ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

pedagogikis instituti

medea Cuxua

jon lokis pedagogiuri memkvidreoba da

Tanamedroveoba

ganaTlebis mecnierebebis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

disertacia

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: pedagogikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori Tamaz karanaZe

Tbilisi

2010

1

avtoris stili daculia

S i n a a r s i

Sesavali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

Tavi I. jon loki - pedagogi ganmanaTlebeli

$1. ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba XVII saukunis inglisSi - - - 9

$2. jon lokis biografiuli Strixebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19

$3. swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi XVII_XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze da jon lokis

aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi da amocanebi jon lokis pedagogiur

SexedulebebSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27

$4. jon loki pedagogis rolsa da daniSnulebaze - - - - - - - - - - - - 36

$5. aRzrdis wamyvani roli pirovnebis formirebis procesSi jon lokis

mixedviT

asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebani - - - - - - - - - 48

Tavi II. jon lokis pedagogikuri koncefcia. jentlmenis aRzrdis

Sinaarsi da meTodebi

$1. jon lokis aRmzrdelobiTi sistema naSromis ,,fiqrebi aRzrdaze"

mixedviT

a) fizikuri aRzrdis; b) gonebrivi aRzrdis; g) zneobrivi aRzrdis;

d) esTetikuri aRzrdis; e) SromiTi aRzrdis problemebi - - - - - - 55

$2. jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreobis filosofiuri,

fsiqologiuri, pedagogiuri da sociologiuri safuZvlebi naSromis

_ ,,cda ადამიანის gonebis Sesaxeb" mixedviT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95

Tavi III. jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebis gavlena pedagogikuri

Teoriisa da saskolo praqtikis ganviTarebaze

$1. jon lokis roli pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaSi - - - - - - - - 116

$2. jon lokis pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi, ideebi da Tanamedroveoba - 125

daskvnebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -138

gamoyenebuli literatura - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 141

2

Sesavali

istoriis gzajvaredinze, rodesac wydeba socialuri problemebi da

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis

gaumjobesebas, aucilebelia axali saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi gzebis

Zieba, SerCeva da mosinjva. am viTarebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

warsulis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTa memkvidreobis racionaluri

marcvlebis momarjvebasa da gamoyenebas, vinaidan, filosofos

laibnicisa ar iyos, `awmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli

momavlisa". diax, `droTa kavSiri", rogorc Seqspiri ityoda, ar unda

gawydes, arc dairRves. maSasadame, socialuri, mecnieruli winsvla dRis

wesrigSi ayenebs warsulis monapovarTa wiaRSi CaRrmavebas, maT

xelaxal gaazrebas; am dros SesaZlebloba gveZleva, vigrZnoT ara

mxolod im epoqis majiscema, romelSic gamoCenili pirebi

moRvaweobdnen, aramed davinaxoT kavSiri sxvadasxva epoqebs Soris.

warsulis moazrovneTa Semoqmedebis kritikuli gaanalizeba da

SemoqmedebiTad aTviseba mecnieruli azrovnebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis

safuZvelia. roca vaRiarebT, Tanamedrove mecnieruli codna

damyarebulia warsulis moazrovneTa miRwevebzeo, es imas gulisxmobs,

rom ganviTarebis aseTsave wess emorCileba pedagogikuri mecnierebac;

misi Semdgomi srulyofa warmoudgenelia warsulis brwyinvale

warmomadgenlebis naazrevis, ideebis, Sexedulebebis gauazreblad. maT

mier wamoyenebuli ideebi mniSvnelovanwilad dResac asazrdoeben

pedagogikis mecnierebas.

pedagogikis mecnierebis istoria momavali Taobis ganaTlebis,

swavlebisa da aRzrdis Teoriisa Tu praqtikis kanonzomierebaTa

kvlevis istoriaa.

XVII_XVIII saukuneTa ingliseli sazogado moRvawis, pedagogis,

eqimisa da mecnieris jon lokis moRvaweoba mkveTri Semobrunebaa

politikur-socialuri, filosofiuri mecnierebis asparezze. igi axali

mimarTulebis damamkvidrebelia filosofiur-pedagogiur azrovnebaSi.

3

inglisi maSin iyo didi revoluciuri da socialur-politikuri Zvrebis

kera.

imdroindel sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi fexmokidebuli

sqolastikuri meTodologia SeuTavsebeli iyo progresul

azrovnebasTan.

swored am periodSi gamodis jon lokis Sromebi: `cda adamianis

gonebis Sesaxeb" (1690 w.), `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" (1693 w.), isini asaxaven

Semecnebis Teoriis, momavali Taobis ganaTlebis, swavlebisa da

aRzrdis problemebs. es Sromebi gamoirCeva sruliad axali

mosazrebebiT swavla-aRzrdis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb,

romelTac safuZvlad udevs Rrma filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri da

sociologiuri dakvirvebebi.

Semecnebis procesi codnis mopovebis safuZvelia, samyaros

movlenebisa da faqtebis marTebulad gaazrebisa da aTvisebis gzaa,

xolo ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis procesis srulyofa kacobriobis

mudmivi, mZafri interesis sagania, jon lokis Sromebi Semecnebis

Sesaxeb, pedagogikur SexedulebaTa mTeli misi sistema TanamedroveTa

cxovel interess iwvevs, ramdenadac, isini dResac erTob aqtualuria.

Cveni mizania gavaSuqoT jon lokis pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi,

ganvsazRvroT misi Rvawli mecnieruli pedagogikis Semdgom

srulyofaSi. misi moZRvreba xom XVII - XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze

warmoadgenda axal sityvas, mimarTulebas, momavali Taobebis

ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis Semdgomi srulyofis problemebis

progresul gadawyvetas. kvlevis meTodebisadmi misma mecnierulma

midgomam drois mkacr gamocdas gauZlo da dResac aqtualobas

inarCunebs.

kvlevis procesSi ZiriTadad veyrdnobodiT i. zaiCenkos Sromas

“jon loki" (moskovi, 1988 w.), k. baqraZis statias `jon loki" (“rCeuli

filosofiuri Txzulebani, VI, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1972 w.), i. narskis Sromas `jon lokis filosofia"

(moskovis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1960 w.), d. raxmanis naSroms `jon

4

loki" (gamomcemloba `Cervoni Sliax", 1924 w.); aseve gamoviyeneT misi

specialuri Sromebi: `fiqrebi aRzrdaze", `cda adamianis gonebis

Sesaxeb", romlebic gamocemulia peterburgSi 1913 wels gamomceloba

`skola da cxovrebis" mier.

Temis aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas ramdenime faqtori

ganapirobebs:

vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, jer kidev ar aris

amomwuravad da farTod gaSuqebuli jon lokis pedagogikur

SexedulebaTa mTeli sistema, romlis sruli da Tanamimdevruli

Seswavla xels Seuwyobs Tanamedrove skolis muSaobaSi ara mxolod

aRzrdis, aramed swavlebis procesis mniSvnelovanwilad gardaqmnas.

SevecadeT Tanamedrove skolebis winaSe mdgari aqtualuri problemebi

lokis mdidar pedagogikur Sexedulebebsa da ideebTan

dagvekavSirebina, raTa gveCvenebina ukvdavi memkvidreobis gamoyenebis

SesaZlebloba Tanamedrove skolaSi. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma

friad aqtualuria dRes, rodesac mimdinareobs ganaTlebis, swavlebisa

da aRzrdis sferoSi permanentuli reformebi, rac nakarnaxevia epoqis

moTxovnebiT.

lokis mosazrebaTa Tanamedrove gardaqmnaTa fonze gaazrebam

dagvarwmuna, rom moazrovnis didfas mignebebsa da dakvirvebebs

jerovnad gamoyeneba da momarjveba sWirdeba, ramdenadac isini, es

pedagogikuri ideebi da mosazrebani ganaTlebis, swavla-aRzrdis

Sesaxeb ara mxolod lokis epoqis mniSvnelovani monapovaria, aramed

Cveni drois pedagogiuri mecnierebisTvisac gansakuTrebul faseulobas

warmoadgens.

kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens jon lokis pedagogiuri koncefciebi

adamianis aRzrdisa da gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT

gamoyenebulia misi fundamenturi naSromebi: `fiqrebi aRzrdaze", “cda

adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb", garda amisa, gamoviyeneT is Sromebi,

romlebic exeba lokis pedagogikur da filosofiur memkvidreobas.

5

kvlevis sagania jon lokis pedagogiuri memkvidreobis adgilisa da

rolis gansazRvra Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo da saaRmzrdelo

sistemaSi.

hipoTeza: jon lokis SromebSi: `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" da `cda

gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb" mocemulia momavali Taobis aRzrdis

mimarTulebaTa mTeli sistema. misi mwyobri da Tanamimdevruli

gadmocema mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.

moazrovnis SexedulebaTa gegmaSewonili da komentirebuli momarjvebis

gziT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Tanamedrove skolebis saswavlo-

aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis Tanamedrove doneze sistematizeba da

optimizacia, misi Tanamedrove formebiTa da meTodebiT gamdidreba.

hipoTezurad wamoyenebuli problemebis mecnieruli gadawyvetis

mizniT gamovkveTeT Semdegi prioritetuli amocanebi:

a) jon lokis Sromebis `fiqrebi aRzrdaze", `cda ადამიანის gonebis

Sesaxeb" gamowvlilviTi Seswavla da maTi detaluri analizi.

b) qarTul, rusul da inglisur samecniero-pedagogiur

literaturaSi jon lokis Sesaxeb arsebuli gamokvlevebis Seswavla-

damuSaveba.

g) jon lokis ZiriTadi pedagogikuri ideebis, Sexedulebebis,

mosazrebebis gamokveTa misi Sromebis (`fiqrebi aRzrdaze", `cda gonebis

aRzrdis Sesaxeb") analizis safuZvelze.

d) SedarebiTi meTodis momarjvebiT lokis pedagogikuri ideebis,

Sexedulebebis Sepirispireba Tanamedrove skolebis muSaobis

sistemasTan, swavla-aRzrdis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebTan problemaTa

ufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaazrebis mizniT.

e) jon lokis rolisa da adgilis dadgena pedagogiuri azrovnebis

istoriaSi.

naSromis siaxle da mecnieruli mniSvneloba:

monografiuli Sroma jon lokis, rogorc pedagogikis

mecnierebis klasikosis, Sesaxeb pirvelad sruldeba. masSi

6

pirvelad aris dasistemebuli didi moazrovnis ideebi da

warmodgenebi pedagogikis sakiTxebze.

naSromSi jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebi, Sexedulebebi

Camoyalibebulia mwyobri sistemis saxiT da mocemulia cda

Tanamedrove skolebisTvis maTi saWiroebis dasabuTebisa.

dadgenilia jon lokis roli da adgili pedagogikuri azrovnebis

ganviTarebaSi.

jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreoba da misi Sromebi moicavs

aRzrdisa da swavlebis yvela mimarTulebas. esenia: fizikuri,

gonebrivi, moralur-zneobrivi, SromiTi. aq gansazRvrulia aRzrdisa da

swavlebis sistema, maTi mizani, Sinaarsi da principebi, meTodebi,

formebi, saSualebani; naTlad aris warmodgenili yovelmxriv

harmoniulad ganviTarebuli pirovnebis, jentlmenis, formirebasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. jon lokis pedagogikis didi mecnieruli

Rirebulebis dasabuTeba xdeba misive Sromebis Seswavlis safuZvelze

da iq ganviTarebuli sayuradRebo ideebisa da mosazrebebis Tanamedrove

moTxovnebTan Sefardebis gziT.

lokma piradi pedagogiuri gamocdilebis ganzogadebisa da sxvaTa

pedagogikuri ideebis SemoqmedebiTad ganviTarebis safuZvelze Seqmna

mecnieruli pedagogika; Camoayaliba ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb

SexedulebaTa mwyobri mecnieruli sistema, rac XVII_XVIII saukuneTa

mijnaze erTob Zneli saqme iyo, xolo, Tavisi progresulobis

TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi analogi faqtobrivad, ar moepoveba.

sqolastikuri aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis bastionze istoriuli garRveva

ganaxorciela, gaacamtvera ra Zveli sqolastikuri skola, agebuli

Zaladobasa da monur morCilebaze. amiT man Seqmna sruliad axali

demokratiul principebze agebuli swavla-aRzrdisa da yofa-cxovrebis

Sesabamisi pedagogikuri Teoria. Cveni sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove etapze, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis procesSi kidev ufro mniSvnelovania jon lokis didfasi

sociologiur-pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi, gansakuTrebiT misi naazrevi

7

sxva enebTan SedarebiT mSobliuri enis upiratesobis Sesaxeb pirovnebis

formirebis procesSi. jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreoba am mxrivac

fasdaudebeli sakacobrio saganZuria.

Sromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba imiT gamoixateba, rom

SemoTavazebulia jon lokis pedagogikuri sistemis mTliani da sruli

analizi, rasac Tan axlavs movlenebisa da faqtebis obieqturi,

miukerZoebeli Sefaseba. aq wamoyenebuli praqtikul kvlevaze

damyarebuli Teoriuli ganzogadebani daexmareba mkvlevarebs warsulis

Teoriul da praqtikul monapovarTa sadReiso amocanebis Sesabamisad

ganzogadebaSi. garda amisa, narkvevSi warmodgenili Teoriuli

ganzogadebani da SeniSvnebi garkveulwilad xels Seuwyobs Teoriul-

pedagogiuri azris gamdidrebas.

sadisertacio narkvevis praqtikuli Rirebuleba is aris, rom

kvlevis ZiriTad debulebebs warmatebiT gamoiyeneben pedagogikis

Teoriisa da praqtikis mkvlevarebi, saTanado saleqcio kursebSi

moimarjveben aq gamoTqmul mosazrebebsa da msjelobebs; garda amisa, aq

warmodgenili rekomendaciebi mniSvnelovanwilad daexmareba praqtikos

pedagogebs, gansakuTrebiT klasis xelmZRvanel-damrigeblebs; calkeuli

SeniSvnebi da mTlianad mTeli narkvevi waadgebaT mSoblebs, swavla-

aRzrdis sakiTxiT dainteresebul sazogadoebriobas; naSromis wignad

gamocemis SemTxvevaSi aq mocemul dakvirvebebs, Teoriul

ganzogadebebsa da calkeul koncefciebs gamoiyenebs farTo auditoria.

8

Tavi I. jon loki, pedagogi _ ganmanaTlebeli

$1. ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba

XVII saukunis inglisSi

XVII saukune axal eras iwyebs kacobriobis istoriaSi. es aris

zRvari, romelmac erTurTisgan gamijna ori social-ekonomikuri

sistema: feodaluri, romelic arsebobda romis imperiis dacemis

droidan da romelsac bolo mouRo XVII saukunis revoluciam da

burJuaziul, demokratiuli wyobileba, romelsac am revoluciam gza

gauxsna.

swored am dros Caeyara safuZveli warmoebis kapitalistur wess.

igi xasiaTdeboda sawarmoo ZalTa swrafi ganviTarebiT. Seicvala

warmoebis organizaciis saxe, warmoiSva axali teqnikuri saSualebani,

daCqarda ekonomikuri procesebis tempi, gadaiSala ganviTarebis axali

perspeqtivebi. maSasadame, daiwyo evropul yofacxovrebaSi gardatexa.

msoflio bazris Seqmnam gamoiwvia warmoebis Semdgomi ganviTareba,

ganapiroba samecniero azrovnebis arnaxuli aRmavloba. aman daangria

tradiciuli warmodgenebi da Secvala msoflio ruqaze manamde

arsebuli suraTi.

XVI_XVII saukuneTa mijna miCneulia samecniero revoluciis

periodad. man safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove codnas sabunebismetyvelo

da zust mecnierebaTa sferoSi, aseve siaxles humanitarul da

politikur azrovnebaSi, filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi, gardaqmnebs

ganaTlebis sistemaSi; Camoyalibda moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis sistema.

masSi farTod iyo warmoCenili pirovnebisa da sindisis Tavisuflebis

problema. moxda Tvisebrivi naxtomi samecniero dargebSi. es procesi

SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes, rogorc samecniero-teqnikuri revolucia.

samecniero miRwevebma kidev erTxel daadastures adamianis maRali

potenciuri SesaZleblobebi. aman ganapiroba adamianTa SemoqmedebiTi

aqtivoba.

9

pirovnebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, inglisis imdroindeli

sazogadoeba did nabijebs dgamda. amas xels uwyobda sasaqonlo-

fuladi urTierTobebis gaZliereba da daxvewa, daqiravebuli Sromis

farTo gamoyeneba meurneobis yvela dargSi da SinasavaWro muSaobis

gaaqtiureba. am dros inglisSi erTob dawinaurda mewarmeoba.

Seqmnil fsiqologiur atmosferoSi kanonmdeblobas ar hqonda myari

da mkafio sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi.

Semdeg miiRes kanoni, romelic Tavisufal glexobas, romlis

wliuri Semosavali iyo funti, sterlingi, SeeZlo mieRo Tavadis

wodeba; ase moevlinen qveynierebas ,,axali Tavadebi", ekonomikis dargSi

aqtiurad moRvawe adamianebi. yovelive aman ki xeli Seuwyo qveynis

Semdgom winsvlas, inglisis yovelmxriv dawinaurebas momdevno xanebSi.

samecniero-teqnikurma gadaiaraRebam, ekonomikurma winsvlam didad

ganapiroba is faqti, rom – inglisma adamianis uflebebis dacvis

asparezzec win uzarmazari nabiji gadadga.

pirvelad swored inglisSi Camoyalibda kanoni xalxTa uflebebis

Sesaxeb, ramac mefesTan dapirispireba gamoiwvia. monarqs ar hqonda

ufleba, xalxis Tanxmobis miuReblad daewesebina axali gadasaxadebi da

gamoeca axali kanonebi; yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi mas unda emoqmeda am

wesebis dacviT.

magram SuasaukuneebSi gamyarebuli urTierTobaTa sistema

seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnida inglisis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

am xanebSi puritanebi gamodiodnen saeklesio reformebis gaRrmavebisa

da inglisis politikuri gardaqmnis momxred. isini moiTxovdnen eklesiis

ganwmendas kaTolicizmis elementebisagan, saeklesio ierarqiis damxobas,

saeklesio miwebis konfiskacias, eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofas,

religiuri kultis gauqmebas. aRniSnuli religiuri moTxovnebis ukan

imaleboda burJuaziul-respublikuri politikuri programa. puritanebi

qadagebdnen cxovrebis gardaqmnas, uars acxadebdnen mdidrul

garTobebze. isini miesalmebodnen da mxars uWerdnen aqtiur saqmian

Semoqmedebas, Tan moiTxovdnen: mkacri reJimis dacvas, romelic

10

SezRudavda bevr raimes, konstituciiTa da Zlieri parlamentiT

gaamyarebda konstituciur monarqias. maTi fiqriT, yovelive es xels ki

ar SeuSlida, aramed gaamagrebda burJuazias, miscemda mas saSualebas,

mosuliyo xelisuflebaSi. amgvarad, burJuaziuli revoluciis mTavari

mizani miRweul iqna. burJuaziuli revoluciis miRwevad unda CaiTvalos

absolutizmis ganadgureba, vaWrobisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebac.

burJuaziuli revoluciis Sedegad moxda ara mxolod ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebebis mopoveba, aramed saxelmwifo wyobilebis formebis

Secvlac. ase Camoyalibda pirveli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo mTels

msoflioSi. aRniSnuli inglisis revoluciis politikuri Sedegia.

axali kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba, sazogadoebrivi

yofierebis yvela sferoSi kerZod, socialur, ekonomikur, politikur,

religiur da mecnierul sferoSi, TavisTavad iwvevda saxelmwifoebriv

winsvlas da ganviTarebas. iqneboda revoluciuri brZolebi, politikuri

partiebis urTierTSejaxeba da polemika, publicisturi gamosvlebi, Tu

filosofiuri, politikuri, religiuri urTierTdapirispirebani –

yvelgan dominirebda ZiriTadi problema _ feodalizmis yofna-aryofnis

sakiTxi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli Tavbrudamxvevi movlenebi nisliani

albionis kunZulze xdeboda, am procesebis arsi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT

ar iyo lokaluri. am qveynis ekonomikur da socialur Zvrebs

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda mTeli dasavleTi evropisaTvis.

respublikuri mmarTvelobis, xalxTa Tanasworobisa da pirovnebis

Tavisuflebis ideam zemoqmedeba moaxdina sxva evropul saxelmwifoebze.

amdenad, inglisis revolucia evropuli masStabis movlenad aRiracxeba. is

warmoadgenda, rogorc amas samarTlianad aRniSnaven istorikosebi, axali

sazogadoebrivi wyobis gamarjvebis sawindars, burJuaziuli sakuTrebis

gamarjvebas feodalurze, naciisa _ provincializmze, ganaTlebisa _ Rrma

fesvgadgmul tradiciebze, ojaxisa, warmoSobiT privilegirebulobaze,

fxianobisa _ sizarmaceze, burJuaziuli samarTlisa _ Suasaukuneobriv

privilegiebze.

11

am movlenebis ganuxilvelad SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT imdroindeli

inglisis sulieri cxovreba. XVII saukunis istoriulma movlenebma

ganapirobes renesansi. amave xanebSi mTel dasavleT evropaSi feodalizmis

winaaRmdeg brZola gaiSala. aRorZinebis epoqis grandiozulma aRmoCenebma,

romelTac Tavs gvirgvini XVII saukunem daadga, gaaRviZa xalxTa

TviTSegneba. maT Searyies qristianul ideologiaze damyarebuli

Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciuli cxovrebis normebi.

gaZlierebulma da mzardma burJuaziam, romelic saTaveSi edga

vaWrobas, Sida ekonomikis ganviTarebas, Tavisi zegavlenis sferoSi

moaqcia SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, floti. man imTaviTve Seigno mecnierebis

praqtikuli mniSvneloba da mxari dauWira samecniero kadrebis

SemoqmedebiT muSaobas. Sromis Tavisufali bazriT dainteresebulma da

reglamentirebuli vaWrobisagan ganTavisuflebulma burJuaziam mxari

dauWira Tanasworobis humanur ideas, nacionalur mSeneblobas

(teritoriul gaerTianebebs, kulturis gaerTianebas, enis

demokratizacias). misi ideologebi da Semdeg ganaTlebis moRvaweni

gzas uxsnidnen mTeli kacobriobis mowinave idealebs, miznebs,

radganadac im istoriul periodSi es idealebi dakavSirebuli iyo

burJuaziasa da mis praqtikul interesebTan.

warmoebis gafarToebis saWiroeba da aucilebloba erTgvar

stimuls aZlevda mecnierebis ganviTarebas. mecnierebasa da bunebaSi

momxdari gardatexebi dakavSirebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi urTierTobisa

da ideologiis sferosTan. es zednaSenuri kategoria ki, Tavis mxriv,

pirdapir zegavlenas axdenda bazisze – warmoebaze. sazogadoebaSi

yalibdeboda axali msoflmxedveloba, romelic warmoSobda axali

tipis adamianebs, romelTac sruliad axali sulieri moTxovnilebebi da

ideebi awuxebdaT. iqmneboda axali ideologia, romelmac Seurigebuli

brZola gamoucxada sqolastikas, cnobierebis yovelgvar SezRudvas,

gonebis religiisadmi damorCilebas!

XVII saukuneSi moxda didi Semobruneba mecnieruli azrovnebisa da

bunebis kanonebis Semecnebisaken; sazogadoebam mkafiod gaicnobiera, rom

12

materia mWidro kavSirSia moZraobasTan; amasTanave, damuSavda

maTematikuri logikis principebi. didi avala mieca iseT fundamentur

mecnierebaTa ganviTarebas, rogoricaa maTematika, fizika, biologia.

adamianis goneba TandaTan gaTavisuflda religiuri

warmodgenebisagan, Cvevebisagan, romelTa Canergvac bavSvobidan

xdeboda. arada cnobilia, rom religiuri warmodgenebi emyareboda ara

dakvirvebas, aramed sqolastikuri mecnierebisa da maTi Semqmnelebis

Sexedulebebs. tradiciuli warmodgenebis msxvrevaSi didi roli

Seasrula im garemoebam, rom humanistebis energiuli muSaobis Sedegad

evropis sazogadoeba ukeT gaecno kacobriobis mowinave qmnilebebsac.

Seiswavla laTinur da sxva enebze arsebuli berZnuli klasikuri

literatura. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda elinizmis epoqis

gamoCenil mecnierTa safuZvlianad gacnobas. eseni arian: evklide,

arqimede, apolonia da sxvebi. amieridan mecnierebi iolad uTavsebdnen

erTmaneTs sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebas. magaliTad,

spinozam filosofiaSi Semoitana azrovnebis maTematikuri meTodebi,

frensis bekonma mTavar amocanad gamoacxada bunebis Zalebis

saidumloebebSi garkveva; jon miltoni – poeti da tribuni – werda, rom

,,cxovrebis mizania adamianis Zalauflebis gafarToeba, raTa

ganxorcieldes yovelive, rac SesaZlebelia".

bekoni amtkicebda, rom samyaro da buneba unda Seiswavlebodes

mxolod mecnieruli cdisa da eqsperimentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.

igi Tvlida, rom mecniereba admians aZlevs Zalauflebas samyaroze.

gamecnierebul pirovnebas SeuZlia Secvalos cxovreba da

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi.

bekons ewada, rom reorganizebul codnas moexdina adamianis

keTildReobis srulyofa da sazogadoebis gardaqmna. amitom frensis

bekoni iTvleba evropuli ganaTlebis mamamTavrad, vinc mniSvnelovanwilad

gansazRvra dasavleTi evropis sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba XVIII saukuneSi.

XVII saukunis Sua periodis dasavleTi evropis qveynebSi miRweuli

iyo mniSvnelovani samecniero warmatebebi. sqolastikasa da religiur

13

msoflmxedvelobasTan mZafri brZolis Sedegad gamomuSavda bunebis

Seswavlis axali mecnieruli meTodebi, romlebic eyrdnoboda cdis

Sedegebs.aseTi iyo XVII saukunis Sua periodis ,,pansofikuri" ideali.

bekoni Tvlida: ganaTlebam unda moaxdinos adamianis gonebrivi

kapitalis gadacema momdevno TaobaTa warmomadgenlebze da dasZenda,

rom ganaTleba – es aris mniSvnelovani socialuri movlena, romelic

moiTxovs seriozul Seswavlas da Rrma analizs; swored amitom aris,

rom misi naSromi ,.axali atlantida", romelic daumTavrebelia, aRwers

idealur saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas.es iyo kvlevisaTvis

gankuTvnili universiteti, romelsac ewodeboda ,.solomonis saxli".

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom XVII saukunis dasawyisSive inglisSi

gavrcelda rojer eSemis pedagogikuri ideebi. es ideebi avtorma gaaSuqa

traqtatSi ,.skolis maswavlebeli". masSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia:

aRzrdas unda mihyavdes adamiani zneobriv RirsebasTan da praqtikul

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebamdeo.

retrospeqtuli analizi saSualebas iZleva, Tvali mivadevnoT

ganaTlebis mimarTulebasa da tendenciebs XVII saukunis inglisSi.

ganaTlebis saerTo suraTi am dros xasiaTdeboda imiT, rom igi

moqceuli iyo inglisis protestantuli eklesiisa da am eklesiis

sxvadasxva organizaciis xelSi. es viTareba ganmtkicebuli iyo 1603 da

1604 wlebis samefo aqtebiT. skolebis mowyobas, swavlis Sinaarssa da

formebs gansazRvravdnen da awesrigebdnen episkoposebi an sxva pirebi,

romlebic pasuxs agebdnen religiuri cxovrebis warmarTvaze.

swavlebis dabalma, primitiulma donem, gansakuTrebiT nelma tempma,

usaxurma saskolo debulebebma iseve, rogorc ganaTlebis sazogado

sqolastikurma xasiaTma, gramatikuli skolebi iqamde, miiyvana, rom

inglisis sxvadasxva sazogadoebam wamoayena saskolo reformis

sxvadasxva proeqti.

erTi anonimi avtoris mier SemoTavazebul sareformo proeqtSi,

romelic XVII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi gavrcelda, naTqvami iyo: dawyebiTi

skola unda iyos masobrivi. aq unda iswavlebodes ara mxolod wera-

14

kiTxva,aramed ariTmetika da geometria, radgan es aucilebelia, raTa

moswavleebma ,,meqanikis xelovneba" aiTvisono (30).

skolebs xsnidnen religiuri organizaciebi an kerZo pirebi. amgvar

skolebSi iyo mkacri dasjis meTodebi (dawesebuli iyo dasjis dReebic

ki!). swavlis Sinaarsi skolebSi didad gansxvavdeboda. zogierT

skolaSi aswavlidnen mxolod wera-kiTxvas, magram privilegirebul

saTavadaznauro skolebSi aswavlidnen berZnulsac, laTinursac, zogan

inglisuri literaturac iswavleboda.

saSualo skolebis raodenoba 200-dan 300-mde meryeobda. maT Soris

eria saukeTesoni (vinCesteris, etonis, xarius, Certeris, xauzis, regois,

Srusberisa da sxva skolebi), Tumca esenic viwro humanitaruli

ganaTlebis micemas axerxebdnen, magram maTSi mainc igrZnoboda axali

drois qrolva, progresuli tendenciebi.

amasobaSi aRmocenda egreT wodebuli ,,akademiebi". maTi gamoCena

dakavSirebulia miltonis saxelTan. akademia – es iyo axali

saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba da igi miltonma aRwera ,,traqtatSi

aRzrdis Sesaxeb".

es axali pedagogiuri dawesebulebebi gansxvavdebodnen

erTmaneTisagan organizaciis TvalsazrisiT, magram verdiqtis gamocemis

Semdeg, romelic exeboda religiur Semwynareblobas (1684w.) gaxda

inglisis aRmzrdelobiTi _ saganmanaTleblo sistemis ganuyofeli

nawili. sagnebis ZiriTadi nusxa amgvari iyo: logika, eTika, ritorika,

metafizika, geografia, algebra, cis meqanika, stenografia. saskolo

kurss safuZvlad daedo klasikuri enebi.

am dros inglisis bevri sazogado moRvawe moiTxovda skolebsa da

universitetebSi ganaTlebis Sinaarsis gardaqmnis saWiroebas. es

gardaqmna dafuZnebuli unda yofiliyo realur saganTa ciklis

prioritetul Seswavlaze. inglisis mecnierTa erTi jgufi r. boilis

xelmZRvanelobiT gaerTiandnen e. w. ,,daunaxav kolegia"-Si. mogvianebiT

igi gaxda ,,samefo sazogadoeba". kolegiis wevrebi mWidrod iyvnen

dakavSirebuli mrewvelebsa da londonsitis vaWrebTan. maT miiRes

15

monawileoba axali tipis saswavlo dawesebulebaTa SeqmnaSi, romlebsac

moswavleebisaTvis unda mieca praqtikulad sasargeblo codna da unarebi.

realuri skolebis Seqmnis aucileblobas qadagebdnen: s. hartlibi

Tavis gamosvlebSi, jon miltoni ,,traqtatSi aRzrdis Sesaxeb", J.leti

SromaSi ,,swavlebis WeSmariti reforma", sadac realuri mecnierebis

Seswavla unda momxdariyo xelosnobis Seswavlis paralelurad.

skolaSi farTod gamoiyenebdnen saxelosnoebsa da samewarmoo iaraR-

danadgarebs.

