jkpo ; nkhopak; ,yff; pakk; - e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk · fiyj;jpl;lf; fo mnyhridak; topfhl;lyk;:...

jkpo; nkhopAk;

,yf;fpaKk;

juk; 6

Mrpupau;; topfhl;b

(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

=yq;fh

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

jkpo; nkhopAk;

,yf;fpaKk;

Mrpupau;; topfhl;b

juk; 6

(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

=yq;fh

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bjuk; - 6

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

ISBN

Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2015Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd gPlk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;=yq;fh.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

mr;Rg; gjpg;G:Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika> mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nju;r;rpikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2015Mk; Mz;bypUe;Jjuk; 6> 10 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij milAk;nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NgWfisAk;Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhftpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.

,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.NkYk;> mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy;mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy;kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opepiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu;NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;cjTKfkhf> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk;tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk;nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fistpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;JntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tpKiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iii

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epahakw;wtw;iwf; fise;J> ey;ytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpahf miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;w

ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;J nfhLg;Nghu;(Facilitator)Nghd;witnay;yhk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; etPd nry;newpfisAk; cs;thq;fp>

jdJ fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;F mika>

vl;lhz;LfSf;F xU jlit fy;tp kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ik Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; rw;NwDk;

khWglhJ> mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cupait my;y. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhf ghl tplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis

mz;kpg;gjw;fhf> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wp mikj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; vt;tpj

IaKkpy;iy. khztuJ milT kl;lj;ij cau; rjtPjj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y

cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F

ce;Jjy; mspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;

kl;Lkd;wp> khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghl

E}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU

ghlE}y; my;y vd;gij mwpe;J ghl E}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;

Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy; ghlj;ijf;

fw;gpg;gjw;F topfhl;b> trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; tFg;giwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l

ghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thwhd fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU

fUtpahf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk;:fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rigNjrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghl tpla MNyhrid: Nguhrpupau; fyhepjp nr. Nahfuh[h fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

jpU.f. ,uFgud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;. fyhepjp ukP]; mg;Jy;yh jiytu;> nkhopfs; gPlk;> njd; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;. fyhepjp. =. gpurhe;jd; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> =[atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;. nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkp

gzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

,izg;ghf;fk;: jpU.K.jahepjp rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;. jpUkjp.eh.rPjud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tsg; gq;fspg;G: jpUkjp. ,. ujp NjtRe;juk; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b. jpUkjp. j. epiwkjp Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> tTdpah njw;F.

nry;tp. khfpwpj;jh Ntjehafk; rpNu\;l Mrpupau;> gk;gyg;gpl;b ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G - 04 jpU.e.mUshde;jk; gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> khj;jis. jpU.rp.fzgjpg;gps;is Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> `w;wd;. jpU.e.Nahfypq;fk; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> ,uj;jpdGup.

v

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyfspy; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; gpujhd ghlq;fSs;

xd;whd ‘jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;;’;; vDk; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd;

gpd;dUk; mNjtpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 06 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf

thunkhd;Wf;F Ie;J ghlNtisfs; xJf;fggl;;Ls;sd.

06 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;

gb gpujhdkhf Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; ‘jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;;’ ghlj;Jf;fhd

fiyj;jpl;lk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij

eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf;

nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

‘jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;;’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ ghlq;fSk; mg;ghlq;fisg;

gapYtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. ,J njhlu;ghf

Mrpupau; jkJ Mf;ftpay; jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp> tFg;giw Njitapd;gb>

,r;nraw;ghLfis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNjhL> Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk;

Mrpupau;fs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ‘jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;;’ vDk; ,g;ghlj;jpd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjpy;

khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

E}yhf;ff; FO

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi

nghUslf;fk; gf;fk;

01. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii

02. gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv

03. fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v

04. Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

mwpTWj;jy;fs; vi

05. ghlj;jpl;lk; viii

06. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly; 1- 81

vii

ghlj;jpl;lk;

viii

1.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Ff;; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;

jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis

epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l

tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa

fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>

Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;

%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;

%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij

Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa

ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>

xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw

Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa

Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.

4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>

Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd

fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp.

7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;

jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd

epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba

kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 jpnrk;gu;)

ix

2.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa

,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

1. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;.tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>nrhe ;j tho ;t py ; jfty ; njhlu ;ghly ;njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;

2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>

jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd

jpwikfs;

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa

tpOkpaq;fs;

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

3. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL (r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;) njhlu;GWfpd;wd.

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiwAk;

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpjtho;T

x

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;

mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>

capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;>

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;

mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>

capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra;tjw ;Fk ; tho ;tjw ;Fk ; fUtpfisAk ;

njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;

- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;

nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;

cs;thq;fYk;

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T

Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj

mDgtq;fs;

7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” ; njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw

Clhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

xi

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl

Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

1.0 gy;NtW

Nehf;fq; -

fSf;Fk;

re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F

Nkw;g tpidj;

jpwDld;

Nfl;Lf;

fpufpj;Jj;;

Jyq;Fthu;.

1.1 vOj;Jf;fspd;

xypg;Gf;F Vw;g>

nrhw;fisr;

nrk;ikahf

cr;rupg;ghu;.

1.2 ghliy /nra;Aisg;

nghUSzu;e;J

nrhy;Ythu;/XJthu;.

1.3 Nfl;Lf;

fpufpj;jtw;iwr;

nrk;ikahff;

$Wthu;.

1.4 nraw;wpwDk;

tpidj;jpwDk;

cs;s

Nfl;Nghuhfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

• xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;nwhFjpfis cr;rupg;ghu;.

- y> o> s

z> e> d

l> u> w

- eh nefpo;; gapw;rpfisr; nra;thu;.

- eh gpwo;; gapw;rpfisr; nra;thu;.

• ghliy / nra;Ais kddQ; nra;thu;.

• ghliy / nra;Ais XirNahL XJthu;.

• ghliy / nra;Ais cr;rupg ;Gj; njspTld;

nrhy;Ythu;; / XJthu;.• ghliy / nra;Aisg; nghUs; tpsq;fpr; nrhy;Ythu;.

/ XJthu;.

• Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.

• tplaj;jpd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> JZf;Ffs;; Kjypa

tw;iwf; fpufpj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• Nfl;lypy; tpUg;Gld; <LgLthu;.

• mtjhdpj;Jf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• nra;As;;fs;• ciueil

- nrhw;fs;

- nrhw;njhlu;fs;;

- thf;fpaq;fs;;

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jk;> Xir

eaKk;> nrhy; eaKk;>

nghUs; eaKk; nfhz;l>

- nra;As;fs;

- ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;

• nra;As;fs;• rpwpa fijfs;

• mwptpj;jy;fs;

• mwpTWj;jy;fs;

• nra;As;fs;• ciueil

• rpWtUf;fhd fijg; ghly;

• ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;

• nrhw;nghopTfs;

02

02

03

02

03

Nfl;lYk; Ngr;Rk;

xii


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

2.0 re;ju;g;gj; -

Jf;Fk;

#o;epiyf;Fk;

Vw;w tifapy;

ciuahLthu;.

3.0gy;NtW

ghj;jpuq; -

fis Vw;W>

mtw;wpd;

,ay;Gfis-

Ak;

czu;r;rp

fisAk;

ntspg;gLj;jpg;

NgRthu;.

• gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

;;• mtw;wpD}Nl ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J

nfhs;thu;.

• tplaj; njspT ngWthu;.

• tplaq;fis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ Ngr;ir mtjhdpj;J>

Rakhfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

• ghj;jpuj;jpd; czu;Tfis ntspf; nfhzUk;

tifapy;>

- cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; NgRthu;.

- nghUj;jkhd njhdpAld; NgRthu;.

- Kfghtj;jpid ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

- mq;f mirTfSld; tplaq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

• gy;NtWgl;l ghj;jpuq;fshfg; ghtid nra;J

NgRthu;.

• xNu rkaj;jpy; xUtNu gy;NtWgl;l ghj;jpuq;fshfg;

ghtid nra;J> mtw;wpd; njhdp ntspg;glg;

NgRthu;.

• ciuahly;

• nghUj;jkhd ciu

eilg; gFjpfs;

• ehlfq;fs;• rpwpa fijfs;

• ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;

• mwptpg;Gfs;

• tpsk;guq;fs;

• Rarupijf; fl;Liufs;

2.1 jkJ

czu;TfSk;

vz;zq;fSk;

njspthfg;

Gyg;gLk;

tifapy;

ciuahLthu;.

3.1 ghj;jpuq;fspd;

,ay;GfSf;F

Vw;g> ebj;Jg;

NgRthu;.

3.2 ghtid nra;J

NgRthu;.

05

04

02

xiii


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

4.0 jkJ

vz;zq;fis>

Nfl;Nghu;

csq; -

nfhs;sj;jf;f

tifapy;

vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

4.1 Mf;fj; jpwd;

ntspg;gLk; tpjj;

j py ; njspthfg ;

NgRthu;.

4.2 vLj;Jf; nfhz;l

tplaj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhf>

nghUl; nrwpNthL

Ngr;R El;gq;fisf;

ifahz;L

NgRthu;.

• Mrpupau; fijapd; Muk;gj;ijf; $w> khztu;fs;

jkJ fw;gidf;Nfw;g> mjidj; njhlu;e;J $Wthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.

• jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq;fis ntspg;;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpidj; njupT nra;thu;.

• jiyg;Gf;F Vw;w tifapy; NgRthu;.

• Ngr;Rg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;Jg; NgRthu;.

• nra;As;fs;

• rpwpa fl;Liufs;

• KbTwhf; fijfs;

• mDgtf; fl;Liufs;

• rk;gt tpgupg;G

• fl;Liufs;

• rpwpa fijfs;

• rpwpa Nkilg; Ngr;R

02

02

xiv


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

5.0 Mf;fg+u;tkhdnraw;wpwd;cilathrfuhfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

6.0 fpufpj;Jg;

nghUs;czu;e;Jthrpg;ghu;.

5.1 tplaj;njspNthL

thrpg;Gg;nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;Jthrpg;ghu;.

6.1 nksdkhf

thrpj;Jf;fpufpj;Jj;Jyq;Fthu;.

6.2 gy;NtWNehf;fq;fSf;fhfthrpg;ghu;.

• nra;As;fs; - ftpij

• ciueilfs; - fijg; gFjp

• nra;As;fs;• ciueilfs;


• thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

- njspthf cr;rupj;jy;

- vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp Ngjq;fis ,dq;fz;L

thrpj;jy;

- njhdp Ngjq;fSld; thrpj;jy;

- vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;FKupa

mOj;jj;ijf; nfhLj;J thrpj;jy;

- nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jKwr; Nru;j;Jk;

gpupj;Jk; thrpj;jy;

- epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;jy;

• nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

• gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf; fUj;Jf;fisf;;

$Wthu;.

• thrpj;j gFjpiar; nrhe;j nkhop eilapy;

$Wthu;.

• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• gy;NtW jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.• eilKiwj; Njitf;Nfw;w Mf;fq;fis ,dq;fz;L> thrpg;ghu;.

10

03

06


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

7.0 ,uridf;fhf

fhfTk;

Mf;fj;

jpwid

Nkk;gLj;Jk;

tifapYk;

thrpg;ghu;.

7.1 gilg;Gf;fisthrpg;gjD}lhfMf;fj; jpwidNkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;thu;.


- fbjq;fs;- mwptpj;jy;fs;

- mwpTWj;jy;fs;

• gilg;Gf;fspd; cs;slf;fj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.• eae;jtw;iw vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

21


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

8.0 mtjhdkhff;

fpufpj;J>

vOj;Jg;

nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;J>

,yf;fz

tOtpd;wp

cupa

epWj;jf;

FwpfSld;

Mf;fq;fisj;

njspthf

vOJthu;.

9.0 thrpj;Jf;

fpufpj;jtw;iwj;

njspthf

vOJthu;.

8.1 vOj;Jg;

nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;J>

tOtpd;wp Neu;j;jp -

ahf vOJthu;.

8.2 mtjhdpj;Jf;

Nfl;Lf;

fpufpj;jtw;iw

tOtpd;wp

vOJthu;.

9.1 thrpj;j tplak;

njhlu;ghd

fUj;Jf;fis

cs;thq;fp

vOJthu;.

• ghu;j;njOJjy;

- nrhw;fs;

- nrhw;nwhlu;fs;

- thf;fpaq;fs;- ge;jpfs;

• nrhy;tnjOJjy;

- nrhw;fs;

- nrhw;nwhlu;fs;

- thf;fpaq;fs;

- ge;jpfs;

• nra;As;fs;

• cWg;gika vOJthu;.

- jpirKfk;

- tuptbtk;

- vOj;Jf;fSf;fpilNaAk; nrhw;fSf;fpilNaAk;

Vw;w ,ilntsp ,Uj;jy;

- Neu;j;jpahf vOJjy;

- Vw;w Ntfj;Jld; vOJjy;;

- epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,Ljy;

• mtjhdkhff;; Nfl;L vOJthu;.

- Vw;w Ntfk;;

- tuptbtk;

• xypNtWghLfis mDrupj;J vOJthu;.

- gpioapd;wp vOJjy;

- epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhff; ifahSjy;

• Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.

• gpujhd fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

• Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis vOJthu;.

• ,tw;iw xOq;fhfTk; njspthfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk;

vOJthu;.

02

03

09


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

10.0vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

11.0gilg;Gf;fis

thrpj;j

mDgtq;fs;

Clhf>

gilg;ghf;f

El;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp>

Mf;fq;fis

Rakhf vOJ

- thu;.

10.1tOtpd;wp thf;fpa

mikjpNahL

vOJthu;.

10.2fUj;Jg;

Gyg;gLkhW ge;jp

vOJthu;.

11.1 gy;NtW

Mf;fq;fis

vOJthu;.

11.2 eilKiwj;

NjitfSf;fhf

vOJthu;.

