john a. meech, professor and director centre for environmental research in minerals, metals, and...
TRANSCRIPT
John A. Meech, Professor and Director
Centre for Environmental Research in Minerals, Metals, and Materials (CERM3)
APSC 150APSC 150Case Study 3Case Study 3
Sustainable MiningSustainable Mining- is that possible? - is that possible?
Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering
Who am I?Who am I?
John MeechJohn Meech
• Professor and Director of CERM3Professor and Director of CERM3 (Centre for Environmental Research in Minerals, Metals, and Materials)(Centre for Environmental Research in Minerals, Metals, and Materials)
• Room 508D in the Forward BuildingRoom 508D in the Forward Building
• Email: Email: [email protected]
• Office: (604)-822-3984 Office: (604)-822-3984
LecturesLecturesPart 1: Protecting the EnvironmentPart 1: Protecting the Environment
Lecture 1:Lecture 1: Sustainable Mining – Is that possible?Sustainable Mining – Is that possible?25/0225/02
Lecture 2:Lecture 2: ARD & the Millennium PlugARD & the Millennium Plug 27/0227/02
Lecture 3:Lecture 3: Confined Spaces in Mine ReclamationConfined Spaces in Mine Reclamation01/0301/03
LecturesLecturesPart 2: Protecting the WorkersPart 2: Protecting the Workers
Lecture 4:Lecture 4: Movie: Mine Rescue in ChileMovie: Mine Rescue in Chile 04/0304/03
Lecture 5:Lecture 5: Mine Rescue at UBCMine Rescue at UBC 06/03 06/03
LecturesLecturesPart 3: Automation and Process ControlPart 3: Automation and Process Control
Lecture 6:Lecture 6: Process Automation in MiningProcess Automation in Mining 08/0308/03
Lecture 7:Lecture 7: Fuzzy Logic Control SystemsFuzzy Logic Control Systems 11/03 11/03
Lecture 8:Lecture 8: Autonomous Haulage Trucks Autonomous Haulage Trucks 13/03 13/03
Tutorials / Tutorials / AssignmentsAssignments
1: Metal Recovery from Britannia Mine Effluent1: Metal Recovery from Britannia Mine Effluent
- 2 parts- 2 parts
2: Mine Safety Issues2: Mine Safety Issues
- 2 parts- 2 parts
3: Mine Automation – Fuzzy Control3: Mine Automation – Fuzzy Control
Part 1: The EnvironmentPart 1: The Environment
• The Miner of the 21The Miner of the 21stst Century must know: Century must know:– How to monitor emissionsHow to monitor emissions– How to protect the environmentHow to protect the environment– How to restore a mine site back to other usesHow to restore a mine site back to other uses– How to get along with the neighboursHow to get along with the neighbours
• Mining today is a balance of three elements:Mining today is a balance of three elements:– Techno-economic issuesTechno-economic issues– Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues– Socio-political issuesSocio-political issues }}Sustainable MiningSustainable Mining
Who is a Miner?Who is a Miner?
• An Engineer with many skillsAn Engineer with many skills– Technical and EconomicTechnical and Economic– Leadership and ManagementLeadership and Management– Vision and Career DirectionVision and Career Direction
• Mining and Mineral ProcessingMining and Mineral Processing– Ore Identification and Mine/Plant DesignOre Identification and Mine/Plant Design– Mine Operation Mine Operation (Drilling, Blasting, Loading, Hauling)(Drilling, Blasting, Loading, Hauling)
– Beneficiation Beneficiation (Liberation, Separation, & Extraction)(Liberation, Separation, & Extraction)
– Environmental Control & SafetyEnvironmental Control & Safety
What is CERM3?What is CERM3?A multidisciplinary research centre A multidisciplinary research centre dedicated to conducting environmental dedicated to conducting environmental research for the mining industryresearch for the mining industry
CERM3 Mission StatementCERM3 Mission Statement
• Foster High Regard for Sustainable MiningRegard for Sustainable Mining
• Develop Innovative MethodsInnovative Methods to Ensure the Future Sustainability of the Mining Industry
• Train the Next GenerationTrain the Next Generation of Mining Engineers to Meet the New Demands of the 21st Century
• Improve the Image of MiningImage of Mining in Society
What is Sustainable Mining?What is Sustainable Mining?