XVII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi inglisis parlamentma Seqmna

ganaTlebis saqmeTa komisia, romelmac SeimuSava ganaTlebis reformis

proeqti. proeqtis mixedviT, skolebi unda gadascemoda saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobas; igi iTvaliswinebda sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTlebis

aucileblobas. amis Semdeg msurvels ufleba eZleoda, gaegrZelebina

swavla sxvadasxva profesiul saswavlebelSi. garda amisa,

SemoTavazebuli iyo saswavlo programebidan iseTi sagnebis amoReba,

romlebic praqtikul cxovrebaSi gamousadegari iqneboda.

jon belersis proeqti iTvaliswinebda saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebis iseT organizacias, romelic SeTavsebuli iqneboda

sawarmoo dawesebulebasa da SromiTi aRzrdis skolasTan. Sroma da

SromiTi atmosfero warmodgenili iyo, rogorc mTavari aRmzrdelobiTi

Zala, rogorc zemoqmedebis saSualeba aRsazrdelis grZnobebze,

gonebasa da nebisyofaze.

saWiroa, aRiniSnos, rom d. balere ganixilavda Sromas ara rogorc

gansazRvruli profesiisTvis mzadebis saSualebas, aramed rogorc

profesiis aTvisebis pirobas. igi afasebda Sromas rogorc

zogadsaganmanaTleblo ganaTlebis aucilebel pirobasa da safuZvels,

masSi xedavda pirovnebis saerTo ganviTarebis stimuls. ,,zogadi ganaTleba

da Sroma SesaZleblobas miscems axalgazrdas, Seiswavlos yovelive

sasargeblo".

am ideebiT SeiaraRebulma inglisis qalaqTa TviTmmarTvelobam

daiwyo skolebis gaxsna XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi; marTalia,

16

saswavlo gegmebSi SenarCunebuli iyo klasikuri enebis Seswavla, magram

upiratesoba realuri disciplinebis swavlebas da axal enebs eniWeboda.

aRzrdis axali mimarTuleba cdilobda, win aRdgomoda

radikalurad gansxvavebuli berZnuli filosofiis msjelobas. didi

yuradReba eqceoda berZnul da romaul literaturas. aRzrdam

gadaWriT uaryo religiuri avtoritetebis aRiareba da uari Tqva

sqolastikur tradiciebze. am droisaTvis inglisis ganaTleba

Tavisufldeboda dogmebisa da formalizmisagan. igrZnoboda

Tavisuflebisaken swrafva.

inglisis saukeTeso dawesebulebebSi udides mniSvnelobas

aniWebdnen SemoqmedebiT gonebriv muSaobas; rogorc aRniSnavda monro _

,,azrma gza dauTmo Tavis gamaerTianebel korporaciul xasiaTs.

aRzrdam miznad daisaxa Camoeyalibebina individebi, romlebSic

gamokveTili iqneboda yvelaze mTavari _ ,,me".

sruliad gamoiricxa adre gamefebuli asketuri ideebi. maTi adgili

daikava sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gardaqmnis procesma.

es iyo svla Zvelidan axlisaken. aman gamoxatuleba pova

literaturis SeswavlaSi, gramatikisa da ritorikis dauflebaSi.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa gamoTqmas `manera" ara mxolod

enasTan dakavSirebiT, armed azris sxvadasxva formis, qcevis mimarT da

sxva.

aRzrda miiswrafoda Seeqmna axali, Tavisufali adamiani

individualur SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis pirobebSi: yovelive es

moiTxovda aRsazrdelTa Cabmas yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, rac

daeyrdnoboda farTo codnas, Tanamedrove yofas da momavlis realur

Sefasebas.

TiToeuli adamianis mizandasaxuleba unda yofiliyo swrafva

moraluri srulyofilebisa da codnisaken, raTa Camdgariyo

saxelmwifosa da qveynis samsaxurSi. am periodSi yvela pedagogiuri

traqtati iwereboda ise, rom aRzrdis obieqtad moiazreboda mxolod

TavadaznaurTa ideebi. amitomac SeimCneoda, rom aqcenti gadatanili iyo

17

iseTi pirovnebis individualur aRzrdaze, romelic sabolood

mmarTvelis xarisxSi mogvevlineboda.

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda saskolo programa, romelic

Seadgina jon miltonma. es aris `traqtati aRzrdis Sesaxeb". saqme

exeboda vaJebis aRzrdasa da swavlebas 12-dan 20 wlamde.

swavlebis pirvel wels ymawvils unda SeeTvisebina laTinuri enis

gramatika ariTmetikasTan erTad, geometria da ,,moraluri marTva".

Semdeg igi unda gadasuliyo kulturis problemebis Seswavlaze

kotonisa da varonis mixedviT, fiziologia unda aeTvisebina

aristotelesa da Teofrastes mixedviT; arqiteqtura – vitruviusis

mixedviT; naturfilosofia – senekasa da pliniusis mixedviT; geografia

– melesa da soliniusis mixedviT; medicina – telsis mixedviT;

am CamonaTvalSi miTiTebuli iyvnen: orfeosi, hesiiode, dionise,

lukreciusi, virgiliusi, da sxva. agreTve xdeboda eTikis, ekonomikis

religiis, istoriis, logikis, ritorikis sakiTxebis irgvliv

TxzulebaTa dawera. monro aRniSnavs, rom es iyo skolis kolosaluri

programa, romelic miRebuli iyo miltonis avtoritetis zegavleniT.

arsebobda sxva Sexedulebebic. zogni Tvlian, rom maswavleblis

mier gadacemuli da moswavleTa mier SeTvisebuli erTi an ori sagani

warmoadgenda ufro met Rirebulebas, vidre 5-6 da meti sagnis

swavleba, romelic moiTxovs drois da energiis didi raodenobiT

xarjvas. aseT sagnebad miCneuli iyo mecnierebis is dargebi, romelic

adamians gamoadgeba cxovrebis sferoSi.

erTi ram aerTianebda yvela axal gamoTqmul azrs _ es iyo ZiriTadi

debuleba, romelSic calsaxad iyo miTiTebuli, rom inteleqtualurma

aqtivobam xeli unda Seuwyos unar-CvevaTa Camoyalibebas da niWierebis

ganviTarebas.

es iyo didad wingadadgmuli nabiji im mizanTa srulyofisaken,

romlebic gamoxatavs saganmanaTleblo politikis Sinaarss da

amocanebs.

18

XVII saukuneSi inglisis pedagogiuri azri Sors iyo idealizmisa

da mkacri asketizmisagan. pedagogebi Tvlidnen, rom ganaTleba unda

iyos mosamzadebeli periodi praqtikuli sasargeblo saqmianobisTvis.

amgvarad, XVII saukunis inglisi warmoadgenda burJuaziuli

revoluciis momwifebis da aRorZinebis periods, roca parlamentma

gaimarjva mefeze, Seqmna yvela piroba aqtiuri pirveldawyebiTi

kapitalis dagrovebisTvis. axali feodaluri Tavadaznaurobis Seqmnas

Tan axlda axali sazogadoebriv-politikuri ideebi, romelmac

zegavlena moaxdina ganaTlebis sferoze da biZgi misca mis winsvlas.

swored am progresuli pedagogikuri ideebis matarebeli iyo

TavadaznaurTa da burJuaziis interesTa kompromisuli gamomxatveli da

progresuli saganmanaTleblo politikis gamtarebeli jon loki.

$2. jon lokis biografiuli Strixebi

jon loki daibada inglisSi, ringstonSi, somersetSiris sagrafoSi

1632 wlis 29 agvistos. mamamisi iyo saSualo miwaTmflobeli, advokati.

is revoluciis dros miemxro parlaments da muSaobda armiaSi. igi did

yuradRebas uTmobda vaJiSvilis aRzrdas, romelic daaxloebiT

aRzrdis im sistemas miesadageboda, romelsac loki gvTavazobs Tavis

naSromSi .,fiqrebi aRzrdaze". joni pataraobidanve mSoblebis morCili

Svili iyo. mas mamasTan mudam megobruli da Tavaziani urTierToba

hqonda, rac asakis matebasTan erTad TandaTan Rrmavdeboda da

sicocxlis bolomde ar Secvlila.

jon lokis dros skolaSi umTavresad aswavlidnen Zvel enebs _

laTinursa da berZnuls da imasac umetesad formalurad, zepirobiT.

igi SemdgomSi xSirad akritikebda inglisis skolebSi gabatonebul

formalur ganaTlebas.

12 wlis ymawvili Seiyvanes londonis vestminsteris skolaSi. aq

aswavlidnen laTinur da berZnul enebs. skolaSi gamefebuli iyo

umkacresi reJimi, didi gasavali hqonda rozgs, xolo swavlis procesi

19

sqolastikurad mimdinareobda. enebis Seswavla warmoedginaT ,,gonebis

varjiSad" da ara antikuri samyaros literaturis, sulieri cxovrebis

Seswavlis saSualebad.

1652 wels niWieri axalgazrda oqsfordis universitetSi gadavida,

sadac iswavleboda ritorika, logika, morali, uZvelesi enebi, amave

dros, arabulisa da ebraulis garda, iswavleboda agreTve maTematikuri

mecnierebis nawyvetebi. oqsfordis universiteti lokma bakalavris

wodebiT daamTavra 1656 wels. ori wlis Semdeg miiRo magistris

diplomi da stipendiantis adgili. rogorc vestminsteris skolam, aseve

oqsfordis universitetma aRsazrdelSi dabada siZulvilisa da

ukmayofilebis grZnoba. igi Tvlida, rom zemonaxsenebi saswavlo-

aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebebi Tanamedrove moTxovnebs ver

akmayofilebdnen. universitetis humanizmi gamoixateboda mxolod da

mxolod klasikosebis siyvaruliT, oRond ar xdeboda maTi naazrevis

SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba, gonebiT gadamuSaveba da analizi.

im droisTvis axali mecnieruli gamokvlebi, romelTa avtorebi

iyvnen udidesi mecnierebi da moazrovnebi – koperniki, galilei, bekoni,

dekarte, universitetSi ar iswavleboda da maTi aRmoCenebiT mxolod

kerZo pirni sargeblobdnen. amave dros, maTi mecnieruli miRwevebi

sruliadac ar aisaxeboda saskolo programebSi. naklebad xdeboda

kritikuli Semowmeba cdebis saSualebiT; iTvleboda, rom saerTo ideebi

adamianSi imTaviTve iyo Cadebuli. amdenad, swori msoflmxedvelobis

Camosayalibeblad sakmarisad Tvlidnen Sinaarsis gadmocemas

analitikuri Semowmebis gareSe. ase xdeboda ramdenime saukunis

manZilze. aRniSnul xanas SeiZleba uZraobis periodi vuwodoT. swored

am dros j. lokma Tavisi Semecnebis TeoriiT Searyia ganaTlebis

modunebuli sistema da mas udidesi dartyma miayena. etyoboda, rom

gonebrivi umweobisa da SezRudulobis epoqas bolo unda moReboda.

lokma damoukideblad Seiswavla dekarte, romelmac mas garkveuli

interesi gauRviZa da biZgi misca mis axlebur azrovnebas. man daiwyo

axlis Zieba filosofiaSi; igi dainteresda zusti mecnierebiT da,

20

gansakuTrebiT, mediciniT; am mimarTulebiT oqsfordis universitetma

ufro cota ram misca, vidre filosofiisa da humanitarul mecnierebaTa

sferoSi. jon loki agrZelebda muSaobas damoukideblad, metad

dainteresebuli iyo inglisis samefo sazogadoebis SromebiT.

sazogadoeba dafuZnda 1662 wels da axdenda mecnierebis waxalisebas.

sazogadoebaSi moRvaweobdnen robert boili da niutoni, romlebic

muSaobdnen atomuri Teoriis sferoSi (,,korpuskularuli Teoria").

mogvianebiT j. lokma dawera samedicino traqtati da misTvis

oqsfordSi medicinis bakalavris wodeba miiRo. medicinaSi Tavis

moRvaweobas is ar Tvlida did saqmed, Tumca eqimTa samedicino

xelovnebis reformatori sainjgemi Tvlida, rom jon loki samedicino

sferoSi tols ar udebda imdroindel eqimebs.

lokis swavlis xana daemTxva inglisis istoriis qariSxlian

periods. karlos I-ma miiyvana inglisi revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis

procesamde, mefis sikvdiliT dasjamde respublikis gamocxadebamde da

kromvelis mmarTvelobamde.

mmarTvelobis respublikuri forma ar Seesabameboda inglisis

politikur cnobierebas da naciis tradiciebs. amitom kromvelis

sikvdilis Semdeg, 1660 wels, parlamentma moiwvia samefo dinastia

karlos II-is saxiT, raTa igi dabrunebeliyo taxtze. es gadawyvetileba

gonivruli ver gamodga, radgan Zveli dinastia ver gaTavisuflda

absolutizmisagan, ver Seurigda saxalxo warmomadgenlobaTa

umravlesobas, saparlamento wyobas da bolos, 1689 wels, usisxlo

revoluciam gadaayena; kvlav moiwvies sxva samefo dinastia, romelic

parlamentur reJims daemorCileboda.

jon loki absolutizmis winaaRmdegi da warmomadgenlobiTi

mmarTvelobis momxre gaxldaT, Tavisi ideebi man Camoayaliba

politikur traqtatSi. praqtikuli politikuri moRvaweobis miswrafeba

ki mas arasodes hqonia, radgan, uwinares yovlisa, datvirTuli iyo im

momwifebuli Teoriuli sakiTxebis damuSavebiT, romlebic aRelvebda

maSindel evropas, garda amisa, rogorc adamiani, igi xSirad

21

avadmyofobda. amitomac eZebda mSvid da wynar cxovrebas; amave dros,

erideboda dedaqalaqis misTvis uamur klimatsac.

1660 wels man dawera traqtati eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am traqtatSi gaTvaliswinebulia

arsebuli realoba. saqme is aris, rom revoluciuri periodis

gamocdilebam samefo dinastia miiyvana Semwynareblobamde; magram is

male mixvda, rom reaqciuli mTavrobisTvis sruliad miuRebeli

iqneboda traqtatSi ganviTarebuli progresuli Tvalsazrisebi.

marTlacda, misi literaturuli moRvaweoba didxans ar gagrZelebula

da sakmaod didi periodi – xana stiuartebis aRdgenamde, 1660-89

wlebamde, man gamoiyena TviTganaTlebisTvis, skolisgare swavlebisa da

filosofiuri, religiuri da pedagogiuri Sromebis momzadebisaTvis.

moazrovne samoRvaweo arenaze gamoCnda 1689 wels, revoluciis Semdgom

xanaSi.

jon loki swavlobda ara mxolod wignebidan, ara mxolod

urTierTobebidan, gamoCenili da ganaTlebuli xalxis garSemo trialis

meoxebiT, aramed mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda glexebTan, xelosnebTan. am

dabal xalxs igi erTgvari simpaTiebiT ekideboda. am mxriv cnobilia

misi SeniSvnebi frangi hugoneti glexebis mimarT _ `cda adamianis

gonebis Sesaxeb". aq isini damoukideblad moazrovne da regiliur

sakiTxebSi ganswavlul adamianebad arian warmodgenili.

cxovrebaze Rrma dakvirvebis Sedegad momwifda misi momdevno

Sromebi, romlebic exeba adamianis gonebis Tavisuflebis ideas; igi

aRniSnavda, rom goneba uZluria, radgan daTrgunulia, Tvlems, mas

tvirTad awveba tradiciebi, Cveulebebi, romelTac ar gansjis pirovneba.

igi Seviwroebulia agreTve rwmeniT, garegani avtoritetiT. amitom aris,

rom kacobrioba ver aRwevs imis meaTaseds, risi miRwevac ZaluZs, Tu

gaTavisufldeba avtoritetis zewolisagan. pirovneba gonebis

Tavisufal, kritikul moqmedebaTa Sedegad garegani da Sinagani

gamocdilebiT SeZlebs gardaqmnas cxovreba yvela mimarTulebiT, _

aRniSnavda jon loki. 1664 wels man brandesburgis saelCoSi – valter

22

venTan mdivnis adgili miiRo, man miiRo windadeba, daekavebina momdevno

diplomatiuri Tanamdeboba, magram SemoTavazebulze uari ganacxada da

arCia mieRo miwveva kuperis saxlSi – 1666 wels; xolo mogvianebiT

gadavida samuSaod graf SefstberTan. es ukanaskneli iyo Wkviani da

niWieri adamiani, ganTqmuli Tavisi saxelmwifo moRvaweobiT,

politikuri xelovnebiTa da ganswavlulobiT. im droisTvis is gaxldaT

gaiZvera xelovanis sinonimi, radgan maSindel adamianebs uWirdaT,

politikur moRvaweSi patiosani, wminda pirovneba daenaxaT. man

samSoblos seriozuli samsaxuri gauwia. is muSaobda ama Tu im

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze.

Sefstberi, dainteresebuli sulieri kulturis miRwevebiT, iyo

Tavisi drois ganaTlebuli pirovneba; romelmac jerovnad Seafasa jon

lokis niWi, goniereba da SesTavaza mas sasargeblo samedicino rCeva;

da amasTanave, sTxova j. loks – ecxovra masTan, mis saxlSi, rogorc

megobars da misi SviliSvilis aRmzrdels. sxvaTa Soris, Sefstberis

SviliSvili mogvianebiT cnobili mwerali gaxda. jon loki dasTanxmda

mas. lokis es nabiji gamodga marTebuli. Sefstberis saxlSi man

sicocxlis bolomde icxovra.

1668 wels lokma SefstberTan erTad imogzaura safrangeTsa da

italiaSi; 1672 wels misi mfarveli lord-kancleri da finansTa

ministria. es Tanamdeboba Sefstberma dakarga momdevno wels, roca

xelisuflebasTan uTanxmoeba mouxda.

1675 wels jon loki avadmyofobam aiZula, safrangeTSi

gamgzavrebuliyo, sadac 4 weli gaatara. aq igi iRrmavebda codnas.

frangi mwerlebidan misTvis avtoriteti gamodga abati nikoli,

romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina mis religiur Sexedulebebze, agreTve

monteni, romlisganac igi Zalian iyo davalebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki

aRzrdis sferoSi, Tumca am avtoris skepticizms loki ar iziarebda,

ramdenadac skepticizmi mis sulier samyaros ar miesadageboda.

moazrovne am xanebSi dakavebuli iyo ZiriTadad SromiT – `cda

adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb". naSromis dawera mas azrad mouvida jer

23

kidev safrangeTSi yofnisas. 1679 wels avtorma gaakeTa pirveli

Canawerebi. amis Sesaxeb igi Tavad amcnobs mkiTxvels. rogorc TviTon

aRniSnavs, TanamoazreTa wreSi sja-baasis Semdeg wamoeWra azri, Tu

`romeli sagnebi swvdeba Cvens gonebas da romeli ara" da swored amis

Sesaxeb igi iwyebs fiqrs Semecnebis problemis irgvliv da cdilobs

gamokveTos Semecnebis mTeli procesi. daadginos, Tu ra gzebiT xdeba

adamianis msjeloba sagnebis, samyarosa da sakuTari – Tavis Sesaxeb;

rogoria es procesi, saidan Cndeba masala warmodgenebisa da cnebebisa,

raTa amis safuZvelze Sefasdes maTi xarisxi da mniSvneloba. mis

filosofiur msoflgagebas safuZvlad daudo gnoseologia, Teoria

Semecnebis Sesaxeb, razedac 17 weli muSaobda. misi naSromi warmoadgens

mniSvnelovan monapovars mecnierebaSi. avtori ki miCneulia Tanamedrove

gnoseologiis damfuZneblad. am gnoseologiis burjebia Semecnebis

Teoria da filosofia.

dabrunda ra inglisSi, moazrovnem daikava oficialuri Tanamdeboba

(Seftsberi am dros iyo premier-ministri), magram momdevno wels

janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo samsaxurze uari ganacxada da

londonidan oqsfordSi gadasaxlda. male mouwia kvlav daetovebina

inglisi, magram amjerad iZulebiT. vigebis partia, romlis meTauric iyo

Sefstberi, sabolood gaemijna xelisuflebas. lokis mfarveli

meamboxed CaTvales. misi momxreebis nawili dasajes, nawili ki

SefstberTan holandiaSi gadavida sacxovreblad. 1682 wels lokma

miatova samSoblo, radganac masac Seftsberis Tanamoazred Tvlidnen.

1683 wels Sefstberi gardaicvala, xolo jon loki 1689 wlamde, e.

i. revoluciamde, cxovrobda emigrantad. 1685 wels karl gardaicvala

da inglisSi mdgomareoba gauaresda. mis nacvlad iakob movida, monarqi,

romelic cnobili iyo sisastikiT, gonebaClungobiT. is gaxldaT avi da

SurismaZiebeli, Sovinisti, jiuti; Tavs Tvlida Zlier pirovnebad,

magram sinamdvileSi mSiSara da goneba gafantuli iyo. awuxebda

moCvenebebi, TiTqos fexTaqveS miwa eryeoda.

24

1689 wels, rodesac saxalxo partiam vilhelm oraneli moiwvia,

iakobi safrangeTSi gaiqca, saidanac ukan aRar dabrunebula.

am dros jon loki holandiaSi imyofeboda, cota xans imaleboda,

Semdeg amsterdamSi cxovrobda, sadac daamTavra Tavisi Sroma `cda

ადამიანის gonebiს Sesaxeb", romelic 1688 wels frangulad daibeWda.

Semdeg werili gaugzavna Tavis megobars – klerks, romelSic mocemuli

iyo nawyvetebi Sromidan `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb". ramdenime wlis

Semdeg daiwera misi Sroma `werilebi rwmenis Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb".

amave dros, amzadebda da xvewda politikur traqtats.

1689 wels dabrunda inglisSi – vilhelm oranelis flotSi – da

iwyeba yvelaze nayofieri Sromis periodi.

1689 wels daibeWda misi `traqtati saxelmwifos Sesaxeb" da

werilebi `rwmeniTi Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb". 1690 wels daibeWda Sroma

`cda adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb", 1693 wels – `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb",

1693 wels ki – `qristianobis goniereba".

aRniSnuli Sromebidan pedagogikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani

iyo `cda ადამიანის gonebis Sesaxeb". misi gamoqveynebisTanave aRiniSna,

rom filosofias SeuZlia daiwyos axali matianis aTvla, rom jon

lokis mier damuSavebuli Semecnebis Teoria Seucvlelia. am Sromam

lokis saxeli filosofiis istoriasTan daakavSira. man uaRresad didi

zegavlena moaxdina XVII saukunis mecnierul azrovnebaze da

uzrunvelyo avtoris maRali adgili evropis sulieri kulturis

istoriaSi. misi filosofiuri, religiuri, politikuri da pedagogiuri

Sromebi warmoadgens centralur, ZiriTad rgols, romelsac efuZneba

evropuli mecniereba. am SromebSi, rogorc amas imdroindeli da

momdevno xanebis samecniero wreebi da sagangebo werilebic aRniSnaven,

_ aRorZinebis epoqa ilandeba.

es iyo imis dasawyisi, rom kacobriobam ar unda eZebos axali

rwmena, axali miwieri Tu zecieri avtoritetebi, aramed gaaTavisuflos

goneba yovelgvari avtoritetis zegavlenisagan; Tavisufalma pirovnebam

kritikuli azrovnebisa Tu zemoqmedebis safuZvelze saWiroa

25

gadaamuSaos arsebuli gamocdileba, Seufardos igi zust cnobas,

filosofiur msoflgagebas, axal sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, rac

efuZneba Tavisufali xalxis Tavisufal SeTanxmebas.

gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre jon lokma sistemaSi moiyvana

Tavisi Sexedulebebi jentlmenis aRzrdis Sesaxeb traqtatiT `fiqrebi

aRzrdaze~. am wignma didi STabeWdileba moaxdina rogorc mis

Tanamedroveebze, aseve momdevno Taobebze.

lokis zemoCamoTvlili Sromebi gamoqveynda 1689-1695 wlebSi.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani zegavlena ki mecnierul azrovnebaze

moaxdina misma orma naSromma: `cda adamianis gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb"

da `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb". misi Sromebi insglisSi ramdenimejer

gamoica. aman didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia oqsfordSi, xolo aRfrTovaneba

– kembrijSi, ramdenadac am xanebis kembrijelTa ganwyobilebani

Seesatyviseboda epoqalur suliskveTebas.

axali xelisufleba jon lokisadmi dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili,

magram avadmyofobam igi aiZula, uari eTqva oficialur Tanamdebobaze

da maRalCinosani frensis meSemis mowveva mieRo. aq, meSemis myudro

savaneSi, mweralma sicocxlis bolo wlebi aRuSfoTeblad da wynarad

gaatara.

jon loki aResrula 1704 wlis 28 oqtombers, meSemis mamulSi,

eseksSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi saflavis qvaze amokveTilia sruliad

damsaxurebuli sityvebi – “igi emsaxureboda WeSmaritebas".

es biografiuli narkvevi ki gvinda rabindranaT Tagoris sityvebiT

davasruloT: `WeSmaritad kurTxeulia igi, visi didebac mis

WeSmaritebas ar aRemateba".

26

$3. swavla_aRzrdis sakiTxebi XVII_XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze da jon

lokis aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi da amocanebi

XVII da XVIII saukuneebis mijna mniSvnelovani politikuri da

ekonomikuri ZvrebiT xasiaTdeboda. yovelive es garkveul gavlenas

axdenda ganaTlebis sistemaze.

inglisis istoriuli epoqis am etapze gabatonebuli iyo swavla _

aRzrdis Zveli sistema, dasjisa da daSinebis sistema, romelic

gaJRenTili iyo SiSiTa da monuri morCilebiT. sazogadoebis fenebSi

gafetiSebuli iyo mSobelTa Zalaufleba, romelic aRzrdaze

zemoqmedebis mZlavr berketad iTvleboda. pirovnebis sulier samyaroSi

arsebuli Tandayolili borotebis aRmosafxvrelad gamoyenebuli iyo

mkacri meTodebi, ufro metad ki – rozgi, usityvo morCileba. es

aRniSnuli viTareba im droisaTvis metad kanonzomieri iyo, radgan ar

arsebobda progresis idea, ignorirebuli iyo pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi

moRvaweoba. am droisaTvis saxelmwifo religia, eklesia da TviT

mecnierebac ki iTvleboda sruliad xelSeuxeblad. moZvelebuli

tradiciebi ki mZime tvirTad awva sazogadoebas. am pirobebSi Zaladoba

yvelaze Zlieri da realuri iaraRi gamodioda pirovnebis

dasaTrgunavad. logikuri iyo isic, rom aRzrdaSi mSobelTa da

ufrosebis Zalauflebas maSindeli tradiciebic uWerda mxars. amgvar

aRmzrdelobiT atmosferoSi aRzrdil-gawvrTnilni iyvnen maSindeli

pedagogebi da isinic Tavs ar zogavdnen, raTa damTrgunveli, tiranuli

meTodebi gergilianad moemarjvebinaT da yazarmuli garemocva SeeqmnaT

skolebSi.

swavlebis kursi mTlianad orientirebuli iyo mkvdar enebze. magram

ukve igrZnoboda axali drois qrolva: samecniero-teqnikurma progresma

da calkeul samecniero dargSi aRmoCenebma Taviseburi zemoqmedeba

moaxdines aRzrdis procesze, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo muSaobaze.

swored im dros, roca skolebSi laTinuri da ebrauli enebis

Seswavla aucilebeli iyo, aqa-iq ismoda amis sawinaaRmdego xmac: “ar

27

aris saWiro vifiqroT, _ aRniSnavs e. danielia, _ TiTqos sibrZne

moswavleebTan mxolod laTinur, berZnul da ebraul enebze

laparakobdes" [31, 60].

garda amisa, aRzrdis mizanic gamoirCeoda bundovanebiT, swavlebis

meTodebi da xerxebi iyo primitiuli, mecnierulad dausabuTebeli.

mecnierebis SeTviseba emyareboda mxolod miRwevaTa zerele codnas.

eklesiebSi gabatonebuli iyo laTinuri, Teologia, filosofia;

politikuri naSromebi iwereboda laTinurad, berZnuli ena iyo `papis

sistemis" Seswavlis gasaRebi.

lokis TanamedroveTa SexedulebebiT (monteni, miltoni), enebis

Sesaswavlad sakmarisia 1 weli, xolo skolebSi maT Seiswavlidnen 7-8

wlis manZilze. germaneli Sterni da ingliseli eSemi Tvlidnen, rom,

rasakvirvelia, sasargeblo da aucilebelia enebis Seswavla, magram,

amave dros, isini grZnobdnen yovelive amis ukmarisobas, xedavdnen

adamianis suls, mis niWierebas, romelic xelSeuxebeli rCeboda, xolo

ufro mniSvnelovani, cxovrebiseuli ki, romelmac unda daanaxos

moswavleebs aRzrdis WeSmariti mizani, aris ara mxolod is, rom

Seiswavlon klasikuri enebi, aramed SeiZinon Zveli literaturis

Rirseuli codna, gaifarTovon Sexedulebebi Soreul warsulze,

gaiZlieron inteleqti.

bavSvebs ar exerxebodaT leqsikoniT sargebloba. jer kidev ar iyo

gamokveTili Sexedulebani asakobriv SesaZleblobebze, ar arsebobda

aRzrdis mecniereba, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda, rom bavSvis suli da

sxeuli erTiania da sxeulis yovelgvari cvlileba sulzec airekleba.

es iyo aRzrdis meTodTa uZraobis periodi. naklebad iTvaliswinebdnen,

rom mozardis sxeulisa da sulis erTianobas unda misadageboda

aRzrdis sagangebo meTodebi. es, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs bunebriv

mdgomareobasa da kanonebTan mWidro kavSiris damyarebas.

rogorc jon lokis Sromebis SeniSvnebis avtori e. danielia

gadmogvcems SromaSi `personali angliiskix Skol", ingliseli

maswavleblebi momadlebulni arian codniT, niWiT, gonierebiTa da

28

WkuiT, magram martooden inteleqti ver srulyofs adamians, ver

moamzadebs mas praqtikuli cxovrebisTvis.

amitomac iyo, rom aRzrda-ganaTlebis sferoSi viTareba didxans ar

icvleboda. mdgomareoba unda gamosworebuliyo. mZime viTarebis

damadasturebeli konkretuli masalebi warmodgenilia inglisis

umaRles komisarTa 1864 wlis moxsenebaSi, sadac naTqvamia:

universitetebSi Caricxul kursdamTavrebulTa momzadebis done metad

dabalia, rasac mowmobs mTeli rigi konkretuli statistikuri

monacemebi. amasve adasturebs londonis universitetis msajuli –

doqtori smiti [70, 29]. msajuli saTanado konkretul SemTxvevebzec

miuTiTebs. imave azrisaa lordi stenli.

istoriuli epoqis aRniSnul etapze moRvaweobas iwyebs

ubrwyinvalesi pirovneba, filosofosi, pedagogikis mecnierebis didi

warmomadgeneli, eqimi, fsiqologi, pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe jon

loki. mas hqonda eqimisa da fsiqologis ganaTleba, jansaRi goneba, iyo

niWieri, faqizi sulis pirovneba. bevri ram, rac pedagogis rTul

saqmianobaSi saWiroa, man SeiZina rCeul, Rirseul adamianebTan

urTierTobisas. roca pedagogiuri moRvaweoba daiwyo da kerZo

aRmzrdeli gaxldaT graf Sefstberis ojaxSi, gamocdileba aklda,

oRond Tavisi praqtikuli muSaobiT es xarvezi male Seivso.

