;Lk; Kd; vil) tpijia Kisf;fl;oagpd; gutyhf tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.

jpUe;jpa ehw;W nkil

7

ehw;W nkilia tpijg;gjw;F 10 ehl;fSf;F Kd; jahhpf;f Koe;jhy; ed;F kf;fpa bjhG cuj;ij tHf;fkhd mst[ nghlyhk;.

tpijj;j gpd; bjd;id Xiyfs; bfhz;L nkilfis _otpl;L, _d;whk; ehs;

vLj;J tplyhk;. ehw;Wnkil kz; tskhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; nkYuk; ,lj;njitapy;iy. tpijj;j xU

thuj;jpw;F gpd; ehw;W tsh;r;rp Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; 0.5 rj a[{hpah fiuriy (50 fpuhk; a[{hpahit 10 ypl;lh; ePhpy; fiuf;f ntz;Lk;) g[{thsp bfhz;L bjspf;fyhk;.

g[{thsp bfhz;nlh, Rw;wpa[s;s gs;sq;fspy; ePh; gha;r;rpnah, ePh; nkyhz;ik

njitf;nfw;g nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

ehw;W nkilia cyh;e;j kz;zhnyh / bjhHp kz;zhnyh cUthf;fyhk;

bjhHp kz;zhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;

ehw;W nkil cyh;e;j kz;zhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;

ehw;W nkil

tHf;fkhd ehw;w§fhy; lghf; (gha;) ehw;w§fhy;

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo ehw;W nkil

8

elt[ tay; jahhpg;g[

elt[ tay; jahhpg;gpy; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgof;fhd khw;w§fs; VJk; ,y;iy

elt[f;F gj;J ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghf elt[ taypy; Vf;fUf;F 5 ld; ed;F kf;fpa bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; cuj;ij rPuhf gug;gp ePh; gha;r;rp nrW cHt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd; taiy ,uz;L my;yJ _d;W Kiw cHt[ bra;J njitahd mstpw;F bjhHp fpilf;FkhW bra;at[k;. filrp cHtpd; nghJ ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l kzpr;rj;J cuk; kw;Wk; 50 tpGf;fhL rhk;gy; rj;J cuk; ,l ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;g[ taiy ed;F rkd; gLj;jp 2.5 br. kP. cauj;jpw;F ePh; epWj;jt[k;.

taypd; tug;g[ Xuj;jpy; cl;g[wkhf 15 br. kP. MHk;; kw;Wk; 15 br. kP. mfyj;jpw;F tofhy; tha;f;fhy; mikf;ft[k;.

ehw;W elt[ gjp_d;W Kjy; gjpide;J ehl;fs; taJila ehw;Wf;fis elt[f;F cgnahfpf;f ntz;Lk;. ehw;W gwpf;Fk; bghGJ jdpj;jdpahf vLf;fhky; gj;ijfshf elt[ taYf;F vLj;J brd;W elt[ taypy; elt[f;F trjpahf Mq;fhq;nf itj;Jf; bfhs;st[k;.

Fiwe;j tajpy; eLtjhy; ehw;Wf;fs; tskhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. Mfnt, ehw;W nkil gug;g[ mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ehw;Wf;fSf;fpilna ey;y ,ilbtsp ,Uf;Fk;.

jw;nghija fhh; / FWit elt[

jw;nghija gprhdk; / jhso elt [

g[jpa Kiw elt[ (vy;yh gUtj;jpw;Fk;)

15 x 10 br. kP

20 x 10 br. kP

20 x 20 br. kP

tHf;fj;jpy; cs;s ehw;W gwpf;Fk; Kiw

jpUe;jpa ehw;W nkilapypUe;J ehw;Wfis kz;nzhL

gj;ijahf vLj;jy;