• How can we possibly mine sustainably?How can we possibly mine sustainably?
– When mined, ore bodies are depletedWhen mined, ore bodies are depleted XX– Land is consumedLand is consumed XX
– Land is restored (reclaimed/remediated)Land is restored (reclaimed/remediated) – Communities are sustainedCommunities are sustained – Best practices are usedBest practices are used – Care and respect is paid to First NationsCare and respect is paid to First Nations
Environmental Monitoring and Environmental Monitoring and ControlControl
Hydrosphere: Hydrosphere: – Acid Rock Drainage - pH and metallic ion Acid Rock Drainage - pH and metallic ion
pollutionpollution
Atmosphere: Atmosphere: – SOSO22 Atmospheric Emission - acid rain Atmospheric Emission - acid rain
– DustDust
– COCO22 emissions (and other GHGs) emissions (and other GHGs)
– Arsenic from some gold mining operationsArsenic from some gold mining operations– Mercury from artisanal mining operationsMercury from artisanal mining operations
Lithosphere: Lithosphere: – Storage of solid waste (tailings and waste rock)Storage of solid waste (tailings and waste rock)
• dustdust
• slope stabilityslope stability
• effluent and solid emissions (catastrophic)effluent and solid emissions (catastrophic)
• landscape impacts (aesthetic)landscape impacts (aesthetic)
Community IssuesCommunity Issues• First Nations and Aboriginal PeopleFirst Nations and Aboriginal People
• land claims land claims and land useand land use
• employmentemployment
• traditional use and cultural issuestraditional use and cultural issues
• Long-term Stability of Small CommunitiesLong-term Stability of Small Communities• creating parallel industries and businessescreating parallel industries and businesses
• providing providing education and healtheducation and health care care
• training and apprenticeship programstraining and apprenticeship programs
• governancegovernance of the community of the community
• mine closure planningmine closure planning
• Global SustainabilityGlobal Sustainability• poverty reductionpoverty reduction in the Third World in the Third World
• cleaning up small-scale and/or legacy mining sitescleaning up small-scale and/or legacy mining sites
• responsible operation: responsible operation: First World standardsFirst World standards
• sharing rewardssharing rewards with local communities with local communities
Sustainable Decision-Sustainable Decision-makingmakingEconomic IssuesEconomic Issues• size and gradesize and grade and type of orebody and type of orebody• available infrastructure (roads, rail, water, power)available infrastructure (roads, rail, water, power)• market conditionsmarket conditions and transportation costs and transportation costs• raw materials supplyraw materials supply
Technical IssuesTechnical Issues• standard processes and proceduresstandard processes and procedures• innovation (Who wants to be first?)innovation (Who wants to be first?)• automationautomation = Improved Performance and Morale = Improved Performance and Morale• safetysafety of the work force and local communities of the work force and local communities
Socio-Political IssuesSocio-Political Issues• respect for local customs and governancerespect for local customs and governance• risk of risk of political uprisingspolitical uprisings• risk of losing risk of losing social licence to minesocial licence to mine• environmental effectsenvironmental effects (water, air, landscape) (water, air, landscape)
Gold Associated with QuartzGold Associated with Quartz
Pouring a Gold BarPouring a Gold Bar
Canadian DiamondsCanadian Diamonds
99.999% Copper (5-9s)99.999% Copper (5-9s)
But besides the Reward, what But besides the Reward, what else?else?