misi naSromi `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" aRmocenda kerZo werilebis

niadagze. aRniSnul baraTebs igi ugzavnida Tavis megobar eduard

klerks Ciplinidan. mogvianebiT megobrebisa da axloblebis daJinebuli

TxovniT avtorma isini gadaamuSava dasabeWdad. swored am naSromSia

gadmocemuli misi mosazrebani momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdis

Taobaze. moazrovne yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdiT gamowveuli

gansxvavebuli gonierebisa da xasiaTis adamianTa arsebobaze da, amave

dros, aRiarebs memkvidreobiTobis arsebobas, magram, misi azriT,

fsiqikuri monacemebi, riTac adamiani ibadeba, iseve araerTgvarovania,

rogorc misi anatomiuri agebuleba (ujredebi, kani). organizmis

ganviTarebisas xdeba brZola da esa Tu is organoebi metnaklebad

29

viTardebian. aseTive brZola mimdinareobs fsiqikur sferoSi, xolo

aRzrda mozardis ganviTarebis sasurvel pirobebs qmnis. es debulebebi

Seesatyviseba maTes saxarebis me-13 TavSi mocemul darigebebs, sadac

saubaria mTesvelze [13, 27 – 30].

utilitaristulia lokis Sexedulebebi aRzrdis amocanaze. isini

gulisxmobs maRalzneobriv miznebs. maswavleblis umaRlesi amocanaa,

daexmaros Segirds, raTa man sakuTar TavSi ganaviTaros TviTzrunvis

elementebi. am mizniT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianSi arsebul

Zalas, romelic gonebis saSualebiT uaryofs usargeblo, fuW, mavne

survilebs. uamisod, jon lokis azriT, adamiani ver iqceva WeSmaritad

saTno da zneobriv pirovnebad. loki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda

moralur aRzrdas; aRmzrdelis udides miznad igi asaxelebda zrunvas

aRsazrdelis sulis gasavarjiSeblad, raTa Camoyalibebuliyo

Rirseuli da gonieri pirovneba.

moazrovne moiTxovs idealuri `jentlmenis" aRzrdas, romelsac

unda hqondes saqmiani adamianis goneba da cnobiereba. misi moqmedeba,

qceva unda Seesabamebodes sazogadoebaSi mis mdgomareobas.

aRmzrdelis valia, aRniSnavs jon loki, _ aRsazrdels gamoumuSaos

qceva da Camouyalibos suli, Caunergos saTanado Cvevebi, zneoba,

sibrZne, aswavlos adamianTa Secnoba, aRavsos siyvarulis grZnobiT.

sainteresoa jon lokis msjeloba, rom `jentlmenis" aRsazrdelad

saWiroa ara mxolod viwro ganaTleba, aramed codnis miReba sxvadasxva

dargSi – metafizikaSi, filosofiaSi, maTematikaSi, istoriaSi,

qronologiaSi... yovelive amas, rasakvirvelia, codnis samyaros

gasaRebad Tvlis, magram, Tu aRsazrdels ar axasiaTebs keTilzneoba,

saTnoeba, es akninebs mis adamianur Rirsebas.

umaRlesi mizani, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ romelsac isaxavs

maswavlebeli, aris ara mxolod codnis gadacema, aramed Cvevebis

Camoyalibeba. imave azrs iziarebda iseTi cnobili pirovneba, rogoric

iyo, magaliTad, lordi bekoni. am mxriv sagulisxmoa misi naSromi _

`Cvevebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb". miTiTebul naSromSi naTqvamia, rom Cveva

30

adamianis cxovrebis mTavari warmmarTveli Zalaa; misi formireba,

sasurvelia, daiwyos axalgazrdobis wlebSi, ramdenadac aRzrda CvevaTa

sistemis Camoyalibebis uwyveti procesia. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba

mTlianad Seesabameba Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, gansakuTrebiT ki axla,

roca saqarTveloSi arsebobs saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standartebi

yvela dargSi (geografiaSi, qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, fizikaSi,

istoriaSi, ucxour enebSi, biologiaSi, maTematikaSi).

vfiqrobT, Cveni ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi am mimarTebiT

garkveviT unda gamoikveTos.

saerTod ki jon loki ganmartavda: aRzrdis udidesi amocana isaa,

rom Seswavlil iqnes misi mizani da gonivruli meTodebis saSualebiT

mivaRwioT mis Sesrulebas.

amis Taobaze Cven vimsjelebT calke paragrafSi, rodesac jon

lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreobis calkeul elementebsa da debulebebs

SevajerebT Tanamedrove skolebis aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis konkretul

magaliTebsa da praqtikul saqmianobasTan.

sainteresoa jon lokis traqtati aRsazrdelSi CvevaTa

Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. mas ganxiluli aqvs sxeulis, gonebrivi

moqmedebis sferos unar-Cvevebi, socialuri, moraluri Cvevebi da sxv.

jon loki gonebis Zalas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, magram, amave

dros, gadamwyvet rols miakuTvnebs Cvevebis formirebas. faqtobrivad

mTeli zemoT mocemuli rCevebi gulisxmobs da moiTxovs saWiro

Tvisebebis formirebas, romlebic aucilebeli da savaldebuloa

jentlmenisaTvis, raTa man warmatebiT Seasrulos Tavisi misia,

movaleoba. eg movaleoba ki gamoixateba praqtikuli saqmianobiT. aRzrda

moicavs farTo sferos da misi miznebi da amocanebi icvleba imisda

mixedviT, Tu sazogadoebis romel fenas ganekuTvnebian bavSvebi, rac

gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba jon lokis moZRvrebaSi. igi Tvlis, rom

laTinuri enis codnac saWiroa jentlmenisTvis, magram wina planze

diferencirebul swavlebas ayenebs. misi azriT, bavSvma unda iswavlos

is, rac praqtikul cxovrebaSi gamoadgeba.

31

loki Tvlis, rom am mxriv inglisis skolebSi mdgomareoba jer

kidev mosawesrigebelia. praqtikulad Svilebi yvelas gramatikul

skolebSi Sehyavs. ingliseli mSoblebi Tvlian, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ rom

maTi Svilebi daiCagrebian, Tu ar Seiswavlian Zvel klasikur enebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom jon loki gaumarTleblad miiCnevs garkveul

asakobriv doneze adre aswavlon bavSvebs wera. igi uaryofiTi azrisaa

laTinur enaze TxzulebaTa daweris Sesaxeb, ufro metic, aRniSnavs,

rom danaSaulia, mSoblebis davalebiT bavSvebma weron leqsebi

laTinur enaze, Tu maT poeturi monacemebi ar gaaCniaT.

miuxedavad lokis Sexedulebisa, Cven vfiqrobT, rom xSirad xdeba,

roca sruliad gansxvavebuli profesiis adamianebi SesaniSnav leqsebs

weren da did warmatebas aRweven xelovnebis ama Tu im dargSi, iqneba es

ferwera, musika, qandakeba Tu sxva ram. ase rom, savsebiT da bolomde

ver gaviziarebT azrs, rom TiTqosda SeuZlebeli iyos erTi dargis

moRvawem Zalebi scados sxva dargSic.

jon lokis azriT, jentlmenisTvis aucilebelia klasikuri enebis

Rrma codna. amave dros, igi Tvlis, rom mosawesrigebelia mSobliuri

inglisuri enis swavlebis saqme, miT umetes, roca klasikur enebs aseTi

privilegiebi aqvT. moazrovne swavlebis Tavisufal sistemaSi saTanado

adgils miuCens ariTmetikas, buRalterias, astronomias, geografias,

istorias, geometrias, anatomias, inglisis moqalaqeTa uflebebs da

kanonebs. qronologia ki, misi azriT, saWiroa Seiswavlebodes

geografiasTan mimarTebiT. jentlmeni da saqmiani adamiani uamisod ver

gaxdeba sasargeblo pirovneba da ver aRasrulebs Tavis misias codnis

SeZenis saZnelo gzaze.

zneobrioba, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ umeteswilad unda iswavlebodes

cxovrebiseuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT, vidre mSrali wesebis

momarjvebiT; am TvalsazrisiT, igi iSveliebs biblias, romelsac

sistematurad unda kiTxulobdes moswavle: dasaxelebuli aqvs

avtorebi, maT Soris ciceroni, hufendorfi da sxvani, romlebic

muSaobdnen samoqalaqo samarTlisa da istoriis sakiTxebze.

32

vfiqrobT, samarTalSi loki gulisxmobda qveynis konstituciasac

da mis istoriasac. igi arcTu ise didi momxrea logikisa da ritorikis

Seswavlisa. amisaTvis sakmarisad Tvlida saintereso avtorTa

nawarmoebebis xmamaRla, gamoTqmiT kiTxvas da nimuSad asaxelebda

Cilingvorts, tuliems.

am TvalsazrisiT is did mniSvnelobas aniWebda mozardis mier

Tavisi ideis naTlad gamoTqmas, gamWriaxobas, mixvedrilobas;

moiTxovda, rom axalgazrda daufleboda daxvewilad werasa da

metyvelebas. misi fiqriT, logika da ritorika gamoyenebuli unda

yofiliyo saqmeSi. marTalia, es dargebi saxelovnebo dargebad miaCnda,

oRond SesaZleblad miaCnda maTi momarjveba praqtikul saqmianobaSi. am

mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia misi gamoTqma: `sworad werisa da laparakis

unari". am unars igi moiTxovda rogorc mSobliuri, ise sxva enebis

moxmarebis drosac.

aRsaniSnavia, rom loki gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda

mSobliuri enis flobas axalgazrda ymawvilebis mier. amas igi Tvlida

aRzrdilobis mniSvnelovan sazomad. igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda

agreTve cekvebis Seswavlas. cekva, misi azriT, aviTarebs tanmedegobas,

sxeuls aniWebs moxdenilobas, lazaTs. Taviseburi Sexeduleba hqonda

mas musikis mimarTac. igi Tvlida, rom musika bevr dros arTmevs

axalgazrdas, magram es ar exeba klasikur musikas, romelic fexs

ikidebda imdroindel sazogadoebriv skolebSi. Tanamedrove

sazogadoebrivi azri ver Seiwynarebs j. lokis am Sexedulebas, radgan

nebismieri kargi musika safuZvels uyris moswavlis esTetikur aRzrdas,

mis harmoniul ganviTarebas, xels uwyobs niWis, unaris, midrekilebebisa

da sxva saxis individualuri Taviseburebebis gamomJRavnebas.

fizikuri datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT ferweras loki pasiur

profesiad warmoisaxavs. igi dasZens, rom ferweraSi daostateba

moiTxovs titanur Sromas. farikaoba da cxenosnoba moazrovnes

janmrTelobis utyuari sawindari hgonia.

33

loki urCevs jentlmens, Seiswavlos raime konkretuli xeloba,

rogorc praqtikuli unar-Cveva. igi sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZlevda

xelgarjilobas, fiqrobda, rom gonebrivi gadaRlisas is gantvirTvis,

sulieri dasvenebis uebari saSualebaa. mecnieri sagangebod msjelobs

mogzaurobebis aucileblobaze da miuTiTebs: umjobesi da sasurvelia

es xdebodes 7-dan 14-wlamde, radgan am xanaSi mogzaurobas

gansakuTrebiT kargad SeuZlia mozardis Tvalsawieris gafarToeba.

jon loks Rrmad swamda, rom imJamindel sazogadoebriv skolebSi

aRzrdis aseTi Sinaarsi ganuxorcielebeli darCeboda. amasTanave,

ojaxSi aRzrdasac igi calmxriv mcdelobad miiCnevs, vinaidan, misi

azriT, aRzrdis ojaxuri garemo srulyofilebis garkveul elementebs

mainc moklebulia. igi miiCnevda, rom orive mimarTulebas hqonda Tavisi

dadebiTi da naklovani mxareebi. marTlacda, erTis mxriv,

sazogadoebriv skolaSi arsebuli garemo qmnis interesisa da

gulmodginebis gaRviveba-gaZlierebis safuZvels, xolo, zneobrivi

TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadad ojaxi inaxavs mozardis suls SeubRalavad;

miuxedavad azrebis aseTi monacvleobisa, jon loki sabolood

daaskvnis: keTilzneobrioba ufro rTulad da Znelad SesaZenia, vidre

cxovrebisa da samyaros codna; da, Tu daikarga zneobrioba, misi

xelaxla aRdgena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia; rom ojaxur atmosferosa da

saojaxo aRmzrdelis xelSi mozardi ufro daxvewili, codnas

dawafebuli, keTilzneobrivi izrdeba.

Cven sruliad veTanxmebiT jon lokis am Sexedulebas, mTeli

siRrmiT viTvaliswinebT im azrs, rom Tanamedrove skolebSi arsebuli

viTareba, roca TiToeul klasSi ramdenime aTeuli mozardi zis, Zalian

arTulebs swavla-aRzrdis procesis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas.

gvaqvs informacia, rom ramdenime aTeuli (20 –15) wlis winaT ganaTlebis

saministros winaSe dasmula amocana: TiToeul klasSi 15-18 bavSvze meti

ar unda Caricxuliyo. es iyo kargi programa – idea, magram igi

ganuxorcielebeli darCa, radgan dakavSirebuli iyo soliduri Tanxis

damatebiT gamoyofasTan, rac SeuZlebeli gaxda.

34

yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkarad Cans, rom loki, TiTqosda,

gaorebulia. igi paralelurad ganixilavs kerZo da sazogado skolebis

muSaobis Sinaarss, aRiarebs, rom kerZo skolaSi ufro meti yuradReba

eqceva mozardTa individualuri swavla-aRzrdis procesis

srulyofilad ganxorcielebas, aseve norCTa rogorc moralur,

inteleqtualur daxvewas, magram, samagierod, sazogado skolaSi metia

Sejibrebis saSualeba, Cndeba koleqtivizmis grZnobis aRzrdis viTareba.

loki swavla-aRzrdis 3 tips gamoyofs:

1. ojaxurs;

2. kerZos;

3. sazogadoebrivs.

moazrovne ganixilavs TiToeuli maTganis avkargs, dadebiT da

uaryofiT mxareebs; yuradsaRebia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ojaxuri

aRzrdis procesSi pedagogma SeuZlebelia erTnairad kargad icodes

mecnierebis yvela dargi; aRniSnavs imasac, rom ojaxis pirobebSi

aRzrdili mozardebi damoukideblobis meti unariT gamoirCevian, vidre

sazogadoebriv skolebSi aRzrdilebi.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs jon loki sizarmacis daZlevas.

mozardebi meryevebi arian, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ da miuTiTebs, rom swored

xasiaTis simtkicis formirebaze zrunvaa pedagogis muSaobis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba. sizarmace da drois uazrod flangva erT-

erTi seriozuli problemaa mozardobis asakSi.

Tavisi SinaarsiT lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreoba amouwuravia. aq

mravali aqtualuri problema da sakiTxia dayenebuli. mocemul

paragrafSi aRar CavuRrmavdebiT mis mier mocemuli rekomendaciebis

arss, oRond imas ki aRvniSnavT, rom mkvlevari codniTa da siyvaruliT

saubrobs pedagogis pirovnebasa da daniSnulebaze, mis unikalur rolze

momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdaSi.

daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos Semdegi: j. lokis mizani

iyo dadebiTi, sanaqebo sulieri da fizikuri TvisebebiT Semkuli

pirovnebis aRzrda. amgvari aRzrda unda xorcieldebodes Segnebuli,

35

Tanamimdevruli pedagogikuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT da ara

ZaladobiT, uxeSi fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT, simkacriT. aRzrda

dafuZnebuli unda iyos keTilzneobriv sawyisebze, mokrZalebaze,

inteleqtualur energiasa da WeSmarit codnaze.

codnis SeZenis procesi ar unda iyos monotonuri, mosawyeni, raTa

ar gamoumuSaos mozards swavlisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.

klasikuri enebis Seswavlisas gadametebuli yuradReba ar unda mieqces

gramatikas, rac mTavaria, mSobliuri ena codnis SeZenis safuZvelTa

safuZvelia.

ukve naTqvamidanac mkafiod Cans: jon loks swavla-aRzrdis

problema zogadsakacobrio doneze ahyavs. amaze mWevrmetyvelurad

RaRadebs mis mier Ciplinidan miwerili baraTi eduard klerkisadmi,

sadac aRniSnulia, rom naciis ayvaveba mniSvnelovanwilad momavali

Taobis swavla-aRzrdazea damokidebuli.

$4. jon loki pedagogis rolsa da daniSnulebaze

pedagogiuri profesia istoriulad unikalur profesiad iTvleba,

saukuneebis manZilze misdami damokidebuleba yovelTvis ganisazRvreboda

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli politikuri Tu socialuri viTarebiT da im

moTxovnebiT, romelTa ganmsazRvreli iyo axali Taobis aRzrda-

ganaTleba. cnobilia isic, Tu raoden rTuli da mravlismomcveli iyo

is gza, romelic ganvlo Tavad am profesiam.

pedagogiuri profesiisadmi ltolva da pasuxismgebloba mudam

gansazRvravda nebismieri qveynis civilizaciis dones, ganaTlebisadmi

damokidebulebasa da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored im qveynebSi

dadga dRis wesrigSi maswavleblis sagangebo momzadebis sakiTxi, sadac

Tavad es civilizaciaa swored ganaTlebis safuZvelze ganviTarda.

pirvelad samaswavleblo saswavleblebi (SemdgomSi ki pedagogiuri

institutebi Tu pedagogiuri fakultetebi universitetebTan) gaixsna

evropis iseT qveynebSi, rogoric aris safrangeTi, inglisi da germania.

36

TiTqmis yvela qveyanis ganaTlebis istoriaSi pedagogiuri profesiisadmi

saTanado yuradRebis daTmoba mis yvela etapze ganpirobebuli iyo

drois saWiroebiT. ganaTlebulTa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa

zrdam ki Tavisi moTxovnebi da koreqtivebi Seitana maswavleblis

momzadebis saqmeSi, pedagogis profesiis calke grafikis aucileblobaSi,

ramac ganapiroba `pedagogiuri ganaTlebis~ aseve calke dargad

gamoyofa.

jon lokma, rogorc pedagogma, Semoitana sruliad axali nakadi

XVII_XVIII saukuneebis pedagogiur azrovnebaSi. igi energiulad

miiswrafoda, rom Sua saukuneebis sqolastikisa da metafizikis

tyveobidan gamosuliyo. man win wamowia gamocdilebis roli da

gadaWriT aRniSna: ar arsebobs codna gamocdilebis gareSe.

fsiqologiis, samarTlisa da pedagogikis dargSi SemuSavebuli Rrma

azrebiT jon lokma imdroindeli da Semdgomi periodis moazrovneTa

yuradReba miiqcia.

`aRmzrdelis udidesi daniSnulebaa, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _

gamokveTos da Seiswavlos mizani da mis misaRwevad mTeli gulisyuriT

SeimuSaos gonivruli meTodebi".

`aRmzrdeli unda iyos gonebadamjdari, windaxeduli adamiani da

mecnieri, TviT kargad aRzrdili, romelic gaTviTcnobierebulia

mimarTvisa da zrdilobis mravalferovan wesebSi, vinc moqmedebs

adamianTa, pirobebis, droisa da adgilis Sesabamisad, visac ZaluZs

avarjiSos aRsazrdeli, gawvrTnas igi, da am procesSi daicvas

aRmzrdelobiTi wesebi mozardis asakis da SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad".

pedagogs, jon lokis moTxovniT, unda xelewifebodes adamianebTan

urTierToba, dauflebuli iyos SegirdebTan urTierTobis rTul

xelovnebas. igi unda icnobdes adamianTa bunebas, maT tradiciebs,

zneobriv normebs, ucnaurobas, gaiZverobas, Tavisi saukunisa da qveynis

nakls, adamianur mankierebas. pedagogi valdebulia, kargad aswavlos

Tavis naSiers laTinuri ena. aseTi aRmzrdelisaTvis, _ aRniSnavs jon

loki, _ mSoblebs fuli ar unda daenanoT. yovelive es unda

37

gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu gvsurs keTilzneobrivi, ganaTlebuli pirovnebis

Camoyalibebas SevuwyoT xeli. mTavaria, pedagogma SeZlos, Caunergos

norCs keTili suliskveTeba, jansaRi principebi, gamoawrTos

keTilSobili, sasargeblo moqmedebisaken midrekili axalgazrda,

romelic Semkuli iqneba zrdilobiTa da saTnoebiT.

aseTi aRmzrdeli Zneli aRmosaCenia, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ metad

iSviaTad moiZebneba pedagogi, vinc SeZlebs aRniSnul mizandasaxulobaTa

aRsrulebaso da dasZens: `arian axalgazrdebi, romlebic SedarebiT

dabali niWierebiT gamoirCevian, oRond arian keTilzneobrivni. pedagogoba

amaTi mowodeba ar aris, isini ki, romlebic maRalniWierni arian, amave

dros, floben znekeTil Tvisebebs, vfiqrobT, ar aiReben TavianT Tavze

pedagogis pasuxismgeblobas", _ gulwrfelad aRniSnavs loki.

imdroindeli cnobili pirovnebebi aRfrTovanebuli darCnen lokis

mier SemoTavazebuli pedagogis tipis daxasiaTebiT. isini mecnieris mier

warmodgenil aRmzrdelis portrets idealurad Tvlidnen.

loki did propagandas uwevda pedagogis profesias, mis

profesionalizms, mouwodebda cnobil ojaxebs, miezidaT ganaTlebuli,

zrdili axalgazrda specialistebi da gadaexadaT maTTvis saTanado

Tanxa, radgan im dros pedagogis xelfasi uaRresad mwiri iyo.

Cveni Sromis erT-erT paragrafSi aRwerilia lokis aRmzrdelobiTi

sistema, misi yvela mimarTuleba, romelsac moazrovne gvTavazobda,

magram am paragrafSi gvinda gavaanalizoT zogierTi maTgani, romlebic

xazgasmiT warmoaCens pedagogis, rogorc mecnieris, rols mozardi

Taobis swavla-aRzrdaSi.

TviT loki fizikurad metad susti pirovneba gaxldaT. man kargad

icoda fizikuri sisustis nakli. amitom igi uaRresad did mniSvnelobas

aniWebda fizikur aRzrdas da sxeulebriv srulyofilebas; igi

moiTxovda organizmis wvrTnas da ganviTarebas; Tvlida, rom `mozardTa

suli SesaZlebelia warmarTuli iqnes ama Tu im mimarTulebiT iseve

advilad, rogorc wylis nakadi. es, rasakvirvelia, aRzrdis

mniSvnelovani nawilia, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,

38

rom sulis janmrTeloba da siZliere damokidebulia sxeulis

janmrTelobasa da Zlierebaze". amitom sxeulis wvrTnas igi sulis

wvrTnadac miiCnevs. sxeulis wvrTnis detalebs, romelTac loki

rekomendacias uwevs, Cven me-5 paragrafSi sisruliT gadmovcemT, magram

aqve dabejiTebiT aRvniSnavT, rom fizikuri aRzrdis lokiseuli sistema

sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia.

cnobilia jon lokis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba momavali Taobis

moraluri aRzrdis mimarT. igi pedagogis erT-erT mTavar daniSnulebad

Tvlida sulis varjiSs, raTa mozards yovelgvar pirobebsa da garemoSi

midrekileba hqonoda mxolod Rirseuli qcevisaken, romelic gonebis

gansjiT iqneboda gapirobebuli. saWiroa am TvalsazrisiT mozardebi

pataraobidan iyvnen ganswavlulni da SeeZloT sakuTari `mes", sakuTari

qcevis floba.

`maTi sulebi, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ ufro nazia, ufro damyoli.

Tu mozardi pataraobidanve daaCvies gaakeTos is, rac mas moesurveba,

maSin ratomRa gvikvirs, rom cudad iqceva, roca momwifebisas

survilebis gardauval dakmayofilebas moiTxovs [29, 82].

igi gardauvlad Tvlis, vaswavloT mozardebs sakuTar survilebze

uaris Tqma, zogi maTganis CaxSoba. am amocanis gadawyveta mas pedagogis

mTavar daniSnulebad miaCnia. igi norCobidanve amgvari wesiTa da

kriteriumebiT unda wvrTnides aRsazrdels. is, rac bavSvisTvis

sasargeblo da saWiroa, sasurvelia ausruldes, magram maTi yvelanairi

daJinebuli moTxovnis dakmayofileba jerovnad unda SeizRudos. amiT

mozardebi eCvevian, uari Tqvan gaumarTlebel moTxovnilebebze. es ki

Tavidan aacilebs maT nervul stresebs, Sinagan SfoTvebs, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, mozardebi xdebian nervulni, mouTmenelni, sulswrafni; aqve

unda SevniSnoT: maTs moTxovnilebebze umizezod da umotivod uaris

Tqmac, rasakvirvelia, aRsazrdelis mier aRiqmeba uxeSobad, sisastiked,

tiraniad. unda vicodeT: pedagogis daniSnulebaa, taqtianad ganixilos

mozardis moTxovnilebebi. misi moqmedeba unda daefuZnos gonivrul

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gaazrebul process, xolo aragonivrul

39

moTxovnilebaTa uaryofas, raTa Tavidan aviciloT mozardSi iseTi

Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis ganuzomeli

siyvaruli, gandidebis mania, maRali TviTSefaseba.

yvela aq CamoTvlili uaryofiTi Tviseba xSirad xels uwyobs

daumorCileblobisa da TavnaTqvamobis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdis

pirovnebaSi.

aq saWiroa mciredi eqskursic gavakeToT: TviTon jon loki

gaizarda mkacri reJimis mqone ojaxSi. mamamisi msaxurobda imdroindeli

parlamentis armiaSi. ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mkacri zneobrivi

normebis dacva da am normebisadmi Tayvaniscema. yovelive aman didi

gavlena iqonia misi cxovrebis wesze da aRmzrdelobiT Sexedulebebze.

misi ZiriTadi mizani iyo yovelgvari mdabali grZnobebis ignorireba da

mkacri disciplinis dacva.

jon loki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda mSoblebisa da pedagogebis

avtoritets, saerTod, maTs pirovnul Rirsebas. igi ganuxrelad icavda

princips: adreul asakSi saWiroa ymawvilTa sruli Segnebuli

damorCileba, xolo mozrdilobisas, roca maT aqvT unari, mouxmon

TavianT gonebas, umjobesia megobruli, urTierTgagebis atmosferos

Seqmna.

jon loks Svilebi rom hyoloda, albaT, ufro ukeT ecodineboda,

rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad saWiroa ara

simkacre da maTi brmad damorCileba, aramed siyvaruli da siTbo.

siyvaruli da pativiscema, mokrZaleba sakmaod kargad uTavsdeba

urTierTs, ufro metic: iq, sadac ar aris siyvaruli, ar arsebobs

pativiscema da mokrZaleba. miukarebloba da damonebis mcdeloba iwvevs

monur SiSsa da piradi Rirsebis Selaxvis gancdas. es ki aqrobs

urTierTndobis faqtors Svilsa da mSoblebs Soris.

jon loki, rogorc pedagogi da adamiani, uaRresad faqizad udgeba

asakobriv da individualur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas.

igi msjelobs saerTod bavSvTa konstituciur gansxvavebulobaze da

sabolood mainc mimteveblobis, siyvarulisa da siTbos atmosferos

40

Seqmnas amjobinebs. am saqmeSi, misi fiqriT, yvelafris TavidaTavi mainc

moZRvaria, ostatia da ara Segirdi, mowafe. Tu pedagogi mkacrad ar

asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas, adreul asakSive aRmofxvras mozardis

uaryofiTi Cvevebi, maSin mas mozardis aRzrdis ufro mogviano etapze

dasWirdeba mkacri sasjelis momarjveba. jon loki faqizad migvaniSnebs

imazec, rom pedagogi fxizlad unda iyos, mas ar unda gamoeparos

mxedvelobidan iseTi bavSvebi, romelTac, miuxedavad TviTkerZa

xasiaTisa, aqvT potenciuri SesaZlebloba, Camoyalibdnen saqmis

mkeTebel gamoCenil adamianebad. Tu pedagogi aseT bavSvebs daTrgunavs

Tavisi sadamsjelo xerxebiTa da saSualebebiT, maSin SesaZlebelia,

amgvarma ymawvilebma weli veRar gamarTon da sakuTari unar-Cvevebi ver

ganaviTaron.

WeSmaritma pedagogma unda SeunarCunos amgvar mozards Tavisufali,

moqmedi suli, amave dros, daicvas igi mosalodneli winaaRmdegobisa da

faTerakisagan da warmarTos misi niWi da unari mizandasaxulad. igi,

TiTqosda, aRtacebiT miesalmeba iseT pedagogTa moRvaweobas,

romlebmac SeZles miTiTebuli problemis daZleva da amiT WeSmariti

aRmzrdelis sapatio wodeba daimsaxures. jon loki aRzrdis yvelaze

miuRebel meTodad miiCnevs fizikur dasjas, radgan igi, misi azriT,

aZlierebs siZulvils yovelgvari keTilSobilebisadmi da, rac mTavaria,

swavlisadmi, warmoSobs orpirobas, gautanlobas da adamians uyalibebs

laCrul, mSiSara bunebas.

i. a. komenski Tvlida, rom fizikuri dasjis erTaderTi gamarTleba

iyo pedagogis reaqcia mozardis uzneo moqmedebaze, xolo, rac Seexeba

swavlisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas, amas igi Tvlida ara mozardis,

aramed pedagogis danaSaulad.

jon loki saerTod pedagogis upirveles daniSnulebad Tvlida

mozardis sulieri samyaros simSvidis SenarCunebaze zrunvas. igi

dasZenda: `mozardis mTrTolvare sulze, ise rogorc rxevad furcelze,

SeuZlebelia mkafio da swori asoebis dawera". `Rirseba da siyvaruli, _

aRniSnavs igi, _ sulis SemZvreli saSualebaa. amitom saWiroa, pedagogma

41

norCs Caunergos pativiscema da siyvaruli maRali reputaciisadmi,

xolo SiSi sircxvilisadmi. yovelive es ki sistematurad gamoiwvevs

maTSi sikeTisaken ltolvas.

sulieri Rirebulebebisadmi pativiscemis niSnad jon loki avalebs

pedagogs, Seuqmnas mozardebs marTebuli warmodgena keTilisa da

borotis Sesaxeb, gaurkvios maT am cnebebis Sinaarsi. igi arkvevs

samarTlianobis grZnobis arss da aRniSnavs: isini, vinc iTmenen

borotebas, rasakvirvelia, Tavs usamarTlobis msxverplad Tvlian,

vidre isini, vinc iZulebulia, moiTminos xelovnurad Tavsmoxveuli

boroteba.

loki uaryofiTad ekideba saswavlo dawesebulebaSi Seqmnil wesebs

da aRniSnavs, rom umjobesia pedagogma aqcenti gadaitanos im CvevaTa

formirebaze, romelnic sabolood aRsazrdelis qcevas yovelgvari

sirTuleebis gareSe gansazRvravs. igi aRiarebs aRmzrdelobiTi

zemoqmedebis rols da saWirod Tvlis yuradRebiT moekidos yovelives,

rac aRsazrdelis garSemo xdeba; is avalebs pedagogebsa da mSoblebs,

norCebs Tavidan aacilon uaryofiTi magaliTebis zegavlena. igi metad

did yuradRebas aqcevs aRmzrdelis ganaTlebas, inteligentobas,

gonierebas, zrdilobasa da Tavazianobas.

sainteresoa mSobelTa da aRmzrdelTa qcevebis lokiseuli

analizi: `Tu Tqven mozardi imisaTvis dasajeT, rasac Tqven gamudmebiT

sCadiT mis Tvalwin, mas Seeqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tqven arcTu ise

seriozulad xarT dainteresebuli, aseTi uaryofiTi moqmedeba

momavalSic ar gaimeoros; mozardi CaTvlis, rom es arcTu didi

danaSaulia da amis safuZvels mSoblis magaliTi uqmnis. amitom jon

loki gvafrTxilebs: `pedagogma da mSobelma unda icodnen es, rom

bavSvebi Tavs deben didobaze, maT es swrafva uCndebaT ufro adre,

vidre Cven gvgonia; uyvarT ise Cacma, rogorc didebi icvamen, da es

xdeba imitom, rom isini Tavs ukve mozrdil adamianebad Tvlian.