9

ehw;Wfis gj;ijfspypUe;J gphpj;J vLj;J 20 x 20 br. kP ,ilbtspapy; xt;bthU ehw;whf rJu elthf elntz;Lk;. nth;fs; nky; nehf;fp ,y;yhky; (gLf;ifahf ,Uf;fyhk;) 3 br. kP. MHj;jpw;F kpfhky; nkyhf elt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW elt[ bra;tjw;F elt[f; fapw;wpy; 20 br. kP. ,ilbtspapy;

milahsj;jpw;F fyh; Jz;Lj; Jzpfisf; fl;o, elt[f; fapw;iw 20 br. kP. vd;w mstpy; khw;wp khw;wp nghl;L elt[ bra;a[k; bghGJ 20 x 20 br. kP. vd;w mstpy; ,ilbtsp mika[k;. fisf;fUtp cgnahfpg;gJ mtrpakhjyhy; thpir rJu elt[ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

ePh; nkyhz;ik

2-2.5 br. kP. cauk; ePh; fl;o, gpd; kz;zpd; nky; gug;gpy; ,nyrhd fPuy; btog;g[fs; njhd;wpagpd; kWgoa[k; 2-2.5 br. kP. ePh; fl;l ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwia gP;R fl;Lk; gUtk; tiu kl;Lk; bra;antz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;, mWtilf;F Kd;g[ tiu, 2-2.5 br. kP. ePh; fl;o kz;zpd; nkw;gug;gpy; ePh; kiwe;jgpd; kz;izf; fha tplhky; kWgoa[k; mnj mst[ ePh; fl;l ntz;Lk;.

ehw;Wf;fis kz;Qld; gj;ijahf vLj;Jr; brd;W eLk;nghJ kl;Lk; gphpj;J eLtjhy; ehw;Wf;fspd; ,lkhw;wk; Jhpjkhf Vw;gLfpwJ. jw;nghija Kiwapy; ehw;iw gphpj;J fl;L fl;o taYf;F bfhz;L eLtjw;F mjpf mtfhrk; njit. ,e;j ePz;;l ,ilbtspia Fiwg;gnj g[jpa rhFgoapd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.

tHf;fkhf ehw;Wf; fl;Lfis gug;gp itj;jy;

ehw;W gj;ijfis elt[ taypy; itj;jy;

tHf;fkhd elt[

rJu elt[

10

ePh; ghrd xg;gPL (xU Vf;fUf;F)

jw;nghija Kiw g[jpa Kiw tptuk;

fhh; / FWit gprhdk; / jhso fhh; / FWit gprhdk; / jhso ghrd vz;zpf;if 21 14 18 11 bkhj;j ghrd ePust[ (fdkPl;lh;/Vf;fh;) gaph;fhyj;jpy;

5278 4667 3315 2637

bkhj;j ePh; cgnahfk; gaph; fhyj;jpy; bga;a[k; kiHiag; bghUj;J ghrd ePust[ khWgLk;

jw;nghija ePh; nkyhz;ik Kiw vd;gJ 5 br. kP. cauk; ePh; fl;o gpd; kz;zpd;

nkw;gug;gpy; ePh; kiwe;j xU ehs; fHpj;J kWgoa[k; 5 br. kP. ePh; fl;LtJ.

fis eph;thfk;

jw;nghija Kiw

el;l 3-5 ehl;fspy; fisf; bfhy;yp ,l;L el;l 30-35 ehl;fspy; iff;fis vLj;jy; ( my;yJ )

el;l 15-20 kw;Wk; 30-35 ehl;fspy;; iff;fis vLj;jy; jpUe;jpa Kiw

cUSk; fisf;fUtp (nuhl;lhp tPlh;) bfhz;L el;l 10-12, 20-22, 30-32, 40-42 ehl;fspy; brofSf;F Cnl FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf cgnahfpj;jy;.

fisfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mit me;j taYf;nf ,aw;if cukhft[k;

khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

cUSk; fisf;fUtp kz;izg; gpul;o tpLtjhy; fhw;nwhl;lk; fpilf;fpwJ.

kz;zpy; nky; gug;gpy; ,nyrhd btog;g[fs; Vw;gl;lhy; fhw;nwhl;lk; nkk;gLk;

fisfs; epyj;ij tpl;L gwpj;J btspnaw;wg; gLfpd;wd. mit vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;. Cl;lr; rj;JfSk; btspnaWfpd;wd.

eilKiw ePh;g;ghrdk; rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdk;

11

kz;zpYs;s Ez;Qaph;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg; gLfpd;wd.