• Before miningBefore mining
• During operationDuring operation
• After operationAfter operation
– – plan for the neighbourhoodplan for the neighbourhood
– – protect the environmentprotect the environment
– – plan for closureplan for closure
– – mitigate/restore the sitemitigate/restore the site
– – sustain the communitiessustain the communities
– – sustain the companysustain the company
Antamina Tailings Dam, Antamina Tailings Dam, PeruPeru
Reclamation at Bluebell Reclamation at Bluebell MineMine
Island Copper Site Island Copper Site ReclamationReclamation
After 20 years of operation, the Island Copper Mine began reclaiming its waste dumps in 1996. Tailings were discharged deep into the adjacent fjord known as Rupert Inlet.
Island Copper Pit FloodingIsland Copper Pit Flooding
Pit was flooded with sea water to create a meromictic lake – 3 layers: Top – clean water; Middle – a reactor for surface ARD; Bottom – retain precipitated solids.
Island Copper Pit FloodingIsland Copper Pit Flooding
Pit was flooded with sea water to create a 3-layer meromictic lake: Top – clean water; Middle – a reactor for surface ARD; Bottom – retain precipitated solids.
Deep Sea Disposal of Deep Sea Disposal of TailingsTailings
EZD – Euphotic depthUWD – Upwelling depthMLD – Mixed Layer depth
Mill
EZD – Euphotic depthUWD – Upwelling depthMLD – Mixed Layer depth
Mill
Reclaimed slopes – Reclaimed slopes – Bullmoose Mine, Bullmoose Mine, B.C.B.C.
Reclaimed pit – Reclaimed pit – IgarapIgarapéé Bahia, Bahia, AmazonAmazon
Mark Creek, KimberleyMark Creek, Kimberley• Sullivan mine reclamation activities atSullivan mine reclamation activities at
Mark Creek, KimberleyMark Creek, Kimberley
Reclaimed Meadow – Reclaimed Meadow – Luscar Luscar Coal, ABCoal, AB
Tailings Reclamation at Vale-IncoTailings Reclamation at Vale-Inco
Flooded Pits – ARD sourceFlooded Pits – ARD source
Three-lift Tailings DamThree-lift Tailings Dam
Tailings Dam failure – Tailings Dam failure – Los Frailes, Los Frailes, SpainSpain
Safety in Mining – slope Safety in Mining – slope stabilitystability
Imagine… A Mine that is Green and Clean
Where• People live, work, and play safely
and local communities can rely on a long-term future
• First Nations work and learn about Mining in a climate that respects their heritage and culture
• Protection of the environment is paramount and Society’s image of Mining is high
Gregg River Coal MineHinton, Alberta
Igarapé Bahia Gold Mine, Carajas, Amazon
Reclamation at Bullmoose
Imagine… The Centre for Environmental Research in Minerals, Metals, & Materials
That is• Located at UBC-Vancouver
and at Britannia Beach
• Linked virtually to institutions involved with Mining
• Addressing small-scale mining
• Conducting environmental research, and outreaching to communities
• Developing methods to increase safety, reduce costs and improve productivity
Robert Hall Marcello Veiga Les Lavkulich
Kay T
esch
ke
Patrick CondonResearch Team Leaders
Ten world-renowned researchers in their respective fields lead the work
John Meech
Bern Klein
Dave
Dreisi
nger
Dirk Van Zyl
Malcolm Scoble
Life Cycle AnalysisWaste Management
AutomationMineral ProcessingSustainable Mining
Mine Design
Hydrometallurgy
Heap Leaching
Landscape Architecture
Liveable Communities
Epidemiol
ogy
Bridge P
rogra
m
Sustainable Mining
Soil ScienceSmall-scale MiningMercury Pollution
Mining EquipmentMaintenance/Automation
Mineral Processing
Mine-Mill Integration
Sustainable MiningSustainable Mining
Research Collaborations
Extensive Links with International Collaborators
Ecole PolytechniqueMining
McGill UniversityMining and Metallurgy
Laurentian UniversityMining
Queen's UniversityMining
Univ. of SaskatchewanCivil Eng.