• ciueilfs;

- thf;fpak; mikj;jy;

• ciueilfs;

- ge;jpfs;

• nra;As;fs;

- ghly;fs;- ftpijfs;

• ciueilfs;

- fl;Liufs;

- fijfs;- ciuahly;

• ehlfk;

• ciueilfs;

- cwTKiwf; fbjk;- miog;gpjo;- tpsk;guk;

• thf;fpa ,iaGld; vOJthu;. - vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; ,iaGld;

vOJjy;- jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gd

,iaGgl thf;fpak; vOJjy;

• ge;jp mikf;Fk; Kiwapid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

- jiyikg; nghUis vOJjy;- Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis vOJjy;

• fUj;Jj; njhlu;Gld; vOJthu;.- thf;fpa ,iaGld; vOJjy;- xOq;F Kiwapy; vOJjy;- Neu;j;jpahf vOJjy;

- epWj;jf; FwpaPLfis ,Ljy;

• Mf;fq;fspd; tbtk;> mikg;G> jiyg;G vd;gd

nghUj;jKw vOJthu;.

• mtjhdpg ;Gfs;> mDgtq;fs;> rpe ;jidfis

mDrupj;J vOJthu;.

• njhlu;Ggl vOJthu;.

• mDgtq;fs;> mtjhdpg ;Gfs;> rpe ;jidfis

ntspg;gLj;jp> gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf

vOJthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd mikg;NghL vOJthu;.

• tpla cs;slf;fj;ijj; njspthfTk; Neu;j;jpahf

Tk; vOJthu;.

04

02

03

03


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

12.0 nrhw; -

fsQ;rpaj;ij

tpUj;jp

nra;J>

nghUj;jkhd

tifapy;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;

13.0 nkhopapd;

,yf;fzj;ij

mwpe;J>

mjw;fika

nkhopiar;

nrk;ikahff;

ifahs;thu;.

12.1 nrhw;fisAk;

mtw;wpd;

nghUisAk;

mwpe;J>

nrk;ikahfg;

; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

12.2 nrhw;nwhlu;fspd;

nghUisAk; tif

iaAk; mwpe;J

nrk ;ikahfg ;

;

13.1 vOj;Jf;fspd;

xypg;G Kiwia -

Ak; tif njhif

iaAk; mwpe;J>

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• nra;As;fs;- ghly;fs;

• ciueilfs;

- fl;Liufs;- fijfs;- ehlfq;fs;

• nra;As;fs;• ciueilfs;• ehlfq;fs;


- fijfs;- fl;Liufs;

• ehlfq;fs;

• nrhw;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

- xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

- vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

- xU nrhy; gy nghUs;

- xU nghUs; gy nrhy;

- kuGr; nrhw;fs;

- fiyr;nrhw;fs;

• nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; ,ay;G> nghUs;>

tif vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

- kuGj; njhlu;fs;

- ctik> cUtfk;

- ,ul;ilf;fpstp

- ,iznkhop

- mLf;Fj; njhlu;

• nrhw;nwhlu;fisr; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiwia mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

- Fwpy;> neby;

- u> w> l> y> s> o> e> z> d

• vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhifia mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.- capnuOj;J- nka;naOj;J- capu; nka;naOj;J- Ma;j vOj;J

11

02

02


Ntisfw;ww; NgWfs;

13.2 nrhw;fspd; tif

ia mwpe;J>

mtw;iwg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

13.3 nrhw;nwhlu;> thf; -

fpak; vd;gtw;wpd;

t i f i a A k ;

mtw;wpd; ,ay;ig

Ak; mwpe;J>

mtw;iwg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

13.4 epWj;jf;Fwpfisg;

nghUj;jkhfTk;

nrk ;ikahfTk;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.


• nghUj;jkhdciu - eilg;gFjpfs;

• ciuahly;

• ciuahly;• nghUj;jkhd

ciu - eilg;gFjpfs;

• nrhw;fspd; tifia mwpe;J> mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

- ngau;r; nrhw;fs;

- tpidr; nrhw;fs;

- ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs;

- fiyr;nrhw;fs; fiyfiyr;

• nrhw;nwhlu;> thf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; tifia mwpe;J>

mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• thf;fpaq;fspd;; ,ay;ig mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJthu;.

- vOtha;

- gadpiy

- nrag;gLnghUs;

- milnkhopfs;

- jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;

• nrhw;Gzu;r;rpia ,dq;fz;l vOJthu;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

- Kw;Wg;Gs;sp - fhw;Gs;sp

- tpdhf;Fwp - tpag;Gf;Fwp

- milg;Gf;Fwp - N k w ; N f h s ;

Fwp

• epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

04

03

02

1

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;

nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;

2

Kjyhe; jtiz

,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl gf;.

kl;lk; Ntis

01. 5.0 5.1 rPdj;Jj; njdhyp uhkd; fij 03 02

02. 1.0 1.1 vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiw 02 04

03. 5.0 5.1 vypAk; NrtYk; 03 06

04. 12.0 12.1 xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs; 02 08

05. 1.0 1.3 ciueilg; gFjp - Vkhe;j eha; 03 10

06. 13.0 13.1 vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif 02 11

07. 2.0 2.1 ciueilg; gFjp - Fuq;Fr; Nrl;il 02 13

08. 12.0 12.1 vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs; 02 15

09. 10.0 10.1 thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJjy; 02 16

10. 6.0 6.2 je;ij kfDf;F vOjpa fbjk; 03 18

11. 12.0 12.1 gy nghUs; xU nrhy;;

xU nghUs; gy nrhy; 02 20

12. 10.0 10.1 thf;fpa ,iaG 02 22

13. 2.0 2.1 gwitfs; gytpjk; 03 24

14. 1.0 1.3 gonkhopfs; 02 26

15. 13.0 13.4 epWj;jf; Fwpfs; 02 28

3

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : Mf;fG+u;tkhd nraw;wpwd; cila thrfuhfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : tplaj; njspNthL> thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ;: rPdj;Jj; njdhyp uhkd; fijfs;:

jq;fk; tpijj;jhy; jq;fk; tpisAkh?

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

jug;gl;l tplaj;ijj; jpUj;jkhf epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J

njhdp NtWghL> Vw;w Ntfk; vd;gtw;Wld; thrpg;ghu;.

fijapy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> mtu;fspd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf;

$Wthu;.

fijapid ehlfkhf ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

fijapd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

fijapy; tUk; gbg;gpidfisg; gpd;gw;wp elf;f Kidthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

‘jq;fk; tpijj;jhy; jq;fk; tpisAkh?’; fijapd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahb> ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> nksdkhfTk; cuj;Jk; ghlj;ij

thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

FOf;fs; thrpj;j tplaq;fis xOq;FKiwapy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

fijapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s gbg;gpidfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bidj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

fij $Wk; gbg;gpidiaf; $Wjy;.

Nguhir ngUk; el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:

ghl E}y;

bikd; jhs;

vOJ fUtpfs;

4

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

jpUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ghlj;ij thrpg;ghu;.

ghlj;jpd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

ghlj;jpy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

fij $Wk; gbg;gpidfis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

5

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J> mjw;fika nkhopiar;

nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G KiwiaAk; tif njhifiaAk;

mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiwia mwpjy;

- Fwpy;> neby;

- ufu> wfu> lfu NtWghLfs;

- yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghLfs;

- efu> dfu> zfu NtWghLfs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

u> w> y> s> o> d> z> e vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiwia mwpe;J cr;rupg;ghu;.

ufu> wfu> lfu> yfu> sfu> ofu> dfu> zfu> efu vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G

Kiwfis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiwia mwpe;J> mtw;iwr; rupahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Fwpy;> neby; NtWghLfis mwpe;J> nrhw;fis> thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

xypg;gpy; NtWgLk; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; itj;J nghUs; Gyg;gl

vOJthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg; gpuNtrj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahf cr;rupf;Fk; Kiwapid khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fjy;.

xypg;gpy; NtWgLk; vOj;Jj; njhFjpfisf; nfhz;l nrhy;yl;ilfis

cUthf;fp> mtw;iw khztu;fis thrpf;fr; nra;jy; / cr;rupf;fr; nra;jy;.

mt;thW cr;rupf;fg; gapw;rp (gpd;dpizg;igf; nfhLj;J) ngwr; nra;jy;.

nghUs; Gyg;gl thf;fpaq;fis mikf;Fk; gapw;rpia toq;Fjy;.


6


Fwpy; - FWfpa Xir cilad.

capu;f;Fwpy; capu;nka;f; Fwpy;

m> ,> c f> F> nf

neby; - ePz;L xypg;gd.

capu;neby; capu;nka; neby;

M> <> V fh> fP> $


nrhy;yl;ilfs;

gapw;rpfs;


xypg;G Kiwiaj; jpUj;jkhf mwpe;J $Wthu;.

xypg;G Kiwia cr;rupj;Jg; goFthu;.

Fwpy;> neby; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd tpsf;fq;fisf; $Wthu;.

xypg;gpy; NtWgLk; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> nghUs; Gyg;gl thf;fpaq;fis

mikg;ghu;.

7

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : Mf;fG+u;tkhd nraw;wpwDila thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 5.1 : tplaj; njspNthL thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J

thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: vypAk; NrtYk;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ghly;fisj; njspthfTk; rupahd cr;rupg;GlDk; thrp;g;ghu;.

ghly;fspYs;s fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

ghly;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ghly;fspy; tUk; tplaq;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l gpw tplaq;fis

mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ghly;fis ,irAld; ghb eag;ghu;.

,it Nghd;w ghly;fis Mf;fp ebg;ghu;.

ghly;fspy; cs;s tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; filg;gpbf;Fk;

kdg;ghq;fpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg; gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

ghlyhrpupau; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

ghly;fisj; jpUj;jkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

xt;nthU ghlypdJk; cs;slf;fk;> mjNdhL njhlu;Gila gpw

tplaq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw vLj;Jf; $wy;.

ghly;fspy; mike;Js;s eaq;fis vLj;Jf; $wy;.

ghly;fisj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ,irAld; ghLtpj;jy;.

fbd gjq;fSf;fhd nghUis> mfuhjpapd; cjtpAld; ,dq;fhz

topfhl;ly;.

ghly;fs; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.



ghlyhrpupau; - ethypA+u; NrhkRe;jug;Gytu;

rpWtu;f;Ffe;j gy;NtW rpWtu; ghly;fis ,aw;wpatu;

vypAk; NrtYk; - ,g;ghlw;gFjp ehlf tbtpy; jha; vyp> Nra;

vyp> G+id> Nrty; vd;gdtw;wpd; Fzg;gz;Gfs;> nraw;ghLfs;

Ritahf tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

8

taJ Fiwe;jtu;fspd; cs;sf; fpsu;r;rp> mDgtq;fSk; taJ

Kjpe;jtu;fspd; mwpT mDgtk;> filg;gpbf;fNtz;ba tpOkpaq;fSk;

,g;ghlw; gFjpapy; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

jPa nray;fisr; nra;Nthu; jk;ik ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bf;

nfhs;shu;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L kaq;Fjy; MfhJ.

fsT nra;jy; MfhJ. nghUe;jhj fhupaq;fisr; nra;gtu; Jd;gk;

mDgtpg;ghu; Nghd;w tpOkpaq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.


ghlE}y;

mfuhjp

bikd; jhs;fs;

vOJfUtpfs;


ghly;fis cupa cr;rupg;NghL nrk;ikahf thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fis ,ir eaj;Jld; ghbf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fisAk; mit $wg;gl;Ls;s Kiwia

Ak; vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l gpw tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fspd; fUj;ijAk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; eaj;ijAk; tpsf;fpf;

$Wthu;.

,it Nghd;w ghly;fisj; Njbf;nfhzu;e;Jk; Rakhf Mf;fpAk;

thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

9

Nju;r;rp 12.0 : nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 12.1 : nrhw;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; mwpe;J> nrk;ikahfg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;: :

xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nrhw;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J> nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; toptiffis mwpe;J> mtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.


nrhw;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fjy;.

nrhw;fspd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;.

xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzTk; ml;ltizg;gLj;jTk; cjTjy;.

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s cjTjy;.



xU nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUk; ,lj;jpy;> mr;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf ,d;ndhU

nrhy; mike;J mNj nghUisj; jUkhapd;> mr;nrhy; xj;j nghUs; jUk;

nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

c-k;:

Mir - tpUg;gk;> Ntl;if> mth> tpioT

fil - ,Wjp> me;jk;> <W> vy;iy> KbT

Jjpj;jy; - Vj;jy;> guTjy;> Nghw;Wjy;> tzq;Fjy;> Gfo;jy;

Njhod; - rpNefpjd;> ez;gd;> rfh> ghq;fd;

10


Nkyjpfkhd nrhw;fs;

ml;ltiz

bikd; jhs;fs;

vOJfUtpfs;


nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nrhw;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.

xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L> ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

jkJ Mf;fq;fis> nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpAld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

11

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju ;g;gq;fSf;FNkw;g

tpidj;jpwDld; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iwr; nrk;ikahff; $Wthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ciueilg; gFjp : Vkhe;j eha;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;j fij njhlu;ghfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

Gjpa nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L nghUs; $Wthu;.

gbg;gpidfisAk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

fijapy; jhk; ,urpj;j gFjpia tpgupg;ghu;.

fijapd; Kbtpid khw;wp vOJthu;.


Vw;nfdNt thrpj;j ,J Nghd;w fijfs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLjy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> xUtu; fijia thrpf;f> kw;wtu;fs; mtw;iwf;

Nfl;Lf; fpufpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

khztiu nksd thrpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jjy;.

vOkhwhf> khztu;fsplk; thrpj;j tplaj;jpid tpsf;Fk;gb Nfl;ly;.

fij gw;wpAk; fijapd; Mrpupau; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; gbg;gpidfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.



fijapd; Mrpupau; nr. fNzrypq;fd; gw;wpa tpguk;.