nkYuk; ,Lk; rkaj;jpy;, cukpl;lgpd; fisf;fUtpis cgnahfpf;f tha;g;g[s;sjhy; cuq;fs; kz;zpy; fye;J cgnahfj; jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

rPuhd mst[ ePh; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ fisf;fUtpia cgnahfpf;f ,yFthf ,Uf;Fk;.

fis eph;thfr; bryt[ (Vf;fUf;F)

t. vz;

rhFgo Kiw njitahd Ml;fs;

(vz;) Ml; bryt[

(%) bghUs;

(%) bkhj;jk;

(%) jw;nghija Kiw m) fisf; bfhy;;yp + iff;fis vLj;jy;

12 1/2 900 180 1080

1.

M) iff;fis ,UKiw 24 1728 -- 1728 2. jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo 8 576 -- 576

xt;bthU Kiw fisf;fUtp cgnahfpf;f Vf;fUf;F 2-3 Ml;fs; njit. cUSk; fisf;fUtpapd; tpiy Rkhh; %. 300

fisf;fUtpia bgz;fSk; cgnahfpf;fyhk;.

fisf;fUtp cgnahfpj;jy;

fisf;fUtp cgnahfpj;j kz;zpd; nkw; gug;g[

12

Cl;lr;rj;J nkyhz;ik

gaph; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ey;y tpisr;rYf;Fk; jFe;j mstpy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; gapUf;Ff;fpilf;f ntz;Lk;. taypy; cs;s kz;zpypUe;J gapUf;Fj; njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; fpilf;fhbjd;why; cuq;fs; _ykhf mspj;jhf ntz;Lk;. Koe;j mst[f;F ,aw;if cuq;fis (bjhGcuk;, gRe;jhSuk; nghd;wit) cgnahfpj;J njitahd ,urhad cuq;fis ,LtJ xUq;fpize;j Cl;lr;rj;J nkyhz;ikahFk;.

bey;iyg; bghWj;jtiu iel;u#d; (jiHr;rj;J), ˜gh!;gu!; (kzpr;rj;J),

bghl;lhrpak; (rhk;gy; rj;J) kw;Wk; #pq ;f; (Jj;jehfk;) Mfpait Kf;fpa Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; MFk;.

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapy; jiHr;rj;J nkyhz;ik khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ jiHr;rj;ijnah my;yJ kz; ghpnrhjid mog;gilapy; rpghhpR bra;ag;gLk; jiHr;rj;J msitnah ,lhky;, gapUf;Fj; njitahf ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk nkYukhf jiHr;rj;ij mspf;Fk; ,e;j bjhHpy;El;gk; ,iy epw ml;ilia cgnahfg;gLj;jp bra;ag;gLtjhFk;. ,iy epw ml;il cgnahfpj;J bew;gaphpy; njitf;nfw;w jiHr;rj;J cu eph;thfk;

,iy epw ml;ilia Vd; cgnahfpf;f ntz;Lk;?

bey; cw;gj;jpapy; jiHr;rj;J cuk; xU gpujhdkhd ,L bghUshFk;. rkr;rPuw;w kw;Wk; rhpapy;yhj jUzj;jpy; jiHr;rj;J ,Ltjhy; eP;ir bew;gaphpy; jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj;jpwd; FiwtJld; jiHr;rj;J tpuaKk; mjpfkfpwJ. Vdnt, bew;gapUf;F mjd; njitf;nfw;g jiHr;rj;J ,Ltjw;Fk;, btspr;R{Hypy; jiHr;rj;J tpuaj;ijf; Fiwf;ft[k; g[jpa bjhHpy; El;gq;fs; njit. bey; gaphpLk; cHth;fs; jiHr;rj;J eph;thfj;jpy; jPh;t[fhz ,q;;; ;nf vspjhd brytpy;yhj cgfuzk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,iy epw ml;il vd;why; vd;d?

,iyepw ml;il vd;gJ vspjhd RygKiwapy; gad;gLj;jf; Toa brytpy;yhj cgfuzkhFk;. mJ bew;gaphpd; ,iyfspYs;s jiHr;rj;J epiya[ld; bjhlh;g[[ bfhz;l ,iyepwr; brwpt[. ,e;j ml;ilapy; gr;irepwk; 1-ypUe;J 6-tiuapy; ntWgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,iy epw ml;ilia vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ?