University of AlbertaCivil/Mining
University of UtahMining
New Mexico StateMining
University of Chile Mining
CETEMRio de Janeiro
University of CapetownChemical Engineering
Laval UniversityMining and Metallurgy
Massey UniversitySoil and Earth Sciences
Tohoku UniversityMaterials Research Institute
University of HaifaComputational Mathematics
University of OuluElectrical Eng.
University of QueenslandSustainable Minerals Institute
Cardiff University Chemical Eng.
King’s College LondonMechanical Eng.
Tech. Univ. of Denmark Agricultural Sciences
University of SiegenInst. of Automatic Control
RoboticsWaste
ManagementARD
TreatmentPhyto-
ReclamationSuper
ComputerSustainable
MiningMineral
ProcessingBulk Mining
Maintenance/Equipment
Uganda World Bank
UNIDO Global Hg Project
Helsinki University of Technology
Royal Military AcademyMechanical Eng.
M.Eng.Program
Britannia Beach
UBC at Britannia Beach
UBC-CERM3 has been involved at Britannia Beach since 2001 when we installed a plug inside the 2200 Level tunnel to create a research facility.
This plug had the “spin-off” benefit of eliminating all pollution flowing into Britannia Creek and the surface waters of Howe Sound.
UBC to Britannia Beach
Britannia Mine
Millennium Plug Research Project
Pollution Plume – pre 2001
Millennium Plug Research Project
Pollution Plume – pre 2001
Outcome – September 2011
Numerous Media ReportsNumerous Media ReportsReturn of Adult Pink Salmon to Britannia CreekReturn of Adult Pink Salmon to Britannia Creek
Performance of CERM3 (2001-2011)
Helped create Bridge Program linking health care, policy, and engineering
Bridge Program students wrote 3 successful CIHR proposals ($300,000)
UNIDO Global Mercury Project is managed under UBC-Mining
Large research efforts on Waste Management Methods
First group to address pollution problems at Britannia Mine
UBC-Mining has increased in population to over 300 people
Breakthrough Targets:Breakthrough Targets: - - Integration of Mine/Mill processesIntegration of Mine/Mill processes - - Reduced Comminution EnergyReduced Comminution Energy
- - hyper-velocity strain rateshyper-velocity strain rates - - lower cost fragmentationlower cost fragmentation
Decreased Energy in MiningDecreased Energy in Mining
Facilities:Facilities: - - Rock Fragmentation LabRock Fragmentation Lab -- Simulation Lab Simulation Lab -- High-Pressure Grinding Roll High-Pressure Grinding Roll
Breakthrough Targets:Breakthrough Targets: - - Protocols for passive ARD Protocols for passive ARD
processes for use with high processes for use with high flow/high metalsflow/high metals
Passive ARD Treatment SystemsPassive ARD Treatment Systems
Facilities:Facilities: - - Constructed wetlands & greenhouseConstructed wetlands & greenhouse -- Phytoreclamation & Microbiology labsPhytoreclamation & Microbiology labs
Phytoreclamation
In 2003, CERM3 and Massey University conducted a full-scale field trial in Brazil for CVRD (Vale) to show that “phyto-mining” is possible.
Hyperaccumulation of Gold by Plants
in the ground in the plants target
0.6 g Au/t >>> 60 g Au/t >>> 100 g Au/t
19/5/0307/5/03 12/5/03 28/5/03 27/6/03
Certain plants selectively accumulate metal ions Certain plants selectively accumulate metal ions from the ground – phyto-remediation/reclamation.from the ground – phyto-remediation/reclamation.