‘fhfKk; ehAk;’; gw;wpa fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; rk;gtq;fs;.

ghl;b til Rl;l fijapypUe;J khWgl;l tpjj;jpy; ,f;fij vOjg;gl;bUj;jy;.

fhfk;> eha; vd;gtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;> fij$Wk; ghq;fpYk; ciuahLk; tpjj;jpYk;

mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.


ghlE}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s fijg;gFjp

fij gw;wp vOjg;gl;l kjpg;gPLfs;


fijiaj; jkJ nrhe;j trd eilapy; $Wthu;.

ghl;b til Rl;l (gioa) fijapypUe;J> ,f;fij vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ

vd;gijf; $Wthu;.

,urpj;j gFjpia tpgupg;ghu;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

NtW fijfisj; Njb thrpg;ghu;.

Ritahff; fij $Wk; Mw;wiyg; ngw;Wj; Jyq;Fthu;.

12



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1 : vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G KiwiaAk; tif njhifiaAk;

mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhifia mwpjy;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpidg; gl;baw;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhifia ,dq;fhZk; Mw;wiyg; ngWthu;.

vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhifia mwpe;J Fwpg;gpLthu;.

vOj;Jf;fisg; nghUj;jKwr; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.


jkpo; neLq;fzf;F ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.

nghUj;jkhd gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfis Kd;itj;J ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

khztu;fs; FO epiyapy;> xt;nthU tif vOj;Jf;fisAk; ,dq;fhzr;

nra;jy;.

FOepiyapy; gl;baw;gLj;jpa vOj;Jf;fspd; tifiaf; Fwpg;gplr; nra;jy;.

nraw;ghL gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif gw;wp

tpsf;fkspj;jy;.



vOj;Jf;fspd; tif vz;zpf;if

I. capnuOj;Jf;fs; - m - xs = 12

II. nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - f; - d; = 18

III. capu;nka; vOj;Jf;fs; - f (f;+m) - d (d;+m) = 216

IV. Ma;j vOj;J - / = 1

nkhj;jk; (jkpo; neLq;fzf;F vOj;Jf;fs;) = 247

* tl / fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; = [> ]> \> `> =

13


Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)

nrhy;yl;ilfs;

bikd; jhs;fs;


vOj;Jf;fspd; tifia mwpe;J $Wthu;.

xt;nthU tifapYk; mlq;Fk; vz;zpf;ifia vOJthu;.

jkpo; neLq;fzf;F vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsq;fp vOJthu;.

jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpd; tif> njhiffis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

14

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : re ;ju ;g ;gj ;Jf;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy;

ciuahLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 2.1 : jkJ czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk;

tifapy; ciuahLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ciug;gFjp: Fuq;Fr; Nrl;il

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;J> tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

NrhkRe;jug;Gytu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ciug;gFjpapd; Nehf;fj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fijapy; cs;s tplaq;fis tpsq;fp> mit gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

fijapd; ,ilapy; tUk; ghly;fis eae;J $Wthu;.

fijapD}lhf ntspg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fpg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.


NrhkRe;jug; Gytu; njhlu;ghfTk; ‘,yq;if tsk;’ vd;w tplak; njhlu;ghfTk;

fye;Jiuahb ghlj;jpid Muk;gpj;jy;.

khztiu nksd thrpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jjy;.

vOkhwhf> khztu;fsplk; thrpj;j tplaj;jpid tpsf;Fk;gb Nfl;ly;.

KOikahf cs;slf;f tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW> tpdhf;fis Kd;itj;Jf;

fye;Jiuahly;.

‘,yq;if tsk;’ vd;w E}ypYs;s nra;As;fs; ,uz;Lk; ,f;fl;Liuia

tpsf;Ffpd;wd vd;gjidf; $Wjy;.

khztu;fisf;; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> rk;gtq;fis tpgupj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.

ghly;fis ,irNahL ghLtpj;jy;.

mtw;wpd; nghUs; gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;.


15


1. Fuq;Fr; Nrl;ilahf ,U tplaq;fs; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- Fuq;F Fstpf;$l;ilf; fiyj;jy;

- Fuq;Ffs; jbiaf; fhtb Nghy; Njhs;fspy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L> Js;spf;

Fjpj;jy;

2. Fstpfs; nfhl;bajhy; Vw;gl;l eLf;fj;ijf; Fiyg;gd; fha;r;ry; (Fspu;

fha;r;ry;) cld; xg;gpl;Ls;sik

3. Fuq;Ffspd; fhtb Ml;lk;> mjw;fhd thj;jpaq;fs; gw;wpa eifr;Ritahd

tpgupg;G

mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

fLtd; - Mz; Fuq;F

ke;jp - ngz; Fuq;F

Fspu;Ruk; - Fspu; fha;r;ry;

fhfsk; - xUtif thj;jpak;


ghlE}y;;

glq;fs;

bikd; jhs;fs;


Fuq;Fr; Nrl;ilfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ghlypd; nghUis tpsf;Fthu;.

jug;gl;l fijAld; njhlu;Gila NtW fijfisf; $Wthu;.

ghlypy; tUk; eifr;Ritg; gFjpfis ,uridAld; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

16

Nju;r;rp 12.0 : nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> nghUj;jkhd tifapy;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 12.1 : nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J>

nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

vjpu;g;nghUis czu;j;Jk; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L Jyq;Fthu;.

vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

jhk; ngw;w nkhopj;jpwd;fis jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.


Vw;nfdNt mwpe;Js;s vjpu;r;nrhw;fisg; gw;wp fye;Jiuahb> ghlg;gpuNtrk;

nra;jy;.

nrhw;fis toq;fp> mtw;wpy; vjpu;f;fUj;Jj; jUk; nrhw;fisf; $wr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> xt;nthU FOtpdUf;Fk; FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;F

cupa tplaq;fis toq;Fjy;.

FOf;fSf;Fs; vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.

vjpu;f;fUj;Jj; jUk; nrhw;fisj; Njbj; njhFf;fr; nra;jy;.



xU nrhy;ypd; nghUSf;F vjpuhd my;yJ vjpu;f;fUj;Jg; nghUisj; jUk;

nrhy; vjpu;r;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

Mjp - me;jk; ts;sy; - cNyhgp

xw;Wik - Ntw;Wik ,aw;if - nraw;if


ghlE}y;fs; nrhy;yl;ilfs;


vjpu;f;fUj;ijj; jUk; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L Jyq;Fthu;.

vjpu;f;fUj;ijj; jUk; nrhw;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

nkhopj;jpwidj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

17

Nju;r;rp 10.0 : vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;; 10.1 : tOtpd;wp thf;fpa mikjpNahL vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJjy;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

thf;fpaq;fs; ,iaGw miktjw;F thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fspd; ,d;wpaikahik

gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

milnkhop vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

milnkhopfisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGwg; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghl mwpKfj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

Fwpj;j Xu; ciueilg; ge;jpapidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> khztiu mtjhdpf;fr;

nra;jy;.

mg;ge;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; thf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp fye;Jiuahb fUj;J vOfpd;w

,lk; (vOtha;)> fUj;J Kbfpd;w ,lk; (gadpiy) njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fjy;.

vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpatw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp

tpsf;Fjy;.

Nkyjpfkhf thf;fpaq;fis toq;fp> FOepiyapy; mtw;wpYs;s thf;fpa

cWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;



vOtha; - thf;fpankhd;wpy; fUj;J vOfpd;w ,lk;

gadpiy - thf;fpankhd;wpy; fUj;J Kbfpd;w ,lk;

nrag;gLnghUs; - gadpiyia ahiu? vij? / vtw;iw? vd

tpdhf;fshf;Fk;NghJ tpilahf tUtJ

nrag;gLnghUshFk;.

18

c-k;:

ghujpahu; ftpijfs; vOjpdhu;.

,q;F fUj;J vOk; ,lk; vOtha; - ghujpahu;

,q;F fUj;J KbAk; ,lk; gadpiy - vOjpdhu;

ghujpahu; vtw;iw vOjpdhu;? ftpijfis. MfNt> ftpijfs; vd;gJ

nrag;gL nghUshFk;.

milnkhop vd;gJ thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; tpgupj;J tUtjhFk;.

c-k;:

kfhftp ghujpahu; ,dpa ghly;fisr; Ritj;J vOjpdhu;.

,q;F kfhftp> ,dpa> Ritj;J vd;gd milnkhopfshFk;.

vg;gbahd ghujp - kfhftp

vg;gbahd ghly;fs; - ,dpa

vt;thW vOjpdhu; - Ritj;J


Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)

bikd; jhs;fs;

nrhy;yl;ilfs;


thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

thf;fpaq;fis tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

milnkhopfis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGwg; gpuNahfpj;J Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

19

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;e;J thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 6.2 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : cwTKiwf; fbjk; :

je;ij kfDf;F vOjpa fbjk; (Nghrhf;FzT)

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

cwT Kiwf; fbjk; xd;wpd; mikg;G Kiwapid mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fbjk; vOJk;NghJ> epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J vOj Ntz;Lk; vdf;

$Wthu;.

fbjnkhd;wpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid mikf;Fk; Kiwapid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

cs;slf;f tplaj;jpid tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

Rakhff; fbjk; vOJthu;.


cwTKiwf; fbjnkhd;wpd; mikg;G Kiwapid tupg;glk;> khjpupf; fbjq;fs;

(OHP, gy;Y}lfk;> bikd; jhs;) Clhf tpsf;Fjy;.

Fwpj;j mikg;Gfs;> ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;l ,lkspj;jy;.

‘Nghrhf;F czT’ vd;w fbjj;jpy; $wg;gl;l tplaq;fis tpsq;fp> thrpf;fr;

nra;jy;.

czT njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;j topg;gLj;jy;.

ntt;NtW tifahd fbjq;fisr; Rakhf vOj topg;gLj;Jjy;.



cwTKiwf; fbj mikg;ig mwpjy;

Nghrhf;FzT gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs;

20


ghlE}y;

khjpupf; fbjk;


jkJ ez;gupd; Rfk; tprhupj;J> fbjk; vOJthu;.

cwTKiwf; fbjk; xd;Wf;fhd jsf;Nfhyj;jpid mikj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Nghrhf;FzT gw;wp tpsq;fp vOJthu;.

ntt;NtW tifahd fbjq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

21


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 12.1 : nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J


tpla cs;slf;fk; : gy nghUs; xU nrhy;

xU nghUs; gynrhy;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

gy nghUs;fs; jUk; xU nrhy;iy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

,dq;fz;l nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Mf;fq;fspy; itj;J vOJthu;.

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;.

nrhy;yl;ilfspy; nrhw;fisAk; nghUisAk; jdpj;jdpahf vOJjy;.

xNu nghUisj; jUk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l ml;ilfis xd;whf;Fjy;.

gy nghUisj; jUk; nrhw;fis xU $l;lkhf;Fjy;.

xUtu; xU nrhy;iyf; $w> VidNahu; mjw;Fupa gy nghUs;fis $Wjy;.

xUtu; xU nghUisf; $w> VidNahu; mjw;Fupa gy nrhw;fisf; $Wjy;.

$wpatw;iwg; gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jp;y; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.

jhk; fw;w ghlq;fspypUe;J ,t;thwhd nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.



xU nghUs; Fwpj;J gy nrhw;fs; toq;fp tUkhapd;> mit xU nghUs; gy

nrhy; (gd;nkhop) vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;:

- Fspu;r;rp> rPjk;> rPjsk;> jz;ik> espu;> gdp

- rj;jk;> xyp> Xir> mutk;

- Mir> tpUg;;gk;> Mty;> Ntl;if> mth> thQ;ir

22

gy nghUs; xU nrhy;

xU nrhy;yhdJ gy nghUspy; toq;fp tUkhapd;> mJ gy nghUs; xU

nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

E}y; - Mil ijf;Fk; E}y;> Gj;jfk;> rh];jpuk;

fpis - nfhg;G> $l;lk;> Rw;wk;> %q;fpy;


nrhy;yl;ilfs;;

ghlE}y;


xU nghUs; gy nrhw;fis (gd;nkhopfis)j; Njbj; njhFg;ghu;.

gy nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fisj; Njbj; njhFg;ghu;.

mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

xU nghUs; gy nrhy;> gy nghUs; xU nkhopr; nrhw;fis mwpe;J>

Mf;fq;fspy; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

23

Nju;r;rp 10.0 : vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp

vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 10.1 : tOtpd;wp thf;fpa mikjpNahL vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpa ,iaG:

jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gd ,iaGgl

thf;fpak; mikj;jy;.

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

thf;fpa ,iaG gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

,U jpiz> Ik;ghy;> %tplr; nrhw;fis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

vz; (xUik> gd;ik)> fhyk;; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;JtjD}lhf> thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw mikj;J vOJthu;.

,tw;iw mwpe;J Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.


rpy nrhw;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp> mit njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.

c-k;: khztu;fs;> kd;dd;> nry;tp> fjpiu> fhfq;fs;>

gR> ez;gu;fs;> fy;> kf;fs;> kuk;

,tw;wpy; cau;jpiz> m/wpizr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; nrhw;fisf; $wr;

nra;jy;.

xUik> gd;ikr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk; toq;fp> khztu;fis tpilnaOj topg;gLj;Jjy;.

nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;> Vida FOf;fisf;

fUj;Jf;fisf; $wr; nra;jy;; tpupthd tpsf;fk; toq;Fjy;.



jpiz: ,lk;> rhjp> xOf;fk; vd gy nghUs; Fwpf;Fk;. ,yf;fz mstpy;

rhjp vd;gNj nghUe;JtjhFk;.

cau;jpiz: cau;thfpa rhjp (gFj;jwpTs;s kdpju;> Njtu;> eufu;)

m/wpiz : (my; + jpiz = m/wpiz) (gFj;jwptw;w capupdq;fSk;

capuw;w nghUl;fSk;)

jpiz

cau;jpiz m/wpiz

c-k;: kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu; kuk;> fy;> gR> gwitfs;

24

Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; gyu;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy;

kfd; kfs; kf;fs; gR gRf;fs;

khztd;; khztp khztu;fs; Nfhop Nfhopfs;

jpiz

cau;jpiz m/wpiz


kfd; kfs; kf;fs; gR gRf;fs;

khztd;; khztp khztu;fs; Nfhop Nfhopfs;

Mrpupad; Mrpupia Mrpupau;fs; tPL tPLfs;

kuk; kuq;fs;


ghlE}y;

nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

vOJfUtpfs;


thf;fpa ,iaG gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

thf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp ,iaGld; vOJthu;.