1. el;l 14-k; ehs; Kjy; g[{f;Fk; gUtk; tiu ,iy epw ml;ilia gad;gLj;jp FwpaPl;il vLf;f ntz;Lk;.

2. rPuhd gaph; vz;zpf;ifa[s;s taypy; neha; jhf;fhj ,iyapd; epwr;brwpt[ xU

Fwpg;gpl;l mst[f;F nky; ,Ue;jhy; gaphpy; njitahd jiHr;rj;J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

13

bghUs;. Vdnt, nkYuk; ,lj; njitapy;iy. Mdhy;, epwr;brwpt[ Fwpg;gpl;l mstpf;F fPnH ,Ue;jhy;, nkYuk; ,lntz;Lk; vd;gij bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

3. gj;J brofis mq;bfhd;Wk; ,q;bfhd;Wkhf njh;t[ bra;J xt;bthU broapYk;

ed;F glh;e;J tphpe;j nky; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s ,iyfis njhpt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. (nkyp;Ue;J _d;whtJ ,iy bghUj;jkhdJ).

4. ,iyapd; eLg;gFjpia ,iyepw ml;ilapy;

itj;J epwj;ij xg;g[ik bra;a ntz;Lk;. ,iyapd; epwk; ,uz;L epwr; brwpt[f;F ,ilapy; ,Ue;jhy; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ruhrhp kjpg;ig vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

5. ,iyia fps;snth nrjg;gLj;jnth TlhJ. 6. ,iyia epwk;; ghh;g;gthpd; epHypy; itj;J xg;g[ik bra;a ntz;Lk;. ,y;iybadpy;

R{hpa xspapd; jhf;fk; ,iyepwf; FwpaPl;il ghjpf;Fk;. 7. Xt;bthU Kiwa[k; xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; ,iyepw ml;il FwpaPl;L mst[fis

xg;g[nehf;Fjy; ey;yJ.

8. ,e;j Kiwia 7 Kjy; 10 ehl;fs; ,ilbtspapy; filgpof;f ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ)

Fwpg;gpl;l tsh;r;rp epiyapy; (Muk;g rpk;g[ btof;Fk; epiy, jpwk;gl;l rpk;g[ btof;Fk; neuk;, fjph; cUthFk; neuk; kw;Wk; g[{f;Fk; gUtk;) vLf;f ntz;Lk;. mjw;F jFe;jhw;nghy; njitahd jiHr;rj;ij mspf;f ntz;Lk;. (ml;ltiziag; ghh;f;ft[k;)

,iyepw ml;il fzf;fpLk; Fzq;fs;

Fiwe;j taJs;s ,ufq;fs;

(100-110 ehl;fs;)

eLj;ju kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy ,ufq;fs;

(130-150 ehl;fs;) mstpLjy; (,ilbtsp ehl;fs;) 7 10 mstpLk; fhyk; el;l gpd; 14-65 ehl;fs;

(g[{f;Fk; gUtk; tiu) el;l gpd; 15-90 ehl;fs; (g[{f;Fk; gUtk; tiu)

9. bkhj;jk; 10 ,iyfspy; 5 ,iyfs; fPH;fhQk; njh;r;rp vz;izg; bgw;why; mspf;f ntz;oaJ.

30 fpnyh jiHr;rj;J (66 fpnyh a[{hpah vf;lUf;F gprhdk; / jhso – rk;gh

gUtj;jpw;F)

30 fpnyh jiHr;rj;J (76 fpnyh a[{hpah vf;lUf;F fhh; – FWit gUtj;jpw;F)

14

,ufk; njh;r;rp vz; bts;isg; bghd;dp nghd;w rd;d ,uf';fs; 3 gpw ,uf';fs; 4

Fwpg;g[:- vdpDk; me;je;j gFjpf;nfw;w FwpaPL mstpLjy;

vg;bghGJk; mtrpak;. mjw;bfd btt;ntW ,iyepw ml;il mstPLfis gad;gLj;jp nrhjid bra;tJ ey;yJ.

