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PPPJJ, USM PENANG

ASSIGNMENT OF JMS415E

QUESTION: 1) THE WISDOM OF THE TRADERS AND THE

INTERNAL CONFLICTS IN ENGLAND ARE MAIN

FACTORS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE 13

COLONIES. DISCUSS.

TABLE OF CONTAINS

1. PREFACE

2. INTRODUCTIONS

3. CONFLICTS IN ENGLAND

4. THIRTEEN COLONIES

5. CONCLUSION

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. LIST OF FIGURES

ORIGINALY BY:

NADZRI A.BAKAR

JM/8409/06

700416075063

017-4630175

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PREFACE

Firstly, I would like to express my deeply thanks to God andAlhamdulillah because

rewarded me an ability to complete this assignment. Besides that, I also wish to express my

gratitude to Mr. Mohd Kasasi Abdul Majid for his services in providing the learning materials

and the effective lectures.

Although I am busy with my teaching career, which will never been an excuse for me to

produce an original copy of assignment. I am choosing to use English language as the medium

for this assignment as a method to improve my English written skill. Furthermore, in order to

prove to public that the Malaysian university students are able to use English as well.

For theJMS415Eassignment, the first question is going to be my option. The question is

about the early settlement in the thirteen colonies of the American continent by European settlers

who were most of them from Britain. The early settlement had lead to the formation of a new

nation and today the nation is a super power and self appointed as a world police through the

new order.

United States of America considered as an important nation today by most of the world.

The American President is also considered as the most power and influence person in the world.

The American Dollar currency is using by the most nation in the international business deals.

After the collapsed of the Soviet Unions empire and the Cold War was over, the American

seems to control the worlds politic without any serious challenge by any other nations.

As the most influence power in the world, the history of United States of America had

directed the attention of many parties in order to study on how they are able to become as strong

as today.

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INTRODUCTION

About 50 000 years ago, groups of peoples began to migrate to the American continent

which consists various Indians ethnics such as Inca, Aztec and Maya. They were considered the

aborigines of America. They came in the sizeable group which may reach thousands by each

group through the Straits of Bering from the northern and they kept on sailed until Mexico. In

order to study the ancient Indians, some of them had successfully achieved high civilization as

well as their behavior. They were practicing the praised culture with the warm hospitality and

treated the guesses with the high skill dancing.

In the fifteenth century, the European had begun their exploration in the America

continent. Firstly, they assumed that the continent was the non inhabitant and they called it as

the dark country until it was found by a few sailors. America was named after a Spanish sailor,

Amerigo Vaspucci. Sailors such as Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Henry the

Prince and Magellan were competed each other to find and control new territories and the local

sources.

American land had attracted the attention many countries in Europe. However, the

English was the pioneer inhabitant in America. They were encouraged by the Spanish whom

were already built their colonies in Mexico and South America. Just like other travelers. 1The

English came by the small ship with packed of passengers. Many died caused by the illness, hit

by the storm, and lost in the ocean.

The first permanent settlement for the English in America was a trade centre which found

in the year 1607 in Jamestown. The area rapidly progressed as an economic centre in order to

1 Keith W.Olsen. An Outland of America History, New York, 1953, page 2

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supply needed to England. As a result, number of colonies took their turn to be built and exist

until they became the American continent like today2. Georgia was founded by the year of 1733

as a marked the completed of the formation of the thirteen colonies.

In order to understand the development of the United States, it is necessary to know

something about the European which her people originally came. The American derived their

basic ideals and institutions from the European background, although these were considerably

modified during the experience of building a new society in the new world. Throughout her

history, in fact, the United States has remained an integral part of the western, or Atlantic,

civilization that originated in Europe, growing during the past three hundred years from a

handful of colonies on the periphery of the western world into its strongest power and the

principal guardian of its cultural heritage.3

I firmly agree with the formation of the thirteen colonies in America caused by the

wisdom of the traders and also the internal conflicts in England herself. It was not planned by the

English government at all. There were many factors which leaded to the formation of the thirteen

English colonies in America. The internal problems in England itself which known as a pushing

factor and the foundation of the largely and widely new world known as an attracting factor for

the traders, puritans, entrepreneurs and individuals.

2 ibid, page 3.

3 Henry, Bamford Parkes, The United States of America A History ,New York, Alfred A.Knopf,

1953, page 3

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CONFLICTS IN ENGLAND

The expansion of economy in England especially after the Industrial Revolution had left

a large impact for the English peoples, most probably the lower communities such as farmers and

peasants. In the same time, the agro entrepreneurs had changed to the sheep farm according to

the highly demand for the wools. Peasants lost their job as the sheep livestock no longer required

lots of workers. The situations had caused increasingly unemployment. Peoples looked for other

options by migrated to other places, and most probably the city and they were looking for jobs.