,Ujpiz> Ik;ghy;> %tplr; nrhw;fis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

xUik> gd;ik> fhyq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGgl vOjp> Mf;fq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

;

25

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : re ;ju ;g ;gj ;Jf;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy;

ciuahLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : jkJ czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk;

tifapy; ciuahLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : gwitfs; gytpjk;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

ciuahly; xd;wpd; mikg;gpid mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ciuahly; %ykhfj; jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

Nrfupj;j tplaq;fis xOq;FKiwapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

ciuahly; xd;wpid vOJthu;.

jkJ czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk; tifapy;

ez;gu;fSld; ciuahLthu;.


khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> ciuahly; tbtpy; (ciuahliy)

thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

Fwpg;Gf;fs; vLf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

thrpj;jjd; mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpa tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;j tpLjy;.

ciuahly; xd;wpdJ mikg;Gg; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

jkJ czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk; tifapy;

ez;gu;fSld; ciuahlr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;.



gwitfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

fhy;> gy;> gwj;jy;> ngupa gwit> J}uk; gwf;Fk; gwit> gwitfspd; gz;G

ciuahly; tbtk; (mikg;G)

26

mfuhjpapd; JizAld; nghUs; tpsf;Fjy;

1. nts;SLg;G 6. kdtpyhrk;

2. xg;gid 7. gpugQ;rk;

3. ghy; Fbg;gps;is 8. Qhdp

4. rpwj;jyile;j 9. ehj;jpfd;

5. Mjpf;fntwp 10. eatQ;rfk;


ghlE}y;fs;

khjpup ciuahly;fs;


ciuahlypy; fhzg;gLk; fbd gjq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

ciuahly; tbtk; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

gwitfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ciuahly; xd;wpid vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

ciuahliy epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

27

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju ;g ;gq;fSf;FNkw;g


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iwr; nrk;ikahff; $Wthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : gonkhopfs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;: ; :

gonkhopfis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

tplaq;fisf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;J> mtw;wpw;fhd gonkhopfisf; $Wthu;.

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ> gonkhopfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

gonkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp> thf;fpaq;fisAk; rpwpa fijfisAk; vOJthu;.

gonkhopfs; $Wk; gbg;gpidfis mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.


Vw;fdNt mwpe;J nfhz;l gonkhopfisf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

khztu;fis FOf;fshf;fp> gonkhopfspd; fUj;Jf;fis vOjr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fis vOkhwhf mioj;J> fUj;Jf;fisf; $wr; nra;jy;.

gonkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;jkhd thf;fpaq;fs;> rpwpa fijfis

mikf;fr; nra;jy;.



gonkhopfs; rKjhaj;jpd; mDgtj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpf; $Wk;. MfNt njhd;W

njhl;L midtuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

gbg;gwpT cs;stu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> ghkuUk; gonkhopfisg; nghUj;jkhd

,lj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdu;.

gonkhopfspy; nre;jkpo;> Ngr;;R tof;F vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

28

gonkhopfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; ekJ Ngr;Rk; vOj;Jk;> moFk;

RitAk; nghUe;jpadthff;; fhzg;gLk;.

gonkhopfs; jkf;Fupa Neu;g;nghUis czu;j;jhky;> Fwpg;Gg; nghUs; xd;wpid

vLj;J tpsf;Fk;.

c-k;:-

“mlk;gd; nfhbAk; jpuz;lhy; kpLf;F” - xw;WikNa gyk;.

“Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;F Gj;jpkl;L” - Nfhgk; nfhz;ltDf;F mwpT

nraw;glhJ.

“cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid” - rpwpa cjtp nra;jtiuAk;

ed;wpAld; epidtpy;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.


gonkhop vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;

bikd; jhs;

vOJ fUtpfs;


gonkhopfis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;J mtw;wpw;fhd gonkhopfis ,dq;fz;L

$Wthu;.

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd gonkhopfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

gonkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp> rpwpa fijfis / Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

29

Nju;r;rp 13.0 : nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J> mjw;fika

nkhopiar; nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;; 13.4 : epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : epWj;jf; Fwpfs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

• nghUs; ed;F Gyg;gLtjw;F epWj;jf; Fwpfis cupathW gad;gLj;j

Ntz;Lnkd;gij mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; gad;ghl;il mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ Mf;fq;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfisr; nrk;ikahff; ifahSthu;.


• epWj;jf; Fwpfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfsw;w ge;jpnahd;iw toq;fp> epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,lr;nra;J

mtw;wpd; gpuNahfj;jpid tpsf;Fjy;.

• FO Ntiyfisj; jpl;lkpl;L> mtw;wpid toq;Fjy;.

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;bidj; jpl;lkpLjy;.


1. Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.) / Kw;Wj;jupg;G / Kbg;gpirf; Fwp

Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.) / Kw;Wj;jupg;G / Kbg;gpirf; Fwp gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.

i. $w;W> tpaq;Nfhs;> Vty; thf;fpaq;fspd; ,Wjpapy;

ii. nrhw;RUf;fj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;

iii. fbj Kftupapd; ,Wjpapy;

30

2. tpdhf;Fwp / tpdhtpirf;Fwp ( ? )

3. tpag;Gf; Fwp / nka;g;ghl;Lf;Fwp ( ! )

i. tpag;G / ,uf;fk; / typ Nghd;w czu;r;rp ntspg;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

ii. kiwe;J Nghd my;yJ Kd;dpiyapy; ,y;yhj xUtiu my;yJ xd;iw

tpopj;Jf; $Wk;NghJ

c-k; :

ghujpNa! eP ,d;W ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ........

4. fhw; Gs;sp / fhy; khj;j;piu / cWg;gpirf; Fwp ( > )

njhluhf tUfpd;w nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; Jiz

thf;fpaq;fisAk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tz;zk; jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;Jf;

fhl;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.

5. Kf;fhw;Gs;sp / tpsf;fpirf; Fwp ( : )

gpujhd $w;Wf;Fg; gpd;Nd tUk; $w;W> mjd; tpsf;fkhf mikAkplj;J

,lg;gLk;.

6. Nkw;Nfhl; Fwp / mDthjf; Fwp ( “ ………….. ’’ )

xUtUila $w;iw mg;gbNa vLj;jhSk;NghJ Nkw;Nfhl; Fwp gad;gLk;.

7. miug;Gs;sp / njhlupirf; Fwp ( ; )

i . xNu tplak; gw;wpa njhlu;fisg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLk;.


epWj;jf; Fwpfsw;w ge;jpnahd;W

bikd; jhs;

vOJ fUtpfs;


epWj;jf; Fwpfis cupathW gad;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; gad;ghl;il mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;. epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ Mf;fq;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

31

,uz;lhe; jtiz


kl;lk; Ntis

01. 7.0 7.1 mo. ts;spag;gh ghly;fs; 04 31

02. 12.0 12.1 ,ul;ilf;fpstp> ,iznkhop>

mLf;Fj; njhlu; 03 34

03. 7.0 7.1 %l Mik 03 36

04. 13.0 13.2 ngau;r; nrhw;fs; 04 38

05. 7.0 7.1 njd;dkuf;Fk;kp 04 40

06. 3.0 3.2 Rarupijf; fl;Liufs;: mwptpg;Gf;fs; 02 41

07. 7.0 7.1 Gjpa Mj;jp#b 03 43

08. 8.0 8.1 thf;fpaq;fs; mikj;jy;; 02 44

09. 3.0 3.1 Xuq;f ehlfk; 04 45

10. 10.0 10.2 ge;jp vOJjy; 02 47

11. 11.0 11.1 nra;jpj; jhs; 03 49

12. 12.0 12.1 fiyr;nrhw;fs; 02 51

13. 7.0 7.1 jpUf;Fws; 04 52

32

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,uridf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;

thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;J eag;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : mo. ts;spag;gh ghly;fs;

ghlNtis : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;: :

ghly;fisj; njspthfTk; rupahd cr;rupg;GlDk; thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fspYs;s fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

ghly;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ghly;fspy; tUk; tplaq;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l gpw tplaq;fis mwpe;J

$Wthu;.

ghly;fis ,irAld; ghb kfpo;thu;.

,it Nghd;w trdq;fisAk; ghly;fisAk; cUthf;Fthu;.

ghly;fspYs;s tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; filg;gpbf;Fk; kdg;ghq;fpid

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.



ghlyhrpupau; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

ghly;fisj; jpUj;jkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy; (FOthf).

xt;nthU ghlypdJk; cs;slf;fk;> mjNdhL njhlu;Gila gpw tplaq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; $Wjy;.

ghly;fspy; mike;Js;s eaq;fis vLj;Jiuj;jy;.

ghly;fisj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ,irAld; ghLtpj;jy;.

mfuhjpapd; JizAld;> fbd gjq;fSf;fhd nghUisawpa topfhl;ly;.

ghly;fs; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.


33


Mrpupau; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs;

- mo ts;spag;gh (mofg;gr; nrl;bahu; ts;spag;gh)

- GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;> ,uhatuk;

- Foe;ij ,yf;fpar; nrk;ky;> jkpo;g; Nguitr; nrk;ky; vd;gd mtUf;Ff;

fpilj;j gl;lq;fs;;

ghly;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs;

1 Mk; ghly;

- mzpypd; czT> cz;Zk; tpjk;

- mzpypd; njhdp

- mzpypd; elkhl;lk;

- mzpy; gpwUf;Fj; jPq;Fgathj jd;ik nfhz;lJ

- mzpypd; KJfpYs;s NfhLfs; njhlu;ghd Ijpfk;

2 Mk; ghly;

- vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp NtWghL - nghUs; NtWghL

- nrhw; gad;ghl;by; gpuhe;jpa NtWghL

jtiy - mfd;w thAk; cUz;l mbg;gFjpAk; nfhz;l

cNyhfg; ghj;jpuk;

3 Mk; ghly;

- jh jh jh jh jh jh jh jh jh jh - gj;Jj; jh cs;sJ.

vdNt> jhgj;J - gh gj;J vd mikAk;.

- jhgk; vd;w rk];fpUjr; nrhy;Ny jkpopy; jhfk; vd;W MdJ.

- tpLfij mikg;gpyhd ghly;. ,it Nghd;W NtW ghly;fSk; cs.

cjhuzk;:

jpjpjp xUj;jp

jpjpjpjpjpjp jpjpjpjpjpjpjp

kpkp kpkp nrj;jhs;

34

,jd; tpsf;fk;:

%jp xUj;jp (jpjpjp - %d;W jp - %jp)

mWjp (jpjpjpjpjpjp MWjp - mWjp)

vOjp (jpjpjpjpjpjpjp VOjp - vOjp)

,Ukp ,Ukp (kpkp - ,Ukp)

%jp xUj;jp mWjp vOjp ,Ukp ,Ukp nrj;jhs;.


bikd; jhs;fs;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)


ghly;fis cupa cr;rupg;NghL nrk;ikahf thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fis ,irNahL ghbf;fhl;Lthu;.

xt;nthU ghlypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fisAk; mit vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;l

KiwiaAk; $Wthu;.

ghly;fNshL njhlu;Ggl;l gpw tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fspd; fUj;J> mtw;wpw; fhzg;gLk; eak; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

,j;jifa NtW ghly;fisj; Njbf; nfhzu;e;Jk; Rakhf Mf;fpAk; thrpj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

35

Nju;r;rp 12.0 : nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 12.1 : nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; ,ay;igAk; nghUisAk; mwpe;J>


tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,ul;ilf;fpstp> ,iznkhop> mLf;Fj; njhlu;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

nrhw;nwhlu;fis ,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fis re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; ,ay;igAk; nghUisAk; mwpe;J nrk;ikahfg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.


,ul;ilf;fpstp> ,iznkhop> mLf;Fj;njhlu; vd;gd mlq;fpa ml;ilapidf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

mtw;iw tifg;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wp khztUld; fye;Jiuahly;.

mtw;iw tifg;gLj;JkhW khztiu vOkhwhf mioj;Jf; $Wjy;.

tifg;gLj;jpaik gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

mjD}lhf xt;nthd;wpidAk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp tpsf;Fjy;.



,ul;ilf; fpstp - ,ir gw;wpAk;> gz;G gw;wpAk; Fwpg;Gg; gw;wpAk; mbr;

nrhy; ,ul;bj;J> KO cUtj;NjhLk; epw;gJ ,ul;ilf; fpstpahFk;.