,iy epw ml;il jw;nghJ ,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpiy Rkhuhf %. 30 MFk;. tptrhapfSf;F vspjhff; fpilf;f Vw;ghL bra;ag;gl;L tUfpwJ.

kzp, rhk;gy; kw;Wk; Jj;jehfr; rj;Jfspd; mst[

fhh; – FWit gprhdk; – jhso rj;Jf;fs; (fpnyh / Vf;fUf;F)

kzpr;rj;J 15 20 rhk;gy; rj;J 15 20 Jj;jehf rj;J 10 10 (rhk;gy; rj;ij jiHr;rj;Jld; nrh;j;J ,Ltjhy; ey;y gad; fpilf;Fk;)

,aw;if cu';fs;

bjhG cuk; - Vf;fUf;F 5 ld;

(my;yJ)

gRe;jhs; cuk; - Vf;fUf;F 2.5 ld; Ez;Qaph; cuk; - Vf;fUf;F 4 ghf;bfl; Ez;Qaph; cuk;

ehd;F ghf;bfl; mnrh!;ighpy;yk; Ez;Qaph; cuj;ij 10 fpnyh bjhG cuk; kw;Wk; 10 fpnyh kz;Qld; fye;J eLk; Kd; gutyhf J]tp tpl ntz;Lk;.

,iy tHp cuk;

,uz;L rjk; o.V.gp. + 1 rjk; a[{hpah + 1 rjk; bghl;lh\; fiuriy (Vf;fUf;F 200 ypl;lh;) gP;R fl;Lk; gUtj;jpy; xU Kiwa[k;, 15 ehl;fSf;F gpd; kWKiwa[k; bjspg;gjhy; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

jpUe;jpa Kiwahy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fs;

,staJ ehw;W brofSf;F ,ilna mjpf ,ilbtsp, gha;r;rYk; fha;r;rYkhd ePh;g;ghrdk;, fisfis mGj;jp kz;izf; fpswp tpLjy; Mfpa jpUe;jpa nkyhz;ik Kiwfshy; Tl;Lg;gad;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

15

kz;zpy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fs;

kz;zpy; ePh; nj';fhky; nky;gug;ig cyu tpLtjhYk; fisf;fUtp bfhz;L

kz;izf; fpswp tpLtjhYk; fhw;nwhl;l trjp Vw;gLfpd;wJ

gh!;ngh ngf;Ohpah, mnrh!;ighpy;yk; nghd;w Ez;Qaph;fspd; vz;zpf;if

mjpfkhfpd;wJ

gapUf;F Vw;gLk; tpist[fs;

,sehw;iw eLtjhy; tpiuthf mjpf J]h;fs;

gpof;fpwJ

mjpf nth;fs;; tsh;r;rp

mjpf ,iyg;gug;g[, Kf;fpakhf fjph; Kw;Wk; gUtfhyj;jpy; mjpf gr;ir ,iyg;gug;g[ ,Ug;gjhy; gjh; ,y;yhj ed;F Kw;wpa kzpfs; cz;lhfpwJ.

mjpf nth;fspdhYk;, mjpf Ez;Qaph;

bray;ghl;odhYk; Vw;gLk; khw;w';fs; fhuzkhf mjpfg;goahf Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; vLj;Jf;bfhz;L gaph;fs; ey;y tsh;r;rp milfpd;wd.

rhFgo brytpy; tpist[fs;

Rkhh; 50 rjtPfpjk; ePh; nrkpg;g[

ehw;w';fhy; brytpy; Fiwg;g[

fisf;bfhy;yp njitapy;iy

fisbaLf;Fk; bryt[ Fiwt[

tpisr;ry;

jpUe;jpa nkyhz;ik Kiwfshy; Vw;gLk; Tl;Lr; braw;ghl;lhy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; Vf;fUf;F 7 _l;il bey; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;. ,ij tpl mjpf gad; fpilf;ft[k; tha;g;g[s;sJ.