Sustainable Mining and Communities
Led by • Dr. Malcolm Scoble
• Dr. Marcello Veiga
Over 25 graduate students
Communities affected by Mining
Small-scale Mining
First Nations and Aboriginal Peoples
Jennifer Hinton (Ph.D. student)working with women in a
Ugandan Mining CommunityGinger Gibson (Ph.D. student) working with NWT Communities
who work at Ekati Diamond Mine (Trudeau Scholar)
Village of Noatak Science Class, Red Dog, Alaska
The Mining Professionals of the 21st Century
The Mining Professors of the 21st Century
Serra Pelada Pit, Amazon, Brazil, 1980
The Environment & Small-scale The Environment & Small-scale MiningMining
• Serra Pelada, AmazonSerra Pelada, Amazon
The Environment & Small-scale The Environment & Small-scale MiningMining
• Serra Pelada, AmazonSerra Pelada, Amazon
Serra Pelada Pit, Amazon, Brazil, 1980
The Environment & Small-scale The Environment & Small-scale MiningMining
• Serra Pelada, AmazonSerra Pelada, Amazon
• Hg use in Gold-MiningHg use in Gold-Mining
The Environment & Small-scale The Environment & Small-scale MiningMining
• Serra Pelada, AmazonSerra Pelada, Amazon Serra Pelada, Amazon, Brazil, 2003
• Hg use in Gold-MiningHg use in Gold-Mining
• Open-pit AquacultureOpen-pit Aquaculture
The Environment & Small-scale The Environment & Small-scale MiningMining
• Serra Pelada, AmazonSerra Pelada, Amazon
• Hg use in Gold-MiningHg use in Gold-Mining
• Open-pit AquacultureOpen-pit Aquaculture
• UNIDO ProjectUNIDO Project IndonesiaIndonesia
Africa Africa ((Mozambique, Tanzania, SudanMozambique, Tanzania, Sudan
Zimbabwe, Uganda Zimbabwe, Uganda )) South America South America
((Ecuador, Venezuela, SurinamEcuador, Venezuela, Surinam))
“…“…islands of prosperity in a sea of islands of prosperity in a sea of poverty…”poverty…”
after Marcello Veiga,after Marcello Veiga,
Head, UN Global Mercury ProjectHead, UN Global Mercury Project
and Professor of Mining Eng. at UBCand Professor of Mining Eng. at UBC
GuyanaCachoeira, Brazil
VenezuelaVenezuela
Automation in MiningContinuous, autonomous, bulk methods
CSIRO’s remotely controlled micro-tunnel drilling technology
Mining Automation
Magnetic Levitation Hoisting Team Thunderbird and Autonomous Ground VehiclesTeam Thunderbird and Autonomous Ground Vehicles
Remote Mining from SurfaceRemote Mining from SurfaceNavigation InstrumentationNavigation Instrumentation
Terry Gong with Bebot Miners
Mag Wheels!
Innovative Mining ProcessesInnovative Mining Processes
• Integration of batch processesIntegration of batch processes Hoisting & Underground HaulageHoisting & Underground Haulage
1/4 scale 1/4 scale continuous loop continuous loop Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation Hoisting SystemHoisting System
Supervisor: John MeechSupervisor: John Meech
Student: Ryan UlanskyStudent: Ryan Ulansky
Waste Management Practices
Antamina Mine/Teck-Cominco
Questa Mine/Molycorp
Porgera Mine/Placer-Dome
Led by Dr. Bern Klein and Dr. Ward Wilson
Waste Management and Mine Closure
Geothermal Energy at Britannia Beach
Graph of Monthly Inflow and Height(for constant outflow of 620 m3/h)
Geothermal Capacity at the Britannia Mine Resource and Heat Demand
MonthAvailable Resource1 Heat Demand2 Future Demand3
Ave. inflow (m3/hr) Temp. (°C) Capacity (MWt) kWh t MW t MW t
Jan 450 10.5 3.23 402,000 0.41 3.38
Feb 430 11.0 3.32 384,000 0.44 3.57
Mar 435 11.0 3.36 334,000 0.34 2.81
Apr 505 11.5 4.18 295,000 0.31 2.56
May 885 11.5 7.33 248,000 0.25 2.08
Jun 1240 11.5 10.27 201,000 0.21 1.75
Jul 1035 11.5 8.57 196,000 0.20 1.65
Aug 540 12.0 4.77 202,000 0.21 1.70
Sep 350 12.0 3.09 221,000 0.23 1.92
Oct 375 12.0 3.31 260,000 0.27 2.19
Nov 655 11.0 5.06 318,000 0.34 2.76
Dec 530 10.0 3.51 400,000 0.41 3.36
Total/Ave. 620 11.3 4.98 3,461,000 0.30 2.47
1 based on 95% extraction efficiency, a chill temperature of 4 °C, inflows reported by remediation studies. 2 based on current residential and commercial heating costs (oil, propane, and electricity).3 based on current demand plus expanded Museum activities and 510 new homes in Britannia N. and S.