Nru;e;J epd;Nw nghUs; jUk;;. gpupj;J epd;W nghUs; juh.

cjhuzk;: flfl> frfr> toto> nkhWnkhW> gugu> fLfL

Xir (,ir) gw;wpad - ryry> klkl

gz;G gw;wpad - RWRW> FWFW

36

mLf;Fj; njhlu;:

- xU nrhy;Ny mLf;fp tUtJ> gpupj;J epd;whYk; nghUs; juty;yJ.

cjhuzk;: C&u;> filfil> XbXb> kzpkzp

,iznkhop :

Xir vjpu ; xj;jnrhy;

me;jpre;jp ,d;gJd;gk; mz;il may;

mfltpflk; cau;T jho;T mope;njhope;J


nrhy;yl;ilfs;

bikd; jhs;

mfuhjp

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)


,ul;ilf; fpstp> mLf;Fj; njhlu;> ,iznkhopfis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

nrhw;nwhlu; tiffspy; ,dq;fz;ltw;iwg; nghUj;jKw thf;fpaq;fspy; itj;J

vOJthu;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

37


thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjD}lhf Mf;fj;jpwid

Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : fijg;ghly;: %l Mik

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

ghly;fisj; njspthf thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

ghly; $Wk; fUj;jpid / fijapid tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fis ,irNahL ghbf; fhl;Lthu;.

jhKk; ,t;thwhd ghly;fis Mf;fKw;gLthu;.


khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> ghly; gFjpfis thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

ghly; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fijapid khztu;fisf; $wr; nra;jy;.

mtu;fs; nrk;ikahff; $w topg;gLj;Jy;.

fij ntspg;gLj;Jk; gbg;gpidia tpsf;Fjy;.

ghly;fis ,irNahL ghlr; nra;jy;.



,aw;ngau; - khzpf;fk;

njhFg;G - gs;spg;gwitfs;

(gs;spg;gwitfs; njhFg;gpypUe;J jug;gl;l ghly;)

csTk; xd;W fz;ld

csTk; - topAk;> je;jpuKk;> cghaKk;

38


Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)

bikd; jhs;fs;

ghlE}y;

mfuhjp


fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

nrhw;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J vOJthu;.

fpufpj;j tplaq;fisr; RUf;fkhfTk; tpupthfTk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. (RUf;fkhd

tpil> tpupthd tpil)

re;ju;g;gq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

jkJ Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;jp> Gjpa gilg;Gfis vOJthu;.

ghly; $Wk; tpOkpag; nghUisAk; gbg;gpidiaAk; tpsq;fp> mtw;iwg;

gpd;gw;Wthu;.

39



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.2 : nrhw;fspd; tifia mwpe;J mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : nrhw;fspd; tif: ngau;r;nrhw;fs;

ghlNtis : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

nrhw;fspd; tifia mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ngau;r; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

ngau;r; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp> mtw;iw ,dq;fhZthu;.

ngau;r;; nrhw;fSf;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ijf; $Wthu;.

ngau;r; nrhw;;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghl mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

nrhw;fspd; tiffs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;Jiuahly;.

vy;yh tifg; ngau;r; nrhw;fSk; ,lk;ngWk; ge;jp xd;wpidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp>

ngau;r;nrhw;fspd; fPo;f;; Nfhbl;L> mit vt;tifg; ngau;fnsd FOepiyapy;

,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

,dq;fz;l tplaq;fspd; fhuzq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> mWtifg;

ngau;fisAk; cjhuzq;fSld; ml;ltizg;gLj;jr; nra;jy;.

,t;tifapy; %tplg; ngau;fisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;J gl;baw;gLj;jr; nra;jy;.



nrhy; - XnuOj;jhy; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fshy; mike;J

nghUs; jUtJ.

nrhy;

,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; tl nrhy; jpirr;nrhy;

ngau; tpid ,il cup

40

nghUl; ngau; - kf;fs;> kuk;

,lg;ngau; - Cu;> NkNy

mWtifg; ngau; fhyg;ngau; - fhiy> fhu;j;jpif

rpidg;ngau; - fz;> Kfk;

Fzg;ngau; - moF> md;G

njhopw;ngau; - cLj;jy;> cwq;fy;

jd;ik xUik - ehd;> ahd;

gd;ik - ehq;fs;> ahq;fs;

%tplg; ngau;fs; Kd;dpiy xUik - eP

gd;ik - ePu;> ePtpu;> ePq;fs;

glu;f;if xUik - mtd;> mts;

gd;ik - mtu;fs;

glu;f;ifg; ngau;


ngau; ngau; ngau; ngau; ngau;

Cuhd; ,isahs; Cuhu; mJ mit

ghyd; khyh gpwu; khL khLfs;


bikd; jhs;fs;

nrhy;yl;il

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)


nrhy; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

nrhy;ypd; tiffis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

mWtifg; ngau;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp> tiutpyf;fzq; $Wthu;.

mWtifg; ngau;fSf;F cjhuzq;fis vOJthu;.

%tplg; ngau;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp> cjhuzq;fs; $Wthu;.

41


thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjD}lhf Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;thu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : njd;idkuf; Fk;kp

ghlNtis : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; ; :

ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa tiffspy; Fk;kpAk; xUtif vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ghly;fisj; njspthfTk; rupahd cr;rupg;GlDk; thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

xt;nthU ghliyAk; eae;J thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fspYs;s mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

ghly;fspYs;s rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghliyf; Fk;kp tbtpy; MLthu;.



ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa tiffis tpgupj;jy;.

njd;idkuf; Fk;kp vOjg;gl;l fhyg; gpd;dzpAk; #oYk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

ghliyr; re;jp gpupj;Jf; $Wjy;.

ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wjy;.

ghliy ,irNahL ghb> Mlr; nra;jy;.



mbrpy; - czT Ftyak; - G+kp

khe;ju; - kf;fs; nfhl;lhq;fr;rp - rpul;il

rPke;jk; (tisfhg;G) - fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fSf;F Vohk; khjj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk;

rlq;F


ghlE}y; vOJjhs;> vOJfUtp


ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa tiffis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

ghliyr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

ghliyg; ghb> Mbf; fhl;Lthu;.

42

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W> mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

czu;r;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ghtid nra;J NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : Rarupijf; fl;Liufs;

mwptpg;Gf;fs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

tplaj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy; Maj;jk; nra;J NgRthu;.

Muk;gk;> njhlUiu> KbTiu Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L NgRthu;.

njhdp NtWghl;Lld; gpwiuf; ftUk; tifapy; NgRthu;.

gy;NtWgl;l ghj;jpuq;fshfg; ghtid nra;J NgRthu;.

VidNahuJ Ngr;Rf;fis mtjhdpj;J> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Ngr;rhw;wiy tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdg;ghq;if ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.


khjpup mwptpg;G / ghtid nra;J> Ngr;ir epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Ljy; my;yJ

xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fisr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

mwptpg;G / ghtid nra;J NgRjypd;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;Jiuahly;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> tplaj; jiyg;ig toq;fp> mwptpg;G /

Rarupijiaj; jahupf;fr; nra;jy;.

FO epiyapy; khztu; jk;ikj; jahu;g;gLj;Jtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.

ghtid nra;J NgRtjw;F ,lu;g;gLk; khztUf;Fg; gapw;rpfis toq;Fjy;.

Maj;jg;gLj;jpa tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;Jf;Fs; epfo;j;Jtjw;Fr;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.

VidNahu; nraw;gLtij mtjhdpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fs; $wr; nra;jy;.



mwptpg;gpd;NghJ my;yJ ghtid nra;J NgRjypd;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;bait:

- epfo;j;j vLj;Jf; nfhz;l tplak;

- rig tpspg;G

- tplaj;jpw;Nfw;w nraw;wpwd;

43

- cr;rupg;G

- njhdp NtWghL

- nka;g;ghL

- nkhopg; gpuNahfk;

- epiy

- rigNahiuf; ftUk; tpjk;

- Neuf; fl;Lg;ghL


xypg;gjpT ehlh

khjpupg; Ngr;Rfs; mlq;fpa Gj;jfk;


Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g ghtid nra;J NgRthu;.

nghUj;jkhd nkhopeil> nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; ifahz;L NgRthu;.

mwptpg;gpd;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpg; NgRthu;.

njhdp NtWghl;Lld; gpwiuf; ftUk;tifapy; NgRthu;.

VidNahuJ Ngr;Rf;fis kjpg;gpl;L> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

44


thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;J eag;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: Gjpa Mj;jp#b

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs ;:

ghlyhrpupah; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fisr; nrk;ikahf thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpOkpaq; -

fisAk; tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gbg;gpidfisAk; filg;gpbg;ghu;.

ghly;fis XirNahL ghLthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtr Kiwfisj; jpl;lkply;.

ghujpahiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fisf; $wy;.

khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fp> Fwpg;gpl;l ghly;fis thrpj;j gpd;du;

mit gw;wp tpsf;Fk;gb $Wjy;.

ghly; tupfspy; $wg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gbg;gpid

fisAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

Fwpg;gpl;l ghly;fisg; ghlTk; mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fis thrpf;fTk;

nra;jy;.



etPd fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;L ey; tpOkpaq;fisAk;

gbg;gpidfisAk; typAWj;jp kfhftp ghujpahu; ,aw;wpaNj Gjpa

Mj;jp#bahFk;.

,g;ghly;fspy; kdpjFyk; ca;Ak; tz;zk; gy Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis

ghujpahu; $wpAs;shu;.


ghlg; gFjp mfuhjp vOJ jhs;



ghly;fspd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

ghly; Mrpupaupd; Nehf;if tpsf;Fthu;.

ghliyg; nghUSzu;e;J XJthu;.

,J Nghd;w ghly;fis eaf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

45

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;J> ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp cupa epWj;jw; FwpfSld; Mf;fq;fisj; njspthf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;; 8.1 : vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J> tOtpd;wp

Neu;j;jpahf vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : thf;fpaq;fs; mikj;jy;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

nrhw;fs; nrhw;nwhlu;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

jug;gLk; nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fs; mikg;ghu;.

thf;fpaq;fs; vOJk; NghJ vOj;Jf;fSf;fpilNa Vw;w ,ilntspapl;L>

epWj;jf; FwpfSld; Neu;j;jpahf vOJthu;.

vOj;Jg; gpio> ,yf;fzg; gpioapd;wp Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

ghlj;ij jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;: nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> kuGr;nrhw;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fis

khztu;fisr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ,lj;jpy; tpsf;fq;fis toq;Fjy;.

nrhw;fs; nrhw;nwhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp thf;fpak; mikf;f topg;gLj;jy;.



nrhw;fs; : xd;wpd; FwpaPlhf> ngauhf> tpidahf> cupahf>

,ilahf miktJ.

nrhw;nwhlu; : fUj;JKw;Wg;ngwhky; epw;Fk; nrhw;$l;lk;;.

thf;fpaq;fs;: fUj;J Kw;Wg;ngw epw;Fk; nrhw;$l;lk;.

kuGr;nrhw;fs;: ,e;jg; nghUis ,r;nrhy;yhy; miog;gJ vd;w

tud;Kiwf;Fs; tUtd.

kuGj;njhlu; : Neu;g;nghUis czu;j;jhky; Fwpg;Gg; nghUis czu;j;Jk;

njhlu;fs;


ghlE}y; gapw;rpfs;

mfuhjpfs; xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;


nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.

jug;gLk; nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; nfhz;L> thf;fpaq;fs; vOJthu;.

thf;fpaq;fs; vOJk;NghJ vOj;Jf;fspilNa Vw;w ,ilntsp tpl;L>

Neu;j;jpAld; vOJthu;.

,yf;fz tOtpd;wpAk; epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,l;Lk; vOJthu;.

46

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W> mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

czu;r;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 3.1 : ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;g ebj;Jg; NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : Xuq;f ehlfk; - fz;zfp tof;Fiuj;jy;

ghlNtis : 04

fw;wy; NgWfs;:

fijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhdpapidg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngWthu;.

nghUj;jkhd nka;g;ghL NgZe;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghj;jpuj;jpd; czu;Tfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld;

NgRthu;.

FO xUikg;ghl;bidg; NgZe;jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sthu;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gbg;gpidfisAk; vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

fij Kd;dpfo;Tfis mwpe;J $Wthu;.


fijr; RUf;fj;ijf; $wp> ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

fbd gjq;fSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wjy;.

FOepiyapy; khztu;fis thrpf;ftpLjy;.

khztu;fisg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;fr; nra;jy;.

Fiw> epiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> rpwg;ghfr; nra;tjw;F topfhl;lYk;

Cf;fg;gLj;JjYk;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;jy;.



ghz;bkhNjtp fdtpNy fz;l Ju;epkpj;jq;fs; Kjyhk; fhl;rpapYk; mtw;iw

murDf;Ff; $Wjy;> fz;zfp tUif> tof;Fiuj;jy; Mfpad ,uz;lhk;

fhl;rpapYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ePjpf;fhfg; NghuhLjy;

2. murdhf ,Ue;Jk; ghz;ba kd;dd; gpioia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;

47


ghlg; gFjp

mfuhjp

vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtp


ghz;bkhNjtp fz;l fdT gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.

fz;zfp tof;Fiuj;jy; ehlfk; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ePjpf;fUj;Jf;fis vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

ehlfj;ijg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

48

Nju;r;rp 10.0 : vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.2 : fUj;Jg; Gyg;gLkhW ge;jp vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ge;jp vOJjy;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

$wg;gLk; tplaj;ij mtjhdkhff; Nfl;Lf; fpufpg;ghu;.

fpufpj;j tplaj;jpd; jiyikf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L

vOJthu;.

fpufpj;jtw;wpy; Njitahdtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;Jk; Njitaw;wtw;iw ePf;fpAk;

xOq;FgLj;jp vOJthu;.

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisg; ge;jpahfg; nghUj;jkhd FwpaPLfis ,l;L

vOJthu;.

Neu;j;jpahf vOJk; Mw;wiyg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.



tplaj; njhlu;Gs;s rpy thf;fpaq;fis toq;fp mtw;iwj; ju;f;f uPjpahf

xOq;FgLj;jp> mikf;FkhW khztu;fis top;g;gLj;jy;.

ge;jpfis toq;fp mtw;wpy; jiyikf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis

khztu;fs; ,dq;fhd topfhl;Ljy;.

ge;jp xd;W vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ngwg;gl;ltw;iw> ge;jp

tbtpy; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.



ge;jp vd;gJ xU tplaj;jpid tpsf;fpf; $Wtjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l ikaf;fUj;J xU ge;jpapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghYk;

ge;jpapd; jiyik thf;fpak; mJthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ikaf; fUj;ij tYg;gLj;Jtjhf Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;Jj; njhlu;Giladthf> xOq;F Kiwapy; thf;fpaq;fs; mikAk;NghJ

ge;jp rpwg;ghdjhf mikAk;.

vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;Nfw;w nkhopeilapy; tplaq;fs; fUj;Jj; njspTld;

$wg;gLjy; mtrpak;.