jhkpuguzpg; ghrdg; gFjpapy; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo SRI vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; “System of Rice Intensification” ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kiwahf

jkpH;ehl;oy; 2001-02 tay;btsp Muha;r;rp _yk;; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,t;thuha;r;rpapy;, bew;gaphpd; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpj;jJld;, ghrd ePh;, tpijast[ kw;Wk; ntiyahl;fspd;

fisf;fUtp cgnahfpf;fhjJ

fisf;fUtp cgnahfpj;jJ

nth;fs; tsh;r;rp

fisf;fUtp cgnahfpj;jJ

fisf;fUtp cgnahfpf;fhjJ

16

njita[k; Fiwe;jijf; fz;L, jkpH;ehL muR jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwfis jkpH;ehl;oy; bray;gLj;j Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpjkhf 25 yl;rk; %gha; brytpy; xU jpl;lj;jpid Vw;Wf;bfhz;lJ. jkpH;ehl;oy; mjpfst[ bey; gaphplg;gLk; fhtphp kw;Wk; jhkpuguzp ghrdg; gFjpfspy; ,j;jpl;lk; bray; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

jhkpuguzp ghrdg; gFjpapy; btt;ntW ,l§fspy; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l tptrhapfspd; tay;fspy; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo mDruid Muha;r;rp jply;fs; 2003-04 gprhdk; gUtj;jpy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. tptrhapfSf;F jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwfs; tpP;Phd g[{h;tkhft[k;, tay;btsp bray; tpsf;f§fs; _yKk; tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. Rkhh; 1000 rJu kPl;lh; mDruid Muha;r;rp jply;fspy; jpUe;jpa ;bey; rhFgo Kiwa[k; tHf;fkhd bey; rhFgo Kiwa[k; xg;gPL bra;ag;gl;ld. ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapd; Kf;fpa mk;r§fs;:

1) jpUe;jpa ehw;WnkilapypUe;J 14-15 taJs;s ehw;Wfs;

2) xU Fj;Jf;F xU ehw;iw rJu Kiwapy; 20 X 20 br. kP. ,ilbtspapy; eLjy;

3) cUSk; fisf;fUtpia 10 ehl;fs; ,ilbtspapy; el;l 10 k; ehspypUe;J 40 Kjy; 45 k; ehs; tiu cgnahfpj;jy;

4) rpf;fd ePh;g;ghrdk; (2.5 br. kP cauj;jpw;F ePh; fl;Ljy;) . gP;R fl;Lk; gUtk; tiu

rpW fPuy; btog;g[fs; njhd;wp ePh; fl;Ljy;, gpd;dh; fl;oa ePh; kiwe;J kz;iz fhatplhky; ePh; fl;Ljy;.

ehw;w§fhy; jahhpg;g[k;, elt[k; tptrhapfspd; tay;fspy; Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd;

nkw;ghh;itapy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. tptrhapfSf;F cUSk; fisf;fUtp tH§fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thuha;r;rp jply;fs; elt[ Kjy; mWtil tiu fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;ld.

xt;bthU ,l eph;ge;j§fisg; bghWj;J jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapd; mk;r§fs; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. bkhj;jk; 36 tptrhapfshy; kl;Lnk ehd;F mk;r§fisa[k; bray;gLj;j Koe;jJ. 100 tptrhapfspy; _d;wpy; ,uz;L g§F tptrhapfshy; rpy mk;r§fis gpd;gw;w ,aytpy;iy. Mdhy;, vy;yh tptrhapfSk; 14 ehs; ,sehw;iw 20 X 20 br. kP. ,ilbtspapy; elt[ bra;aj; jtwtpy;iy. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapy; 10 bey; ,uf§fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

tptrhapfspd; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo kw;Wk; tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiw tay;fspy; 5 ,l§fspypUe;J, xU rJu kPl;lh; gug;gstpy; vLf;fg;gl;l fjph;fisf; bfhz;L jhdpa tpisr;ry; fzf;fplg;gl;lJ. fjph; moj;J Rj;jk; bra;j gpd;dh; 14 rjtpfPj <ug;gjj;jpy; bey; vil vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; jhdpa tpisr;ry; 4212 fpnyh / vf;lh; Kjy; 10,655

fpnyh / vf;lh; tiuapYk;, tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiwapy; 3887 fpnyh / vf;lh; Kjy; 8730 fpnyh / vf;lh; tiuapYk; gjpt[r; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ruhrhpahf, jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; 7227 fpnyh / vf;lh; kw;Wk; tHf;fkhd Kiwapy; 5657 fpnyh / vf;lh; bey; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,jpy; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; vf;lUf;F 1570 fpnyh mjpf tpisr;ry; fz;Ls;sJ. Rkhh; 31 tptrhapfs; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; 8 ld;Df;F

