joint event between mediatech/making green vinyl records · 2018. 6. 6. · harm theunisse ....

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Green Vinyl Records

Joint Event between MediaTech/Making Green Vinyl Records

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Introduction Harm Theunisse Partner of Symcon

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Introduction of the Green Vinyl Records project :

Should we set a global standard?


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An introduction to a new way of looking at the production of vinyl records.

We want to show you a different approach to measuring the standards that could be used.

Students of Fontys, the University of Applied Science, in Eindhoven have researched a different way of measuring and want to show you a new view on standarisation of the current methods.


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Students and their subjects:

Garm Willems: Material and the record: testing material properties via rheology, mechanical testing and microscopy.

Tom Reuvers & Dominique Nouws: QC measurement: measurement of harmonic distortion, IMD, SNR, noise floor.

Jaimie van Soerland & Michael Burgmans: Channel separation: as a function of the position of the head shell Jade Heino & Vera Schroën: Optical inspection: searching for defects on record and/or stamper


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Teachers

Acoustic: • Andre Dommels • Harrie Linskens

Plastic materials: • Guido Smets • Bas Koolen

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Green Vinyl Records


Garm Willems

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Material and Analyses – table of contents

• Injection moulding • Measurement: Feel & look • Analysis on material • Stampers

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Injection moulding

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Measurements: Sound, feel & look • Visual appearance: Shine, gloss, defects, labels, color etc. • Microscopy: Groove and land inspection

Flow fronts creating a visible defect “weld line”

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Light and electron microscopy

Traditional vinyl 100x

Land

Groove

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Light and electron microscopy (2) Dust particles blended in the material or just on the surface? Before cleaning After cleaning

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Light and electron microscopy (3)

These grooves appear to be round, to validate we use SEM.

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Light and electron microscopy (4)

What appeared to be round actually is round. Light microscope SEM picture

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Light and electron microscopy (5) 1. Traditional vinyl record, 45° angle and a flat land.

2. Green vinyl record, “bad grooves”

3. Green vinyl record “good grooves”

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Analysis on material – wear of record Type a is wear because of weight loss

Type b is wear because of deformation

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Record wear experiment All types of material were played up to 3000 times

Weight loss is minimal, so deformation occurs

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Profiliometry A clear ridge next to the groove is visible

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Mechanical properties

Yield stress is the maximum force until deformation.

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Rheology – important for injection molding Shear rate is important when using injection moulding. Materials tested all show the shear thinning effect

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Stampers - Vinyl production is based on feel not on technique

- Injection moulding based on cavity e.g. CD production

- Variations in stamper thickness

- Optimization process

- Create a standard and log specifications of produced stampers

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Sound – just an example

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Harmonic distortion, intermodulation and SNR M. Coppers; J. Meeng; D. Nouws; T. Reuvers; S. Vinkenborg

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Work in progress • Later start • Still in the middle of the process. • First results obtained last Thursday.

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Introduction • Problem

• The quality between vinyl records may differ, methods should be found to effectively find a way to determine the quality of vinyl records.

• Goal • Researching quality by determining parameters of THD, IMD, SNR and Crosstalk.

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Theory

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Quality of sound • Total harmonic distortion (THD) • Intermodulation distortion (IMD) • Signal-noise ratio (SNR) • Crosstalk of two channels (crosstalk)

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Total Harmonic Distortion • Ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency • Changes the timbre of a sound

• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 10𝑃210+10

𝑃310+10

𝑃410+10

𝑃….10

10𝑃110

∗ 100% = 1𝑈1∙ ∑ 𝑈𝑖2

𝑁𝑔𝑖=2 ∙ 100%

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Intermodulation distortion - 𝐼𝐼𝑇 =

∑ 𝑈𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑∑ 𝑈𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑝+ ∑ 𝑈𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

∙ 100%

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Signal to noise Ratio (SNR) • 𝑆𝑆𝑆 =

𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑑𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑑

• 𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑 = 10 ∗ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑑𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑑

= 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑑𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑛,𝑑𝑑

• The SNR is a way to express the amount of noise, present in a signal, compared to the required signal.

• In a gramophone it is mostly caused by the mechanic components.

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Crosstalk - 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑠𝑠𝐿𝑐[𝑑𝑑] = 10 log

𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑝𝑑𝑠𝑘

- Ratio of separation between two channels.