49


khjpupg; ge;jpfs;

thf;fpaq;fs; mlq;fpa nrhy;yl;ilfs;


xU tplak; njhlu;ghff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l juTfis itj;J> ge;jpahf

vOJtJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ge;jp xd;W vt;tpjk; mikAk; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.

Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;ghd juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp> ge;jp vOJthu;.

50

Nju;r;rp 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fs; Clhf> gilg;ghf;f

El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 11.1 : Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;jp> gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis

vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : nra;jpj;jhs; (fl;Liufs;)

ghlNtis : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; :

fl;Liuia thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

fl;Liuapd; gpujhd fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

fl;Liuapd; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fpAk; tpupj;Jk; $Wthu;.

fl;Liu njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp> RUf;fp vOJthu;.

fl;Liu gw;wpa tpku;rdj;ij xOq;fhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

fl;Liuapd; mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.


fl;Liuia xt;n;thU khztidAk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

fl;Liuia thrpj;J> Fwpg;ngOjr; nra;jy;.

gpujhd fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L vOj topfhl;ly;.

fl;Liuiar; RUf;fp vOjr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> nghUj;jkhd tpdhf;fis toq;fp FOr;

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy;.

FOf;fs; jkJ tpku;rdq;fis Kd;itf;f topfhl;Ljy;.

fl;Liu njhlu;ghd mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fis mtjhdpj;J Mf;fq;fis

vOj topfhl;ly;.



fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; gw;wpa tpguk;.

gj;jpupiffs; mtw;wpd; jw;fhyg; gad;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

mwptpaypd; tsu;r;rpapdhy; ,d;iwa cyfk; RUq;fpapUf;fpwJ.

cyfj;jpd; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; ,lk; ngWfpd;w epfo;r;rpiaAk; clDf;Fld;

mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; trjp cz;L.

thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> nra;jpj;jhs;fs; %yk; nra;jpfs; tpiue;J

guTfpd;wd.

51

fhuzg; ngau;

NEWS - nra;jpfs;

N - North - tlf;F

E - East - fpof;F

W - West - Nkw;F

S - South - njw;F

gj;jpupifapd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp

- fp.gp. 1633 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhw;wk;

- fp.gp. 1835 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhw;wk;

- Muk;gj;jpy; nra;jpfs; kl;Lk;

- fhy Xl;lj;jpy; mwptpay;> ,yf;fpak;> mUq;fiyfs;> Md;kpfk;> tpisahl;L>

Ntbf;if> nghOJNghf;F vd;W gy Jiwfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;

- ehlfk;> rpdpkh> Nfspf;if

- tPuk;> tpisahl;L> ntw;wp rhjid

- ,d;W nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kf;fspd; Kf;fpa Njitfspy; xd;W

nra;jpj;jhs;fspd; gz;Gfs;

- nra;jpfis tpiuthf mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.

- rpdpkh> ehlfk;> ,irf; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

- fiyQu;fSf;F cjTfpwJ.

- Gjpa Muha;r;rpf;F cjTfpwJ.

- gd;dhl;L murpay; gw;wpa mwpitj; jUfpwJ.

- gQ;rk;> nts;sk;> tpgj;J> Nghu; Nghd;w tpguq;fisj; jUfpwJ.

- thrfu; Fuy;> kf;fs; Fuy;> MrpupaUf;Ff; fbjk; Nghd;wit thapyhf

kf;fs; milAk; ed;ikfs; mNefk; cz;L.

KbTiu

- kf;fSf;F gy;Jiw mwpit nfhLj;jy;.

- nghJkf;fSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ey;YwTg; ghykhjy;.

- fhyj;jpd; fz;zhb.

- nra;jpfisg; gbj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J> tho;tpy; nrk;ik

epiy milNthk;.


gj;jpupifs;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)

vOJfUtpfs;

vOJjhs;fs;


fl;Liuia thrpj;J> fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

fl;Liuiar; RUf;fp vOJthu;.

fl;Liuapd; gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis vOJthu;.

fl;Liuia tpku;rdk; nra;thu;.

fl;Liu xd;iwr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

52


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;; 12.1 : nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J


tpla cs;slf;fk; : fiyr;nrhw;fs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

fiyr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

,dq;fz;l fiyr;nrhw;fSf;F epfuhd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;.

fiyr;nrhw;fs; mlq;fpa ge;jp xd;wpid khztUf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mjpy;

fhzg;gLk; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

,dq;fz;l nrhw;fisj; jdpahf nts;isg; gyif (White borad) my;yJ

fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy;.

vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fs; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; gw;wp> fye;JiuahLjy;.

khztu; fw;Fk; Vida ghlq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyr;nrhw;fis

ml;ltizg;gLj;jf; $Wjy;.

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.



mwpTj;Jiwfs; rhu;e;j tpNrl nrhw;fs; fiyr;nrhw;fshFk;.

mwpTj;Jiw> njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;j tplaq;fisf; fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

fiyr;nrhw;fs; cjTfpd;wd.

Fax - njhiyefy;

CD (Compact Dise) - ,Wtl;L> FWe;jfL

Keyboard - tpirg;gyif

Monitor - jpiu

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;: ;

bikd;jhs;fs;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)

nrhy;yl;il


fiyr; nrhw;;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fSf;fhd Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fiyr; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

53


thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;J eag;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : jpUf;Fws; (nra;e;ed;wp mwpjy;)

ghlNtis : 04

fw;wy; NgWfs ;:

jpUf;Fwspd; mikg;G Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.

jpUts;Stu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

Fws;fisj; jpUj;jkhf thrpg;ghu;.


Fwl; ghf;fspd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

nra;e;ed;wp vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

nra;e;ed;wp mwpjypd; Nkd;ikia kwg;gjhy; tUk; jPik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

XirAld; Xjpf;fhl;Lthu;.


ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

jpUts;Stu;> jpUf;Fws; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

nra;e;ed;wp mwpjy; gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

Fws;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;Fjy;.

Fwl;ghf;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wjy;.

Fwl;ghf;fis ,irAld; Xjpf;fhl;lr; nra;jy;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

(OHP, gy;Y}lfk; Nghd;wd cgNahfpf;fyhk;)

FOf;fshf;fp ghltply;.



jpUts;Stu; - nja;tg; Gytu;> ngha;ahnkhopahu;> nre;ehg;Nghjfu;

jpUf;Fws; Fws; ntz;ghtpdhy; MdJ

Fws; - FWfpa ghl;L

‘m’ fuj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ‘d;’ ,y; KbtilfpwJ.

54

1 - 3 Fws;fs; - nra;e;ed;wpapd; cau;T

1. fhuzkpd;wpr; nra;jy;

2. fhyj;jpdhy; nra;jy;

3. gpujp gyid vjpu;ghuhJ nra;jy;

4 - 5 Fws;fs; - rhd;Nwhu;f;Fr; nra;Ak; ed;wp mtu;fshy; ngupjhf

kjpf;fg;gLk; (gaid mwpe;Njhu;f;F nra;Ak; cjtp)

6 - 7 Fws;fs; - ed;wp nra;jtUila el;gpd; cau;T

8 - 9 Fws;fs; - nra;e;ed;wpapd; mtrpak;

10 Mk; Fws; - nra;e;ed;wp kwg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; jPq;F


jpUf;Fws; ghlE}y; nra;e;ed;wpAld; njhlu;Gila fl;Liufs;


Fws;fisj; jpUj;jkhf thrpg;ghu;.


Fws;fspd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

Fwis XirAld; Xjpf;fhl;Lthu;.

tplaq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.

55

%d;whe; jtiz


kl;lk; Ntis

01. 5.0 5.1 Nru;. Irhf; epa+w;wd; ; 04 55

02. 12.0 12.2 kuGj;njhlu;fs; 02 57

03. 9.0 9.1 ePjpnewp tpsf;ff; fijfs;:

Gfo;r;rp ,fo;r;rp mspj;j fij 03 59

04. 4.0 4.1 KbTwhf; fijfs; my;yJ

rk;gt tpgupg;G 02 61

05. 9.0 9.1 <rYk; Gw;Wk; 03 62

06. 11.0 11.2 miog;gpjo; vOJjy;

tpsk;guk; vOJjy; 03 64

07. 1.0 1.4 nrhw;nghopT 03 66

08. 4.0 4.2 rpwpa Nkilg;Ngr;R 02 67

09. 7.0 7.1 ftpij: kuq;fs; tho;f! khepyk; tho;f! 03 69

10. 6.0 6.1 nra;Al; gFjp 03 71

11. 9.0 9.1 FWk;gh 03 73

12. 1.0 1.2 ghNthjy; : Gjpa Mj;jp#b 02 75

13. 6.0 6.2 ciueilg;gFjp:

fk;gupy; ghyu; fy;tp 03 76

14. 13.0 13.3 nrhw;Gzu;r;rp 03 78

15. 8.0 8.2 thf;fpaq;fs;; vOJjy; 03 80

56

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : Mf;fG+u ;tkhd nraw;wpwd; cila thrfuhfr ;

nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;5.1 : tplaj; njspNthL thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J

thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : Nru; Irhf; epA+w;wd;

ghlNtis : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

vOj;Jf;fspd; xypNgjq;fis ,dq;fz;L thrpg;ghu;.

njhdp Ngjq;fis mDrupj;J thrp;g;ghu;.

vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;Fk; cupa mOj;jj;ijf; nfhLj;J thrpg;ghu;.

ghl cs;slf;fj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.



khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> nksdkhdTk; cuj;Jk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

thrpj;j tplaq;fs; gw;wp> khztiu vOkhwhff; $wr; nra;jy;.

tplak; KOtJk; tpsq;Fk; tiu ,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wjy;.



Nru; Irhf; epA+w;wdpd; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fs;> fz;Lgpbg;G Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpf;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpf;fhf mtu; nra;j Nritfs;> mtUf;Ff; fpilj;j gl;lq;fs;>

mtuJ ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

57


ghlE}y;

vOJfUtp


cupa Kiwfspy; thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghl cs;slf;f tplaq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

Nru; Irhf; epA+w;wd; vd;w tpQ;Qhdp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fis vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

tpQ;Qhdpfspd; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fis thrpj;J> tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

58


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 12.2 : nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; ,ay;igAk; nghUisAk; tifiaAk;

mwpe;J> nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; ; : kuGj; njhlu;fs;

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;J> mtw;wpid tpsf;Fk; kuGj; njhlu;fis

,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

kuGj;njhlu;fs; $Wk; gbg;gpidfisAk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk mwpe;J

$Wthu;.

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ> kuGj;njhlu;fisg; nghUj;jkhfg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

kuGj;njhlu;fSf;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itg;ghu;.

kuGj;njhlu;fspd; tifg;ghLfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

kuGj;njhlu;fisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;jp> thf;fpaq;fis moFw

vOJthu;.


Vw;nfdNt mwpe;J nfhz;l kuGj;njhlu;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

kuGj;njhlu;fisj; njhFf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> kuGj;njhlu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis vOjr; nra;jy;.

vOkhwhf mioj;J> kuGj;njhlu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisr; $wr; nra;jy;.

nghUj;jkhd kuGj;njhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp thf;fpak; mikf;fr; nra;jy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

kuGj;njhlu; rKjhaj;jpd; mDgtj;jpul;L. ,tw;iw vg;NghJ Mf;fpdhu;fs;

vd;W $Wjy; fbdk;.

gbg;gwpTs;stu; kl;Lkd;wp> ghkuu;fSk; ,tw;iwg; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

kuGj;njhlu;> epakj; jkpopy; kl;Lkd;wp nghJg;Ngr;R tof;fpid xl;bajhfTk;

mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

kuGj;njhlu;fs; gy;NtW tifahf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

c - k; : jiy gw;wpad

if gw;wpad

59


ghl E}y;

nrhy;yl;ilfs;

nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtq;fs;


kuGj;njhlu;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

kuGj;njhlu;fisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;jp> thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;.

kuGj;njhlu;fSf;fhd fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; kuGj;njhlu;fisg; gpuNahfpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

60

Nju;r;rp 9.0 : thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iwj; njspthf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 9.1 : thrpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp

vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ePjpnewp tpsf;ff; fijfs;:

Gfo;r;rp ,fo;r;rp mspj;j fij

ghlNtis : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; :

ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> ePjpnewp tpsf;ff; fijfs; Mfpa E}y;fs; gw;wp; mwpe;J

$Wthu;.

ePjpg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J tpgupg;ghu;.

fijia njhdpNtWghl;LlDk; nka;g;ghl;Lzu;r;rpAlDk; thrpg;ghu;.

fijapYk; ghlypYk; $wg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis jkJ tho;tpy;

filg;gpbg;ghu;.

ghly;fis ,irAld; ghb eag;ghu;.

ePjpf;fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gl Gjpa Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.


ePjp newptpsf;fk; - E}yhrpupau; FkuFUguu;.

ePjp newptpsf;ff; fijfs; - Mrpupau; R.m. ,uhkrhkpg; Gytu;.

E}yhrpupau;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fisf; $wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

ghly;fisAk; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;s fij gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

fijia thrpj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.

jdpj;jdpahf> njhdp NtWghLfSld; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wjy;.

ghly;fspd; nghUs; tpsf;fk;.

fijf;Fk; ghly;fSf;Fkhd njhlu;G gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.