17

(xU vf;lh;) nky; tpisr;ry; bgw;Ws;sdh;. tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiwapy; 3 tptrhapfs; kl;Lk; 8 ld;Df;F (xU vf;lh;) nky; tpisr;ry; mile;Js;sdh;.

mspj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; xU ,ufk; (V.v!.o. 16) tHf;fkhf J]h; gpof;Fk; jpwd; Fiwt[ vd;whYk; , jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; mjpf J]h;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ.

tptrhapfspd; taypy; tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiw kw;Wk; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; fzf;fplg;gl;l jhdpa tpisr;ry;/ ntiyahl;fs; njit/ rhFgo bryt[ kw;Wk; ,yhgj;jpd; xg;gPL

tptuk; tHf;fkhd

rhFgo Kiw jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiw

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapd;

mDTy';fs; jhdpa tpisr;ry; (fpnyh/vf;lh;)

3887-8730 4214-10655 -

ruhrhp jhdpa tpisr;ry; (fpnyh: vf;lh;)

5657 7227 (+) 1570

Mz; ntiyahl;fs; njit (xU vf;lUf;F)

50 83 (-) 33

bgz; ntiyahl;fs; njit (xU vf;lUf;F)

222 167 (-) 55

rhFgor; bryt[ (%gha;-xU vf;lUf;F)

21429 19060 (+) 2369

,yhgk; (%gha;-xU vf;lUf;F)

11149 23868 (+) 12719

tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiwapy; 50 Mz; ntiyahl;fSk; 222 bgz; ntiyahl;fSk;

xU vf;lUf;F njitg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapnyh 83 Mz; ntiyahl;fs; kw;Wk; 167 bgz; ntiyahl;fSk; xU vf;lUf;F njig;gLfpd;wd. Mfnt, jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapy; ntiyahl;fs; njit Fiwe;Js;sij fhzyhk;. (ml;ltiz 3 )

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapd; vy;yh mk;r';fisa[k; bray;gLj;jpa tptrhapfsplk;

,Ue;J fpilj;j tptu';fspd;go tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiwapy; %gha; 21429 (xU vf;lUf;F) kw;Wk; jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapy; %gha; 19060 (xU vf;lUf;F) brythfpa[s;sJ. nkYk;/ tHf;fkhd rhFgoapy; xU vf;lhpypUe;J ,yhgkhf %gha; 11149 fpilj;Js;sJ. jpUe;jpa rhFgo Kiwapnyh xU vf;lUf;F 23868 %gha; tiuapYk; ,yhgk; mile;Js;sdh;.

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo _yk; tHf;fkhd rhFgo Kiwia tpl cah;e;j gl;rkhf 4036 fpnyh / vf;lh; tiu mjpf tpisr;riy bgw;Ws;sdh;. ,e;j tpisr;ry; mjpfhpg;gpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf miktd : mjpf fjph;fs; kw;Wk; fjphpy; jhdpa§fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;g[. tptrhapfs; gaphpl;l 10 ,uf§fspy; , 3 ,uf§fs; (V.o.O. 36, V.o.O. 43, V.v!.o. 16) jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgo Kiwapy; ey;y tpisr;riy

18

jpUe;jpa bey; rhFgoapy; tptrhapfs;; bgWk; gyd;fs; :

Fiwe;j tpijast[

fisf;bfhy;yp njitaw;wJ

cUSk; fisf;fUtp cgnahfpg;gjhy; Tl;Lg; gad;fs;:

* fisf;fl;Lg;ghL * ntiyahl;fs; Fiwg;g[

* kz;izf; fpswp tpLjy; * cu§fs; tPzhfhky; kz;Qld; fyj;jy; * mjpf J]h;fs;

ePh; nrkpg;g[ (50 rjtpfpjk; tiu)

fjph;fs; kw;Wk; jhdpa§fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpjhpg;g[ bey; kw;Wk; itf;nfhy; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpg;g[ mjpf tUkhdk;