- By an input signal of arround 1000 Hz, the channel separation should be between 20-30 dB.

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Setup

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Setup • Gramophone • RIAA-amplifier • Mixing table • Laptop

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Setup THD • Harmonic distortion of the setup

• Harmonic distortion of software: Arta & Audacity • Harmonic distortion of mixing table: Function generator, mixing table, Arta & Audacity • Harmonic distortion of RIAA-amplifier: Function generator, amplifier mixing table, Arta

& Audacity

• Calculation of the software • Arta & Audacity • A track with one tone

• 𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 1𝑈1∙ ∑ 𝑈𝑖2

𝑁𝑔𝑖=2 ∙ 100%

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Setup THD

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Setup THD - Measuring harmonic distortion - Different tracks with one tone, 1000 Hz and -12 dB - Audacity - Arta

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Intermodulation Distortion • Records with two tones, 500 Hz and 10000 Hz • Arta • Audacity

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Signal to Noise Ratio • Silent groove • Arta • Audacity

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Crosstalk • Input signal on one channel • Measure difference of output signal on both channels • Arta

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Results

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Results THD • Measuring method

- setup - calculation of the software

• Results of measuring harmonic distortion

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Results THD (setup) • When measuring the THD of the amplifier all the components are used

• The total harmonic distortion of the setup is 0,05% • This is determined with a frequency of 1000 Hz

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component THDleft (%) THDright (%)software 0,008 0,008mixing table 0,013 0,014RIAA aplifier 0,034 0,046

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Results THD (calculation of the software)

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• Two measurements -Both 1000 Hz and an amplitude of -12 dB -Same track, but different channels Left Right -Arta: 0,73% -Arta: 0,57% -formula: 0,73% -formula: 0,57%

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Results THD

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• four measurements - Frequency is 1000 Hz - Amplitude is -12 dB • The harmonic distortion of the setup is smaller than de smallest harmonic distortion of the records

Record THDleft (%) THDright (%) THDaverage

1 0,86 1,09 0,982 2,61 2,40 2,513 0,72 0,58 0,654 2,56 2,13 2,35

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Results intermodulation distortion (IMD) Two measurements -Bothe 500 Hz an 10000 Hz -record 1: 5% -record 2: 10% • No IMD of the measuring method yet

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Signal to Noise Ratio Right

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-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

010 100 1000 10000

Soun

d le

vel (

dB)

Frequency (Hz)

1V signal: -19,3 dB Energetic noise: -43,6 dB SNR,dB: 24,3 dB SNR: 269

Silent Groove

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Signal to Noise Ratio Left

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-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

010 100 1000 10000

Soun

d le

vel (

dB)

Frequency (Hz)

1V signal: -19 dB Energetic noise: -45 dB SNR,dB: 26,2 dB SNR: 415

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Crosstalk of the setup • RIAA-amplifier gives the biggest crosstalk • Left: 63 dB (0,00005%) • Right: 59 dB (0,0001%) • Must be at least 10 dB higher than crosstalk of the record.

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Crosstalk input on left channel

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-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

010 100 1000 10000

Sign

al le

vel [

dB]

f [Hz]

Left signal in - Left measured Left signal in - Right measured

• 10 kHz peak • Crosstalk: 15,04 dB • Crosstalk: 31,89 • Percentage leak/signal: 3,14%

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Crosstalk input on right channel

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• Crosstalk: 15,04 dB • Crosstalk: 81,31 • Percentage leak/signal: 1,23%

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

010 100 1000 10000

Sign

al le

vel [

dB]

f [Hz]

Right signal in - Right measured Right signal in - Left measured

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Conclusion and recommendations

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Conclusion • With the setup used in the measurements it has been possible to determine

the parameters THD, IMD, SNR and Crosstalk. • This setup has been measured for an frequency of 1000 Hz and an amplitude

of -12 dB for harmonic distortion • Because the project is still in progress the IMD and SNR of the measuring

method is not determined yet. • The Crosstalk for a frequency of 1000 Hz of this setup has been measured for

an amplitude of 63 dB for the left side and 59 dB for the right side.

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Recommendations • The results of THD are just numbers. To get a real insight we should take a

good look at the graphs • Only measurement with 1000 Hz and an amplitude of -12 dB when

determining the THD of the setup • The IMD and SNR caused by the measuring method has not been determined

yet.

