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Policies for work and family
Families Australia Policy Forum April 2016
Lyndall Strazdins ANU
Joining forces
Which families do we need policies for?
The most vulnerable
complex needs
excluded and marginalised
the ill and their carers
the poor
those trapped by violence
those without work
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What about families with work?
? middle class welfare
? a policy free zone
• Intense policy interest
– childcare
– PPL
– working while older
– gender equality
– fertility
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Health Children
Jobs
FamiliesPopulation
ageing
Globalisation
Equity
Fertility
Work & family: Three megatrends
—Population ageing and longevity
—More work and more work + care?
—Globalisation
—Pressure on jobs and business?
—Gender and social equity
—For better or for worse?
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Jobs
FamiliesPopulation
ageing
Population ageing
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Source: Australian Institute of Family Studies
1911
1951
2000
2051
Future solutions
• Encourage and
support more older
workers to stay
working.
• Encourage and
support more women,
especially mothers to
remain working, work
more.
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Current questions
• How to help older
workers manage work
(and health, and for
some, elder care)?
• How to help mothers
and women manage
work (and care)?
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Jobs
FamiliesPopulation
ageing
Globalisation
Australia’s global labour market
• Close to most populous
countries, entirely
different labour markets,
wages, social or
employment protection
• ‘Offshoring’ of jobs,
mostly manufacturing,
agricultural, some
technical and
professional
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China
Impact on Australian labour market
• Polarised, ‘hollowing out of
the middle’
• High skilled, well paid but
long hours are increasing
• Service and low skilled
work, low hour and low pay,
insecure, inflexible
• Pressures on profitability,
business stability
• Over and underemployed
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Impacts on income inequality
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Source: OECD 2011 www.oecd.org/els/social/inequality
Inequality
Index
More
Unequal
More
Equal
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Health Children
Jobs
FamiliesPopulation
ageing
Globalisation
Equity
Fertility
Gender equality Australia
Australian women
• Are as skilled as men (Bachelor
Degree or above, 42% women, 31%
men; 25 - 29 years of age)
• Are less likely to be employed: (65%
women, 78% men)
• Earn less: 18% or $4.10 less per
hour same job, $700K less over a
lifetime
• Poorer as they age: Women’s super
balance $53K, Men’s $83K
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The problem of time
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• 8 hour work day
banner 1860
• 8 hours for
– Work
– Rest
– Recreation
Care
Labour force participation men & women
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2011 2011
(globalising)
1966
(pre-globalisation)
It doesn’t go away: women’s time use by
type of care
• % women ‘often’ or ‘always’
rushed and pressed for
time.
• Error bars 95% confidence
intervals for total committed
time per week.
• ‘NILF’ refers to women not
in the labour force
• Part-time hours 1-34 hours
• Full-time hours 35 + hours a
week.
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Welsh & Strazdins (in preparation)
HILDA Wave 9 data
Time is also a problem for fathers
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25% Fathers often
work weekends
56% Miss out on
family events
20% Say family
time pressured and
less fun (because
of their jobs)
LSAC data, 2014
Time (as well as income) is also a
resource for children
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Income gradients: Families 6-7 year old children(Strazdins Shipley Leach & Butterworth., 2012)
Poor
Optimal
Children’s
mental
health
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Income gradients for all families vs. 2 earner
families, 6-7 year old children (Strazdins Shipley Leach &
Butterworth., 2012)
Optimal
Poor
Children’s
mental
health
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Work time & child mental health 6-7yrs (Strazdins, Shipley, Leach & Butterworth., 2012)
58
hrs 71
hrs
77
hrs
92
hrs
1.5 FTE 2.0 FTE
Optimal
Poor
Children’s
mental
health
Time to address time
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“Poverty is not just about a lack of money.
It’s about the absence of the resources the poor
need to realize their potential. Two critical ones are time and
energy.”
Bill and Melinda Gates 2016 annual letterhttps://www.gatesnotes.com/2016-Annual-
Letter?WT.mc_id=02_22_2016_00_AL2016_GL-GN_&WT.tsrc=GLGN
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Health Children
Jobs
FamiliesPopulation
ageing
Globalisation
Equity
Fertility
No needs Complex needs
Shifting the curve: Changes to target populations
Change in
social
conditions
If small changes
affect many →
large differences
in target groups
Rotary mental health grant
Huong Dinh, Amanda Cooklin, Liz Westrupp, Liana
Leach, Jan Nicholson
The Longitudinal Study of
Australian Children (LSAC)
Parents’ work-family conflict transitions
WFC status WFC transitions
Wave t Wave (t+1)
Low Low Never (Stable)
Low High Conscript (Changed - In)
High Low Escape (Changed – Out)
High High Persistent (Stable)
Data source: LSAC
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Longitudinal analyses of 5 waves of data (child ages 4-5 to 12-13
years) from employed mothers (n=2693) and fathers (n=3460)
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60%12%
14%
14%
Mother
Data source: LSAC
55%
15%
16%
14%
Father
Never
Conscript
Escape
Persistent
WFC transitions over five waves
WFC Transitions, Parent’s Mental Health
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Never Escape Conscript Persistent
GO
OD
---
-> B
AD
Me
nta
l he
alth
WFC transition
Mean K6, mothers Mean K6, fathers
Longitudinal findings (in preparation)
• Multi-wave random effects models, LSAC
data, predicting children’s mental health
(Strengths and Difficulties) 4 -13 years old
• Mothers, fathers work family conflict
transitions
• Lagged child mental health, socio-
demographic adjustments
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Mothers’ WFC Transitions and Child’s
Mental Health, adjusted
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Fathers’ WFC Transitions and Child’s
Mental Health, adjusted
Where to work and family….?
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Families
Family policy priorities
• Promoting
• Preventing
• Protecting
Partnering?
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Jobs
Families
Could we try a work-family
partnership?
Families represented in all
major economic discussions
Align goals between business
and families
Recognise social and
economic interdependence
Policies for families without
work and
Policies for families with work
A family-friendly economy?
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Jobs
Families
Utopian thinking!
– It will be difficult.
– Won’t be over night.
– Could be resistance
– But…we want more people
to work and care
– And….what happens if they don’t?
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Japan’s aging
population
1950-2055Source: National Institute
of Population and Social
Security Research
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Australia Japan
2 3 4 5
45
2218
0
21
11 10
38
94
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Women’s participation 2014
Fertility rate 2011
70% 63%
1.88 1.24
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Australia Finland
2 2 3
33
44
5 6 36 69
56
17
2 2 10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Women’s participation 2014
Fertility rate 2011
70% 73%
1.88 1.83
T H A N K Y O U V E R Y M U C H
W e a p p l a u d F a m i l i e s A u s t r a l i a f o r e m b a r k i n g
o n t h i s e x c i t i n g p o l i c y c o n v e r s a t i o n
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS—The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children
(LSAC) : a partnership between the Department
of Social Services (DSS), the Australian Institute
of Family Studies (AIFS), the Australian Bureau
of Statistics (ABS) and Australian academics.
• ARC Linkage LP100100106
• ARC Future Fellowship FT110100686
• Rotary mental health grant
All views expressed are the speaker’s
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