42

mozardobis asakSi ymawvilebs aqvT asocialuri qcevebis

midrekileba. isini mzad arian, lanZRvac ki aitanon, oRond CaTvalon

zrdasrul adamianebad.

am SemTxvevaSi loki urCevs mSoblebs, daamyaron SvilebTan mWidro

sulieri urTierTobebi, gaandon maT garkveuli saidumloebani, sakuTari

saqmianobis sirTuleni da aq Zala eZleva marTal aforizms: `ndoba

warmoSobs ndobas". gansakuTrebiT es iolad xdeba mozardebSi da

aRniSnul movlenas xeli unda Seuwyos pedagogma.

Semdeg moazrovne exeba pedagogis rols da daniSnulebas swavlebis

procesSi. farTo pedagogiuri horizontisa da Rrma codnis uqonlad

Znelia daaintereso mozardis pirovneba da igi aRmzrdelobiT procesSi

CarTo. bavSvebis jer kidev norC da saTuT gonebas xSirad meryeobis

garkveuli amplituda aqvs. pedagogis movaleobaa, SezRudos da bolos

sulac aRmofxvras eg meryeoba. mozardi swrafad iTvisebs imas, rasac

mocemul momentSi sainteresod miiCnevs. igi iolad kmayofildeba codna-

Cvevebis arasakmarisi siRrmiTac ki ama Tu im faqtisa Tu movlenis

Semecnebis procesSi. am viTarebaSi pedagogs eZleva kargi Sansi, bavSvs

gauRviZos cnobismoyvareoba, aRZras masSi sagnebisa da movlenebisadmi

interesi. saamisod man unda gamoiyenos STabeWdileba, Seecados misi

interesebi gaxados myari. amiT, bunebrivia, swavlebaca da swavlac

mimzidveli gaxdeba.

jon lokis Sromis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili exeba mozardebSi

cnobismoyvareobis ganviTarebas. aq igi gamoyofda swavlisadmi ltolvis,

miswrafebis gaRvivebisa da waqezebis aucileblobas swavlebis dros da am

saqmeSi pedagogis gansakuTrebul rols. am mimarTulebiT loki

aucileblad Tvlis:

1. pedagogma yuradRebiT moisminos mozardis Tundac sul

umniSvnelo SekiTxva. aRuZras da ganuviTaros mas kiTxvebis

sistematurad dasmis survili. igulisxmeba, rom kiTxvebis dasma

gamoxatavs gonebis gafarToebis process;

43

2. Seaqos isini, vinc ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovan kiTxvebs

wamoWrian da amiT an TavianT codnas adastureben, anda axali

codnisaken ltolvas;

3. mTeli gulisyuriT ecados, raTa mozardis kiTxvas zusti,

amomwuravi, WeSmariti pasuxi gasces;

4. mozardis yuradReba warmarTos axal-axali codnis dauflebisaken,

gaaRrmaos misi mcdeloba da interesi.

rogorc wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT, Cven ar vexebiT swavlebis

procesis lokiseul Sefasebas. igi calke kvlevas imsaxurebs. aq Cven

umeteswilad SemovifarglebiT aRmzrdelobiTi procesis lokiseuli

xedvis gaSuqebiT.

jon loki momxre iyo mozardis mier sirTuleebis safuZvelze

miRweuli gamarjvebebis aRniSvnisa, raTa mozardma igrZnos, risTvis

Seaqes igi.

moazrovne miuTiTebda, rom gonebrivi progresi xorcieldeba

siZneleebis gadalaxvis gziT. ioli gamarjveba, marTalia, ajildoebs

mozards, magram igi eCveva siZneleebis gadalaxvisas ioli gzebis Ziebas

da TandaTan uClungdeba kritikuli azrovnebis unari.

`mzrdeli yrmisa meore Semoqmedia~ _ ilia WavWavaZis es principuli

pedagogiuri debuleba Tamamad SeiZleba pedagogiuri procesis sazomad

da sauZvlad, kacobriobis civilizaciis mier gamocdil da aRiarebul

realobad iqnes miCneuli.

cnobilia, rom uZvelesi droidan, TaobaTa mier dagrovili

gamocdilebis gadacemam faqtobrivad ganapiroba Tavad kacobriobis

civilizacia. ganaTlebis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

ganekuTvneba im etaps, rodesac arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi saWiro gaxda

sagangebo pirTa gamoyofa, romlebic axalgazrdebs Seaswavlidnen

Sromis iaraRebis flobas, sakvebis moZiebas da sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis

aTvisebas. rogorc wesi eseni iyvnen moxeleebi an Sromisunarmoklebuli

pirebi da isini gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. swored

maTi wridan gamoiyo pirveli aRmzrdelebi. maT didi gamocdileba

44

gaaCndaT, romelsac gadascemdnen mozard Taobas. garda amisa isini

zrunavdnen mis sulier da zneobriv formirebaze. amzadebdnen

cxovrebisaTvis. swored ase iqca aRzrda adamianis Segnebis da

Semoqmedebis sferod. ase iwyeba aRmzrdelis, maswavleblis, pedagogis,

mravlismomcveli da sapasuxismgeblo profesia. mis aRmocenebas

obieqturi safuZveli gaaCnda, radgan maTi naamagaris Sedegad SesaZlebeli

gaxda Tavad sazogadoebis arseboba da ganviTareba. msoflios TiTqmis

yvela enaze `aRmzrdeli~, `maswavlebeli~, an sxva misi Sesatyvisi

termini aRzrdis, ganviTarebis, winamZRolis da a. S. sinonimia.

qarTuli aRzrda-ganaTlebis istoriamac Semoinaxa pedagogiuri

terminologiis nimuSebi, romelTa mixedviT maswavlebels sakmaod

xangrZlivi periodis manZilze uwodebdnen `mzrdels~, `gamzrdels~.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo `moZRvari~. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom mefe

daviT aRmaSenebels moixsenieben rogorc `moZRvarT moZRvars~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am profesiis gamomcvleli terminologia

icvleboda misi Sinaarsisa da funqciis cvalebadobasTan erTad da

rodesac dris wesrigSi dadga konkretuli saswavlo masalis gadacema.

pirs romelic ama Tu im sagans aswavlida `maswavlebeli~ uwodes.

Tanamedrove etapze terminebi `pedagogi~ da `maswavlebeli~ faqtobrivad

gaigivebulia, xolo termini `aRmzrdeli~ ufro konkretuli

daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. es aris piri, romelic pasuxismgebelia meore

piris cxovrebis pirobebze, mis pirovnul srulyofaze.

rodesac kacobrioba mivida im donemde, rom Tavad codna

gaTviTcnobierda rogorc faseuloba, saWiro Seiqna misi dagrovebis da

gadacemis sagangebo organizacia, ramac miiRo saxelwodeba `swavleba~.

gaCnda Sesatyvisi terminic. magram Tavis popularobas bolomde

inarCunebs termini `pedagogi~, romelic swavlebas da aRzrdas

faqtobrivad mTlianobaSi warmoaCens.

ganaTlebis ganviTarebis istoriasTan erTad izrdeboda Tavad

pedagogis funqcia, daniSnuleba da icvleboda im pirTa CamonaTvali,

visac es ufleba hqonda miniWebuli. magaliTad, Zvel romSi

45

maswavleblad imperatoris saxeliT iniSnebodnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi,

romlebsac sxvadasxva mecnierebis codnis garda mogzaurobaTa Sedegad

dagrovili gamocdileba gaaCndaT, icnobdnen sxva xalxebis kulturas

da wes-Cveulebebs. Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac ganaTleba faqtobrivad

eklesiis xelSi iyo, pedagogebad iniSnebodnen sasuliero pirebi.

yovel ers Tavisi istoriulad aRiarebuli didi maswavleblebi

hyavs. magaliTad, CinelebisaTvis aseTad iTvleba konfuci _ kun-fuZi.

romelic cxovrobda 551-479 wlebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde da dRemde

misi swavleba, filosofiuri ideebi da Sexedulebebi udidesi popularobiT

sargeblobs. maT Cineli xalxis mamoZravebel Zalad miiCneven.

aRsaniSnavia agreTve Cexi pedagog-humanistis ian amos komenskis saxeli,

romelmac pedagogiuri mecniereba damoukidebeli Teoriul dargad

Camoayaliba. igi faqtobrivad gascda CexeTis sazRvrebs da

saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova. Tavad didi pedagogi udides rols

aniWebs pedagogis profesias, adarebs mebaRes, romelic mzrunvelobiT

uvlis nargavebs, mzes, romelic yvelgan da yvelas erTnairad aTbobs.

maswavlebeli komenskis azriT moqandakea, romelic norCebis sulebs

Zerwavs. igi mxedarTmTavaria, romelsac SeuZlia uvicoba, uxeSoba da

uzneoba daamarcxos.

qarTveli xalxisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens pedagogis,

publicistisa da mwerlis iakob gogebaSvilis saxeli da misi

pedagogiuri memkvidreoba, swored mas miiCneven qarTveli pedagogikuri

mecnierebis da sabavSvo mxatvruli literaturis fuZemdeblad. swored

man misca maswavleblis profesias umaRlesi Sefaseba: `mxolod maTis

wyalobiT qarTveli xalxi dawinaurda wignis codnaSi... diax, namdvili

Rvawli miuZRvis saxalxo skolebis maswavleblebs Cveni xalxis

ganviTarebasa da gamoRviZebaSi~ (i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli naw., gv. 433).

pedagogiuri profesiis ZiriTadi mizania adamianebTan urTierToba.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tavad profesiis daufleba moiTxovs rogorc

specialur anu sagnobriv, aseve adamianTmcodneobisTvis momzadebas.

magaliTad, adamianebTan urTierTobis, komunikabelurobis gamomuSavebas

46

sagangebo codna esaWiroeba. pedagogiur praqtikaSi aris SemTxvevebi,

rodesac maswavlebeli, gansakuTrebiT axalbeda, ver flobs adamianebTan

urTierTobis xelovnebas, ver axerxebs kontrolis damyarebas

moswavleebTan. maTdami saTanado ganwyobis Seqmnas. yvelaferi es ki umarav

problemas uqmnis mas da pedagogiuri Secdomebic amis Sedegia.

maswavlebloba mxolod profesia araa. codnis translirebis garda

maswavlebels pirovnebis formirebis umaRlesi misiac akisria. is unda

iyos adamianSi adamianis dammkvidrebuli. mas unda axasiaTebdes:

maRali moqalaqeobirivi pasuxismgebloba da socialuri aqtivoba.

udidesi siyvaruli bavSvebisadmi.

sulieri kultura, sxvebTan erTad muSaobis survili da mzadyofna.

maRali profesionalizmi, samecniero-pedagogiuri azrovnebis

inovaciuri stili, axal faseulobaTa mimarT maRali

Semguebloba, SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.

mudmivi TviTganaTlebis moTxovnileba.

ara gvaqvs imis pretenzia, rom srulad amovwureT paragrafSi

dasmuli sakiTxi, magram vimedovnebT: mocemul SromaSi gamokveTilia jon

lokis is ZiriTadi Sexedulebebi da ideebi, romlebic exeba pedagogis

rolsa da daniSnulebas aRzrdisa da, nawilobriv, swavlebis procesSi.

47

$5. aRzrdis wamyvani roli pirovnebis formirebis procesSi jon

lokis mixedviT

asakobrivi da individuაluri Taviseburebani

sazogadoebrivi formirebis yvela etapze aRzrdisadmi

gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba iyo da aris dResac, radgan igi yoveli

sazogadoebis sulieri safuZvelia. kacobriobis civilizaciac xom

aRzrdis Sedegia. cnobilia, rom yoveli axali Taoba cxovrebas iwyebs

imiT, rom eziareba winaparTa mier dagrovil codnasa da gamocdilebas.

es gardauvali da aucilebeli procesia da gansakuTrebul

damokidebulebas moiTxovs. konkretul moqmedebaSi poulobs

gamoxatulebas da misi gamovlinebis yvelaze Zlieri iaraRia aRzrda,

romlis saSualebiTac erTi Taobidan meores gadaecema sulieri da

materialuri faseulobebi, gamocdilebebi, xolo man, Tavis mxriv, unda

gaamdidros es Tavisi codniT. qveynis myofadi mdgomareoba

damokidebulia im mimarTulebebzed, romelsac miscemen axal Taobas~.

gamomdinare am WeSmaritebidan, aRzrda aris mudmivi kategoria da mas

istoriuli xasiaTi gaaCnia. swored aRzrdis Sedegad xdeba

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis yvela etapze, aseTi pirovnebis formireba,

romelic am sazogadoebis interesebs pasuxobs. igi misi sicocxlis

mTels manZils moicavs.

adamianis ganviTarebis mTeli gza sxvadasxva monakveTs moicavs da

yoveli maTgani gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan Tavad adamianis fizikuri,

fsiqikuri, monacemebiT, misi socializaciis doniT. adamianis sicocxlis

calkeuli monakveTebisagan Sedgeba misi asaki.

adamianis ganviTareba, misi asakobrivi periodizacia moicavs mis

mTel sicocxles _ es aris sruli periodizacia.

pedagogika saukuneebis manZilze ikvlevda bavSvis asakobriv

periodizacias. dReisaTvis, rodesac pedagogika uwyveti ganaTlebis

48

sistemis saxiT warmarTavs mecnierul kvlevas, misTvis pirovnebis

ganviTarebis da formirebis problemaTa srulyofil Seswavlis

obieqtad rCeba bavSvi, romelic yovel sazogadoebriv Tu bunebis

movlenasTan erTad mudmiv ganviTarebaSia. cnobilia, rom ganviTareba,

maT Soris adamianisac, gulisxmobs ganuwyvetel moZraobas, aRmavlobas,

cvalebadobas; amave dros es principi mimdinareobs etapebad. drois

sxvadasxva monakveTis, calkeuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

TaviseburebebiT.

bavSvis ganviTareba erTi mTliani procesia, romelsac Tavisi

etapebi gaaCnia. yoveli maTganis mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegia pedagogika,

pedagogiuri fsiqologia, yvela is mecniereba, romelic adamianis

ganviTarebas swavlobs, mivida im WeSmaritebamde, rom mxolod

asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa

SesaZlebeli pirovnebis formirebis swori warmarTva, misi gageba da mis

sulierebaSi wvdoma.

bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis faqtori pedagogikis istoriaSi

sxvadasxvanairad aris ganxiluli: aris pedagogiur mimdinareobaTa erTi

jgufi, romelic mTlianad ugulebelyofs aRzrdis rols pirovnebis

Camoyalibebis procesSi da yvelafers Tandayolili ideebiT,

memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT gansazRvravs. am

memkvidreobiT miRebuli Taviseburebebis gardaqmna aRzrdis gziT

SeuZlebelia da gamomdinare aqedan adamianis daniSnuleba da adgili

sazogadoebaSi winaswarve dabadebamdea gansazRvruli. aRzrdas ar

SeuZlia Seucvalos mimarTuleba bavSvSi memkvidreobiT gadmocemul

niSan-Tvisebebs. aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli Teoriebi antikur

filosofiaSi platonisagan iRebs saTaves, romelic Semdeg axal

filosofiaSi Taviseburad ganaviTara dekartem, romelic Semdeg

ingliseli filosofosis jon lokis kritikis obieqti gaxda.

aRzrdis rolis ugulebelyofas emsaxureba e. w. biologiuri

nacivisturi Teoria, romlis mixedviT axaldabadebuli bavSvis

zrdasrul adamianad Camoyalibebis procesi memkvidreobiT Tandayolili

49

Tvisebebis srulyofiT ganisazRvreba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad

memkvidreobiT mocemuli Tandayolili Tvisebebi ganviTarebis procesSi

ar ganicdian raime Tvisebriv cvlilebebs. aRzrda da garemo mxolod

xels uwyobs maT dasrulebuli formiT gamomJRavnebas. aRzrdas ar

SeuZlia Secvalos adamianis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. igi

memkvidreobiTi faqtorebiT aris gansazRvruli. es Sexeduleba kidev

ufro mZafrad iqna ganviTarebuli miulerisa da hegelis mier

Camoyalibebul e. w. biogenetikur kanonSi, romlis mixedviTac

organizmis ganviTarebis istoria iyofa ontogenezad anu individis

ganviTarebis istoriad, da filogenezad anu organuli jgufis

ganviTarebis istoriad.

ontogenia warmaodgens mokle da swraf ganmeorebas

(rekapitulacias) filogeniisas, romelic ganpirobebulia memkvidreobis

fiziologiuri funqciebiT da SeguebiT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi am

SexedulebaTa pedagogikasa da fsiqologiaSi gadmotana gaxda

safuZveli imisa, rom sruliad iqna uaryofili pirovnebis ganviTarebaze

sazogadoebrivi aRzrdisa da garemos gavlena da fsiqikis ganviTareba

fatalisturad ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli

gansakuTTrebuli unariTa da TvisebebiT iqna axsnili. am ideis

dasabuTebas Seecada pesimisturi filosofiis warmomadgeneli

Sopenhaueri, romelic Tvlida, rom mozardi uZluria da amave dros

usargeblo, radgan mas ar SeuZlia memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tvisebebis

mimarTulebis Secvla, radgan dabadebis Semdeg bavSvSi Tavs iCens misi

momavali Tvisebebi da aRmzrdeli veraviTar zemoqmedebas ver axdens

masze, ufro metic, fsiqilogi lombrozi Seecada daesabuTebina, rom

zogierTi adamiani imTaviTve ibadeba borotmoqmedad, rac

memkvidreobiTaa gansazRvruli.

Tandayolili ideebiTa da memkvidreobiT adamianis bedis

ganpirobebis Sesaxeb mkacrad gailaSqra filosofosma jon lokima. igi

bekonisa da hobsis filosofiur SexedulebaTa gamgrZeleblad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos. lokisaTvis araviTari Tandayolili idea ar arsebobs da

50

maSasadame igi arc SeiZleba iyos raime codnis wyaro. igi

materialistia da Tvlis, rom ideebi da warmodgenebi Sedegia

materialur saganTa zemoqmedebisa Cvens grZnobaTa organoebze. misi

azriT ideebi da principebi Tandayolilni ki ara, aramed cxovrebis

gzaze arian SeZenilni. axalSobili bavSvi aRWurvilia SesaZleblobebiT

miiRos aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba garedan, ris Semdegac misi sufTa

goneba TandaTanobiT ivseba warwerebiT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor

moqmedebs masze obieqturi sinamdvile. zemoqmedebis xarisxi ki

mTlianad da savsebiT aRzrdazea damokidebuli da igi gansazRvravs

axaldabadebuli bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. swored aRzrda qmnis

gansxvavebas adamianTa Soris. `cxra meaTedi adamianebisa... keTilebi an

borotebi, sasargebloni an usargebloni arian, radgan maT aseTi

aRzrda aqvT miRebuli. jon lokma aRzrda yovlisSemZled gamoacxada,

rac pedagogiur mecnierebaSi, ra Tqma unda ar iqna gaziarebuli.

pedagogikisa da pedagogikis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi aRzrdis

rolis Sesaxeb lokis Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas is azria gatarebuli,

rom asabuTebda ra loki aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teorias, TiTqos

igi saerTod ar cnobda memkvidreobis rols pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi,

lokis pedagogiuri memkvidreobis gacnoba ki safuZvels gvaZlevs

davaskvnaT, rom loki ar misula memkvidreobis rolis srul

uaryofamde. igi Tvlis, rom adamianTa Soris gansxvaveba mxolod da

mxolod aRzrdis Sedegia da aq memkvidreobas araviTari roli ar

miekuTvneba. igi aRzrdis did SesaZleblobaze laparakobs da amasTan

erTad xazs usvams, imasac, rom `Cven vibadebiT iseTi niWierebiTa da

ZalebiT, rom SegviZlia TiTqos yvelafris aTviseba; magram am Zalebis

varjiSiT Cven SeiZleba davxelovndeT raimeSi da srulyofamde

mivideT~.

Tavis naSromSi `azrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb~ loki memkvidreobasTan

erTad asabuTebs garemos did rols pirovnebis formirebis procesSi,

magram iqve aRniSnavs, rom memkvidreobis mixedviT gansxvaveba adamianebs

Soris imdenad umniSvneloa, rom mis gavlenas adamianze mTlianad

51

warmarTavs da Zlevs aRzrda. aRzrdas igi xmarobs farTo gagebiT, rac

garemosac gulisxmobs.

lokis moZRvreba, es aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoriaa, da igi

mTlianad aRzrdis ganuzomlad did SesaZleblobebze miuTiTebs.

asakobrivi da individualuri Taviseburebebi, dRevandeli

TvalTaxedviT mTeli saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis swori

warmarTvis safuZvelia.

Tanamedrove pedagogika, romelic eyrdona klasikur

saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobebs, sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs

asakobrivi periodizaciis problemas. igi xSirad gamxdara mecnieruli

kvlevis sagani. magram dRemde ar aris miRweuli azris erTianoba am

sakiTxSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom asakobrivi periodizaciis safuZvlad

sayovelTaod aRiares adamianis biologiuri da socialuri ganviTarebis

erTianoba. jer kidev ar aris dadgenili Tavad asakis zRvari.

sagulisxmoa, rom pedagogikaSi asakobrivi periodizaciisadmi

araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba marto wlebis gansazRvris sxvaobiT

ar gamoixateba. masSi gamoyenebulma terminologiamac ganicada

cvlileba, arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi ixmareboda terminebi `Cvili~,

`yrma~, `ymawvili~, `Wabuki~, `mowifuli~; dasaxelebul da sxva terminTa

xmareba SemTxveviTi ar iyo. maT misadagebas bavSvis asakisadmi

safuZvlad edo maTi fizikuri ganviTareba, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic

xSirad daudgeneli iyo asakTaSorisi zRvari.

rogorc aRvniSneT asakobrivi periodizacia ara ubralo

CamonaTvalia, aramed safuZvelia im tipobrivi Taviseburebebis

dadgenisaTvis, romlebic yoveli asakis bavSvs axasiaTebs, Tanamedrove

pedagogikaSi ZiriTadad moqmedebs Semdegi asakobrivi periodizacia:

1. Cviloba _ dabadebidan 1 wlamde;

2. skolamdelis wina asaki _ 1 wlidan _ 3 wlamde.

3. skolamdeli asaki _ 3 wlidan _ 4 wlamde.

4. saSualo skolamdeli asaki _ 4 wlidan _ 5 wlamde.

5. ufrosi skolamdeli asaki _ 5 wlidan _ 6 wlamde.

52

6. umcrosi saskolo asaki _ 6 wlidan _ 10 wlamde.

7. saSualo saskolo asaki _ 10 wlidan _ 15 wlamde.

8. ufrosi skolamdeli asaki _ 15 wlidan _ 18 wlamde.

mocemuli asakibrivi periodizacia pirobiTia da icvleba

saganmanaTleblo sistemis Sesatyvisad. ucvleli rCeba Tavad problema

_ asakobrivi Taviseburebebis arsebobis da maTi gaTvaliswinebis

aucilebloba, rogorc pedagogikis erT-erTi umTavresi principisa.

adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, misi calkeuli fsiqikuri

moqmedebis CamoyalibebisaTvis arsebobs optimaluri vadebi, romelTa

dakavSireba asakTan, socialur gamocdilebasTan, did gavlenas axdens

adamianis sulier zrdaze.

adamianis ganviTarebis sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi

fsiqika da suliero Tvisebebi iZenen gamZleobas, mudmivobas, inarCuneben

aRdgeniT funqcias. adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad

gamomuSavebuli piradi TvisebebiT SeiZleba dadebiTi garemos

zegavleniT ukeTesobisaken Seicvalos da swored es udevs safuZvlad

aRmzrdelobiT zemoqmedebas.

asakobrivi periodizaciis SedegebSi arsebul mravalsaxeobas

ganapirobebs is viTarebac, rom bavSvis askobrivi Taviseburebani

individualur xasiaTs atarebs. ufro metic, bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva

asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma Tvisebebma garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada

da gamovlinda gansakuTrebiT bavSvis fizikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebaSi.

bavSvTa TiTqmis yvela asakSi SeimCneva es movlena da garda

fizikuri ganviTarebisa. igi xSirad fsiqikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebasac

iwvevs. mecnierebi sxvadasxva axsnas aZleven am process. biologebs

miaCniaT, rom es bavSvis organizmis naadrevi fiziologiuri momwifebis

Sedegia, fsiqologebi am movlenas fsiqikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebas

miaweren. pedagogika ki xsnis amas bavSvis sulieri da socialuri

ganviTarebis tempiT. magram mTavar mizezebze, saboloo pasuxi jer ar

arsebobs. Tumca mecnierTa erTi nawili cdilobs axsnas es movlena

cxovrebis tempis daCqarebiT, materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT.

53

aqseleraciis movlena axal da urTules problemebs uqmnis

sazogadoebas, gansakuTrebiT saganmanaTleblo sferos, romelic bevr

SemTxvevaSi ver arTmevs Tavs Seqmnil situaciebs. dReisaTvis mTavari

gamosavali aris Tavad bavSvis bunebis Secnoba. mis fsiqikur da sulier

samyaroSi Cawvdoma. amisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs maTdami

individualur midgomas, individualur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebas.

pedagogikisaTvis, iseve, rogorc fsiqologiisa da yvela sxva

danarCeni mecnierebisaTvis, romelTa kvlevis sagani aris adamiani,

yuradRebis centrSi isev individia.

dimitri uznaZis ganmartebiT, `individualoba nayofia adamianis

cnobierebis radikaluri Secdomisa. amitomacaa, rom mecniereba

WeSmaritebas eZebs da Tavis ZebnaSi mudam gaereTianebis, zogadobis gzas

adgia. mkafio da gansazRvruli definiciis wamoyeneba Tu aris saWiro, im

SemTxvevaSi Cven ukeTesi formula individualobis ganmartebisaTvis

misi genezisis TvalsazrisiT ver mogvinaxavs, vidre Semdegi:

individualoba aris yovladi Zala, moTavsebuli TviTcnobierebis viwro

farglebSi~ (d. uznaZe, filosofiuri Sromebi, gv. 220).

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yovel adamianSi niWiereba vlindeba,

rogorc individualuri da ganumeorebeli SemoqmedebiTi, inteleqtualuri,

fizikuri Tu emociuri Tviseba. gansxvaveba aris mxolod maT konkretul

individualobaSi, xolo safuZveli imaSi, rom yoveli adamianis

niWirebas gansazRvravs buneba da genetikuri kodi. magram xSirad

niWierebis gamovlenisaTvis saTanado pirobebis ugulebelyofa iwvevs

niWis ganviTarebis Seferxebas. rac ufro ukeTesi pirobebi iqneba

amisaTvis, miT ufro advili xdeba gansakuTrebuli niWiT

dajildoebulTa gamovlena bavSTa mravalricxovan koleqtivSi.

54

Tavi II. jon lokis pedagogikuri koncefcia. jentlmenis aRzrdis

Sinaarsi da meTodebi

$1. jon lokis pedagogikuri, aRmzrdelobiTi sistema naSromis

„fiqrebi aRzrdaze“ mixedviT

a) fizikuri aRzrda

XVI saukunis dasasruls, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze inglisi

mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri ZvrebiT xasiaTdeboda.

yovelive es garkveul gavlenas axdenda ganaTlebis sistemaze.

istoriuli epoqis am monakveTze moRvaweobas iwyebs filosofiuri,

pedagogiuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli jon loki.

aRsaniSnavia misi naSromi: `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb~, romelic man

60-65 wlis asakSi dawera. es iyo Sedegi misi ukidegano ganaTlebisa,

niWierebisa, mravalwliani Teoriuli da praqtikuli SromiTi

gamocdilebisa. jon lokis am SromebSi mocemulma mecnierulma

Sexedulebebma, daskvnebma uaryo imdroindeli dogmebi Semecnebis

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. Semoitana axali xedva momavali Taobis swavla-

aRzrdis Sesaxeb.

`jansaRi suli – jansaR sxeulSi" – es aris mokle, magram sruli

bedniereba am qveyanaze, _ aRniSnavs loki. adamianis bednierebaca da

ubedurebac iqmneba TviT mis mier; visi sulieri samyaro ver marTavs

sakuTar Tavs, gonivrulsa da marTebul cxovrebiseul gzas verasodes

daadgeba, xolo, visi sxeulic ususuri da sustia, ver SeZlebs imoZraos

am marTebul gzaze", _ xatovnad metyvelebs moazrovne. igi aRiarebs

bunebiT momadlebuli Zlieri konstituciis mqone adamianebis arsebobas,

romlebic Zlieri sxeuliTa da am sxeulis Sesabamisi suliT

miiswrafvian iqiTken, raTa gardaqmnan yofiereba da gaaumjobeson

cxovreba.

55

aRzrdad jon loki moiazrebs ara mxolod saskolo aRzrdas,

aramed aRsazrdelze garemos zemoqmedebasac, rac exmareba adamis Zes,

raTa pirovnebad Camoyalibdes. sxvaTa Soris, unda aRiniSnos:

zemoqmedebis sferoSi Sedis ara marto is, rasac adamiani TavisTvis

akeTebs, aramed isic, rasac sxvebi misTvis akeTeben da rac xels uwyobs

adamianis srulyofas, amave dros, zemoqmedebis sferoSi Sedis kanonebi.

mmarTvelobis formebi, materialuri warmoebis xelovneba, klimati,

sacxovrebeli pirobebi da adgilmdebareobac ki. aqve igulisxmeba

agreTve STabeWdilebebi. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rac xels uwyobs

individis, pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. loki aRniSnavs: suls SeuZlia

warmarTos bavSvi ama Tu im mimarTulebiT iseve, rogorc wylis nakads

ZaluZs sxeulis ama Tu im mimarTulebiT waReba.

aRzrdis miznidan (pirovnebis harmoniuli ganviTareba) gamomdinare,

jon loki ayalibebs aRzrdis amocanebs. maT Soris pirvel amocanad

dasaxulia sxeulis fizikuri wrToba. misi Sromis ocdaSvidive

paragrafi fizikuri aRzrdis problemebs exeba. moazrovne pirveli

rigis amocanad swored adamianis janmrTelobis miRwevas asaxelebs.

adamianuri bednierebis Tavwyarod igi janmrTelobas, Zlier

konstitucias asaxelebs. fizikurad gamowrTobili sxeuli aitans

daRlilobasa da avadmyofobas, ar Seepueba winaaRmdegobebs, iolad

daZlevs maT. SromaSi saubaria imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda gaakeTon

mSoblebma, raTa Svilebs janmrTeloba eqimis Caurevlad SeunarCunon.

`jentlmenebi, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ unda zrdidnen TavianT Svilebs

iseve, rogorc fermerebi da wvrili miwaTmflobelebi". es ki

gulisxmobs mkacr fizikur Sromas da garjas. is miuTiTebs, rom xSirad

mSoblebi Svilebs ar amzadeben cxovrebis siZneleTa gadasalaxavad.

jentlmenis aRzrdis erT-erT aucilebel faqtorad loki miiCnevs

aRsazrdelTaTvis temperaturis mizanSewonil regulirebas. `ar aris

saWiro, bavSvebs metismetad Tbilad CavacvaT. es arc zamTarSia saWiro

da, miT ufro, arc zafxulSi. ymawvilebi ibadebian erTob saTuTni,

xolo Semdeg, maTi cxovrebis momdevno etapze, saWiroa maTi

56

gamowrToba, gakaJeba, sicivisadmi amtanobis gamomuSaveba". amis

magaliTad loks mohyavs aTenis fizikuri aRzrdis sistema, e. w.

