1TECI

Jointness with the public – The Community Policing

Reform (1980-2000):

1

The citizen & the policeman at the center

2TECI

• "Community policing Reform" (CP) is the only Police Reform born

outside the police. All the other reforms were focused on

effectiveness & efficiency;

• Maybe that's why many police officers hate CP, & in many countries,

it implemented only at the a declarations level.

• CP was created in the US in order to deal with the alienation

between the police and the public, and because the Police lost

control of the streets after the “Due Process Revolution” after it

existing tools became irrelevant.

3TECI

• The CP Purpose (1): A Social service that redesigns the

community & motivate it “to keep the streets clean”

instead of focusing on catching criminals.

• The CP Purpose (2): Changing the police’s culture and

doctrine. This means a different distribution of

organizational power.

4TECI

Police is one of the most important national security organizations

• Most countries suffer mostly from Internal national

security problems, & not from external enemies!

• Some of them are problems of: Homeland Security;

Multicultural Society; Organizational Crime, Money

Laundering; Government Corruption; etc.

5TECI

Police Reforms

5

In order to understand The Community Policing Reform, we will review the major reforms in policing, prepared the police to the 21st century’s challenge

6TECI

Since the establishment of the first uniformed police in London on 1829, there were six reforms in policing:

• They all were created in the United States;

• Most of them were created inside the police force, in order to adapt to a changing reality, & to become more effective and more efficient.

7TECI

Six Police Reforms:

• The Progressive Reform (The twenties of the twentieth

century);

• The professional reform in US Police: 1930-1980;

• The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000);

• “The New York Model" (1994-2000);

• The Homeland Security Reform (2000-2005);

• “The Technological reform" from 2005

8TECI

1. The Progressive Reform in US Police (The twenties of the twentieth century):

• Leadership; • No politics; • Improving the quality of

human resources; • Practice; • Effectiveness and efficiency.

August Vollmer, the Chief of Berkeley, California Police, 1907-1932

9TECI

2. The professional reform in US Police: 1930-1980

• Policing as a profession;

• Elevation of HR;

• Practice; • Academization; • Machinery.

10TECI

3. The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000)

We will talk about it soon!

11TECI

4. “The New York Model":  Rudolph Giuliani & William Bratton (1994-2000)

12TECI

• "Zero tolerance"; • Compstat; • The beginning of the

technological revolution.

• They wrote books how to download crime and became a legend in the Western world.

• However, the truth is that crime is going down all over the US for 25 years…

13TECI

“Hot Spots”

• Computerized techniques of mapping crime and identifying “Hot

Spots”.

• Formulating a strategic police response to those “hot spots”.

• Research shows that using “Hot Spots” can reduce crime in both the

hot spot and surrounding areas.

14TECI

• Accountability;

• Reliability;

• Measurement.

Crime dataPersonal data & pictures

15TECI

For example:

• The order was: “No beggars in the streets”!

• The Precinct Chief declares: “No beggars in my territory”

• Behind him, a beggar's picture was projected, taken in

his Precinct the same morning.

• The Precinct Chief was deposed in front of everyone.

16TECI

The Significance:

• Giuliani & Bratton won bureaucracy by establishing a

direct connection to the Precinct Chiefs in the field.

• Reducing hierarchies made the police more flexible!

17TECI

The end of the story:

• Bratton was dismissed by

Giuliani when he became too

popular and famous.

• He became the Commissioner

of Los Angeles Police

Department (LAPD) (2002–

2009).

• Crime continued to fall...

18TECI

5. The Homeland Security Reform (2000-2005)

Reality is accelerating!

• Homeland Security is part of police duties;

• Two sets of lows in parallel

19TECI

6. “The Technological reform" from 2005

It is a collection of technological revolutions, occurring in various areas all the time

From “Hot Spots” to “Predictive Policing”

20TECI

“The Technological reform"

• Cameras al over the city;

• Mobile Phones enable us to locate people, even in

retrospect;

• Surveillance and listening to suspects are made relatively

easily;

• Dependency on human resources among offenders has

significantly diminished;

• Forensics has become a very important partner in the

criminal investigation.

21TECI

Network analysis tells us almost everything about an organizations: power, influence, "bottlenecks", collaboration, strengths, weaknesses, etc.

22TECI

We can identify "Telnets" in a criminal organization, "and take him out of the game" on time!

23TECI

We know who to "crack“, in order to drag his organization into chaos

“Bottle Neck”

24TECI

From Hot Spots to Predictive Policing• The latest item on policing: Locating the development of

patterns in crime networks, allows us to predict where

and when crime will occur tomorrow.