Heat and Electrical Capacity assuming constant outflow of 620 m3/hour
Month
AverageInflow
(m3/hour)
Average Outflow
(m3/hour)
FlowDifference(m3/hour)
Volume Change
(m3)
Height at Start of
Month (m)*
Heating Capacity(MW t)
Electrical Capacity
(MW) (kWh)
Jan 450 620 -170 -126,480 200 4.45 0.39 290,269
Feb 430 620 -190 -127,680 180 4.79 0.36 245,168
Mar 435 620 -185 -137,640 161 4.79 0.34 252,423
Apr 505 620 -115 -82,800 128 5.13 0.30 213,109
May 885 620 265 197,160 100 5.13 0.26 193,576
Jun 1240 620 620 446,400 157 5.13 0.33 248,993
Jul 1035 620 415 308,760 223 5.13 0.42 302,049
Aug 540 620 -80 -59,520 263 5.48 0.47 351,137
Sep 350 620 -270 -194,400 255 5.48 0.46 332,842
Oct 375 620 -245 -182,280 230 5.48 0.43 319,194
Nov 655 620 35 25,200 206 4.79 0.40 286,133
Dec 530 620 -90 -66,960 209 4.11 0.40 298,923
Ave./Tot. 620 620 0 0 - 4.99 0.38 3,333,815* based on measured volume-height relationship determined by 4100 Level Plug Test in 2002.
Financial Analysis Summary of the four phases of the project (2004 est.)
Phase DescriptionCapital Costs
($x103)
Lot Premium1
($x103)
Annual Revenue ($x103)
Annual Operating
Costs($x103)
Excess Revenue 2
($x103)
Payback Period (years)
Year 1 Demo - 25 units 503 - 79.6 27.3 52.3 9.6
Year 3 Existing – 106 units 2,450 3 - 561.0 133.5 427.5 5.7
Year 4 North - 110 units 1,445 660 330.7 106.6 224.1 3.5
Year 7 South – 400 units 3,244 1,200 1,312.3 439.2 873.1 2.3
Overall 7,262 1,860 2,159.0 706.5 1,452.5 3.7
1 premium on each new lot sold of $3,0002 after local taxes ($50,000) and royalties ($66,820)
3 includes micro-hydropower generation
Rates and royalties assumptions:Current power rates = $ 0.062 / kWh (residential) and $ 0.069 / kWh (commercial)Future power rates = $ 0.082 / kWh (residential) and $ 0.089 / kWh (commercial)Discount rates = 15% from future BC Hydro rates for residents and businessRoyalty payment = $ 2.00 / MWh for thermal powerRoyalty payment = $ 3.00 / MWh for electrical power
Benefits of CERM3 to Canada
Canadian Mining is recognized as second to none (research competition from Australia by AMIRA is fierce)
Strengthens our reputation to protect the environment (emphasizes a global approach to Sustainable Mining)
Commitment to Sustainable Mining (keeps our industry competitive and in demand)
Create facilities to integrate "soft" and "hard“ research (Technical and Socio-Political problems and solutions must be exchanged)
Complement Laurentian University initiative
(Centre of Excellence in Mining) (provides collaboration across Canada in Mining Innovation)
Thanks for your Attention
Good Luck
with the Tutorial Assignments and Quiz