`spartanuli aRzrda", romelic sicivisadmi sxeulis medegobis

gamomuSavebas iTvaliswinebs.

amgvari aRzrdis safuZvlad moazrovne samarTlianad miiCnevs

daCvevasa da amocanis TandaTanobiT gadawyvetisa da ganxorcielebis

meTods. moazrovne aseve saWirod miiCnevs sicxisadmi sxeulis miCvevas

da mohyavs maltis magaliTi, sadac autaneli, sulTamxuTavi sicxea, ar

iZvris gamagrilebeli sio. arada, aqaur glexebs ar eSiniaT mzisa. isini

ar epuebian papanebas da muSaoben dRis yvelaze cxel periodSi, mzis

buniobis pirobebSi, Tanac Seusvenebliv. amave dros, isini TavianT

Svilebs Tavidanve aCveven garemo pirobebs da amiT sicxemedegebad

zrdian.

loki aRniSnavs: adamiani bunebam Semosa TmiT, rac, sxeulis

bunebrivi wrTobis viTarebaSi, sruliad sakmarisia sicivisagan

Tavdasacavad.

Semdegi meTodi, romelsac loki sTavazobs mSoblebs, aris civ

wyalSi fexebis yoveldRe sistematuri dabana da fexSiSveli siaruli,

aseve iseTi fexsacmlis tareba, romelic wyals gaatarebs. igi aRniSnavs,

rom xel-fexis sicivisaTvis SeCveva gamowrTobis, gakaJebis SesaniSnavi

saSualebaa da gamoricxavs fexis gaciebis Sedegad organizmis gaciebas.

zemore miTiTebuli amocanis gadawyvetisas saWiroa gonivrulad iqnes

gamoyenebuli weliwadis droni. kerZod, fizikuri wrTobis pirveli

cdebi unda moxdes gazafxulobiT. amave dros, saWiroa mkacrad iqnes

daculi wesi: TandaTanobiT da Tanamimdevrulad moxdes wylis

temperaturis Semcireba.

weliwadis droebidan pirvel sawvrTnel drod gazafxulis arCeva

gamowveulia imiT, rom am dros iwyeba daTboba, Semdeg mas mosdevs

zafxulis cxeli dReebi, Semodgomas ki axlavs sakmao sigrile, xolo

zamTarSi, roca ukve yinavs, norCi erTgvarad gamowrTobilia da civi

wylis zemoqmedebas daCveulia.

57

jon loks mohyavs senekas, horaciusis, germaneli da Sotlandieli

dedebis magaliTebi, romlebic aRniSnul meTods metad aqtiurad

iyenebdnen. `TviT seneka moxucebulobis dros wyaros wyalSi banaobda"-

aRniSnavs moazrovne.

fizikuri wrTobis am meTods mecnieri pirovnebis gakaJebis

saukeTeso pirobad miiCnevs.

_ did mniSvnelobas aniWebs loki curvas. mas mohyavs romaelebis

magaliTi da dasZens, rom saWiroa am meTodis gamoyenebisas daculi

iqnes aucilebeli wesi. am meTodis momarjvebisas romaelebi, _

aRniSnavs igi, _ baZavdnen berZnebs. berZenTa Soris ki dakanonebuli iyo:

yovel adamians unda scodnoda kiTxva da curva. es ori unari

TanabarRirebulad cxaddeboda.

sicivisa da sicxisadmi medegobis gamomuSaveba, _ miuTiTebs jon

loki, _ saWiroa daviwyoT bavSvobis asakidan. aq mTavar rols

asrulebs sufTa haeri. bavSvma, sasurvelia, rac SeiZleba meti

xani dahyos haerze, xolo zamTarSi movaridoT siTboSi yofnas.

lokis mixedviT, fizikuri wvrTnis dros ymawvilma uqudod, rac

SeiZleba, meti unda irbinos sufTa haerze.

Semdeg loki exeba mozardis fizikur wvrTnas. igi Tvlis, rom

uaryofiTi qceva SesaZlebelia Cvevad iqces, Tu igi ar aRvkveTeT.

saWiroa aseTi miuRebeli Cvevebi manam aRmovfxvraT, sanam Zvalsa da

rbilSi ar gaujdeba aRsazrdels. asakis zrdasTan erTad bavSvs sul

ufro da ufro meti Tavisufleba unda mivaniWoT, oRond eg unda moxdes

adreul asakSi misi qcevis saTanado kalapotSi Cayenebis bazaze. am

SemTxvevaSi mozardi igrZnobs, rom igi pirovnebaa, rom igi sakuTar Tavs

ekuTvnis. am gziT garkveul asakSi mas Camouyalibdeba saWiro Cvevebi.

keTilSobiluri da aucilebeli qcevebis gamomuSavebaSi varjiSi

gulisxmobs am qcevaTa mravalgzis ganmeorebas (Cveni azriT, ganmeoreba

varjiSsac moicavs). jon loki amgvar varjiSobas Tvlida bavSvis

praqtikis mTavar safuZvlad, romelic, bolos da bolos, qcevebs Cvevad

gadaaqcevs.

58

loki did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvTa tansacmlis ragvarobas.

misi azriT, samosi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sxeulis formirebaSi.

bavSvis tansacmeli unda iyos Tavisufali, kargad morgebuli, moqnili.

gogonebi ar unda SevboWoT aTasgvari TasmebiTa da korsetebiT,

ramdenadac SemoWerili qsovili sisxlis Tavisufal mimoqcevas

abrkolebs da arRvevs sxeulTa nawilebis proporciebs.

jon loki uaryofs mozardebisaTvis xorcis sakvebad miwodebas 2-3

wlis asakamde (garda amisa, moiTxovs SeZlebisdagvarad msubuq kvebas),

xolo, Tu maincdamainc gamoiyeneben xorcs, maSin igi sasurvelia

moxmarebul iqnes yovelgvari saneleblebis gareSe. sasurvelia bavSvma

miiRos ruxi puri. yovelgvari sxva damatebiTi sakvebi ar aris

sasurveli. puri mozards unda miewodos diliT da saRamos. vaxSmad

sasargebloa rZis daleva. rogorc vxedavT, kvebis reJims eniWeba

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. yvelaze sasargeblo sauzmed igi miiCnevs

rux purs karaqsa da yvelTan erTad da, Tu mozardi mainc moiTxovs

gaTvaliswinebulze met sakvebs, sasurvelia, mivceT mxolod puri.

`saWiroa bavSvSi purisadmi siyvaruli gavaRvivoT, _ aRniSnavs jon

loki, _ es SesaniSnavi Cvevacaa da, saerTod, adamianebs uyvarT is, rasac

aCveven. es ki damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra Cvevebi uviTardebaT maT kvebis

dros".

loki msubuqi kvebis momxrea. amgvari kveba organizms janmrTelobas

unarCunebs, Warbi raodenobiT sakvebi ki iwvevs organizmis gadatvirTvas,

sisxlis aCqarebul mimoqcevas (magaliTad mohyavs seneka, avgustine.

avgustines werilebidan cnobilia, rom igi siamovnebiT miirTmevda

pursa da finiks an qiSmiSs. keisari xSirad sauzmobda RvinoSi Cambali

puriT. sadilad miirTmevda kombostos, civad moxarSul xorcsa da

Tevzeuls).

loks dasaSvebad miaCnia, Tu bavSvebs zomierad daalevineben iseT

sasmels, rogoricaa ludi. rasakvirvelia, Cven am sakiTxisadmi

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gvaqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom CvenTvis

cnobilia Zveli berZnebis adaT-Cvevebi, rodesac isini bavSvebs Rvinos

59

asmevdnen. es gadmocemulia feniqsis monaTxrobSi, sadac aqilevsis

aRzrdis ambavia aRwerili, magram platoni amis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo.

misi azriT, Tvrameti wlis asakamde ymawvils alkoholuri sasmelebi ar

unda gavakaroT.

calke ganixilavs jon loki kvebis reJims da aRniSnavs, rom ar

aris saWiro, mkacrad ganisazRvros kvebis dro da saaTio.

loks kveba yvelaze mizanSewonilad miaCnia dilis saaTebSi, radgan

swavla _ codnis SeTviseba ufro iolia diliT, xolo mSier kuWze

swavlis procesi aramizanSewonilad warimarTebao. mSrali puri mas

yvelaze mimzidvel sakvebad dausaxavs. jentlmenis aRzrda, romelic

dakavSirebulia samxedro samsaxurTan (iaraRis tareba, jariskaculi

cxovreba), moiTxovs sxeulis simsubuqes.

j. lokis es debulebebi gvafiqrinebs, rom igi cxovrobda da

moRvaweobda samoqalaqo omis periodSi, roca inglisSi mosaxleobas

socialurad uWirda (msgavsi Sexedulebebia gadmocemuli rusos

`emilSi").

loki Tvlis, rom gaumarTleblia kvebis racionidan gamoiricxos

xili, magram am sakiTxze is erTob Taviseburi Sexedulebisaa. igi

pirdapir acxadebs, rom `xili aris arasasurveli bavSvTa

janmrTelobisaTvis, radgan isini ver arCeven kargs cudisagan da ise

iyeneben mas sakvebad. igi meniudan saerTod gamoricxavs nesvs, atams,

qliavs, yurZnis yvela im jiSs, romelic xarobs inglisSi (aq

sagulisxmoa imis aRniSvna, rom xili inglisSi cudad mwifdeba).

samagierod sakvebad aRiarebs vaSls, damwifebul xendros, mocxars,

alubals.

magram am xileulis moxmarebisas igi gvTavazobs Semdegi wesebis

dacvas:

1. nu SevTavazebT bavSvs xils, roca igi danayrebulia. sasurvelia

xileulis miReba Wamis win an sauzmeze;

2. xili bavSvebs purTan erTad unda mivceT.

60

jon loki, rogorc daxelovnebuli eqimi, erTob Rrmad flobs

Tavisi profesiis yvela saidumlos, yvela niuanss, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac saubrobs bavSvebis kvebis Sesaxeb.

moazrovne gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas aniWebs vaSlis miRebas.

misi azriT, vaSli xileulSi centralur adgils unda ikavebdes.

bavSvis janmrTelobisTvis aucilebelia mSvidi mosveneba. erTnairad

mavnebelia rogorc xangrZlivi Zili, ise uZiloba. dRe-Ramis, e. i. 24

saaTis, ganmavlobaSi 7-dan 14 wlis asakis mozards unda eZinos 8 saaTs,

magram aq ar SeiZleba mkacri normis daweseba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

did rols asrulebs bavSvis konstitucia da temperamenti. man unda

iZinos imdeni, ramdenic organizmis sruli dasvenebisa da energiis

aRdgenisTvisaa saWiro. gamoRviZebis wuTebi unda iyos mSvidi,

uSfoTveli. `mozardis sawoli ar unda iyos rbili", – aRniSnavs loki.

igi gulisxmobs Semdegs: norCis xerxemali jer kidev gaumagrebelia,

xolo rbili da fumfula leibi am norC xerxemals gaamrudebs.

da bolos, naSromSi miTiTebulia bavSvis fizikuri aRzrdisa da

janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo ZiriTadi saSualebebi: sufTa haeri,

varjiSi, mSvidi Zili, martivi sakvebi, samkurnalwamlo saSualebaTa

SezRudva, grili da Tavisufali tansacmeli, Tavisa da fexebis

xalvaTad Semosva, fexebis civ wyalSi dabana.

sworad dayenebuli fizikuri aRzrda xels uwyobs mamacobisa da

gamZleobis gamomuSavebas. “jentlmeni ise unda iyos aRzrdili, rom mas

yovelTvis SeeZlos aisxas iaraRi da gaxdes jariskaci".

b) gonebrivi aRzrda

gonebrivi aRzrdis amocana, marTalia, fizikuri da zneobrivi

aRzrdis Semdeg aris dasmuli jon lokis pedagogiur sistemaSi, magram

amiT ar mcirdeba misi mniSvneloba. jon loki wers: `me sruliadac ar

vuaryof, rom mecnierebaTa Seswavla xels uwyobs adamianebSi

saTnoebisa da sibrZnis ganviTarebas, kargi sulieri monacemebiT, magram

61

unda daveTanxmoT imasac, rom sxva adamianebSi ara aqvT aseTi

monacemebi, maT mivyavarT mxolod iqiTken, rom isini xdebian kidev ufro

sulel da cud adamianebad~, ramdenadac swavla jentlmenisaTvis

aucilebelia, magram igi meore planze dgas, jon lokis mizania, rom

misi ganxorcieleba SeiZleba daiwyos maSin, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia

xasiaTis ganviTareba, rodesac bavSvs CavunergavT zneobriobisa da

moralis safuZvlebs, rodesac ganvuviTarebT mas keTil sawyisebs da

aRmovfxvravT masSi cud monacemebs.

jon loki dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebSi aRniSnavs:

adamianebi rom erTurTisagan zneobiTa da unarebiT gansxvavdebian, es

gamowveulia aRzrdiT (am Sexedulebas iziarebda misive mowafe

helveciusi). aRzrdaSi igi gulisxmobda farTo speqtrs: maswavlebels,

gamzrdels, mSoblebs, SegrZnebebs, mozrdilobisas mmarTvelobis

formebs, sazogadoebriv wesebs, qveynis religias, simdidresa da

siRaribes, megobarsa da siyvaruls…

jon loki gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mozardis sulier

formirebas, rasac ganapirobebs aRzrdis procesis ragvaroba da xarisxi.

`sxeulis fizikur Zlierebas safuZvlad edeba cxovrebiseul

naklovanebaTa amtanoba, msgavsadve yalibdeba adamianis sulieri

simdidrec".

pirovnebis Rirsebad igi asaxelebs Zlier sulierebas, rodesac

adamiani gonebis gaukontroleblad ar axorcielebs arc erT qcevasa da

moqmedebas (ra Zlieric ar unda iyos ltolva ama Tu im sagnisa Tu

movlenisadmi).

adamianis suliereba yalibdeba TandaTan, _ aRniSnavs jon loki. –

pataraobidanve bavSvisadmi Semwynarebloba, kerZod, Cadenili

danaSaulis patieba, iwvevs uaryofiTi Cvevis Camoyalibebas, risi

gamosworebac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mSoblebs uZneldebaT. mozardSi

viTardeba TavaSvebuloba, TviTneboba, usagno Tavdajerebuloba,

sakuTari qcevis araobieqturi, tendenciuri Sefaseba da a. S. maSasadame,

Cvevebi (uaryofiTi Tu dadebiTi) bavSvobis asakSi yalibdeba, xolo

62

Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cvevis aRmofxvra rTuli procesia, TiTqmis,

SeuZlebelic. amgvarad aRzrdili (sinamdvileSi aRuzrdeli) 14-20 wlis

ymawvilebi mSoblebTan daTmobaze Zalian Znelad midian. isini ver

Tmoben privilegiebs. sabolood maT uyalibdebaT rTuli buneba. isini

xasiaTdebian TviTnebobiT, gadaWarbebuli siamayis grZnobiT,

pretenziulobiT, surT, marTon ara marto sakuTari Tavi, aramed sxva

adamianebic.

`Cven cudad vzrdiT norCebs da maTgan velodebiT kargad aRzrdil

mozardebs", _ aRniSnavs jon loki.

Sromis es nawili yuradRebas iqcevs mkafiod Camoyalibebuli,

konkretuli, STagonebuli pedagogiuri debulebebiT, ideebiT,

SexedulebebiT. nimuSad moviyvanoT zogi idea da debuleba:

1. hqondeT asakTan Sesabamisi survilebi – es jer kidev ar aris

didi ubedureba. ubedurebaa, roca maT ver umorCileben

gonivrulobis sazRvrebsa da wesebs;

2. mTavaria survilTa marTvis unaris qona;

3. axalgazrda, romelic miuCvevelia, daumorCilos sakuTari neba

sxvaTa keTilgonier rCevas, xandazmulobisas sakuTari gonebis

xmasac ar mousmens;

4. bavSvebSi uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gamovlineba ufrosebis (mSobelTa,

aRmzrdelTa) mier Cagdebuli (nebsiTi Tu uneblie) uaryofiTi

Teslis bralia.

aRniSnulis dasturad moazrovnes mohyavs bavSvTa fizikuri

Seuracyofis, maT mimarT gamoyenebuli Zaladobis magaliTebi. bolos

daaskvnis: yvelaferi es mozards uyalibebs sxvaTa mimarT

upativcemlobas, uxeSobas, Zaladobas da sxva uamur Tvisebebs.

gansakuTrebiT gmobs loki mozardis keklucobisadmi swrafvas,

Cacmulobisadmi gadametebul interess. igi ganmartavs: Cacmuloba

gansazRvravs adamianis garegnul iers da ara adamianis Sinagan

bunebaso. igi mTeli simkacriT akritikebs mSoblebs, aRmzrdelebs,

romelnic droulad ar zrunaven bavSvebSi mankieri unar-Cvevebis

63

aRmofxvraze, ar aqvT unari, dainaxon maTSi iseTi zadi, rogoricaa

mliqvneloba. crupenteloba, mabezRaroba.

Sromis momdevno monakveTSi saubaria momTxovnelobaze. survilebis

SesrulebaSi gonebis monawileoba aucileblia. am unaris gamomuSavebis

pirvel safexurad avtori miiCnevs bavSvobis sawyis periods da saWirod

Tvlis, rom mSoblebma da aRmzrdelebma izrunon, aRsazrdelebSi

Camoayalibon unari, marTon sakuTari Tavi da uari Tqvan mavne

survilebze. norCTan ise unda vimuSaoT, rom mozrdilobis asakSi

myarad icodes: yvela survilisa da wadilis Sesruleba uaryofiT

Sedegs iZleva. es procesi unda mimdinareobdes mSvid atmosferoSi,

norCis gauRizianeblad, aRsazrdelisa da ufrosebis urTierTgagebis

viTarebaSi. es ki mas gamoumuSavebs zomierebis grZnobasa da

mokrZalebas.

moazrovnis zogi Tanamedrove, mag.: g. moline, 1693 w. agvistoSi ase

mimarTavda jon loks (igi misi Sromis recenzenti iyo): Tqveni

mosazrebebi da msjelobebi erTob Znel da mkacr pirobebSi ayenebs

mozardebso. recenzenti fiqrobda: mSobelTa da SvilTa urTierTobaSi

ase mkacri wesebis dacva gamoiwvevs gaugebrobas, maT Soris gaaCens

sicives, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis atmosferos, maT Soris arsebul

harmoniul urTierTdamokidebulebas daarRvevs, maTi gulubryvilo

survilebis SeusruleblobiT iTrguneba mozardis miswrafebani da

fantaziao.

jon loki Tvlis: bavSvis survilebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmas

gasamarTlebeli mizezi da myari safuZveli unda hqondes. uari ar unda

iwvevdes norCis gaRizianebas, gaborotebas; motivirebuli uaris

SemTxvevaSi ymawvili acnobierebs da ijerebs ufrosTa miTiTebebs.

Tanamedroveebi aRniSnaven: jon lokis es Sexedulebebi

SemuSavebulia misi ojaxis tradiciebis safuZvelze. garda amisa,

moazrovne moiTxovs, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan aswavlon mokrZaleba,

Tavazi, pativiscema. saamisod sakmaod mkacri zomebis miRebaa saWiro.

64

samagierod, mozardobis asakSi sasurvelia, mSoblebma SvilebTan

megobruli urTierToba daamyaron.

`SiSi da morCileba umcros asakSi, xolo siyvaruli da megobroba

mozrdilobisas Seqmnis Svilebsa da Tqvens Soris harmoniuli

urTierTobis atmosferos".

dasjis Sesaxeb

metismetad mkacr dasjas metismetad cota sikeTe moaqvs aRzrdis

procesis srulyofilad warmarTvaSi. `bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad

isjebian, ar izrdebian karg adamianebad", _ acxadebs moazrovne. misi

azriT, yovelive es iwvevs siZulvils da axSobs siyvarulis grZnobas.

umcros asakSi igi moiTxovs simkacres, xolo aRzrdis garkveul etapze,

mozrdilobisas, mkacri urTierTobis TandaTan Serbilebas.

garda amisa, didi pedagogi mSoblebsa da aRsazrdelebs miuTiTebs:

1. Tu mozardis suli daTrgunulia mkacri mopyrobiT, is kargavs

sakuTari Tavis rwmenas. aseT bavSvebs ara aqvT Tavisufali

moqmedebis unari da, Sesabamisad, uWirT mizandasaxuli

gadawyvetilebebis miReba. isini Sinaganad SezRuduli arian.

`aRmzrdelebi, romlebic uqmnian bavSvebs Tavisufali moqmedebis

SesaZleblobas, maTi midrekilebisa da survilebis mizanmimarTuli,

swori ganviTarebis mizniT, SeiZleba iTqvas, swvdebian WeSmariti

aRzrdis saidumlos da floben aRzrdis xelovnebas".

2. amave dros, aucilebelia, - aRniSnavs jon loki, - bavSvebSi

sakuTari Tavis flobis unaris gamomuSaveba umcrosi asakidan.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ymawvils, romelic winaaRmdegobas ver

gauwevs wuTieri siamovnebis cdunebas, WeSmariti keTilqmedebis

sayrdeni gamoecleba da uvargis adamianad Camoyalibdeba.

pedagogikaSi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobs dava da kamaTi

iseTi meTodis mimarT, rogoric aris dasja. dResac es problema xSiri

da principuli kamaTis sagania. zogi am sakiTxs saerTod uvlis gverds

65

da amis Sedegia, is rom mTel rig pedagogikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi

dasjis meTodi saerTod ar moixsenieba, rac umarTebuloa, radgan es

meTodi faqtobrivad arsebobs. dasja aris moswavlis pirovnebaze iseTi

zemoqmedeba, romelic gamoxatavs misi sazogadoebrivi qcevis normebis

sawinaaRmdego moqmedebisa da qcevis dagmobas da aiZulebs mas

ganuxrelad daicvas isini. dasjam moswavle unda daarwmunos Tavis

SecdomaSi. Seagnebinos araswori qcevis mosalodneli Sedegi.

TanatolTa misdami damokidebulebis Secvlis gancda da sxva. Tavad

termini `dasja~, romelic damnaSaves da mis dasjas gulisxmobs,

namdvilad arapedagogiurad JRers. pirovnebisadmi humanur

damokidebulebas eWvis qveS ayenebs. amitom, vfiqrobT, ufro marTebuli

iqneboda aseTi terminebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa `gakicxva~, `daZraxva~,

`dagmoba~, radgan isini umeteswilad ara erTpirovnuli, aramed

koleqtiuri azris gamoxatvas gulisxmoben da moswavleze met

zegavlenasac axdenen. mas meti pasuxismgeblobis grZnobasac aRuZraven.

magram es rodi niSnavs imas, rom maswavlebels, skolis sxva muSaks,

gansakuTrebiT mSobels ufleba ar hqondes piradad gakicxos, daZraxos

an dagmos bavSvis miuRebeli qmedeba. gakicxvis, daZraxvis an dagmobisas

SesaZlebelia iseTi formebis gamoyeneba, rogoric aris SeniSvna,

pedagogiur sabWoze dabareba, sayveduris gamocxadeba, sxva klasSi an

skolaSi gadayvana, misdami damokidebulebis gamorCeulad Secvla da

sxva. kategoriulad unda gamoiricxos fizikuri dasja, Svilis saWmlis

gareSe datoveba. rac bavSvs fizikur tkivils miayenebs. saerTod

moswavle maqsimalurad unda davicvaT moraluri tkivilisganac, dasjis

Semdeg unda Seiqmnas (moswavlis da koleqtivis mier) sinanulisa da imis

ganwyoba, rom momxdari ar ganmeordeba. es ki mxolod SesaZlebelia

samarTlianobis dacviT.

daskvnaSi aRniSnulia: bavSvi gadametebuli simkacrisa da maTraxis

SiSiT eCveva monur morCilebas da sul mciredi Tavisuflebis

atmosferos Seqmnisas protestis niSnad iwyebs negatiur qmedebebs.

66

dasaCuqreba

Sromis am nawilSi saubaria mizanSeuwoneli waxalisebis Sesaxeb,

kerZod, es exeba lamazi tansacmliT, fuliT an sxva raimeTi norCis

dasaCuqrebas. samagierod, saWirod aris miCneuli damsaxurebuli

dasaCuqreba. bavSvma kargad unda icodes, ratom aris dasaCuqrebuli an

ratom daisaja. SromaSi es ori meTodi ganxilulia waxalisebisa da

stimulis or mxared, romlebic erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da

ganapirobeben. isini aucileblad unda Seesabamebodnen mdgomareobas,

situacias da WeSmariti, swori gadawyvetilebebis gacnobierebas.

aRzrdis procesSi xSirad unda avxsnaT, Tu SeiZleba es da ar

SeiZleba is, ratom vajildoebT erTs da vsjiT meores. loki aRniSnavs:

bavSvebi ufro adre grZnoben, vidre Cven gvgonia, rodis arian

dasasjelni Tu wasaxalisebelni; maT Zalian ainteresebT ufrosebis,

aRsazrdelebis Sexeduleba, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavad! am dros metad

mniSvnelovania swori reaqcia, zomieri waxaliseba. maTTvis isic

mniSvnelovania, gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas erTi azri aqvT Tu ara

mSoblebsa da ojaxis danarCen wevrebs.

aRmzrdelebi imarjveben, Tu bavSvi ufrTxildeba Tavis reputacias,

avtoritets da qmnis sakuTar meobas. es ki imis mZlavri safuZvelia, rom

pativiscemiT ganewyon sakuTari pirovnebisadmi.

jon loki mniSvnelovan saqmed Tvlis bavSvSi sircxvilis grZnobis

gamomuSavebas, radgan igi xels uSlis uaryofiTi qcevebis aRmocenebasa

da ganmtkicebas. aRmzrdelma saTanado Sefaseba unda misces

mniSvnelovan Tu umniSvnelo danaSauls, misi uaryofiTi qceva

gauanalizos aRsazrdels. yovelive amas bavSvi gulwrfel monaniebamde

mihyavs. loki axdens monaniebisas bavSvis Sinagani gancdebis

diferenciacias.

SromaSi agreTve saubaria mozardTa CamoyalibebaSi TamaSis did

mniSvnelobaze. moazrovne aRmzrdelebs miuTiTebs, rom yvelaferi,

67

rasac isini akeTeben, saWiroa mimdinareobdes TamaSisa da garTobis

saxiT. `TamaSTan Sezavebuli Sroma aRzrdis aucilebeli pirobaa".

TamaSis elementebis momarjvebiT SesaZlebelia swavlisadmi

interesis gaZliereba. yovelgvari Sroma, swavla, roca is TamaSiTa da

siamovnebiT sruldeba, bavSvisTvis saintereso da azriani xdeba.

amitomac aris saWiro TamaSis gonivruli gamoyeneba mozardis aRzrdisa

da ganviTarebis saruduno saqmeSi.

wesebis Sesaxeb

wesebis ganuxrelad aRsruleba, jon lokis mixedviT, Cvevebis

gamomuSavebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. wesebis gamudmebiT dacvisas,

varjiSisa da gameorebis procesSi xdeba saukeTeso Cvevebis Camoyalibeba.

es gulisxmobs ara meqanikur process, aramed gonebriv gansjas, unar-

Cvevebis gamosamuSavebeli moqmedebis sistematur Sesrulebas. am dros

didi mniSvneloba aqvs dadebiTi qcevebis waxalisebas. ar aris

aucilebeli ramdenime wesis erTdroulad Sesruleba. wesebis aTviseba

saWiroa xdebodes wynar da mSvid viTarebaSi.

C v e v e b i

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, ar aris sakmarisi wesebis mxolod

Teoriuli codna, _ aRniSnavs jon loki. aucilebelia Teoriuli

codnis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba, cxovrebiseul situaciebSi misi

gamoyeneba. dauSvebelia erTdroulad ramdenime Cvevis gamomuSaveba. es

unda xdebodes aRmzrdelTa zedamxedvelobiT da Tanac nabij-nabij,

gadautvirTavad, gameorebis safuZvelze. vinc bavSvebTan muSaobs, unda

icodes norCTa gonebrivi SesaZlebloba, niWi, buneba, grZnobdes, ra

ufro misawvdomi da SesaZlebelia maTTvis.

`TiToeuli mozardis bunebrivi niWierebidan unda gamovwuroT

SesaZleblobebis maqsimumi".

68

moazrovne aRmzrdels adarebs mebaRes, romelmac ver SeZlo mTeli

baRis movla anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeZlo erTi romelime mcenaris

saTanadod movla-patronoba.

mimarTvebi _ manerebi _ cekvebi

jon loki keTilSobiluri manerebis gamosamuSaveblad ufro

mniSvnelovnad Tvlis ara wesebs, aramed praqtikul magaliTs. am

TvalsazrisiT igi did rols aniWebs cekvas, misi swavlebis process.

`keTilganwyobisa da keTili survilebis matarebeli adamianis manerebi,

mimarTvisas maTgan gamoxatuli pativiscema da mokrZaleba kargi

manerebis SeTvisebisa da momarjvebis safuZvelia", _ aRniSnavs loki.

umcrosi asakis norCebSi, misi azriT, yovelive es SedarebiT

mouwesrigebelia, magram aRzrdis safuZvelze TandaTan ixveweba da

srulyofili xdeba. aRniSnulze zrunva ki sasurvelia, pataraobidanve

daiwyos. mozardi unda flobdes Tavis daWeris unars, rac gamoixateba

saTanado mimarTvebiTa da daxvewili manerebiT. am sakiTxSi loki

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs ojaxsa da garemos, sadac

aRsazrdeli izrdeba.

socialuri jgufi

/`kampania~/

bavSvis ZiriTadi socialuri jgufi unda iyos ojaxi, sadac xdeba

misi formireba. mTavaria mSoblebi da ara gadiebi. amisaTvis mas ojaxSi

unda Seeqmnas keTilganwyobiTi garemo da moTxovnilebaTa

dasakmayofileblad saWiro asakis Sesaferisad sasurveli atmosfero.