Predictive Policing:13% reduction in crime in California!

25TECI

Lets go back to Community PolicingWorking with the community for its quality of life

26TECI

The original British police never needed a community policing reform. It was always community oriented!

The police officer Character in Mary Poppins (14:08)

27TECI

In the UK, citizens expect police officers even today, to be substitute parents and marriage counselors ...

28TECI

But in the empire, A problematic model of the imperial police developed!

29TECI

Israeli police began to engage in community policing, for security reasons, ten years before the Western world.

We will discussed that in details, tomorrow.

30TECI

The Broken Windows Theory

• The theory was introduced

in a 1982 article (March) by

social scientists James Q.

Wilson and George L.

Kelling.

• in an article titled "Broken

Windows" which appeared

in the The Atlantic Monthly.

31TECI

The main idea: neglect encourages crime and vice versa

Fear of crime is worse than crime itself.

32TECI

The Basic Concept

• Crime is everyone's business. Not only, of the police;

• Anyway, the police has no control over crime factors.

33TECI

This is the key issue!

If the police does not affect crime, then what's the point in creating more & more effectiveness and efficiency reforms?

34TECI

This argument is true

35TECI

Every year police objectives are to reduce

crime statistics. Is it really up to them?

36TECI

Good police work

Crime drops

The relationship between crime results & police work is not linear;

increasing crime

Bad police work

37TECI

This is Brigadier General Avi Noyman from the Israel Police

• I asked him to prepare his final thesis on INDC about the

"luck contribution to police work"

• The Commissioner was very angry and said that police

work is the result of hard work, and not luck!

38TECI

So, I asked him to change the word Luck to Uncertainty…

• Noyman analyzed six

episodes of organized crime

and serious murders.

• His main conclusion:

Uncertainty is a major factor

in the success and failure of

police work!

39TECI

The Police officer as a Public Servant• All the police services

are concentrated in

one place: The

service center.

• Measurement of

waiting times and

response to phone

calls.

40TECI

Problem Oriented Policing

Fundamental solutions to problems

41TECI

Problem Oriented Policing

• For years, police focused on the “means”

of policing rather than its “ends”.

• Police officers are measured in their

ability to detect problems in the

community and take care of them once

and for all, rather than treat the

symptoms repeatedly.

• That’s why they should be much more

important then their officers!

professor Herman

Goldstein

42TECI

So police objectives must be determined separately based on problems in the field

It does not make

sense that all police

stations will work on

the same goals!

43TECI

Encouraging independence and creativity of the police officers in the street

44TECI

Jointness

• Jointness of all the agencies that work in the community

and all government offices to resolve problems

45TECI

“This is the difference between "cleaning trash" and "maintaining a clean city"

Ra'anana Mayor Zeev Bielski

46TECI

Consider an intelligence officer claiming that his city is cleared from drugs, and therefore, he decreased arrests...

Do the police have a genuine interest to reduce crime?

47TECI

The new approach: police as a social service

• Enforcement is only a small part of policing;

• 85% of the public applications have nothing to do with enforcement.

• Only 5-10% of the police officer time goes on enforcement.

• The law enforcement system cannot be overloaded.

48TECI

Social work as a model

Problem: The police do not want to be social

workers!

49TECI

CP adopted “The customer-based approach“ from the business field

We are the customer servants & we measure effectiveness by customer satisfaction!

50TECI

Remember self organization?

• Redesign community means to create self-organization

& accelerate it!

• It can be accelerated by an internal or external catalyst.

51TECI51

A neighborhood resident who maintains intensive activities to improve the quality of life, and draws the rest of the population;

internal catalyst

52TECI

A neighborhood cop who organize the residents against the presence of criminal activity in their neighborhood

External catalyst

53TECI

The lesson from Henry Ford & the “Ford T”

Ford lost the market when he refused to produce vehicles in a variety of colors!

54TECI

On the other hand, the Japanese took control of the American car market

After reviewing studies about what consumers want

• Electric windows

• Heating seats • etc.

55TECI

This means changing the organizational culture

56TECI

Strategies

57TECI

Environmental Care has become a scientific field

• For example, they found

that in public parks,

playing classical music

and lowering the bushes

are an effective treatment

against criminals!

58TECI

The Means: Zero Tolerance

If there is no control over the factors of crime, the police should focus on the symptoms

59TECI

Strict enforcement of minor offences

60TECI

“Educating” the population by the by "McDonald's Way“:A 50%-50% partnership – Police - Community

61TECI

For example, the Sappers police Unit• People warns the Police about suspicious objects in the

streets.

• The Police takes care of them!