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J.W. Bloem; M. Burgmans; T. Hermans; J. van Soerland LP cartridge aligning and channel separation

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Introduction - Problem: - The angle between the head shell and the record is not always 90 degrees. - Goal: - Researching the effect of the deviation of the angle on the quality of sound. - Approach: - To simulate the deviation of a cutter, the angle of the Stylus is adjusted.

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Theory

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Grooves • Bottom angle has to be 90 degrees. • Channels independent of each other. • Scanning is approached with an spherical stylus.

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Quality of sound • Intermodulation distortion (IMD) • Total harmonic distortion (THD) • Total harmonic distortion with noise (THD+N) • Signal-noise ratio (SNR) • Crosstalk of two channels (crosstalk)

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Crosstalk - Most likely arises from mechanical compartments of the record player

- channel separation = 10 log 𝑃𝑠𝑑𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑝𝑑𝑑𝑘

- Ratio of separation between two channels. - By an input signal of arround 1000 Hz, the channel separation should be between 20-30 dB.

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Simulation

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Simulation

-0,015

-0,01

-0,005

0

0,005

0,01

0,015

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15∆A[V]

𝜃[°] 0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

kana

alsc

heid

ing

φ[º]

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Setup

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Setup 1 • Behringer soundcard • grammophone with RIAA-amplifier and Azimuth option

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Setup 2 • Short circuited soundcard • Playing with Audacity

• Spectrum Analyser

• Recording with ARTA • Averaging FFT points 32000 • Kaiser 7

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Results

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Results - THD -THD+N

Angle [⁰] Angle [⁰]

THD[

%]

THD+

N[%

]

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Results - SNR - IMD

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

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-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

SNR

[dB]

Hoek [º]

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

IMD

(%)

Hoek (°) Angle [⁰] Angle [⁰]

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Results - Crosstalk

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Cros

stal

k (d

B)

Hoek[º]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Cros

stal

k (d

B)

Hoek[º] Angle [⁰] Angle [⁰]

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Discussion, Conclusion & Recommendations

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Discussion • Possible improvements to setup. • Insufficient checks on consistency of setup. • Vibrations from outside of the setup. • Unknown quality of the record used. • 10 kHz signal instead of 1 kHz. • Manual calculation of the IMD value contains a large margin of error.

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Conclusion • THD varies between 0,36% and 0,68% • THD+N varies between 10,86% and 14,57% • SNR varies between 45dB and 51dB • Crosstalk varies between 0,9dB and 11,3dB Practical results related to crosstalk do not correlate with the simulation.

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Recommendations • Make use of new test records. • Make use of a 1000 Hz signal. • Make use of a longer track to be able to use more FFT points. • Make all measurements consecutively in a sound proof room. • Allow ARTA to determine crosstalk. • Determine whether the angle of the stylus changes during the measurement.

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Jade Heino, Mariska Scheele, Vera Schroën & Cynthia Verbruggen Optical inspection: searching for defects on stamper

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Optical inspection • Introduction; • Theoretical background; • Measuring methods and results;

• Observing the stamper under a microscope; • Reflection of a laser on the stamper;

• Discussion; • Conclusion; • Recommendations.

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Introduction

“Creating a measuring method to optically detect defects in a stamper.”

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Theoretical Background

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Observing the stamper under a microscope

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Method of measuring

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Results - Brightfield

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Results - Darkfield

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Results – Light bulb

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Results – Blue-filter

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Reflection of a laser on the stamper

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Method of Measuring

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Results

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Ceiling Wall

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Discussion, Conclusion & Recommendation

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Discussion Observation under a microscope;

• Curved stamper -> influence on image; • Light bulb / white light; • Brightfield > Darkfield; • Blue-filter for dust-detection.

The laser-reflection method;

• Self-made scratch is detectable, a defect is not.

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Conclusion

“Detecting defect optically with a microscope is the most promising”

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Recommendation Observation with a microscope:

• There is almost no distinction between dust/fingerprints/defects, make sure the stamper is clean;

• Turn-table mechanism

Reflection of a laser: • A pattern is visible, but not accurate enough; • Fourier transformation Third-year students.

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Thank you for listening

joint event between mediatech/making green vinyl records · 2018. 6. 6. · harm theunisse ....

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