69

ojaxuri aRzrdis upiratesoba

jon loki mSoblebis sayuradRebod aRniSnavs: aRsazrdelebma unda

icodnen sazogadoebaSi gamefebuli negatiuri Tvisebebisa Tu

movlenebis Sesaxeb. es codna maT imaSi gamoadgebaT, rom

gamoucdelobis gamo advilad ar moeqcnen zneobrivad miuRebeli

Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebis zegavlenaSi.

lokis TanamedroveTa, kerZod, t. smitisa da i. teiloris komentari

mis Sexedulebebsa da ideebze aseTia: smiti ambobs, rom ymawvilebi,

gansakuTrebiT vaJebi, sazogadoebriv skolebSi akvirdebian adamianis

xasiaTs, rac mizanSewoniliao.

isaak teilori ki Tavis Sexedulebas Semdegnairad gvawvdis:

ojaxuri aRzrda umTavresia, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom swavlis

procesi SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, rogorc moswavlisa da

maswavleblis urTierTdamokidebulebebis mWidro kavSiri, meore is, rom

swavlebis meTodebi da misi Sinaarsi iTvaliswinebs moswavleTa

individualur niWierebas da miswrafebebs, rac, rasakvirvelia, metad

mniSvnelovania; mesame is, rom amgvar swavla-aRzrdaSi gamoricxulia

despotizmi. igi emorCileba kontrols da saRi azris damkvidrebis

maqsimalur SesaZleblobas qmnis. meoTxec, sajaro swavleba aCqarebs,

xolo ojaxuri aRzrda ki SedarebiT anelebs mozardis ganviTarebas.

vfiqrobT, i. teiloris es bolo debuleba imis naTeli

dadasturebaa, rom misi avtori sakmaod kritikulad udgeba saojaxo Tu

sazogadoebriv skolebSi mozardTa swavlebisa da aRzrdis problemebs.

ufro metic, igi asabuTebs, rom vaJebisTvis aucilebelia, Seafason

TavianTi done sxvebTan SedarebiT. saojaxo aRzrdis pirobebSi

mozardis sulieri siwmindis SenarCunebis, religiurobis, gulwrfeli

da maRali Rirsebis matarebeli adamianebis Camoyalibebis meti

SesaZleblobaa.

xSir SemTxvevaSi sruliad sawinaaRmdego azrisaa jon loki.

misTvis Zneli warmosadegia, Tu ra sasargeblo Tvisebebi unda SeiZinos

70

axalgazrdam skolis amxanagTa im wreSi, romelTa mSoblebi xSirad

miuRebeli msoflmxedvelobisani arian. swavlebisa da aRmzrdelobiTi

procesis mizanmimarTuli warmarTvisaTvis, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ sakmarisia

2-3 aRsazrdeli. im SemTxvevaSi, roca bavSvebis raodenoba metia, _

aRniSnavs igi, _ SesaZlebelia moswavlem aiTvisos imis minimumi, rac

mocemulia saswavlo wignebSi, xolo msgavs pirobebSi, mozardTa

sulier aRzrdas, Rirseuli manerebis mqone pirovnebis formirebas, igi

sruliad SeuZleblad Tvlis.

kacobriobis civilizaciis istoriaSi ojaxis, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi ujredis gaCeniT faqtobrivad axali era iwyeba. es

movlena gansakuTrebuli iyo adamianis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis

TvalsazrisiTac, rogorc sawyisi axali aRmzrdelobiTi urTierTobebisa.

aqedan iRebs dasabams metad mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba pedagogikaSi _

saojaxo aRzrda. ojaxi drois garkveul manZilze damoukideblad

eweoda bavSvebis aRzrdas. saskolo ganaTlebis aRmocenebiT moxda

ojaxisa da skolis urTierTdakavSireba da moyolebuli im droidan,

vidre dRemde, Tavad problema `ojaxi _ skola~ gamudmebuli Ziebis,

kamaTis da mecnieruli kvlevis sagania.

saojaxo aRzrda saukuneebis manZilze faqtobrivad aRzrdis

umTavresi forma iyo, maSinac ki, rodesac ganaTlebis kerebis

aRmoceneba daiwyo, saojaxo aRzrdas ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba,

radgan skolebi mxolod SeZlebulTa SvilebisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi.

swored saojaxo aRzrdis safuZvelze viTardeboda pirveli pedagogiuri

Teoriebi, Cndeboda problemebi, romelTa gadawyveta sazogadoebrivi

wyobis TaviseburebaTa da filosofosTa an praqtikis pedagogTa

Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda.

pedagogikis istoria mdidaria gamoCenil filosofosTa, pedagogTa,

praqtikosTa naazreviT saojaxo aRzrdis da sxvaTa pedagogiuri

ideebiT. isini mSobelTa rolsa da mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebulad

usvamdnen xazs mozardi Taobis harmoniuli ganviTarebis, rogorc

pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi.

71

STamomavlobaze zrunva qarTveli xalxis uxsovari istoriuli

warsulidan momdinareobs. Svilebis aRzrda dedebis tradiciuli

movaleoba iyo. qarTulma zRaprebma, Tqmulebebma da legendebma

Svilebisadmi mSobliuri Tavdadebis mravali magaliTi Semogvinaxa.

aseve, mravlad aris maTSi warmodgenili Tavad Svilebis mSoblebisadmi

siyvaruli, pativiscemis movaleobis gamovlenis faqtebi, bavSvis pirvel

aRmzrdelad ilia WavWavaZes swored mSoblebi miaCnda, xolo

aRmzrdelobiTi zegavlenis mTavar faqtorad ojaxi. `saWiroa vicodeT,

_ werda ilia, _ rom Svilis gazrda, Svilis kacad gamoyvana uwmindesi

da udidesi valia mSoblebisa... gazrda Svilis iseTi movaleobaa, rom

sxva yvelaferi amas unda SevwiroT, amas unda SevalioT, sxvagan da

sxvaSi unda davikloT da yovelive nawvav-nadagi, yovelive amagi da

ufro meti dro amas unda movaxmaroT~. (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. VI., gv. 262).

tanT moikeli, fexT moikeli _ mSier-mwyurvali iare da nu Casdgebi _ ki

jer Svilisa da mere qveynis codvaSi, ai ra unda eweros gulis

ficarzed im wminda saqmes, romelsac mama-Svilobas eZaxian.

Tanamedroveobam, aRmzrdelobiTi procesis mTlianobam da

sistematurobam pedagogikis winaSe axali amocanebi daayena. misgan

saojaxo aRzrdisadmi radikaluri Semobruneba da mecnierebaTa Soris

iseTi kavSirebis damyareba moiTxova, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia

esoden rTuli problemis daZleva. ojaxi sazogadoebis is

fundamenturi socialuri ujredia, romlis moralur da fizikur

sijansaRezea damokidebuli aRzrdis efeqturoba. sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis wesi. misi zneobroivi simaRlis done. yovel ojaxs gaaCnia

Tavisi wesi da mravalnairi funqcia, romelTa Soris umTavresia

Svilebis aRzrda. ojaxi sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia da amave

dros adamianTa socialur-pedagogiuri jgufia, romelic mowodebulia

ojaxis TiToeul wevrs Seuqmnas siTbos, simyudrovis da siyvarulis

garemocva, xeli Seuwyos maT yvela pirovnuli Tvisebis formirebaSi.

Tanamedrove etapze faqtobrivad ojaxTa umravlesoba krizisul

socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaSia. rac TavisTavad arTulebs

72

saojaxo aRzrdis problemas. mravali faqti da mTlianad Seqmnili

viTareba gvaZlevs uflebas, davaskvnaT, rom es iwvevs ojaxis rolis

daqveiTebas. ojaxTa umravlesobis cxovrebis donis mkveTrma dacemam da

`mdidari~ ojaxebis materialuri donis arnaxulma amaRlebam, pirvel

rigSi, moswavleTa Soris garTulebul urTierTobebSi iCina Tavi.

gaizarda kriminalur danaSaulobaTa ricxvi, uzedamxedvelod da

mSoblebis yuradRebis gareSe darCenili bavSvebis raodenobam, imata

moswavleebSi narkomaniis da toqsikomaniis faqtebma, midrekilebam

alkoholisadmi. amgvari da sxva saxis negatiuri movlenebis Sedegad

daeca mSoblebisa da maswavlebelTa avtoriteti. situaciis obieqturi

asaxvac ki mravlismomcvelia, mravlismTqmelia, magram saWiroa misi ara

mxolod konstantacia, aramed im gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba,

romlebic nawilobriv mainc gamoasworebs Seqmnil mdgomareobas. am

saqmeSi Tavisi roli da adgili aqvs gankuTvnili pedagogikas. radgan

aRzrdam, misdami damokidebulebam unda moaxdinos saWiro gardatexa.

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba loki mozardTa zneobrivi

aRzrdisadmi faqiz midgomas. am mxriv igi mTavar rols ojaxs akisrebs.

magaliTi (magaliTis Zala)

,,visac surs, rom Svili pativiscemiT moeqces mas da mis miTiTebebs,

saWiroa TviTonac didi pativiscemiT epyrobodes Tavis naSiers".

mSoblebis qceva SvilebisaTvis samagaliToa, _ aRniSnavs loki.

xSirad Svilebs TavianTi qcevis gasamarTleblad mSobelTa magaliTebi

mohyavT. amitom mSoblebma sistematiurad unda akontrolon sakuTari

qcevebi.

Svilebis TvalSi iaffasiani avtoriteti swrafad ingreva, isini ar

apatieben ufrosebs aragulwrfelobas da TvalTmaqcobas.

73

dasja da dajildoeba

Tavisi Sromis ^IV ganyofilebaSi 52-dan 66 peragrafis CaTvliT jon

loki saubrobs dajildoebis Sesaxeb. swavleba im SemTxvevaSi iTvleba

gamarTlebulad, Tu moswavles aRvuZravT swavlis survilsa da

miswrafebas, _ aRniSnavs loki. moswavlisa da maswavleblis

TanamSromlobas igi miiCnevs nayofieri swavlebis da Segnebuli

disciplinis pirobad. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs igi

urTierTgagebas, rogorc swavlebis procesis Semadgenel nawils, da

miuTiTebs, rom saWiroa gadasvla konkretulidan abstraqtulze, svla

martividan rTulisken.

lokis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, is Tvlis, rom maswavlebeli

wamdauwum ar unda mimarTavdes am meTodebs (dasjas da dajildoebas).

Tu pedagogi sworad SearCevs swavlebis meTodebs, gzebsa da xerxebs,

swavliT gamowveuli siamovneba muyaiTobis, gulmodginebisa da

sibejiTis sakmarisi stimulatoria.

jon loki aanalizebs swavlis procesis im moments, roca maswavlebeli

dasjis meTods mimarTavs. swavlis procesis arasrulyofilebisa da

sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebis gauTvaliswineblobis gamo xSirad

isjebian moswavleebi, da amis gamomwvev mizezad loki sxvadasxva

mniSvnelovan moments Tvlis: _ swavlis survilisa da miswrafebis

dabal dones, ris gamosworebasac maswavlebeli Tavisi mizandasaxuli

meTodebiT unda cdilobdes. aRniSnuli negatiuri movlenis aRsakveTad

saWiroa: regularuli, Tanamimdevruli aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis

safuZvelze swavlisadmi interesisa da siamovnebis gancdis gamomuSaveba.

– mozardebSi gonebrivi gansjis ,,madis" gaRvivebaze zrunva, ris

safuZvladac loki cnobismoyvareobas Tvlis. aseve did mniSvnelobas

aniWebs swavlebis procesSi TamaSis CarTvasa da siamovnebis grZnobis

gamomuSavebas.

naSromis 74-e paragrafSi saubaria swavlebis procesis pedagogiur-

filosofiur safuZvlebze. es paragrafi mTeli siRrmiT iTvaliswinebs

74

aRzrdis ufaqizes niuansebs, saubaria imaze, Tu swavlebaSi aRmzrdelobiTi

mxareebis gasaZliereblad ra xerxebsa da meTodebs unda mouxmos

pedagogma. aq mkveTrad ikveTeba Sexeduleba swavlebisa da aRzrdis

organuli erTianobis Sesaxeb.

Sromis es nawili eZRvneba, rogorc miTiTebulia, dasjisa da

dajildoebis (albaT, waxalisebis) mniSvnelobas saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT

procesSi. avtori win wamowevs problemas, kerZod, imas, Tu rogor

aviciloT, rom moswavle naklebad daisajos. igi saubrobs regularuli

mecadineobis Cvevis Camoyalibebaze, rac mxiaruli ganwyobis Seqmnis

winapirobaa.

iZuleba

jon loki xSirad aRniSnavs: bavSvebi swavlas iwyeben iZulebiTa da

SiSiTo. maT euflebaT uamuri gancda ara mxolod swavlis, aramed

gaavebuli pedagogis sityvebisadmi, siZulvili saswavlo disciplinisadmi.

am SemTxvevaSi swavla damokidebulia bavSvis nebisyofis simtkiceze.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom im asakSi, rodesac es procesi mimdinareobs,

bavSvs jer kidev ara aqvs gamomuSavebuli nebisyofa, siZneleebis

daZlevis unari. loki Tavis pedagogikur ideebsa da SexedulebebSi,

gansakuTrebiT roca swavlis procesze msjelobs, Tavisuflebas

qadagebs. Tavisufleba gulisxmobs iZulebiTi formebis gamoricxvas,

ugulebelyofas, roca pedagogi aRsazrdelSi nebayoflobiT aRZravs

swavlis survils. amas loki uwodebs ,,bavSvis madis" gamoRviZebas.

damunaTeba

bavSvis dawiokebas uwodebs loki sayveduris gamoyenebas saswavlo-

aRmzrdelobiT procesSi. aRzrdis am meTods igi safrTxobelas

adarebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad SiSs hgvris bavSvs,magram Semdeg nel-

nela, TandaTan eCveva kidec. amitom igi mSoblebs urCevs: damunaTeba

75

iyos damrigebluri, rac sindisis qenjnas gamoiwvevs. dasjam Tu

mozardSi sinanuli ar aRZra, is uSedegoa. ,,ara tkivili, aramed

sircxvilia aRzrdis TavidaTavi“, _ aRniSnavs loki.

jiutoba

,.aris danaSauli, ris gamoc bavSvi unda gailaxos – es aris

sijiute da monaniebis aSkarad uaryofa", _ aRniSnavs jon loki.

Sromis am nawilSic saintereso Sexedulebebia Tavmoyrili. j. loki

am SemTxvevaSic sircxvilis grZnobis upiratesobas adasturebs,

,.sircxvilia cudi saqcieli" – is moraluri sawyisi, e.i. sindisis qenjna,

aris zemoqmedebis Zlieri iaraRi, _ aRniSnavs igi, magram amas SiSic Tan

axlavs, radgan, roca lanZRaven, amcireben, agineben, es hgavs fizikur

tkivils, rasac bavSvis sulis samudamod damaxinjeba SeiZleba mohyves.

lanZRva, damcireba xSirad teroris formas Rebulobs da igi amRvrevs

moralur fons.

ai, ra rTuli amocanebis winaSe ayenebs Sromis avtori

aRmzrdelebsa da pedagogebs. romeli forma, meTodi ufro marjvea ama

Tu im situaciaSi?! es TviT aRmzrdelisa da pedagogis Rrma dakvirvebis

Sedegad unda gairkveso, _ aRniSnavs praqtikosi pedagogi.

bolos da bolos mecnieri midis im daskvnamde, rom bavSvis

daufiqreblad dasja ki ar amcirebs, aramed aZlierebs mis sijiutes.

maSasadame, igi ar aris saRi da universaluri saSualeba, romelic yvela

SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs. kidev ufro savalaloa SemTxveva, roca bavSvi

isjeba ara umsgavso saqcielis Cadenis, aramed aRmzrdelis gaanCxlebisa

Tu gabrazebis gamo. am viTarebaSi dasja gaborotebis xelSemwyobi pirobaa.

loki didi sifrTxiliT ekideba sadamsjelo saSualebebis

gamoyenebas. avtori mkacrad moiTxovs saamisod bavSvis bunebis, xasiaTis

winaswar Seswavlas. ,,sadac vlindeba bavSvis sijiute, iqvea aSkara

gamowvevac. amitom ar SeiZleba yuradRebis moduneba erTi wuTiTac ki."

76

msjeloba-bWoba

bavSvebTan msjeloba, sja-baasi, jon lokis SexedulebiT, maTTan

daaxloebis swori da gamarTlebuli saSualeba da xerxia. ,,bavSvebs

yvelaze adre uCndebaT survili, rom ufrosebi maT mimarTavdnen,

rogorc gonier arsebebs", _ SeniSnavs loki da ymawvilebSi am Tvisebis

Seqebasa da waqezebas moiTxovs. sasurvelia, aRsazrdelis gonebisTvis

misawvdomi, gulwrfeli, konkretuli saubrebis gamarTva. es sja-baasi

ama Tu im sakiTxze dakavSirebuli unda iyos bavSvis cxovrebiseul

situaciebTan. isini uaryofiTad arian ganwyobili grZeli deduqciuri

mosazrebebisadmi da yuradRebiT ismenen mokle, konkretul rCevebs.

magaliTis Zala

jon loki miuTiTebs magaliTze, rogorc zemoqmedebis ganuzomel

Zalaze. es, upirveles yovlisa, mSoblebis, garSemo myofi pirovnebebis

sanaqebo qcevebi da moqmedebania, romlebic ymawvilebSi iwveven Rrma

STabeWdilebebs. ,.es meTodi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes ara

mxolod bavSvobis, aramed ufro mogviano xanaSic. igi efeqtiania manam,

vidre aRsazrdelebi damoukideblebi gaxdebian".

wkepla

wkeplis xSiri gamoyeneba cudi aRzrdis Sedegia, - aRniSnavs loki.

Tu wkeplaze midgeba saqme da is aucilebeli gaxdeba, maSin damsjeli

unda iyos sxva da ara mSobeli, oRond igi unda asrulebdes mSoblis

davalebas. am SemTxvevaSi deda-mama inarCunebs Tavis avtoritets. dasjis

procesi dauviwyaria. amgvari dasjis meoxebiT mozardi ufro

mizandasaxuli xdeba, cdilobs, msgavsi Secdoma aRar dauSvas.

Tumca mankieri Tvisebaa tyuili, am SemTxvevaSi mainc ar SeiZleba

fizikuri dasjis meTodis gamoyeneba. am dros sasurvelia gamoviyenoT

77

sxvadasxva saSualeba: gakicxva, Sercxvena, brZaneba, axsna-ganmarteba,

sayveduri, damunaTeba. mTavaria, mankierebaTa drouli SemCneva da

swrafi reagireba, raTa igi droze aRmovfxvraT da ar mivceT saSualeba

ganmeorebis. fizikuri dasjis meTodis gamoyeneba ar unda iwvevdes

aRmzrdelisadmi mtruli damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas, radgan am

viTarebaSi mizani miuRweveli darCeba.

aRmzrdelisTvis saWiro Tvisebebi

_ ojaxSi, upirvelesyovlisa, unda sufevdes aRmzrdelis avtoriteti.

eg avtoriteti iqmneba ndobis, pativiscemis atmosferoSi. amave dros,

aRzrdis mTeli procesi, SeTanxmebuli mSoblebTan, ar unda iyos

afiSirebuli. aseve aucilebelia mSoblebis avtoritetis amaRleba da

pativiscema. avtoriteti iqmneba piradi magaliTiT. amdenad, pedagogi

TviTon unda iyos Rirseuli da sanimuSo: gonieri, Wkviani, dakvirvebuli,

icnobdes Rirseul, maRal sazogadoebas, hqondes mravalmxrivi unar-

Cvevebi, moxdenili qceva. yovelive amas loki xazgasmiT aRniSnavs. misi

azriT, es aris aucilebeli cxovrebiseuli Tvisebebi da aRzrdis

warmatebis erT-erTi pirobac.

aRmzrdeli unda iyos keTilSobili, icnobdes samyaros,

sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebel zne-Cveulebebs, saocrebebs, mankierebebs

da im saukunisa da qveynis av-kargs, romelSic cxovrobs; es gauadvilebs

mas, aswavlos aRsazrdels avisa da kargis garCeva, Seacnobinos kargi

da cudi adamianebi, maTi Sinagani samyaro. am viTarebaSi mwvrTneli

Segirds gauadvilebs gulubryvilobidan saTanado naxtomi gaakeTos

adamianis Tavdajerebul Secnobamde. aRmzrdelma Segirds unda

gauanalizos adamianTa TviT wvrilmani moqmedebebi da saqcieli,

Seacnobinos adamianis vinaoba misi ama Tu im wvrilmani qcevisa da

moqmedebis mixedviT, aswavlos detalidan mTelis amocnoba, Seiyvanos

cxovrebis labirinTSi, aCvenos yalbi da Rirseuli moqmedebis Sedegebi.

78

,,auxsna axalgazrdebs saukunis mankierebani, niSnavs, Seaswavlo maT

isini. es maT gauadvilebs, aicilon cxovrebiseuli siyalbeni, siZneleebi

da ubedureba."

yofierebis av-kargis Seswavla Znelicaa da metad saWiroc.

,,adamianisTvis cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba xSirad ufro

mniSvnelovania, vidre klasikuri enebis codna," – aRniSnavs jon loki.

Wkua da goneba jon loks axalgazrda adamianis upirveles

Rirsebad warmoudgenia. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi axalgazrdis swavla-

aRzrdis upiratesobas xedavs ara marto imaSi, rom adamiani codniT

aris gamorCeuli, aramed imaSic, rom aRzrdili adamiani sibrZnes

praqtikul cxovrebaSic efeqtianad gamoiyenebs da jerovnad moimarjvebs.

misi Rrma rwmeniT, aRmzrdelebi da mSoblebi SemoqmedebiT

moRvaweobas urTierTSeTanxmebiTa da urTierTgagebiT unda eweodnen.

ojaxSi aRmzrdels aucileblad yvela unda scemdes pativs. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi aRsazrdeli Tavisi aRmzrdelisadmi pativiscemis SegnebiT

ver ganimsWvaleba.

mSoblebis siaxlove bavSvebTan

aRzrdis sistemis pirveli rgoli da garemo iyo da aris ojaxi.

ojaxiT iwyeba sazogadoeba da ojaxSi irekleba misi drois

tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba. ojaxs, rogorc organul

struqturas axasiaTebs Tavisi avtonomiuroba.

jon lokma bavSvoba soflad gaatara. lokis mSoblebi metad

religiuri adamianebi iyvnen da puritanelTa seqtas ganekuTvnebodnen.

maT yvelaferSi zomiereba, TavSekavebuloba da ubraloeba axasiaTebdaT,

rac gavlenas axdenda agreTve mis Svilebze. ojaxSi mkacrad icavdnen

wesrigs da momWirneobas, rasac bavSvebic saTanado angariSs uwevdnen.

mama Svilebis mimarT iyo mkacri, magram ara fizikuri sasjelis

gamoyenebiT, aramed racionaluri zemoqmedebiT. SemdgomSi ki Svilebs

79

mama ufro megobrulad epyroboda, Caunerga maT qcevis pirveladi

Cvevebi sazogadoebasa da skolaSi, gamoumuSava RvTisadmi siyvaruli.

Sromis am nawilSi saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom, Tu pataraobisas

saWiroa (rogorc es iyo lokis ojaxSi) bavSvs hqondes ridi da krZalva

mamisa, mozrdilobis asakSi es urTierToba unda Seicvalos megobruli

urTierTdamokidebulebiT. am droisTvis axalgazrda sasurvelia mamasTan

erTad garkveuli saqmeebis (SeZlebisdagvarad) Sesrulebis ferxulSi

Caebas, masTan erTad gadawyvitos esa Tu is problemebi, dakavSirebuli

cxovrebiseul situaciebTan. yovelive es ki maT Soris seriozuli sja-

baasis safuZvelze ganxorcieldeba. sasargebloa axalgazrdam igrZnos,

rom mamasTan erTad SeuZlia seriozuli saqmeebis mogvareba. es axalgazrdas

Rrma Cafiqrebis saSualebas miscems. am dros igi erTbaSad izrdeba,

rogorc pirovneba, da bavSvobis asakidan erTbaSad gadadis yrmobaSi.

metad mniSvnelovania momdevno etapze mamebis SvilebTan megobroba.

SvilebTan civi da undo urTierToba arRvevs ara mxolod maT keTil

damokidebulebas, aramed maT mier swori cxovrebiseuli poziciebis

SemuSavebas _ mozardebi ki eWviani, mamis mimarT SuriT aRsavse, aramyari

adamianebi xdebian.

Svilsa da mamas Soris gulwrfeloba, urTierTTanagrZnoba da

Tanamoazreoba qmnis axalgazrdis pirovnebad formirebisTvis saWiro

saR atmosferos.

mSobelma unda SeeZlos ojaxis cxovrebaSi Svilebis, rogorc

Tanabaruflebiani wevrebis Cabma.

Svilebis mimarT gulRia damokidebuleba da ndobis gamoxatva.

Svilebisadmi zomieri momTxovneloba, iseTi moTxovnis gamoricxva,

romelsac is ver Seasrulebs.

ojaxis wevrTa Soris optimaluri ganwyobis Seqmna da sikeTis da

rwmenis Casaxva.

SvilebisaTvis SeZlebisa da saWiroebis mixedviT daxmarebis

aRmoCena. maT kiTxvebze pasuxebis droulad gacema, maTi

cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofileba.

80

CamoTvlilis garda arsebobs rigi kerZo principebi, romelTa

gamoyenebac TiTqmis savaldebulod aris miCneuli. aseTebia: aikrZalos

fizikuri dasja, zedmeti Wkuis darigebebi da gauTavebeli moralis

kiTxva, naCqarevi morCilebis moTxovna da sxv.

Sromis avtori warmogvidgens mama-Svils Soris sxvadasxva situaciaSi

urTierTobaTa nairgvar aspeqtebs. mTavari, rac aq ikveTeba, aris

mSoblis gonieri midgoma Svilisadmi, roca mama nebismier situaciaSi

mrCevelicaa da megobaric. metad saintereso da mravalwaxnagovania

Sromis es nawili. is, SesaZlebelia, pedegogiuri da fsiqologiuri

TvalsazrisiT, calke msjelobis sagnadac ki iqces.

mokrZaleba

mozardis mokrZalebas mSoblebisadmi, maTi darigebisadmi, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, unda iwvevdes siyvaruli da movaleobis grZnoba, _ aRniSnavs

loki. es yovelive saTaves iRebs TavwyaroSi _ urTierTgagebis,

pativiscemis grZnobaSi, rac norCTa keTildReobaze mSoblebis zrunviT,

yuradRebiTa da yoveldRiuri SromiT vlindeba, magram, amave dros,

saWiroa viyenebdeT samarTlian simkacresac, _ dasZens swavluli.

bavSvebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb

Sromis am nawilSi saubaria mSoblebis mier mozardTa gansxvavebuli

xasiaTis, maTi sulieri samyaros codnis aucileblobaze. Taviseburi

xasiaTi yvelaze ukeT vlindeba TamaSis dros. ,,xasiaTi iseve nairnairia,

rogorc saxis nakvTebi. oRond eg aris, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi saxis

nakvTebi ufro SesamCnevi xdeba, xolo xasiaTi ufro dafarulia".

xasiaTis sxvadasxvaoba moiTxovs, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ aRzrdis

nairgvari xerxebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebas.

81

bavSvTa TviTneboba

bavSvTa TviTnebobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT loki mizanSewonilad

Tvlis ymawvilTa ZiriTadi Tvisebebisadmi gonivrul midgomas. aseT

TaviseburebaTa Soris is gamoyofs: Tavisuflebis survils, agreTve imis

wadils, ibatonos garSemo myof adamianebze. erT-erTi survilia,

miiTvisos yvela sagani da ufleba hqondes, gamoiyenos survilisamebr,

xolo ufrosebma amaSi xeli ar SeuSalon, piriqiT, waaxalison kidec.

batonobis siyvaruli avi Cvevebis sawyisia, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ xolo

amgvar simptomebad iTvleba siZunwe, tirili da daJinebuli, jiuti

moTxovna. Tu mozards aqvs bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis pretenzia, _

aRniSnavs igi, _ rasakvirvelia, unda davakmayofiloT, xolo, moTxovnebi,

romlebic TviTnebobis elementebs Seicaven, rasakvirvelia, unda

moikveTos, amoiSanTos.

TavSekaveba, _ aRniSnavs loki, SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa, romelic

adamians cxovrebis yvela etapze dadebiT samsaxurs gauwevs. daJinebuli

moTxovnis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvis TavSekaveba

vlindeba gaCumebiTa da imis analiziT, Tu ratom miiRo uari. am dros

didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis axsnas, Tu ratom stkices mas uari.

garToba

jon loki bavSvis garTobas iseve did mniSvnelobas aniWebs,

rogorc Sromasa da kvebas, magram, amave dros, mSoblebs afrTxilebs:

garTobam ar unda miiRos arasasargeblo mimarTuleba da xasiaTi;

garTobis procesi Tavisi SinaarsiTa da formiT xels unda uwyobdes

mozardis gonebriv da fizikur ganviTarebas; mizanSewonili garToba

xSirad gamoavlens Sinagan bunebas, xasiaTs. garTobisas mniSvnelovania

maRali zneobrivi Rirebulebebisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebis

gamomuSaveba; aq unda gamovlindes TamaSis monawileTa Soris

82

urTierTyuradReba, gulmowyaleba, Semwynarebloba, daTmoba da

pativiscema, siyvaruli, guluxvoba, xelgaSliloba da sxva.

bavSvis tirili da Rriali

bavSvis tirili da Rriali gamowveulia jiutobiT, an gamouTqmeli

tanjviT, _ aRniSnavs loki. is kategoriulad moiTxovs jiutobis

aRkveTas. norCis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi gamoyofs ori saxis

tirils. erTia daJinebuli, jiuti da Zalauflebani. meorea – mowuwune.

aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rogor xdeba sijiutis gamo uaryofiTi

Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba – ibatonos sxvebze da Tavisi yvela survili

dauyovnebliv Seisrulos. rasakvirvelia, gamoricxuli ar aris tirilis

samarTliani mizezi, magram erTic da meorec saWiroa uaryofiTad

Sefasdes, _ dasZens loki, _ radgan umjobesia mizezis garkveva da

mdgomareobis gantvirTva, misi daZleva Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis

gatarebiT. igi sagangebod gamoyofs tkiviliT gamowveul tirils,

romelic moiTxovs swraf reagirebas. Tu tirili gamowveulia kapriziT,

axirebiT, maSin jon loki fizikur sasjelsac gamarTlebulad miiCnevs

da aq didi avala SeiZleba mieces wkeplasac. uneblieT gvagondeba jon

lokis Tanamedrove qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis sityvebi: ,,nu

genaRvlebis swavlaze yrmis wkeplis cemiT kivili."

bavSvis simxdale da simamace

mecnieri da pedagogi jon loki simxdalisa da simamacis arsebobas

mozardis pirovnebaSi diferencirebulad ganixilavs.

SiSi, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ warmoadgens Segulianebasac da iZulebasac,

romelic zogjer sasargebloa, aqve igi saubrobs gaucnobierebel,

ugono gambedaobaze, romelic mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe eufleba

adamians da iseve aragonivrulia, rogorc umniSvnelo safrTxis winaSe

TrTolva da Zrwola. SiSis movlenis daxasiaTebisas loki agviwers

83

gaucnobierebeli winaaRmdegobis suraTebs, rodesac adamiani ar gansjis

mosalodneli safrTxis ragvarobas da winaaRmdegobas daufiqreblad

axorcielebs. igi dauSveblad miiCnevs imgvar simamaces, rodesac

mozardi Tavisi siamayis, Tavmowonebis, medidurobis, ampartavnobis gamo

igdebs Tavs safrTxeSi. saWiroa misi drouli aRkveTa, raTa gonivrulma

gansjam daafiqros da daarwmunos Tvisi qmedebis simcdareSi.

vaJkacoba

vaJkacoba, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ aris keTilgonierebis daraji da

sayrdeni. visac ara aqvs vaJkacoba, mas ara aqvs movaleobis Sesrulebis

Zala, rac adamianis umTavresi Tvisebaa.

jon lokis TvalsazrisiT, es Tviseba exmareba adamianebs, ebrZolon

borotebasa da safrTxes. misi rwmeniT, vaJkacobis aRzrdiT Seicvleba

mozardTa Sinagani buneba. am viTarebaSi moSiSni da sustni TandaTan

xdebian gambedavni da medgarni.

am Tvisebis gamosamuSaveblad aucilebelia Semdegi – saWiroa

niadagi SevamzadoT da mivaCvioT mozardi imas, rom saSiSroebis

moaxloebisas ar modundes. amis nimuSebi SeiZleba vuCvenoT mxatvruli

literaturisa Tu saintereso Tavgadasavlebis saSualebiT. simamacis

Camoyalibeba iwyeba maSin, roca bavSvi acnobierebs sakuTar Tavs,

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. igi, amave dros, miuTiTebs bavSvis ama Tu im

erovnebisadmi mikuTvnebaze, romelsac uxvad moepoveba bunebrivi

simamacis damadasturebeli faqtebi. aRniSnuli garemoebebi mebrZolTa

sulieri simtkicis, samSoblos damcvelTa Seudrekelobis aRzrdis

safuZvelia.

sainteresoa lokis Sexedulebebi Segnebul, gonier, mizandasaxul

vaJkacobaze.

sworad dayenebuli fizikuri aRzrda xels uwyobs mamacobisa da

gamZleobis gamomuSavebas. `jentlmeni ise unda iyos aRzrdili, rom mas

yovelTvis SeeZlos aisxas iaraRi da gaxdes jariskaci~.