In the year of 1606, England populations had reached the level of four millions and it was a high

packed population compared to the land size and employment opportunities.

The compacted populations, highly rates of unemployment had forced the peoples to

look for the new territory. The formation of the colonies seems the best way to overcome the

problems. The migration to the new territory was the opportunity for the peoples to improve their

living standard. The government had no longer able to spend for the people to live. Peoples

independently worked on their own without any help and guide from the government.

The bias system of land holding was amongst the main caused for the migration and the

formation of the colonies in America. According to the English feudal system, the society was

from two major groups, such as the elites who were the landlords and ordinary peoples who were

rented the land and worked as peasants or farmers on the land for the agro. The incomes were

divided between the peasants and the landlords. The situation will never allow the lower groups

to own the lands. The feudalism of the early middle age has been a static manpower compared to

the peasant were attached to the toil and had no freedom of movement, the function of each

individual were fixed heredity.4The practicing of feudal system had left deeply impact towards

4 ibid, page 5

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the social life. The victims of the feudal system had to pay highly rental rate, charged by various

types of taxes towards the land tenants such as tithes tax system which one tenth of the agro

income paid to the church. Land tenants also put lots of pressures and forced their farm workers

in order to settle various types of debts. The upper classes often charge differ taxes based on their

interest and needs. The poor peasants became the main target. They often threatened by the

hunter and hunting dogs on the agro lands. Those who against the law had been charged with the

accordance as consist in the heritage law and land owning law. All these condition tended to

make the lower classes necessitous and the upper classes covetous and greedy.5

The critical unemployment had leaded the people to struggle for the living. They

wandered into the cities looking in vain for work. Some became beggars and others stole. Many

went to prison.6Rural England appeared to be over crowded, and its surplus population began to

flow into the cities to seek jobs in industry.7

The critical social situation in England was guiding the formation of the colonies in

America. Shortage of food, money, jobless had given negative impact and criminal rates

increased. The increased of criminal rates no longer only men but also were involving the ladies

in the world of crime. This was clearly shown how terrible the social situation in England at the

meant time. In order to overcome the problems and seek the way out, the best way to do was

migrating to the new world. That was clearly proved that the formation of colonies in America

was not the proposed under the government of England but the wisdom of the English peoples.

5 Charles M Andrew, The Colonial Period of America History, New York, Random House, 1956,

page 48

6 Glenn W. Moon and John H. Mac Gowan, Story Of Our Land And People, page 61

7 Henry Bamford, page12

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The most important factor in order the formation the colonies in America were the

religious factor. The British citizen were getting bored with the feudal rules which practiced by

the Church of England. For those who against the rules were extremely punished. Religious

impulse which drove thousands of men and women to the new world for the sake of conscience

and conviction, in their desire to worship God in their own way, which they believed was the

only true way. Pilgrims, Puritans, Roman Catholics, Quakers, Huguenots, Moravians, Mystics

and Pieties all took part in the settlement of America, each group primarily to escape from a

land, England, France, Germany and Austria where they were unable, either because of

opposition or actual persecution, to live as they wished.

8

The statement by Charles M. Andrews

had shown that most England population wished the religious freedom. They started looked for

places which allowed them to practice the faith according their wished. Colonies such as Rhode

Island, Maryland, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania were explored just based on the religious

freedom.9

Based on the formation of such colonies had again shown that the formation of the

thirteen colonies in America was not intentionally planned by the British government but the

existence on the peoples initiative, wisdom of traders and internal problems in England.

THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES

8 Charles M. Andrews, page 66

9 Ibid, page 64

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The formation of the thirteen English colonies in America was really effective through

the role by the finance companies. They provided facilities such as transportation and loans for

the costs of migration to the colonies in America. Development in sea transport was also

contributed in the colonies formation in America. Company of Virginia and Company of

Massachusetts Bay had given the finance loans to anyone who wished to migrate to America.10

Besides that, individuals, upper class group and landlords were also providing finance loans to

the settlers with the condition such as tied up the contract by worked with them. Settlers had to

pay the debts. After that, the settlers were free to own the lands.

The English colonies in America began with the formation of Jamestown, Virginia in the

year of 1607 by a hundred and four peoples from England. However, the Jamestown formation

had given them the very good lesson as they put the maximum profits as their main target

through the gold seeking and their highly ambition made them forgot to plant the food. The

situation became worst during winter as many people died in hunger and Jamestown was turning

into ghost town but fortunately the presence of James Smith whos had good relationship with

the Red Indians had given new hopes to the colonys population. The good leadership and well

manage had saved Jamestown from totally destruction. The settlers failed to find either the gold

or diamond. They decided to plant tobacco which promised the wide market in Europe.