FkuFUguu;> R.m. ,uhkrhkpg; Gytu; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

fijfspd; jiyg;Gf;fs;

- Gfo;r;rp ,fo;r;rpia mspj;j fij

“jd;id tpag;gpg;ghd;...” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

mUk;gjq;fs; - nghUs; tpsf;fk;

61


ePjpf; fijfs;

ePjpg; ghly;fs;


E}yhrpupau; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fijiaj;; njhdp NtWghl;Lld; thrpg;ghu;.

ghly;fis ,irAld; ghLthu;.

ghly;fspd; nghUis vOJthu;.

ghly;fs; $Wk; gbg;gpidfisj; jkJ tho;tpYk; filg;gpbg;ghu;.

ghly;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

62

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : Nfl;Nghu; csq;nfhsj;jf;f tifapy; jkJ

vz;zq;fis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; njspthfg;

NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : KbTwhf; fijfs; my;yJ rk;gt tpgupg;G

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs ;

toq;fg;gLk; tplaj;ij tsu;j;J tpupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

toq;fg;gLk; tplaj;jpy; nrhy;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs; njhlu;ghd

tpgupg;Gf;fisr; nra;thu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Gw vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

jhk; $Wfpd;w tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrk;ikahd nkhop

eiliaf; ifahs;thu;.

jhk; ngw;w mDgtq;fis kw;wtUk; czUk; tifapy; tpsf;fpf;

$Wthu;.


ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

KbTwhf; fijfs; rpytw;iw khztu;fisf; Nfl;fr; nra;J

mtu;fsJmDgt tpgupg;Gf;fisj; jahupf;FkhW $Wjy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> mtu;fsJ mDgt tpgupg;Gf;fisf;

$wr; nra;jy;.

mDgt tpgupg;Gf;fisr; rk;gtq;fshfg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;.

nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; fUj;J tpsf;fq;fisf; $wr; nra;jy;.



nghUj;jkhd KbTwhf; fijfs; rpytw;iwj; jahupf;Ff my;yJ rpy jiyg;Gf; -

fis toq;fp> khztu;fspd; rk;gt tpgupg;Gf;fisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;f.


ghlE}y;> mfuhjp xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;

rpy KbTwhf; fijfs; my;yJ rk;gt tpgupg;Gj; jiyg;Gf;fs;


jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;gpy; rk;gt tpgupg;Gf;fisf; $Wthu; my;yJ

jug;gLk; KbTwhf; fijfis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

rk;gt tpgupg;Gf;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

rk;gt tpgupg;Gf;fis my;yJ jq;fsJ mDgtq;fis tpsf;fkhff;

$Wthu;.

nkhopiar; nrk;ikahff; ifahSk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

jkJ Ngr;rhw;wiyg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

63


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : thrpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp

vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : <rYk; Gw;Wk;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;: ;

ciuAk; fijAk; vd;w tbtk; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

jug;gl;Ls;s ciuAk; fijAk; vOjpa Mrpupau; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

tplaj;jpw;Nfw;w czu;r;rpNahLk; njhdpNahLk; thrpg;ghu;.

ikaf;fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;ijAk; ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

Nfl;Lf;; fpufpj;j fij njhlu;ghf> jkJ vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ciuAk; fijAkhd Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

,t; ciug;gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

kdr;rhl;rpf;F tpNuhjkhf elf;ff;$lhJ vd;gij tho;tpy; filg;gpbg;ghu;.


ciuAk; fijAk; tbtk; gw;wp fye;JiuahLjy;.

ciuAk; fijAk; tbtj;jpid thrpj;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

ikaf;fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;ijAk; ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;Jjy;.

fij $Wk; gbg;gpidfis vOjr; nra;jy;.



ciuAk; fijAk; tbtk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

fiwahd;fspd; tPL fl;Lk; Kaw;rp, tPl;bd; mikg;G gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

Gw;whk;gok; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

ghk;gpd; tUif> fiwahd;fspd; Jd;gk;.

fiwahd;fspd; vjpu;g;;Gzu;T.

ghk;gpd; kdkhw;wk;.

<ry;fs; cUthf;fk; mtw;wpd; Mjpf;f czu;T.

fiwahd;fspdJ njhlu;e;j Jd;gk;.

kio nga;jy;> tptrhapapd; tUif> Gw;wpd; mopT.

FwpaPl;L Kiwapy; fij czu;j;Jk; gbg;gpid.

64


ghlE}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s ciuAk; fijAk;

bikd; jhs;fs;;

vOJfUtpfs;


ciuAk; fijAk; tbtk; gw;wp $Wthu;.

nka;g;ghl;Lzu;NthL ciuAk; fijAk; gFjpia thrpg;ghu;.

ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

Jizf;fUj;ij tpgupj;J vOJthu;.

fijapd; %yk; ntspg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J vOJthu;.

ciuAk; fijAk; tbtpyike;j Mf;fq;fis thrpg;ghu;.

;

65

Nju;r;rp 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fs; Clhf> gilg;ghf;f

El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.2 : eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : miog;gpjo; vOJjy;> tpsk;guk; vOJjy;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

miog;gpjo; / tpsk;guk; vOjg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

miog;gpjopd;; / tpsk;guj;jpd; Njit gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

miog;gpjopd;; / tpsk;guj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsq;fp vOJthu;.

miog;gpjopid / tpsk;guj;jpidr; nrk;ikahfTk; mofhfTk;

jahupf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.


khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;jy;.

xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xt;nthU tpjkhd miog;gpjo;fis / tpsk;guq;fis

toq;Fjy;.

miog;gpjopid / tpsk;guj;jpid tpj;jpahrkhfj; jahupf;f topg;gLj;Jjy;.

mit vOjg;gLk; re;ju;g;;gk;> mtw;wpd; mikg;G vd;gd gw;wpa tpdhf;fis

toq;fp tpilaspf;fr; nra;jy;.



miog;gpjo; / tpsk;guk; vOjg;gLk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisf; $Wjy;.

miog;gpjo; / tpsk;guq;fspd; Njit gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

miog;gpjopd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gply;.

tplak; - nfhz;lhLgtuJ ngau;

- ,lk;> jpfjp> Neuk;

- miog;Nghu;

66

ftu;r;rp - epw%l;ly;

- glq;fs;

vOj;J - rpwpa trdq;fs;

- thrpg;Nghiuf; ftUk; thf;fpaq;fs;

- Gjpa rpe;jidfs;> $w;Wf;fs;

- ftu;r;rpfukhd tpspg;G

tpsk;guq;fspd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gply;.

tplak; - tpsk;guk; nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;

- ,lk;> jpfjp> Neuk;

- miog;Nghu;

ftu;r;rp - epw%l;ly;

- glq;fs;

vOj;J - rpwpa trdq;fs;

- thrpg;Nghiuf; ftUk; thf;fpaq;fs;

- Gjpa rpe;jidfs;> $w;Wf;fs;

- ftu;r;rpfukhd tpspg;G


khjpup miog;gpjo;fs;> tpsk;guq;fs;

bikd; jhs;fs;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)


ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.

miog;gpjo; / tpsk;guq;fs; mDg;gg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; $Wthu;.

gy;NtW tifapyhd miog;gpjo;fs; / tpsk;guq;fspd;; mikg;gpid mwpe;J

$Wthu;.

jug;gLk; tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd miog;gpjio / tpsk;guq;fisj;

jahupg;ghu;.

67

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g>


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : nraw;wpwDk; tpisjpwDk; cs;s Nfl;Nghuhfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;: nrhw;nghopT

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

nrhw;nghoptpd; jiyg;gpidg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

nrhw;nghopT vOjg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

nrhw;nghoptpd; cs;slf;f tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

jhKk; nrhw;nghopT xd;wpid vOJthu;.

jug;gl;Ls;s nrhw;nghoptpid epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.


ghlg; gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

nrhw;nghopT xd;wpid khztiuf; Nfl;ftply; my;yJ nrhw; -

nghopit xypehlhtpy; gjpe;j gpd;du; khztiuf; Nfl;ftply;.

khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fp> nrhw;nghoptpy; $wg;gl;l tplaq;fisg;

gl;baw;gLj;j topfhl;ly;.

khztu; gl;baw;gLj;jpa tpguk; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.

jug;gl;Ls;s nrhw;nghoptpy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis

,dq;fz;L> vOjr; nra;jy;.

kuGj;njhlu;fisj; njhFf;fr; nra;jy;.



nrhw;nghopT xd;wpid epfo;j;Jtjhapd;> ftdpf;f Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;


ghlE}y;fs;

,Wtl;Lf;fs;

mfuhjp


jug;gLk; jiyg;gpy; nrhw;nghoptpid epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

nrhw;nghopnthd;wpidr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

nrhw;nghoptpy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

68

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : jkJ vz;zq;fis> Nfl;Nghu; csq;nfhs;sj;jf;f

tifapy; vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 4.2 : vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf> nghUl;

- nrwpNthL Ngr;R El;gq;fisf; ifahz;L NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : rpwpa Nkilg;Ngr;R

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

rpwpa Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;wpd; jiyg;gpid> njupT nra;tjw;fhff;

fye;JiuahLthu;.

Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;W epfo;j;Jk; Kiwapid vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;wpd; cs;slf;f tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs; vd;gdtw;iw

,izj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

nrhw;nghopT xd;wpid epfo;j;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

toq;fg;gLk; jiyg;gpy;> Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;wpid epfo;j;Jthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

khztUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ngr;R xd;wpidr; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;wpid epfo;j;Jk;

KiwapidAk; mjpy; $wg;gl;l tplaq;fisAk; gl;baw;gLj;JkhW

$Wjy;.

khztu; gl;baw;gLj;jpa tpguq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.

Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;wpid vOjr; nra;jy;.

jahupf;fg;gl;l rpwpa Nkilg;Ngr;rpid epfo;j;jr;nra;jy;.



xU jiyg;gpid xl;ba gy;NtW tplaq;fis tpsf;fp> njhFj;Jj;

jUtjhf Ngr;R mikAk;.

Ngr;R xd;wpd; mikg;G:

- nghUj;jkhd tpspg;G

- jiyg;ig mwpKfk; nra;jy;

- jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;

- njhFj;Jf; $wYk; KbTiuAk;

69

Ngr;rhsu; NgRk;NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;bait / ftdpf;f

Ntz;bait:

- KiwahdJk; njspthdJkhd cr;rupg;G

- Ngr;Rf;Ffe;j njhdp

- mit mQ;rhik

- mitaPu;g;G

- epiy


ghlE}y;fs;

xypg;gjpTfs;

khjpup Nkilg;Ngr;Rfs;


Nkilg; Ngr;R xd;wpidf; Nfl;L> fUj;Jf;fisAk; mikg;gpidAk;

$Wthu;.

Nkilg; Ngr;R xd;W epfo;j;Jtjw;fhd rl;lfk; xd;wpid mikj;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.

jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g Nkilg; Ngr;R xd;wpid

epfo;j;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

70


thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;J eag;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : ftpij: kuq;fs; tho;f! khepyk; tho;f!

(guyp R.ney;iyag;gu;)

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ghly;fisr; nrk;ikahf thrpg;ghu;.

ghly; Mrpupau; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fis ,irNahL ghLthu;.

$wg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gbg;gpidfisAk; mwpe;J

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

kuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsq;fpj; Jyq;Fthu;.

,aw;ifiag; Ngzp> #oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtr Kiwfisj; jpl;lkplYk; gpuNtrpj;jYk;.

xt;nthU ge;jpiaAk; thrpj;j gpd;du; mJ gw;wp tpsf;fk; $Wjy;.

ghly;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; gbg;gpidfisAk; tpOkpaq;fisAk;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

jhtuq;fs;: kuq;fs;> nrb> nfhbfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;ilf; $wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> xt;nthU ghliyAk; xt;nthU FO thrpf;fTk;

ghlTk; nra;jy;.



ghbatu; guyp R. ney;iyag;gu;

- guyp R. ney;iyag;gu; ghujpahupd; Gfio cyfwpar; nra;jtu;.

mtu; ghujpahuhy;> jk;gp vd miof;fg; ngw;wtu;.

- Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghujpahupd; ghly;fisj; JzpTld; E}yhf

ntspapl;Lg; gug;gpatu;. t.c. rpjk;gudhu; epWtpa RNjrpf; fg;gy; epWtdj;jpy;

gzpahw;wpatu;. 1908 ,y;; rpjk;gudhUld; rpiw nrd;wtu;.

- GJr;Nrupapy; #upNahjak;> ,e;jpah> tp[ah> fu;kNahfp vDk; ,jo;fspy;

ghujpahUld; Nru;e;J gzpahw;wpatu;.

71

kuQ; nrb nfhbfshy;jhd; kz;zpy; tho;T epiyf;fpwJ.

kuQ;nrb nfhbfs; cLg;gjw;F cilAk; cz;gjw;F czTk;> mWRitf;

fdpfSk; je;J ek;ikg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd.

mUk;gjq;fs;

kz;zpy; - cyfpy;

czu;tJ - njupe;J nfhs;tJ

mWRit - MW tifahd Ritfs;

mitahtd: ifg;G (frg;G)> ,dpg;G> Gspg;G> Jtu;g;G>

ctu;g;G> fhu;g;G (fhuk; / ciwg;G)


ghlE}y; - ftpijg; gFjp

vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;


ghly;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghly;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; $Wk; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf tpsf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

,t;thwhd NtW ghly;fisj; Njb> thrpg;ghu;.

jhKk; ,J Nghd;w ghly;fis vOJthu;.

72


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : nra;Al; gFjp:

“<ahj tw;rupd; ntstp ............”

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J nra;Aspd; nghUspidg; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLthu;.

nra;Aspd; cs;slf;f tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

thrpj;j gFjpiar; nrhe;j nkhop eilapy; $Wthu;.