84

,,ar SemiZlia vTqva, rom simamace da vaJkacoba gamoricxavs SiSs.

sadac aris safrTxe, iq ar SeiZleba ar iyos SiSi. SiSi aiZulebs

adamians, iyos frTxili, SeinarCunos gonivruli gansjis unari," – ase

ganmartavs Semoqmedi simamacisa da SiSis urTierTobis Taviseburebas.

simxdale, laCroba

jon loki sruliad dauSveblad Tvlis bavSvebis daSinebas

sxvadasxva sagniTa da saSualebiT. es bavSvebSi aZlierebs simxdales,

rac, SesaZlebelia, mTeli cxovrebis manZilzec gahyves. bavSvebs,

romelTac eSiniaT maT garSemo arsebuli nivTebisa Tu movlenebis,

saWiroa CamovaSoroT es sagnebi da vesaubroT maTi uvneblobis Sesaxeb,

xSirad SiSis mizezi Zlieri STabeWdilebac xdeba. simxdalis

aRmofxvris procesi mizandasaxuli pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis

saSualebiT nel-nela da TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs.

gamowrToba

Sromis avtors mohyavs spartelTa gamocdileba mozardTa

gamowrTobis TvalsazrisiT da aRniSnavs, rom, rasakvirvelia, spartelTa

lakedemonuri disciplinis meTodiT mozardTa wrToba dResdReobiT

konstituciurad miuRebelia. arada, wrTobis procesSi bavSvebi unda

SevaCvioT tanjvisa da tkivilis atanas, maT daZlevas, gadalaxvas.

Tanamedrove skolebSi naklebad vfiqrobT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

moveqceT ymawvils, romelic Tavis danaSauls Tamamad aRiarebs:

vapatioT Tu davsajoT? saubaria ara zogadad patiebaze, aramed imaze,

rom am moqmedebaSi garkveulwilad figurirebs vaJkacobis Canasaxi, rac

mkacri sasjelis dadebiT SesaZlebelia saerTod CavaxSoT. am

SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevaris azriT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs aRmzrdelis

unars, Tu rogor moaxerxebs aRsazrdelSi vaJkacobisa da vaJkacuri

qcevis waxalisebas. aRmzrdelis mTeli mcdeloba, sasurvelia,

85

mimarTuli iyos mozardis sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis

mobilizebisaken. aseTi gzebiT da xerxiT, lokis azriT, SesaZlebelia

simxdalis daTrgunva da vaJkacuri Tvisebebis aRzrda.

bavSvTa ganwyoba sisastikis mimarT

jon loki moiTxovs, raTa bavSvs pataraobidanve gavuRvivoT

sisastikis, mkvlelobis, Zaladobisadmi siZulvili (am TvalsazrisiT

igi mTel paragrafs uTmobs cxovelTa mimarT bavSvis yuradRebian,

gulTbil damokidebulebasa da keTilSobilebas, saerTod keTil

urTierTdamokidebulebas yovelgvari sulierisadmi). igi mozardebis

saCxubrad waqezebas uaryofiTad afasebs. am dros isini xdebian

sastikni, uguloni, gulgrilad Cauvlian sxvaTa mankier moqmedebas.

mozardi yovelive amas TandaTan eCveva da bolos, SesaZlebelia,

miTiTebuli mankieri qcevebi Tavmosawon saqcieladac miiCnios.

jon loki ar gamoricxavs SemTxvevas, roca TamaSis dros ymawvili

Tanatols travmas miayenebs. es marcxi usaTuod unda epatios bavSvs,

oRond aq mTavaria mozardis ganwyoba am faqtisadmi, misi Sinagani

sulieri mdgomareoba, rogoria misi gancdebi, ganicdis Tu ara

TanagrZnobas amxanagisadmi miyenebuli tkivilis gamo da a. S.

bavSvisaTvis miutevebeli saqcielia dacinva, gamowveuli romelime

adamianis Tu Tanatolis fizikuri nakliT. es kategoriulad unda

aRikveTos. saerTod, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mizniT sxvisi

damdableba sisastikis gamovlinebis erT-erTi formaa, - aRniSnavs igi.

bavSvuri cnobismoyvareobis Sesaxeb

loki didi yuradRebiT amuSavebs swavlebis meTodebs da iZleva

mraval saintereso miTiTebas. swavlebis meTodTa umTavres Rirsebad

jon loki Tvlis moswavleebSi swavlisadmi interesis gaZlierebas da

cnobismoyvareobis ganviTarebas. amiT is principulad ebrZvis

86

dromoWmuli sqolastikuri swavlebis wesebs, romelic bavSvebisaTvis

mosawyens da damqancvels xdida swavlebas. SeiZleba jon loks ar

daeTanxmoT, rodesac is dawyebiT etapze TamaSiT moiTxovs swavlebas,

magram loki marTalia, rodesac is acxadebs, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar SeiZleba swavlebis pirveli nabijebis gadaqceva bavSvebisaTvis

mosawyen movaleobad, vinaidan amiT SeiZleba bavSvs mTeli sicocxlis

manZilze Caenergos swavlisadmi zizRi. loki dawvrilebiT aRwers

anbaniT TamaSs. kiTxvis Seswavlis dros am TamaSobaTa Semdeg bavSvs

unda mieces misTvis saintereso suraTebiani wigni.

,,cnobismoyvareoba codnisken bavSvis swrafvaa. es aris ara mxolod

keTili niSani, aramed udidesi iaraRi, uromlisodac norCi iqneboda

usargeblo, Clungi, qmnileba". igi aRniSnavs, rom ymawvilis

cnobismoyvareoba unda dakmayofildes gasagebi eniT, Tu SesaZlebelia,

axsna-ganmarteba unda iyos Semagrebuli mravalsaxovani faqtebiT.

upirvelesad saWiroa gamoikveTos is ZiriTadi, rac mas ainteresebs.

informacia unda mivawodoT srulad, vrceli komentarebiT. SekiTxvaze

yuradRebis gamoCena mozards waaqezebs, Caswvdes misTvis saintereso

movlenebs, sagnebs. amiT mdidrdeba misi goneba, warmosaxva, ufarTovdeba

Tvalsawieri.

mTavari amocana is aris, rom aRmzrdelma mozards miawodos swori

da dadasturebuli informacia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, viTardeba

arapunqtualoba. zogjer pedagogi Civis, rom ymawvilis mier dasmuli

SekiTxva metad uCveulo da ucnauria. sagulisxmoa, rom ufrosebi

xSirad ver amCneven movlenisa Tu sagnis xedvis im kuTxes, romelic

SeiZleba bavSvs hqondes. amitomac saWiroa yuradReba. amgvarad, xSirad

bavSvebis cnobismoyvareoba amdidrebs aRmzrdelTa codnas, aiZulebs

maT, Secvalon xedvis kuTxe.

87

sicelqis Sesaxeb

sizarmace SesaZlebelia, _ aRniSnavs j. loki, _ gamowveuli iyos

imiT, rom ymawvils yovel wuTs xelSi wignebs aCrian. Tu sizarmace

gamowveulia mxolod amiT, maSin es advilad aRmosafxvrelia. sicelqe

xSirad gamomdinareobs bavSvis temperamentidan da am dros saWiroa meti

yuradReba da pedagogiuri moqniloba. am problemis mosagvareblad

mecnieri Semdeg meTodebs gvTavazobs:

1. sxvebis TandaswrebiT davanamusoT, gavaqilikoT, TiTqos Zalian

gadaiRala.

2. SevagonoT, rom ar vaiZulebT imecadinos, mivcemT saSualebas,

survilisamebr iTamaSos, vidre ar moswyindeba. saWiroa mozardSi

aRmovaCinoT da gavaZlieroT Tundac raRacisadmi miswrafeba, xolo

saWiro SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia misi fizikuri SromiT datvirTva.

bavSvis tyuilebi

crupenteloba wyeuli mankierebaa. amitomac moiTxovs loki,

CavunergoT tyuilisadmi zizRi, radganac igi SeuTavsebelia Rirseuli

adamianisaTvis, jentlmenis reputaciisaTvis. ase axasiaTebs j. loki

tyuils, rogorc uRirs adamianur Tvisebas. tyuilis gamovlinebisTanave

saWiroa miRebuli iqnes gadamWreli zomebi. bavSvebs xels aZlevT

tyuilis Tqma, radgan surT damalon TavianTi gaumarTlebeli qceva.

amis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa:

manamde SevarcxvinoT bavSvi, vidre davsjideT.

daiwyebs Tu ara norCi Tavis gamarTlebas, unda vurCioT,

gviambos simarTle. yovelive amis merec Tu ecdeba Cvens

motyuebas, saWiroa davsajoT.

Tu gulwrfelad aRiarebs danaSauls, saWiroa SevaqoT, ar

davayvedroT, ar vusayveduroT. ase igi ufro iolad Seiyvarebs

gulwrfelobas, gulmarTlobas da SeeCveva simarTlis aRiarebas.

88

monaniebis Semdeg isev tyuilis Tqma mozards aRar unda epatios.

saqme is aris, rom, Tu isev ecdeba yovelive amis ganmeorebas,

mosalodnelia igi Cvevad eqces. amitomac sasjeli unda

gamkacrdes, - aRniSnavs jon loki.

keTilSobili pirovnebis aRzrdis erT-erTi saSualebaa RvTis

aRiareba da rwmena. momavali jeltlmeni unda flobdes 4 ZiriTad Tvisebas:

1. iyos keTilmoqmedi;

2. brZeni;

3. RvTismosavi;

4. hqondes codna.

loki urCevs aRmzrdels, Caunergos bavSvs uzenaesis siyvaruli.

Tavdapirvelad erTob Znelia, ganumartos aRsazrdelebs am movlenis

arsi, radgan saubari sulebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis

Sesaxeb bavSvis bunebisaTvis advilad ar aris misawvdomi, amitom

saWiroa mxolod zogadi abstraqtuli ganmartebebi RvTis Sesaxeb: rom

is yvelafers xedavs, keTili da mowyalea. am meTodiT SesaZlebeli

iqneba, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ SevuqmnaT maT uzenaesisadmi dadebiTi

ganwyobileba. amave dros, aRmzrdelebs aZlevs miTiTebas, rom nu

Seecdebian yovelive amis Sesaxeb mecnieruli logikis momarjvebiT,

faqtebis moxmobiT esaubron mozardebs. sakmarisia Semoifarglon

locvebis swavlebiT, bibliis kiTxviT, monaniebiT, RvTis moxseniebiT,

riTac pativs miageben uzenaess.

loki mTeli Tavisi arsebiT moiTxovs bavSvebis dacvas yovelgvari

moCvenebebisa da sulebis gamocxadebisagan – es azianebs mozardis

fsiqikaso, _ SeniSnavs mecnieri.

simarTle da sikeTe

qvelmoqmedeba, uzenaesisadmi WeSmariti siyvaruli qmnis imis

safuZvels, raTa bavSvebma Tqvan simarTle, hqondeT sikeTisadmi

89

midrekileba. Tu pataraobidanve Caunergaven sikeTis qmnis aucileblobas,

es imas niSnavs, rom maT patiosan adamianebad zrdian.

sibrZnis Sesaxeb

,,sibrZne" jon loks axsnili aqvs, rogorc sityva, cneba, romelic

flobas niSnavs. mTavaria, mozardi aRvzardoT Rirseul pirovnebad.

mTavaria, aRmzrdelma aswavlos mas, rogor miswvdes WeSmaritebas,

rogor Caidinos sworupovari saqcieli. ,,bavSvobis asakSi jer kidev

moumwifebeli adamianisTvis mTavaria simarTlis siyvaruli, gulwrfeloba,

gonivruli gansja da, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, sakuTari qcevebis

gacnobiereba".

zrdilobianoba

keTilSobili jentlmenis aRzrdis aucilebel pirobad jon loki

miiCnevs zrdilobas. igi gamoyofs uzrdelobis or saxes:

1. uxerxuli simorcxve.

2. uadgilo daudevroba. upativcemuloba.

jentlmenis aRzrdis procesSi mniSvnelovania, _ aRniSnavs loki, _

SevaswavloT bavSvs sazogadoebaSi TavdaWeriloba. ymawvils unda

SeeZlos, ar SekrTes, ar daibnes, Tavisuflad gamoTqvas azri,

sazogadoebaSi, elitarul wreSi SeinarCunos wonasworoba da

sazogadoeba misdami pativiscemiT ganawyos. dadebiTi damokidebuleba

gamoamJRavnos im sazogadoebisadmi, sadac imyofeba, gamoavlinos

kdemamosileba, hqondes daxvewili manera. yovelive es mas sulieri

samyaros simdidred, pirovnebis zneobrivi arsis gamoxatvad miaCnia.

jon loki moiTxovs sxva erebis Cvevebisa da tradiciebis flobasac.

is iZleva im Tvisebebis mokle daxasiaTebas, romlebic axalgazrdas

sazogadoebaSi uaryofiT pirovnebad warmoaCens, kulturul wreSi

arasasurvel imijs Seuqmnis:

90

1. uxeSi buneba.

2. gularaxsniloba an zizRi, rac vlindeba mis mier Tqmul

calkeul frazebSi, sityvebSi vlindeba.

3. uzrdeloba, rac gamoixateba SurianobiT, cnobismoyvareobiT,

sxvaTa naklis ZiebiT da aRmoCeniT.

4. pirovnebis sasacilod agdeba ukeTuri surviliT da SeniRbulad.

5. sijiute, ampartavnoba, avznianoba.

6. mosaubrisaTvis sityvis gawyvetineba, uxeSi SeniSvnis micema,

axalgazrda ymawvilis mier sakuTari azris sxvebisTvis Tavs

moxvevis mcdeloba, sakuTari Sexedulebis jiutad mtkiceba

Tundac sabuTianad, oRond arasasurveli formiT da sxv.

mogzaurobani

mogzaurobas jon loki aRsazrdelis gonebisa da Wkuis srulyofis

pirobad Tvlis. sxvadasxva kuTxisa da regionis xalxTa zne-Cveulebebis,

cxovrebis wesis gacnoba iwvevs sakuTari cxovrebis wesis mravalgzis

kritikul gadaxedvas, gaanalizebas, magram mogzaurobisas ymawvils

aucileblad unda axldes aRmzrdeli. uCveulo cxovrebis pirobebSi igi

eyoleba bavSvs mzrunvelad, damcvelad, damrigeblad. amis saWiroeba

imiT aris axsnili, rom ymawvili jer kidev ver iCens sifrTxilesa da

TavSekavebulobas. 15-16 wlis axalbedas aRmzrdelis yuradReba xels

Seuwyobs, iolad Seicnos garemo da gamoicnos adamianebi. aRzrdis

mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, wers jon loki, _ mogzauroba, romelic xels

uwyobs jentlmenis formirebas". mecnieris azriT, saganmanaTleblo

TvalsazrisiT mogzauroba iZleva ucxo enebis Seswavlis SesaZleblobas,

gaafarToebs istoriis, geografiisa da bunebismetyvelebis sakiTxTa

codnas, gamoiwvevs sxva saxelmwifoTa politikur wyobilebaTa gacnobas

da a. S.

`ukanaskneli nawili aRzrdisa, _ werda jon loki Seadgens

mogzaurobas, romelSic Cveulebriv xedaven saqmis dasasruls. is, rac

91

amTavrebs jentlmenis formirebas~. jon lokis azriT, saganmanaTleblo

SinaarsiT mogzauroba ganapirobebs ucxo enebis Cvevebis SeZenas. codnis

gafarToebas istoriaSi. geografiaSi da bunebismetyvelebaSi, sxva

saxelmwifoTa politikur wyobaTa cnobas da sxv. rogorc Cans, misi azriT

damoukdiebeli azrovnebisaTvis adamiani mzad aris mxolod 21-22 wlis

asakSi da mxolod am asakSi SeiZleba vandoT mas Tavisi Tavi.

jon loki gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs mozardTa

temperaments, gansxvavebul midrekilebebs. is aRniSnavs: ,,bavSvTa buneba

da xasiaTi imdenad nairgvaria, rom SesaZlebelia dausrulebeli

msjeloba TiToeuli mozardis, ymawvilis sulieri samyaros

Taviseburebis Sesaxeb. adamianTa, bavSvTa bunebis nairgvarobas is

udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs da aRniSnavs: ,,ar moipoveba ori erTmaneTis

msgavsi bavSvi, romelTa mimarT SeiZleba gamoiyenon aRzrdis erTi da

igive meTodi."

sazogadoebis fenebad dayofis gamo moazrovne moiTxovs: princma,

TavadiSvilma da Cveulebrivi jentlmenis Svilma miiRon gansxvavebuli

aRzrda; garda amisa, igi axalSobils uwodebs ,,TeTr qaRalds, cvils",

romlisganac SesaZlebelia gamoiZerwos rac gnebavT.

SromaSi ,,azrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" jon loki farTod exeba

swavlebis sakiTxebs, sadac aRwerilia imdroindeli swavlebis

sxvadasxva dargi. vfiqrobT, es dargebi misaRebi da tradiciulic iyo

XVII^^ saukunis saswavlo sistemisaTvis. amitom loki ganixilavs wera-

kiTxvis, laTinuri da franguli enebis dasaufleblad saWiro

saSualebebs; msjelobs ariTmetikis, geografiis, geometria-astronomiis,

istoriis, eTikis, xatvis, sportuli saxeobebis, buRalteriis,

xelosnobis da sxva saqmianobisa Tu sagnebis dauflebis aucileblobis

Sesaxeb.

ar ganvixilavT im konkretul programas, romelsac jon loki

gvTavazobs, magram gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mivaqcevT principul

sakiTxs. is aris mTavari mimarTuleba mis SemoqmedebaSi – swavlebisa da

aRzrdis problemaTa erTianoba. SesaZlebelia iTqvas: loki ara mxolod

92

momxrea swavlebis da aRzrdis erTianobisa, aramed TviT swavlebis

procesic mas momavali Taobis WeSmariti aRzrdis pirobad

warmoudgenia. metic, misTvis swavleba igive aRzrdaa da swavlebis

process saerTod ar miiCnevs aRzrdisagan calke gamosayof komponentad.

davsZenT: swavlebis procesi jon lokis memkvidreobaSi calke

Seswavlas imsaxurebs da misi calkeuli debulebebis gaTvaliswineba

didad dagvexmareboda Tanamedrove qarTuli skolebis gegma-programebis

Semdgom gamdidreba-daxvewaSi.

Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom jon lokis pedagogiuri

Sexedulebebi, misi ideebi swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb sruliad moklebulia

_ Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan _ yovelgvar kritikas. magram im

droisaTvis es iyo metad mniSvnelovani, gabeduli, mecnieruli da

pedagogiuri miznebi, amocanebi, romelsac gauCnda uamravi mimdevrebi da

praqtikuli ganmxorcielebelic.

j. lokis Sroma `fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb~ warmoadgens mwyobr

sistemas, sakmaod ostaturad dakonkretebuls da programirebuls

momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb, romelic eyrdnoba humanizmis,

zneobriobis uaRresad Rrma safuZvlebs.

jon lokis, rogorc ganmanaTleblisa da pedagogis

dasadastureblad moviyvanT ramodenime debulebas misi Sromidan. didi

mniSvneloba aqvs adamianSi arsebul Zalas, romelic gonebis saSualebiT

uaryofs sasargeblo, mavne survilebs da, miuxedavad didi

miswrafebebisa, win aRudgeba uaryofiT midrekilebebs, amis gareSe

adamianSi ver Camoyalibdeba WeSmaritad saTno da zneobrivi pirovneba.

aRmzrdelis valia aRsazrdels Camouyalibos suli da

gamoumuSaos qceva, saTanado Cvevebi, SesZinos sibrZne da

zneobrivi Rirebulebebi. misces Zala TviTdarwmunebis, simxneve

da sibejiTe wrTvniT avarjos qcevaSi.

mTavaria `jentlmenis~ Camoyalibebisas ara mxolod calmxrivi

ganaTleba, swavla sxvadasxva dargobriv sferoSi, rogoricaa wvdoma

metafizikis sferoSi, filosofiaSi, maTematikaSi, istoriaSi,

93

qronologiaSi, romelic codnis samyaros gasaRebia, aramed ufro

mniSvnelovania misi keTilzneobrioba, saTno pirovnebad Camoyalibeba,

romlis gareSe igi Raribia, ganicdis simwares aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT,

romelic adablebs adamianur Rirsebas da xdis mas arasrulyofil,

arasrulfasovad pirovnebad.

sainteresoa j. lokis traqtati aRsazrdelSi CvevaTa Camoyalibebis

Sesaxeb, romelic Semdegnairad aqvs warmodgenili; unda xdebodes

Cvevebis Camoyalibeba: sxeulis flobis mimarTulebiT gonebrivi

moqmedebebis sferoSi da socialur-moraluri TvalsazrisiT.

j. lokis zemoaRniSnuli rCevebi dafuZnebulia Tvisebebis

formirebaze, romelic saWiroa `jentlmenis~ aRzrdisTvis, raTa man

Seasrulos Tavisi movaleobebi sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi.

dausruleblad aris SesaZlebeli moviyvanoT uamravi magaliTebi

misi pedagogiuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, romelic adasturebs, rom j.

loki warmoadgens pedagogiuri mecnierebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels

ganmanaTlebels, pedagogs, romlis naazrevic saukuneebis manZilze da

Tanamedrove etapzec Rirseulad exmaureba momavali Taobis swavla-

ganaTlebis problemebs.

94

$2. jon lokis pedagogikuri memkvidreobis filosofiuri,

fsiqologiuri, pedagogiuri da sociologiuri safuZvlebi naSromis

„cda adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb“ mixedviT

jon loki Tavis droisaTvis uaRresad novatoruli ideebiT movida

pedagogiur mecnierebaSi. Tavis ZiriTad filosofiur naSromSi `cda

adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb~ lokma daasabuTa, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi

ar aris Tandayolili ideebi da warmodgenebi, bavSvis suli `sufTa

dafas~ (tabula razas) hgavs. aqedan gamomdinare jon loki

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aRzrdas da ganaTlebas aniWebda da

ambobda: `aTidan cxra im adamianebs Soris, romelTac Cven vxvdebiT,

arian keTilni an borotni. sasargebloni an usargebloni TavianTi

aRzrdis Sedegad. swored aRzrda qmnis did gansxvavebebs adamianebs

Soris.

lokis rogorc filosofosis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi

gamoixateba, rom man filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Semecnebis

Teoria pirvel adgilze daayena. mTeli axali filosofiis dasawyisi

xasiaTdeboda meTodis problemis aRmoCena-ganviTarebaSi.

pedagogikis istoriaSi bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebis faqtorebis

sakiTxi yovelTvis problemur, pirvelxarisxovan sakiTxad iTvleboda.

pedagogikis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili klasikosi mniSvnelovan adgils

uTmobs Tavis moZRvrebaSi aRzrdis rols da, SeiZleba iTqvas, masze

agebs mTel pedagogiur sistemasac.

pedagogiuri azrovnebis istoria am mxriv mimdinareobaTa da

SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvaobiT xasiaTdeba, romelic SeiZleba ase daiyos:

pirveli _ mimdinareobaTa da SexedulebaTa is jgufi, romelic

ugulebelyofs pirovnebis formirebis procesSi aRzrdis rols da

yvelafers Tandayolili ideebiT, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli an bavSvis

bunebrivi TaviseburebebiT gansazRvravs. misi ideologiuri safuZveli

idealizmia. meore _ pirvelis sruliad sawinaaRmdego `sufTa dafis~, e.

95

w. aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis Teoria. mesame _ orives meqanikurad

Semarigebeli konvergenciis Teoria.

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jon lokis Tandayolili

ideebis kritikam, swavlebam codnis grZnobadi warmoSobisa da moralis

Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelia gamocdileba, Semecnebis Teoriis

siRrmiseulma damuSavebam xeli Seuwyo imdroindeli istoriul-

filosofiuri azrovnebis Semdgom ganviTarebas. amave dros, es iyo

ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romelzedac man aago pedagogikuri ideebi,

Sexedulebebi da azrebi. igi farTod ikvlevs Semecnebis sakiTxs da

miznad isaxavs daadginos codnis warmoSoba, misi sicxadis xarisxi,

Semecnebis unari da sazRvrebi.

loki Tavis pedagogikur memkvidreobaSi, akritikebs ra Tandayolili

ideebis arsebobas, aRniSnavs: bavSvi – es aris ,,sufTa dafa"; cnobilia

misi debuleba, romelsac laTinurad ewodeba ,,tabula raza." swavla-

aRzrdis procesi, lokis mixedviT, jentlmenis aRzrdis, Camoyalibebis

aucilebeli pirobaa; vfiqrobT, yovelive es pirovnebis Camoyalibebis

Tanamedrove ideasa da mis Sinaars garkveulwilad esadageba.

jon lokis memkvidreobaSi mocemulia saintereso, argumentirebuli,

siRrmiseuli msjelobebi Tandayolili ideebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb

(ix.k. baqraZe, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, t. VI, gv. 115). Cven ar

SevudgebiT maT Rrma gaanalizebas, magram vityviT, rom swavla-aRzrdis

Teoriis problemis ganxilvisas, mTeli misi pedagogikuri ideebis,

Sexedulebebis safuZvels swored Semecnebis, rogorc codnis

dauflebis procesis, srulyofili, amomwuravi gaSuqeba qmnis.

lokis filosofia exeba Tandayolili ideebis Teoriis kritikas,

cdis Teorias, martivi da rTuli ideebis Teorias, enis rols

Semecnebis procesSi, maTTan dakavSirebiT zogadi cnebebis warmoSobisa

da Semecnebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs, mis sazRvrebs, WeSmaritebis problemebs

da codnisa da rwmenis urTierTdamokidebulebas. igi ganixilavs

Semecnebis sam xarisxs:

I – grZnobadi codna saganTa arsebobis Sesaxeb.

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II – intuiciuri codna Cveni sakuTari arsebobis Sesaxeb, me

vazrovneb, vmsjelob, ganvicdi siamovnebas, usiamovnebas, vnebas da es

sakmarisia Cemi arsebobis dasadgenad. Tu me daeWvebuli var, es eWvi

maCvenebelia Cemi arsebobis.

III - demonstraciuli codna, demonstraciuli Semecneba ar aris

cxadi da naTeli. igi damtkicebas eyrdnoba, dasabuTebas moiTxovs.

loki daaskvnis, rom Cven gvaqvs sakuTari arsebobis intuiciuri

Semecneba, demonstraciuli codna RvTis arsebobaze da saganTa ricxvis

grZnobadi Semecneba.

maS, ras eyrdnoba Tandayolili ideebis uaryofis SemTxvevaSi

adamianis Semecneba? loki upasuxebs, rom gamocdilebaSi Tavs iyris

mTeli adamianuri codna da mis sawyisad Semdegs Tvlis:

I – grZnobad aRqmas, SegrZnebebs – civi, cxeli, mJave, mware.

II – ideebs, romelic gamomdinareobs Cveni Sinagani mdgomareobidan.

mag. survili, rwmena, meryeoba, daskvnis gamotana; adamianis sulis aseT

mdgomareobas loki uwodebs refleqsias.

lokis Semecnebis Teoriis arsi mokled ase SeiZleba davaxasiaToT:

ar arsebobs Tandayolili ideebi, romlebic sawyisSive aris Cadebuli

adamianis sulSi;aseve ar arsebobs ideebi gamocdilebis miRebamde,

romelic warmoadgens grZnobad aRqmas. yvela idea warmoiSoba

SegrZnebidan. Semecnebis mTeli Sinaarsi moipoveba cdiT, anu

gamocdilebiT. gamocdileba, romelic adamians aqvs, orgvaria:

garegani – grZnobadi organoebis aRqmidan, romelic iZleva codnas

garemomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb (masSi Sedis Cveni sakuTari sxeuli).

Sinagani – sakuTar sulier mdgomareobasa da moqmedebaze uSualo

dakvirveba.

magram Sinagani gamocdileba ganpirobebulia gareganiT, radgan

Cveni sulieri mdgomareoba ibadeba grZnobadi aRqmis meSveobiT. e. i.

codnis yovelgvari wyaroa. garegani grZnobebis organoebze zemoqmedebis

monacemebi (dakvirveba da gamocdileba sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT).

SegrZnebebi, romelTac gadaamuSavebs inteleqti. rom ara grZnobadi

97

aRqmebi – suli ,,TeTri qaRaldia", masSi ar iqneba araviTari

warmodgenebi da metic, araviTari azrovneba.

grZnobadi SegrZnebebis safuZvelze inteleqti agebs codnas, faqtis

uSualo konstatirebiT an cdebis, gamocdilebis safuZvelze kavSirebis

damyarebiT an daskvnebis saSualebiT, romelsac aRqma uSualod ver

swvdeba.

Semecnebis es Teoria fsiqologiuria, sadac ikveTeba Semecnebis

fsiqologiuri procesi; xdeba Cveni warmodgenebis warmoSoba da masze

inteleqtis zemoqmedeba.

jon lokma es Teoria Camoayaliba SromaSi ,,cda adamianis gonebis

Sesaxeb."

aRniSnul SromaSi naTlad aris gamoxatuli urTierTdamokidebuleba

grZnobad aRqmasa da warmodgenebis Seqmnis process Soris, warmodgenebsa

da abstraqtul ideebs Soris, rac eyrdnoba cdis uSualo monacemebsa

da daskvnebs.

aq mocemulia sruli suraTi imisa, rom abstraqtuli ideebis

Sinaarsi nasesxebia konkretulisagan.

amgvarad, jon lokma naTeli mohfina sakiTxs, Tu ra gziT axerxebs

individi garemomcvel samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas.