The Pilgrims and Puritans were the earliest English founder in America. They managed

the colonies by their own without any intention to ask help from the government of England.

They formed the colonies, selected the governor by their own, drafted the constitutions by

themselves and ran the economic on their own without help from any party.

10 Keith W. Olsen,An Outline Of American History, page 6

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The government of England too, did not either to select or rule such colonies. In the year

of 1618, the Company of Virginia allowed the colonys representatives to join the local

government. The populations of the colony selected the locals representatives in order to take

care of their own welfare.11

The King of England used to make the chartered in order to allow individuals to form

colony in America. For examples, Cecil Calvert was allowed to rent Maryland, William Penn to

form Pennsylvania and the landlords were allowed to form Carolina and New Jersey.12 The

government took over New York from Holland and given to brother of King Charles 11 who was

later known as King James 11 and Georgia was given to a group of people whos known as

trustees.13

Keith W. Olsen explained as; The fact that the king had transferred his immediate

sovereignty over the new world settlement to stock companies and proprietors did not, of course

mean that the colonist in America would necessarily be free of outside control. In one way or

another, however, exclusive rule from the outside was broken down. From then on, it was

generally accepted that the colonists had right to participate in their own government. 14

CONCLUSION

11 Glenn W. Moon, Story of Our Land and People, page 72

12 Ibid, page 71

13 Ibid, page 72

14 Keith W. Olsen, page 17.

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As a result, the conclusion is the foundation and the formation of the thirteen English

colonies in the American continent directly was not planned by the government of England. The

colonies exist and expanded by the initiative and the wisdom of the traders which guided by the

various internal conflicts in England. Internal problems which were very complicated had

become the turning point in the formation of the thirteen English colonies in America.

Internal problems in England such as the economic changed, the increased of populations

which were highly pact, jobless, inflations, the bias feudal system and the strictly church rules

had encourage the formation the colonies in America. The internal conflicts in England had been

regarded as a pushing factor. The struggle by the peasants whos lost their jobs and poverty had

leaded the increasingly the criminals in England. Most probably the legend of Robin Hood

existed during the meant time.

Determinations to improve the living standard had become the attracting factor in order

the formation of the thirteen English colonies in America. Stocks Company had provided the

facilities for the people who wish to migrate to the new world. Besides that stories were spread

such the opportunity to become wealth as soon as possible by searching the gold, diamond and

jewels. Rumors about the fool Red Indians whos willing to exchange the gold by a knife was

also became the attraction for the people.

With the coming of the early English settlers to Jamestown, the tidal of immigrants to

America continues. From the years 1620 until 1763, the total population in the American colony

increased to more than two million people and from two settlements to thirteen colonies. The

figure increased continuously and in the year 1775, the figure increased to 2.5 million. This

increase was seen in the rise of birth rates and new immigration waves. Although the majority of

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the population was English, there were also Scottish, Irish, Germans and Africans that brought

with their own social values, beliefs, language and culture. The American community since the

beginning was characterized by its diversity of its people both in terms of ethnicities and

religion.

The original thirteen colonies were Virginia (1607) founded by London Company,

Massachusetts (1620) founded by puritans, New Hampshire (1623) founded by John

Wheelwright, Maryland (1634) founded by Lord Baltimore, Connecticut (1635) founded by

Thomas Hooker, Rhode Island (!636) founded by Roger Williams, Delaware (1638) founded by

Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company, North Carolina (1653) founded by Virginians, South

Carolina (1663) founded by Eight Nobles with a Royal Charter from Charles 11, New Jersey

(1664) founded by Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, New York (1664) founded by Duke

of York, Pennsylvania (1682) founded by William Penn and Georgia (1732) founded by James

Edward Oglethorpe.

As a conclusion, the formation of the thirteen English colonies in America was the

caused by the wisdom of the traders and internal conflicts in England and not the planned by the

English government.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period Of American History. New Haven and London: Yale

University Press, 1956.

Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience. New York: Random House, 1958.

Glenn W. Moon and John H.Mac Gowan ,Story of Our Land and People.New York: Harper and

Row Publisher, 1979.

Keith W. Olsen, An Outline Of American History. New York: U.S. Information Centre, 1974.

Henry, Bamfort Parkes, The United States of America; A History. New York: Alfred A.

Knopf,1953.

FROM THE INTERNET

Wikipedia, Early Settlement in America.