62TECI

The use of volunteers by the police is a classic community strategy in many police organizations, all over the worldWe will deal with it separately, in the next lecture

63TECI

"Community policing" is an "ectopic pregnancy"! It was born outside the Police

After that, the police returned to the familiar pattern of effectiveness and efficiency reforms!

64TECI

It was "born" at Harvard University

It is based on fundamental values , philosophy, world view, and a new corporate strategy that is very different from the police world!

65TECI

It was as if they invented the police again, by what the public wants!

66TECI

… and the public loves it!

… but police officers hate it! They prefer to consider

themselves as “Rambo”s, that protect the city (While

other people just get in the way ...)

67TECI

Unlike other police reforms, it got a very partial success, to say the least

It absorbed as a leading perception policing, only in a few countries, mainly in Canada

68TECI

It’s main success is declarative

Many claim they are implementing community policing, because of federal funding and the fear from the public ...

But very few really understand what

community policing is!

69TECI

So why it was adopted?

Because in

that time,

police did not

have any other

effective tool!

70TECI

Background: “The Due Process Revolution" in the 60’

• The duty to every suspect his rights; • The duty to give legal advice to any

offender; • Admissible evidence are “poisoned

fruit”.

The result: The police lost control of the street ...

71TECI

Serious scandals of corruption, especially in NYPD, were “exploded"

The main problem was the police’sorganizational culture

72TECI

• “Police Lies”

• “Blue Lies”

73TECI

1971: The Knapp Commission on NYPD Corruption

Separation between “Meat

Eaters" - police officers who

committed the acts of

corruption; & the "Grass

Eaters" those who did not

report on them.

According to the Commission,

"Grass Eaters" are more

dangerous!

74TECI

The result: Police confusion, corruption & an increasing use of force

75TECI

Systems are clogged

• Over-occupancy of prisons and detention centers;

• No ability to initiate. Cops only “turn off fires”...

76TECI

It was hard to be a cop in the U.S. in the 60s and 70s ...

"Those who were not involved in policing during the sixties and early seventies, have difficulty imagining the isolation, humiliation and the feel, almost on the edge of paranoia, of being under threat ..."(Trojanowicz & Bucqeroux, 1990)

White & Alienated police

77TECI

Stop, I’m one of you…(1:15)

78TECI

A dramatic increase in crime (70th to 80th)

• Empty city centers;

• Police lost control of the street;

• Alienation between the police and civilians

79TECI

2000: : community policing was fading all over the western world

From a leading strategy to one of many areas of activity…But, commanders continue to declare that they are implementing community policing…

80TECI

CP left many questions unanswered (1)

• What is Community? • What “sharing” or “involvement” really means?? • Can we really redesign the community?• Is it possible to motivate any public? • Who represents the community? • Is it even desirable that the police will intervene

in the community?

81TECI

CP left many questions unanswered (2)

• Do community occupations damage law enforcement work?

• Did the police have real intentions, or is it only a way to improve its performance at the expense of the citizens, as an alternative to the reduction of resources and lack of access to certain areas?

82TECI

Why police officers hate CP?

83TECI

1. CP challenged the basic assumptions of London Police

according to which, the responsibility for order and security lies in the hands of police staff on a regular basis.

84TECI

2. CP has created a revolution in the distribution of the police power

Traditionally, the power is in the hands of investigations and detectives!

85TECI

3. Problems of identity: social workers in uniform

Who wants to be a social worker?

86TECI

4. The fear of the rank officers to lose control over the police officers in the field

87TECI

Who really won CP?

88TECI

What do we have left from CP in Israel?

89TECI

The Israel Police declared three challenges concerning Jointness:

• Jointness between the police

& all the other agencies

working in the community;

• Redesigning community;

• Jointness inside the police in

order to increase police

effectiveness.

90TECI

Since the late nineties of the last century, IP become the leading factor in Jointness among other agencies in the public service

Israel Police has been very successful with the first goal

91TECI

Give a task to a police commander and he will immediately looks for partners in his task-environment

92TECI

This is very different from other Police Organizations, & it becomes a part of its culture!

The more IP cooperates, the less it suffers from criticism and enjoys the results more!

93TECI

Israel Police is a haunted organizing by the public and the media

Commanders consider

Jointness as an

excellent tool for

reducing criticism & as

a way to achieve

other resources to

handle their tasks

94TECI

IP never really tried to redesign the community

95TECI

But it invests a lot attempting to approach alienated population groups - mainly Arabs and ultra-Orthodox

96TECI

Dealing with Jointness inside the police started only this year,

After an effective way to measure cooperation between units was found

97TECI

I hope I was helpful

!

97