$wg;gLk; tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

khztu; nra;Ais nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;fr; nra;jy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> xt;nthU ghliyAk; xt;nthU FOtpdu;

thrpf;fTk; ghlTk; nra;jy;.

xt;Nthu; ghliyAk; nksdkhf thrpj;j gpd;du;> mtw;wpy; cs;s tplak;

njhlu;ghf tpsf;fk; $wr; nra;jy;.

ghly;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; gbg;gpidfisAk; tpOkpaq;fisAk;

gw;wp fye;Jiuahb> gl;baw;gLj;jy;.

ghly;fspy; $wg;gLk; gbg;gpidfisAk; tpOkpaq;fisAk; gl;baw;gLj;jr;

nra;jy;.



ghly;fspd; nghUs;

1. gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;fhj cNyhgpfsplkpUe;J nghUisf; ftu;e;J>

,ue;J Nfl;fpd;w kpfTk; tWikahsUf;Ff; nfhLf;fpd;w nfhil

ts;sy;fs; Nghy> XahJ xypj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cg;Gj;jd;ikahd

flypypUe;J ePiu mjpfk; ngw;W> xd;W Nru;e;J jpuz;L Nkfk;

NknyOk;.

2. fy;tpawpT ,y;yhjtu;fSila cs;sk; NghyTk; my;yJ

fLfz;zhitf; Fifapy; nrwpe;J cs;s ,Us; NghyTk; nghwhik

cs;stu; kdk; NghyTk; ,USilajhfp> Nkfk; fUf;nfhz;lJ.

73

3. nrk;ikahd fjpu;fis cila #upaid ,fo;e;J rpupg;gJ Nghy

,ilapilNa kpd;dp> mtidg; NghUf;F mioj;J vjpu;j;J epd;W

Muthupj;jy; Nghy ,bNahirfis cz;lhf;Fk;.

mUk;gjq;fs;

tw;ru; - cNyhgp

,utyu; - ,ug;Nghu;

Gutyh; - Mjupj;Jf; fhg;gtu;> muru;

ntstp - ftu;e;J

Mu;g;gJ - Muthupg;gJ

fidapUs; - kpFe;j ,Us;

mOf;fhW - nghwhik

#y; - fu;g;gk;

nrq;fjpNuhd; - #upad;

miw$tp - NghUf;F mioj;J

Mu;g;gJ - Muthupg;gJ


ghlw;gFjp “<ahj tw;rupd; ntstp... ”

vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;

fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:


ghly; xt;nthd;wpdJk; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fs; nkhj;jkhf tpsf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

,J Nghd;w ghly;fisr; Rakhf Mf;Fthu;.

gpd;dpizg;G

1. <ahj tw;rupd; ntstp - ey;y

,utyu;f; fPfpd;w Gutyu; Nghy

Xah Ttu;f;fl ys;sp - kpf

Tz;L jpuz;L Guz;nlO Nkfk;.

2. fy;yhjtu; kdk; Nghy - md;wpf;

fLfizf; FiftU fidapUs; Nghy

my;yh jOf;fhW nfhz;Nlhu; - kdk;

Mnkd NtapUz;lq;F #y; nfhz;Nl.

3. nrq;fjp Nuhd;jid nas;sp - epd;W

rpupg;gJ Nghy ,ilapil kpd;dp

mq;ft Ndhliw $tp - vjpu;j;

jhu;g;gJ Nghy ,bj;JK oq;Fk;.

(ethypA+u; NrhkRe;jug; Gytu;)

74


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : thrpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp>

vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : FWk;gh

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

ghly;fisg; gjk; gpupj;J> nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;ghu;.


ghly;fspy; tUk; fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.

ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mzpfis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

ghly;fis ,irAld; ghLthu;.

ghly;fisg; ghba Mrpupah;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; njhFj;J

toq;Fthu;.

ghly;fs; $Wk; ePjpf; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W elg;ghh;.


nghUj;jkhd ghl mwpKfnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

ghly;fisg; gjk; gpupj;J> thrpj;Jf; fhl;b khztiu thrpf;fr;

nra;jy;.

ghly;fspy; cs;s mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOjr; nra;jy;.

nghUs; vOjpa gpd;dh;> mJ njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahbr;

nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;.

ghly;fspYs;s mzpfis tpsf;Fjy;.

ghly;fis ,irNahL ghlr;nra;jy;.



mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd nghUs; tpsf;fk;

ghly;fSf;fhd nghUs;

FWk;ghf;fis vOjpatu;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk;

1. k`hftp

E}W FWk;ghf;fs; nfhz;l ftpijj; njhFg;gpidj; je;J> jkpo;f; ftpij

tuyhw;wpy; GJik nra;jtu;. mtuJ ftpijfspy; eifr;RitAk; Mo;e;j

rpe;jidf; fUj;Jf;fSk; epuk;gpAs;sd.

75

2. FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtd;

,tuJ ghly;fspy; kiyaf kf;fspd; Vo;ikAk; mtu;fs; Vkhw;wg;gLk;

tpjKk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. gh.rptghyd;

,tu; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fspd; Jd;gtpay; tho;f;ifiag; ghbatu;.

ghly;: ngUik

xUtupd; MW gps;isfSk; ntspehl;by; njhopy; nra;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy;>

mtNuh mdhijahf ,we;J> Cutu;fshy; <kf;fpupia nra;ag;gLk; epiy.

mu;j;jkw;w ngUikia vs;sp eiff;fpwJ ghly;.

ghly; : mYtyfk;

,g; ghly; murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; eilngWk; gzpfis vs;sp

eiff;fpwJ.

mUk;gjq;fs;

tprh - ntspehL nry;tjw;fhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;

NfhL (Court) - ePjpkd;wk;

fk;gp vz;Zjy; - rpiwapy; ,Uj;jy;

(kuGj;njhlu;)

yak; - kiyaf kf;fs; thOk; ,y;yk;

fhykhfptpl;lhu; - ,we;Jtpl;lhu;

ifjbahu; - ifjb vDkplj;jpYs;s tNahjpg ,y;yj;jhu;


ghlE}y; - ftpijfs;

mfuhjp

bikd; jhs;fs> vOJ fUtpfs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

ghly;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J> nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;ghu;.

mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.


ghly;fspYs;s mzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghly;fs; $Wk; ePjpf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

76

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;FNkw;g


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : ghliy / nra;Aisg; nghUs; czu;e;J nrhy;Ythu; /

XJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : ghNthjy; : “Gjpa Mj;jp#b”

(,uz;lhe; jtizapy; fw;gpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1

,y; cs;s ghl tplak;)

ghlNtis : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

ghlyhrpupau; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.


ghly;fspy; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

ghly;fisg; nghUs; czu;e;J XJthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtr Kiwfisj; jpl;lkply;.

ghujpahiug; gw;wpAk; mtuJ ,yf;fpa MSik gw;wpAk;

khztUf;Ff; $Wjy;.

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> ghliyr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpf;FkhW

$Wjy;.

ghliyg; nghUs; czu;e;J nrhy;y my;yJ Xj topfhl;ly;.

ghly;fspd; nghUs; gw;wp khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLjy;.



kfhftp ghujpahu; ,aw;wpaNj Gjpa Mj;jp#bahFk;.

ghujpahu; Gjpa Mj;jp#bapy; etPd fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;L>

tpOkpaq;fisAk; gbg;gpidfisAk; typAWj;jpAs;shu;.

ghujpahu; ,g;ghly;fspy; kdpjFyk; ca;Ak;tz;zk; gy Gjpa

fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpAs;shu;.


ghlE}y;

mfuhjp gapw;rpfs;



ghly;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; $Wk; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

Gjpa Mj;jp#bapy; cs;s etPd fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wthu;.

,t;thwhd NtW ghly;fisj; Njbawpthu;.

jhKk; ,t;thwhd ghly;fis vOJthu;.

77


Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 6.2 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ciueilg; gFjp: fk;gupy; ghyu; fy;tp

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs ; :

,jpfhrq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J njhdpNtWghL> Vw;w Ntfk;> cupa

nka;g;ghLfSld; thrpg;ghu;.

,uhkhazf; fjhghj;jpuq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

fl;Liuapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nra;jpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

fy;tpahy; kdpjd; rPu;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtr El;gq;fisf; iff;nfhs;Sjy;.

,jpfhrk;> ,uhkhazk; Mfpad gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

,uhkhaz fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; cUtg; glq;fisf; fhz;gpj;jy;> ngau;fisg;

gl;baw;gLj;jy;.

rk;gtq;fSf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.

ghlg;gFjpapy; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ljy;.

ghlg;gFjpapy; tUk; fhl;rpfis ,Wtl;by; gjpTnra;J> khztu;f;Ff;

fhz;gpj;;jy;.



,J ,yf;fpa top vDk; E}ypypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l fl;Liug; gFjpahFk;.

mUk;gjq;fs;

gr;ir - ,sk; / ,sik

<uk; - md;G

trpl;lu; - FU (,uhkd; KjyhNdhupd; Fy FU)

N\kk; - Rfk; / eyk;

nrsf;fpak; - Rfk; / eyk;

fw;g fhyk; - cyf KbT fhyk;

78

,uhkdJ gpw;fhy tho;tpNy ntspg;gl;l ew;gz;GfSf;nfy;yhk; ,uhkDf;F

trpl;lu; Cl;ba fy;tpNa fhuznkdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.


,uhkhazf;fhl;rpg; glq;fs; / tPbNah

ghlE}y;

Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)

mfuhjp

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

,jpfhrk;> ,uhkhazk; vd;gdtw;wpd; njhlu;gpid tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

,uhkhazf; fjhghj;jpuq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp fk;gu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.

fl;Liu ntspg;gLj;Jk; nra;jpapid vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

fl;Liuapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nra;jpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

79



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.3 : nrhw;nwhlu;> thf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpd; tifiaAk;

mtw;wpd; ,ay;igAk; mwpe;J mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : nrhw;Gzu;r;rp

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

nrhw;fs; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; GzUk; tpjj;jpid mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nrhw;Gzu;r;rpia tifg;gLj;jp tpgupg;ghu;.

,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp> tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jp> mtw;Wf;F

cjhuzk; $Wthu;.

tpfhug; Gzu;r;rpapd; tiffis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gpupj;Jk; Nru;;j;Jk; vOJthu;.


nrhw;fs; rpytw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

khztu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yl;ilfis toq;fp> nrhw;Gzu;r;rpapd; tifg;gLj;jiy

,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fis> nghUs; rpijTwhky; vt;thW gpupf;fyhk; vd;gijj;

njspTgLj;jy;.

nrhw;Gzu;r;rpapd; tiffis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fy;.



nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;J vOJjy;

kapy; + ,wF = kapypwF

fpsp + gps;is = fpspg;gps;is

fly; + fiu = flw;fiu

80

tpfhug;Gzu;r;rp

Njhd;wy; jpupjy; nfLjy;

fhiy + $l;lk; cs; + Gwk; ePyk; + thdk; fhiyf;$l;lk; cl;Gwk; ePythdk;


ghlE}y;

nrhy;yl;ilfs;


nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Nru;j;J vOJthu;.

,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp, tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

tpfhug;Gzu;r;rpapd; tiffis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; vOJthu;.

81

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;J> ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp cupa epWj;jf;

FwpfSld; Mf;fq;fisj; njspthf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2 : mtjhdpj;Jf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iw tOtpd;wp

vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk ; : thf;fpaq;fs; vOJjy;

ghlNtis : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;:

toq;fg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fspd; my;yJ nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; mikg;Gg;

gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L> thf;fpaq;fisj; ju;f;fuPjpahff; $Wthu;.

vOj;Jg; gpioapd;wp> thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;.

thf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tOf;fisj; jpUj;jp vOJthu;.

,yf;fz tOtw;w thf;fpaq;fis> cupa epWj;jf; FwpfSld; jkJ

Mf;fq;fspy; njspthfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.


nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

Mrpupau; rpy nrhw;fisf; $w> khztu; xt;nthUtUk;

mr;nrhw;fis itj;J> thf;fpaq;fis mikj;Jf; $wy;.

khztu; $wpa thf;fpaq;fspy; tOf;fs; ,Ug;gpd;> Mrpupau; mit

gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijf; nfhLj;J jpUj;jKwf; $Wtjw;F topfhl;Ljy;.

tOTs;s thf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iw toq;fp> khztu;fs; mtw;iwj;

jpUj;jp rupahf vOj topfhl;ly;.

mt;thf;fpaq;fis epWj;jw; FwpaPLfs; ,l;L> NkYk; nrt;itahf

vOj topfhl;ly;.



nrhw;fs; : xd;wpd; FwpaPlhf> ngauhf> tpidahf> cupahf>

,ilahf miktJ.

nrhw;nwhlu; : fUj;J Kw;Wg;ngwhky; epw;Fk; nrhw;$l;lk;;.

thf;fpaq;fs; : fUj;J Kw;Wg;ngw epw;Fk; nrhw;$l;lk;.

kuGr; nrhw;fs; : ,e;jg; nghUis ,r;nrhy;yhy; miog;gJ vd;w

tud;Kiwf;Fs; tUtd.

kuGj;njhlu; : Neu;g;nghUis czu;j;jhky; Fwpg;Gg; nghUis

czu;j;Jk; njhlu;fs;.

82


ghlE}y;

vOJ fUtp> vOJjhs;

mfuhjpfs;


thf;fpaq;fspy; mikAk; nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; tiffisAk;

,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

thf;fpaq;fspd; vOtha;> gadpiy> nraw;gLnghUs; vd;gdtw;iw

,dq;fz;L ml;ltizg;;gLj;Jthu;.

nrhw;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J> jkJ Mf;fq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Mf;fq;fis ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp> epWj;jf; FwpfSld; vOJthu;.

jkpo ; nkhopak; ,yff; pakk; - e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk · fiyj;jpl;lf; fo mnyhridak; topfhl;lyk;:...

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