Semecnebis lokiseul Teorias dResac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac saqme exeba fsiqologiur SemecnebiT process

da mis Sedegebs.

bavSvs SeiZleba hqondes memkvidreobiT miRebuli cudi Tvisebebi,

magram isini ar arian ucvlelni da aRzrdis meoxebiT yovelTvis

SeiZleba maTi sasargeblo Tvisebebad gardaqmna. swored am atavisturi

Tvisebebis gansazRvra, garCeva SeZenilisagan da maTi aRmofxvra, an ukeT

rom vTqvaT, sasargeblo Tvisebad gardaqmna axali daniSnulebaa

skolisa. didi mniSvneloba aqvs amave dros im garemos, romelSic

uxdeba bavSvs cxovreba. garemo pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mTavar

faqtorad iTvleba. garemo mas esmis adamianis garemomcveli buneba

Tavisi mravalferovani movlenebiT da sazogadoeba, romelSic igi

98

cxovrobs. bavSvi Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze ecnoba rogorc bunebis, ise

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Taviseburebebs. yovelive es did gavlenas

axdens masze. marTalia, organizebuli aRzrdis procesi ganapirobebs

bavSvis Camoyalibebas da aRzrdazea damokidebuli, Tu rogori

Tvisebebis mqone adamianad Camoyalibdeba igi cxovrebaSi, magram

organizebuli aRzrdis Sedegi bevradaa damokidebuli im

sazogadoebaze, romlis wiaRSic bavSvi izrdeba. `roca romelime

individi cud saqmes Caidens, xSirad im sazogadoebas vdebT brals,

sadac damnaSave cxovrobda. es imitom, rom sazogadoebas TviTeuls

Tavis wevrze aqvs aRmzrdelobiTi gavlena. Tu sazogadoeba keTili da

gonieria maSin am sazogadoebaSi iSviaTad gamoereva boroti adamiani.

sociologiur problemaTa kvlevis procesis erT-erTi aspeqti

gamoxatulia lokis damokidebulebaSi religiisadmi. unda iTqvas:

religiis Sesaxeb daweril SromaSi ar aris gamokveTili avtoris

saboloo pozicia. es pozicia unda aRmovaCinoT mis msjelobebSi.

religia realuria maSin, roca is eyrdnoba gardauval mtkicebebs, rac

xdeba bunebis gonebiT Semecnebis dros. mecnieri aRniSnavs: ,,araferi ar

unda virwmunoT mxolod rwmeniT, dajerebiT, kritikuli kvlevis

moumarjveblad; Tumca dogmaTa umravlesoba ar ewinaaRmdegeba gonebas

da uZlebs kritikas, magram arc maTi ukritikod miReba ivargebs.es aris

aSkara winaaRmdegoba damoukideblad moqmedi gonebis avtonomiisadmi,

misi principebisadmi. aseve winaaRmdegobrivia misi Semecnebis Teoriac,

radgan ar cnobs codnis wyaros Sinagani da garegani monacemebiT

miRebuli gamocdilebis Tvinier.

am azrs iziarebs cnobili rusi mecnieri d. raxmani Tavis SromaSi

,,jon loki" (l. i. aqselrodis redaqciiT, gamomcemloba ,,Cervoni Sliax,"

1924 weli). d. aqselrodi jon lokis religiur Sexedulebaze xmarobs

gamoTqmas ,,Признание Локком примата разума над религией” (loki gonebas

religiaze maRla ayenebs). d. raxmans Tavis SromaSi mocemuli aqvs mTeli

rigi saintereso da mimaniSnebeli debulebebi lokis msjelobebidan,

romlebic adastureben gonebis upiratesobas religiaze [42, 62].

99

loki Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi Tavisufali eklesiis momxrea da

moiTxovs eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofas. religia mas miaCnia

Tavisufali, kritikuli kvlevis sferod. aqedan gamomdinare, igi

Tavisufali rjulaRmsareblobis momxrea da dasZens, rom religia

adamianis pirovnuli saqmea. adamiani TviTon gansazRvravs Tavis

damokidebulebas zenaarsisadmi yovelgvari Suamavlisa Tu avtoritetis

gareSe. adamiani sxvas ar unda axvevdes Tavs sakuTar religiur rwmenas,

igi TviTon irCevs Tavis kults. kulti da misi ritualebi morwmuneTa

jgufebis saqmea da ara saxelmwifosi, _ aRniSnavs loki. misi azriT,

saWiro da aucilebelia, adamianebma SeiZinon codna RvTisa da religiis

Sesaxeb, icodnen zogadi religiuri cnebebi, raTa mTeli gulisyuriT

daeuflon religiur codnas.

sazogadoebaSi religiuri rwmenis problemebis mogvarebisas Tavs

iCens sociologiuri problemebi.

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa jon lokis Teoria, romelic

gaSuqebulia traqtatSi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. igi msjelobs Tavisufali

da Tanabaruflebiani adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sakuTari keTildReobis

gasaumjobeseblad muSaoben. am saqmeSi aravis aqvs, _ aRniSnavs loki, _

Zaladobis ufleba. Zaladobisagan Tavdasacavad adamianebma unda Seqmnan

sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi, romlebsac emorCilebian nebayoflobiT da

gadascemen TavianTi uflebebis nawils TiToeulisa da yvelas

sasargeblod. es unda moxdes urTierTsasargeblo interesebisa da

saerTo nebis safuZvelze. moqalaqeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris

urTierToba unda daefuZnos Tavisufali urTierTobis principebs.

lokis Sexedulebebi saxelmwifosa da adamianebis urTierTobis

Sesaxeb sruliad gacxadda warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobis TeoriaSi.

umaRlesi kanonmdebloba unda iyos kanonmdebluri, xolo adamianebs

eZlevaT ufleba warmoadginon TavianTi warmomadgenlebi xmis

umravlesobiT.

jon loks miaCnia, rom xelisuflebis swori funqcionirebis mizniT

sasurvelia sxvadasxva sfero struqturulad Semdegnairad daiyos:

100

egzekuciuri, e.i. sakuTriv aRmsruleblobiTi, da sasamarTlo, romelic

unda iyos Sereuli, da federaluri (anu sagareo saqmeebi).

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saTaveSi unda idges mefe, romelic

daemorCileba kanonebs. kanonis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba

kargavs Zalauflebas da ubrundeba xalxis wiaRs.

loki gamokveTilad saubrobs pirovnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,

romelic molaparakebis safuZvelze agebs, wyvets sakuTar

sazogadoebriv urTierTdamokidebulebebs.

aseTia mkvlevaris Sexeduleba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze,

romelic man harmoniul urTierTobaTa Camoyalibebis safuZvlad miiCnia.

Cven mier gaSuqebuli jon lokis Sexedulebebi religiisa da

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pirovnebis formirebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebia,

xolo procesebi, romlebic mimdinareobs sazogadoebaSi, sadac esoden

mniSvnelovan prblemebs wyveten, TavisTavad warmoadgenen momavali

Taobis swavla-aRzrdis sociologiur safuZvlebs.

mizanSewonilad vTvliT, aRvniSnoT: jon lokis Sroma ,,cda

ადამიანის gonebiს Sesaxeb" apirobebs aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis

rogorobas, gansazRvravs misi problemebis dadebiTad gadawyvetas.

saerTod, lokis Sromebi ,.fiqrebi aRzrdaze" da ,.cda ადამიანის gonebis

Sesaxeb" organulad da myarad arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. am

SromebSi mocemuli Teoriuli postulatebi Seicavs swavla-aRzrdis

procesis WeSmaritad mizandasaxulad warmarTvisTvis saWiro praqtikul

da Teoriul msjelobebs, aucilebel da saWiro darigebebs, rCevebs.

agreTve unda iTqvas, rom es ori Sroma erTmaneTs gansazRvravs da

ganapirobebs. isini erTmaneTs avseben da qmnian erT monoliTur

mTlianobas.

,,maRali instancia, romelsac sakuTari qcevisas mimarTavs adamiani,

aris misi goneba [31, 267], _ aRniSnavs loki. misi fiqriT, goneba aris is

fenomeni, romelic, kargad Tu avad informirebuli, ganuwyvetliv

xelmZRvanelobs im codniT, rasac am momentSi flobs da am WeSmariti

Tu fsevdo codniT xdeba misi SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis marTva. amitom

101

aucilebelia zrunva adamianis gonebriv aRzrdaze, raTa codnis

miRebisas da msjelobis dros goneba swori gziT miemarTebodes.

am TvalsazrisiT igi win wamowevs adamianTa niWierebis

gansxvavebulobis problemas, rac vlindeba operaciebis Catarebis

procesSi SesaZleblobaTa nairgvarobiT.

adamianebi Zalian gansxvavdebian SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT, _

aRniSnavs loki. es gansxvaveba Zevs adamianTa bunebiT naboZeb

SesaZleblobebSi, magram, amave dros isec xdeba, rodesac

pirovneba Tavisi Tavis saTanadod Seufaseblobis gamo ver

aRwevs imas, rac mas realurad SeuZlia.

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba msjelobis, gansjis process. saamisod

adamians unda hqondes gansazRvruli ideebi, romelTa

ganviTarebis dros saWiroa gonivruli msjeloba da gansja.

jon loki warmogvidgens sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis mqone

adamianis tipebs:

1. isini, romlebic bWoben da moqmedeben sxvisi magaliTis

safuZvelze (mSoblebis, megobrebis da sxva.). xSirad es

gamowveulia sizarmaciT: ar surT gaswion mZime Sroma, rac

esoden saWiroa azrovnebisa da damoukidebeli gansjisaTvis.

2. isini, romlebic mihyvebian vnebas da mas gonebaze maRla ayeneben,

isini ar usmenen sxvis gonivrul rCevas. sxvaTa Soris, es

viTareba ,,vefxistyaosanSi" aseTi formulis saxiT gvxvdeba:

,,hkiTxe asTa, hqmen gulisa, ra ginda vin givaziros".

3. adamianebis kategoria, romlebic gulwrfelad da xalisianad

mihyvebian gonebas, magram ar ZaluZT mTeli siRrmiTa da

sisruliT Caswvdnen im sakiTxebs, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad rom

esoden saWiroa.

am dros aucilebelia, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ adamiani iyos erTob

organizebuli, komunikabeluri, adamianebTan urTierTobisas SeeZlos

gulwrfeli kamaTi da msjeloba, raTa sxvaTa Sexedulebebs Seajeros

Tavisi Sexedulebebi, azrebi, ideebi.

102

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs loki iseT adamianTa

daxasiaTebas, romlebsac aqvT Sexedulebebis, ideebis viwro

Tvalsawieri. es iwvevs arasasurvel SezRudulobas. ,,gaiazre da

gaisigrZegane yvela sagani, xolo SeamCnie da daeyrdeni imas, romelic

SenTvisaa kargi da sasargeblo." igi mouwodebs adamianebs, iswavlon

sicruisa da WeSmaritebis garCeva. am dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs

sistematur gonebriv varjiSs, unarTa da CvevaTa gamomuSavebas.

saerTod jon loki adamians didi potencialisa da SesaZleblobebis

arsebad miiCnevs da aRniSnavs: ,,adamianebs imaze meti SeuZliaT, vidre

warmogvidgenia."

moazrovne did mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis unarebisa da Zalebis

ganviTarebas varjiSis gziT. varjiSi pirovnebas uyalibebs iseT

aucilebel Tvisebebs, rogoricaa gonebamaxviloba, moxerxebuloba,

gergilianoba. varjiSsa da ganmeorebiT moqmedebebs, _ aRniSnavs igi, _

bunebrivi niWierebis doneze ahyavs ubralo adamianis SesaZleblobani.

amitom xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianTa gonebriv SesaZleblobebs

gansazRvravs ara bunebis mier boZebuli niWiereba, aramed unari CvevaTa

formirebis mizandasaxuli warmarTvisa.

aseT adamianebs aqvT sakuTari ideebi, romelTa WeSmaritebasac

praqtikul cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi adastureben. aseT adamianTa

msjelobebSi vlindeba codnis siRrme da naTlad gadmocemis maRali

xarisxi.

jon loki saubrobs adamianebis mier zogadi Tu abstraqtuli

moraluri ideebis flobis Sesaxeb. moraluri ideebis wvdoma moiTxovs

seriozul gonebriv operaciebs. magaliTisaTvis is asaxelebs adamianebis

samarTlianobas, romelsac mivyavarT movaleobisa da samarTlianobis

ideis sruli wvdomisaken. loki, amave dros, faqtobrivad ayenebs

adamianebis mier maT ufleba-movaleobebis ideis gansjis sakiTxs.

codnis mopovebis rTul gzaze goneba WeSmaritebisa da sicruis

dasadgenad eyrdnoba garkveul principebs.

103

swavla-aRzrdis procesSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi gonebrivi

operaciebis Catarebas, romlebic moiTxovs garkveul principebze

dayrdnobiT mniSvnelovani debulebebis damtkicebas. am dros unda

arsebobdes raRac winaswari varaudi. yovelive es damokidebulia imaze,

Tu ramdenad aqvT adamianebs navarjiSebi goneba da gamomuSavebuli

garkveuli unar-Cvevebi.

loki aseTi gonebrivi operaciebis Catarebis dawyebis

aucileblobas varaudobs mozardobis asakSi da aRniSnavs, rom

cxovrebis momdevno etapze zemoaRwerili procesebis ganxorcieleba

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan igi bavSvobis xanaSi Camoyalibebul

Cvevebs unda daefuZnos.

am TvalsazrisiT Semoqmedi ganixilavs maTematikis swavlebis

process, romelic moiTxovs msjelobas, gonebriv operirebas yovel

calkeul sakiTxze.

mtkicebulebisas saWiroa Tvalis midevneba ideis kavSirebsa da

Tanamimdevrobaze manamde, vidre goneba im ZiriTad wyaromde ar miva,

saidanac es idea gamomdinareobs, TumcaRa albaTobis Semowmebisas es

rodia sakmarisi gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis ise, rogorc es xdeba

demonstraciuli codnis dros.

am dros rodia sakmarisi erTi argumenti da misi susti da Zlieri

mxareebis dadgena, aramed saWiroa ramdenime an yvela argumenti, maTi

urTierTdapirispireba, yvela parametris gaTvaliswineba. mxolod ase

midis goneba gansazRvrul gadawyvetilebamde.

msgavsi operirebis Cvevis gamomuSaveba utyuari gzaa, romelsac

goneba ahyavs farTo azrovnebis doneze, WeSmaritad Tavisufali

azrovnebis simaRleze. am viTarebaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba Secdomebis

Tavidan acilebac.

loki gonebrivi operaciebis Catarebis zemoTaRwerili meTodis

erT-erT formad asaxelebs disputs, romelic skolebSi tardeba.

mecnieri gadaWriT uaryofs mis dadebiT Sedegs, radgan am dros

WeSmaritebis dadgena xdeba erTi romelime kerZo argumentis

104

safuZvelze. es igivea, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ rom gamoviyvanoT angariSis

balansi erTi romelime Tanxis miweriT an CamoweriT, rodesac

arsebobs uamravi sxva varianti da roca saWiroa gaanalizebiTa da

dapirispirebiT iqnes miRebuli swori Sedegi.

loki Tvlis, rom adamianis goneba sul unda moZraobdes.

gansakuTrubuli wvrTna sWirdeba mas crurwmenis gasafantavad;

amisaTvis aucilebelia sakuTar TavSi arsebuli azrebisa da

Sexedulebebis, ideebis Semowmeba; sakuTar TavSi Rrmad Caxedva iwvevs

adamianis daxvewas, uaryofiTis saRi gansjis gziT aRmofxvras. adamianis

cxovrebiseuli sifrTxile gonebrivi gansjis safuZvelze miiRweva.

azrebis, Sexedulebebis gadamowmebis unari, sxva adamianebis azrTan misi

Sejereba WeSmaritebis dadgenis saSualebaao, - aRniSnavs moazrovne.

SromaSi ,,cda ადამიანის gonebis Sesaxeb" avtori yuradRebas

amaxvilebs mozardSi mTeli rigi znekeTili Tvisebebis, sulieri

Rirebulebebis formirebaze, rac did rols asrulebs pirovnebis

(jentlmenis) Camoyalibebis procesSi. igi mTeli siRrmiT ganixilavs

pirovnebis fsiqologiur portrets, mis TvisebaTa da sulier

RirebulebaTa rogorobas, iZleva maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebis daxasiaTebas.

am TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs jon loki adamianis iseT Tvisebas,

rogoricaa gulgriloba. igi Tvlis, rom gulgriloba WeSmaritebis

dadgenis gzaze mniSvnelovani winaRobaa. es aris adamianis sulieri

samyaros siRaribe da sisuste. aucilebelia adamians hqondes

saidumloTa wvdomis mZafri interesi, rac mniSvnelovanwilad

gansazRvravs mis sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac da aqtivobisaTvis saWiro

mamoZravebel impulssac.

loki pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar xmarobs termins aqtiuri

cxovrebiseuli pozicia, magram misi pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi mkafiod

gamoxatavs am terminSi nagulisxmev Sinaarss.

lokis SexedulebiT, adamians unda hqondes yoveli arsebulis da

yvelafris sistematuri Semowmebis da gadamowmebis Cveva da unari,

105

miswrafeba srulyofilebamde miiyvanos yoveli naSromi, moqmedebis

Sinaarsi. es moiTxovs azrebis, Sexedulebebis irgvliv gonebis daZabvas,

moZraobas, pirovnebis Zalisxmevas, raTa dauRalavad iRvawos sakuTari

msoflmxedvelobis myar da namdvil safuZvelze agebisTvis. gonebis

amgvari sistematuri varjiSi mozardis swavlebisa da aRzrdis

aucilebeli pirobaa; misi goneba dauflebuli unda iyos Tavisufali

moZraobis Cvevebs; es mas saSualebas miscems, Caswvdes codnis

sxvadasxva dargs, romlebic cxovrebaSi gamoadgeba. gonebis sistematuri

wvaleba adamians miscems saSualebas, ar daemonos yovelgvar cnobil

dogmas, romelic gabatonebulia sazogadoebaSi rogorc ucvleli da

samaradiso WeSmariteba.

did mniSvnelobas aZlevs jon loki ganzogadebas. am dros xdeba

ZiriTadi Teoriuli daskvnebis gamotana, rasac, amave dros, didi

praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

Semdeg jon loki saubrobs argumentebis Sesaxeb. mas Tavisi roli

da adgili aqvs WeSmaritebis dadgenis procesSi. igi gonebis operirebis

safuZvelia; arguments mkvlevari ar miiCnevs sasargeblod, Tu igi

emsaxureba sakiTxis erT mxares da gamoricxavs an uyuradRebod rCeba

sxva mxareebi. argumenti, romelic eyrdnoba kerZo Zalauflebas an

sargeblobs WeSmaritebis dadgenis dros, gvibiZgebs didi

Secdomebisaken, _ aRniSnavs igi.

jon loks miaCnia, rom WeSmaritebis dadgenas xels uSlis zerele

da naCqarevi daskvnebi, rasac adamiani formalur mtkicebulebamde

mihyavs; am SemTxvevaSi wina planze gadmodis sizarmace da mouTmenloba.

sizarmace aris deda zerelobisa, xolo mouTmenloba _ naCqarevi

daskvnisa. aseve uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens WeSmaritebis dadgenaze

meryeoba da mosazrebaTa xSiri cvla. am SemTxvevaSi umetesad Tavs iCens

sizarmace, romelic Sezavebulia pativmoyvareobasTan. swored es aris

poziciebis gauTaveblad cvlis Tavwyaro. aris viTareba, roca

sxvadasxva temperamentis adamianebs bezrdebaT erTi da igive saqmianoba

da amitom sistematurad icvlian sazogadoebriv rolebs. maT akliaT

106

sibejiTe da muyaiToba. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad ikveTeba uaryofiTi

tendencia, romelsac zedapirulobamde mivyavarT. zedapiruloba

vlindeba sagnebis Sesaxeb aramyari da arazusti codnis viTarebaSi. am

dros pirovneba Zalze Sors aris WeSmaritebis dadgenisagan, amitom

saWiroa sistematuri zrunva sagnebis Sesaxeb Rrma da safuZvliani

codnisa da informaciis misaRebad. aRniSnuli moTxovna ki ganapirobebs

mecnierebis ama Tu im dargis Sesaxeb universaluri codnis miRebis

aucileblobas ara ama Tu im kanonzomierebisa Tu Teoriis viwro

TvalTaxedviT danaxvas. universalurma adamianma unda icodes, rogor

gamijnos urTierTisagan mniSvnelovani debulebebi. es iZleva

SesaZleblobas, pirovnebam farTod ganaviTaros Tavisufali azrovneba,

praqtikuli moqmedebebisa da varjiSis safuZvelze, SeimuSavos saTanado

unar-Cvevebi.

WeSmariti jentlmenis Camoyalibebis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs

mecnier-pedagogi Teologiis dauflebas. aRniSnul TvalsazrisSi

SesaZlebelia amovikiTxoT ZiriTadi principebi.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs mkvlevari mZafr midrekilebebs,

romelic temperamentidan gamomdinareobs; es SesaZlebelia

dakavSirebuli iyos kerZo garemoebebTan, garkveul interesebTan. avtori

moiTxovs did sifrTxiles, radgan kerZo interesi xSirad xdeba

xelisSemSleli faqtori WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaze azrovnebiTi

procesis warmarTvis dros.

aseT Semaferxebel faqtorad jon loks miaCnia winaswar Seqmnili,

akviatebuli, amoCemebuli, rogorc viqtor nozaZe ityoda,

,,akinWilebuli" azri. xdeba isic, rom gonebrivi gadatvirTvis gamo

mozardi ver ereva mozRvavebul gadasamuSavebel masalas da iwyebs

daZabul muSaobas. arada sasurvelia WeSmritebasTan auCqareblad da

TandaTanobiT misvla. aqve loki exeba swavlebisa da aRzrdis iseT

mxares, romelic SeumuSavebs mozards nebismieri codnisadmi kritikul

damokidebulebas; misTvis ar unda iyos avtoritetis mier mowodebuli

codna erTxel da samudamod dadgenili dogma; man unda icodes, rom

107

nebismieri codna eqvemdebareba Secvlas, Sevsebas, gadakeTebas,

gadafasebas.

mocemuli miTiTebani, garda fsiqologiuri aspeqtebisa, Seicavs da

gulisxmobs swavla-aRzrdis procesSi garkveuli meTodologiuri

Sinaarsis datvirTvasac.

swored amgvari Sinaarsisaa jon lokis Sexeduleba da rCevebi

adamianTa nakiTxobisa da Rrmad ganaTlebulobis gamijvnis Taobaze;

adamianTa nakiTxobis done xSirad gamoixateba xolme sityvis zereled

xmarebiT; am dros sityva xdeba ubralo nivTi. Rrmad ganaTlebul

adamians Seswevs unari, WeSmariti codnis safuZvelze Seadginos naTeli,

gamokveTili idea sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb.

lokis koncefciebis arss ayalibebs idea, romelic Sedgenilia

ubralo, martivi ideebisagan: koncefciebi ar arsebobs naTeli, mkafio

ideebis gareSe. naTeli ideebi ki Sedgeba gaazrebuli sityvebis da ara

terminebisagan. sadac ar aris naTeli warmodgena sityvebze da aris

mxolod terminebis raxaruxi da korianteli, iq batonobs sicariele.

Semdeg loki msjelobs iseT pirovnebaze, romelsac codnis SeZenis

procesSi ar aqvs anda aklia sibejiTe da gulmodgineba.

mas miaCnia, rom es Tviseba umetesad damaxasiaTebelia bavSvebisaTvis;

am dros, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ aucilebelia ara mkacri zomebis miReba,

aramed maTi TandaTanobiTi gamoyvana aRniSnuli mdgomareobidan. am

mdgomareobas ki is cTomilebis mdgomareobas uwodebs.

srulyofili adamianis, pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis jon loki

aucileblad miiCnevs, hqondes mas unari, naTlad dainaxos saganTa da

nivTTa gansxvavebuloba. sagnebsa da nivTebs mravalferovneba bunebam

mianiWa. rogorc rusTveli ityoda: ,,Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs

uTvalavi feriTa". yovelive amas ki saganTa da nivTTa dayofadobamde

mivyavarT. saganTa da nivTTa urTierTgansxvavebuloba WeSmaritebis

Ziebis da dadgenis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, magram dayofadobis

arazusti da aramkafio procesebi xlarTavs da wewavs adamianis gonebas.

aq Tavs iCens dakvirvebulobis siRrme, risi saSualebiTac adamiani

108

amCnevs sruliad mcire gansxvavebas saganTa Soris. es exmareba adamianis

gonebas, sworad iaros codnis mosapovebel gzaze.

loki nivTTa da saganTa Soris gansxvavebulobas da dayofadobas

ganixilavs Zalian farTod da mTeli siRrmiT, Tanac mecnierebis yvela

dargisaTvis. es samuSao moiTxovs gonebis daZabvas, did rudunebasa da

garjas WeSmariti gadawyvetilebisa da daskvnebis gamosatanad.

adamianis Semdegi fsiqologiuri aspeqti, romelsac jon loki did

yuradRebas uTmobs, aris mimsgavseba. igi SesaZlebelia warmoadgendes,

erTis mxriv, sasargeblo xerxs, magram, Tu sakiTxis arsSi Rrmad

CavixedavT, davinaxavT, rom mimsgavsebis procesi konkretul SemTxvevaSi

ar gvaZlevs saSualebas zustad SevicnoT sagani, movlena, gvqondes

masze ufro naTeli warmodgena, mis Sesaxeb raTa sworad ganvsajoT.

jon loki mimsgavsebis fenomenis warmadobas ar uaryofs oratorisa da

ritorikis sferoSi, sadac lamazad mimsgavseba, efeqturi poeturi,

mxatvruli Sedareba anda Sedarebis metaforuli formiT gamoyeneba

erTob Sedegiania, magram, rodesac saqme exeba filosofiasa da

WeSmaritebis dadgenis problemas, iq saWiroa didi sifrTxile da

sifaqize, radgan, Tu literaturas ainteresebs efeqturi da ara

Sinaarsobrivi sizuste, filosofias, piriqiT (aq saubaria nivTis,

rogorc konkretuli sagnis, Secnobis Sesaxeb, rodesac unda dadgindes,

rogoria igi, rogorc aseTi).

adamianis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis, Tanxmoba-uaryofis procesi

fsiqologiuri fenomenia. loki mas ganixilavs meryeobasTan dakavSirebiT,

sadac figurirebs adamianis miswarfebebi, interesebi da sxv.

jon loki safuZvlianad aSuqebs iseTi adamianebis sulier samyaros,

romelnic arian gulgrilni da indiferentulni. am problemas igi ori

aspeqtiT exeba. erTgan gulgrilobas ganixilavs im viTarebaSi, rodesac

adamianebi urwmunoebas avlenen imgvari azrisa Tu Sexedulebis mimarT,

romlebic WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaze winaRobasa da Seferxebas qmnian.

es movlena daxasiaTebulia rogorc adamianis sisuste da sulieri

samyaros siRaribe; meoregan gulgrilobas ukavSirebs indiferentulobas,

109

rodesac adamianebi gulgrilni da indiferentulni arian raimes

daumtkiceblobis mimarT, roca raimes Sesaxeb saeWvo Sexeduleba Tu

azri arsebobs. es ori momenti aris adamianis gonebriv-sulieri

Zalmosilebis sasinji qva, e. w. ,.sajildao qva", maTi pirovnuli sazomi.

uamisod, _ aRniSnavs loki, _ goneba uazrobis sawyauli iqneboda da ara

WeSmaritebis salaro.

am TvlsazrisiT mecnieri ixilavs adamianebis sxvadasxva jgufebs

da miuTiTebs, rom msgavsi gulgrilobis dros gamosavali erTia:

daisvas kiTxvebisa da SekiTxvebis mTeli rigi ama Tu im saeWvo ideis,

Sexedulebis, azris garSemo. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, mozardebi im

procesSi CavabaT, romelic keTil samsaxurs gauwevs maT WeSmaritebis

dadgenaSi. xSirad gulgrilobas Tan axlavs garkveuli daJinebac; es

negatiur movlenad unda aRviqvaT, Tu igi e.w. amoCemebul-akinWilebuli

daJinebaa.

amgvari daJinebis erT-erT gamovlinebad loki Tvlis iseT Sinagan

sulier mdgomareobas, rodesac pirovneba Tvlis, rom unaklo pirovnebas

warmoadgens. es mas xels uSlis imoZraos srulyofis gzaze, am

viTarebaSi ver axerxebs TviTkontrols, ver amCnevs sakuTar uaryofiT

mxareebs; igi TviTdinebazea miSvebuli da, amave dros, gulisxmobs, rom

TviTnabadi briliantia da ar saWiroebs dawaxnagebas. misTvis ucxoa is

WeSmariteba, rom RmerTma Seqmna harmoniuli inteleqtualuri samyaro

SesaniSnav adamianebTan erTad. es harmonia ki adamianma sakuTari

SromiTa da sibejiTiT unda SeinarCunos. uamisod, – aRniSnavs jon

loki, _ warmoiqmneba sibnele da qaosi.

gonebasTan adamianis brZola da omi iseve mZafri da sastikia,

rogorc samxedro Setakeba. gvxvdebian gulgatexili adamianebi,

romlebic cxovrebasTan pirvelive SejaxebisTanave, raki sirTuleebTan

Widili uWirT, vardebian saSineli sulieri dacemulobis

mdgomareobaSi. am sulieri depresiidan isini Znelad an sulac ver

gamodian.

110

jon loki am SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs moqmedebis ganuwyveteli

procesis gagrZelebas, raTa adamianma kidev da kidev Seamowmos Tavisi

SesaZleblobebi, yovelnair mdgomareobaSi SeinarCunos aqtiuroba da

moqmedi suliskveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi igi mouwodebs adamianebs, yuri

ugdon Semdeg sentenciebsa da Cvevebs:

,,RmerTo, miSvele, vixrCobio! – gaanZrie xeli da giSvelio!"

,,moipove Zala siarulSi!"

`gamoiyene fexebi da maTi samsaxuris Zalac".

imedianobasa da moqmedebas moazrovne Tvlis gulgatexilobis mtled

da malamod. rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCenil adamianebs igi urCevs maT winaSe

arsebuli problemis yvela detalis yuradRebiT ganxilva-gadasinjvas,

misi daZlevis gaadvilebis mizniT maT danawevrebas sakiTxebis Tu

calkeuli elementis mixedviT. am gziT is, rac rTulad eCveneba adamians,

xdeba naTeli da advilad gasarkvevi. saWiroa ara naxtomebi, aramed nabij-

nabij siaruli, TandaTanobiT winsvla. ,,es xvews gonebriv operaciebs,

aZlevs mas mizandasaxuli operirebis iersaxes," – miuTiTebs jon loki.

Semdegi movlena, romelsac jon loki ganixilavs, aris analogia.

igi aRiarebs mis sargeblobas gonebisaTvis da WeSmarit rols natur-

filosofiaSi. es iyo germanuli mecnieruli skolis mier damuSavebuli

moZRvreba bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic cdilobda moeca bunebis Sesaxeb

codnis dasrulebuli sistema ganyenebul principebze dayrdnobiT da

ara cdiseuli procesebidan gamomdinare. es filosofiuri mimdinareoba

jon lokis dros Tavisi popularobis zenitSi idga da mkvlevari

iziarebda am mimdinareobis azrebsa da Sexedulebebs.

jon loki eqimis TvalTaxedviT ixilavs asociaciis problemas.

marTlac, zogjer aRsazrdelebSi Tavs iCens garkveuli paTologiuri

gamovlinebani. es SemTxvevebi, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ SeimCneva maSin, rodesac

mozardTa gonebaSi rTuli kombinaciebisa da ideebis gadaxlarTva-

manipulacia xdeba. es ki iwvevs bavSvis gonebis gadaRlas. zogjer

daZabuli gonebrivi operaciebis dros mozards eCveneba, rom moxvda

gamouval mdgomareobaSi. mecnieri da pedagogi pedagogebisa da

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mSoblebisagan saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi im niuansebis

gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, romelTa meoxebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba

bavSvis fsiqikuri wonasworobis SenarCuneba.

Tavisi Sromis TiTqmis yvela nawilSi loki sistematurad saubrobs

WeSmaritebisa da sicruis Sesaxeb. faqtobrivad misi damokidebuleba am

ori cnebisadmi aseTia: ideebi TavisTavad ar aris arc WeSmariti da arc

cru, isini aseTi maSin xdebian, rodesac sagnebsa da movlenebs Cven

Cveneul mosazrebebs vufardebT. ,,WeSmariteba da sicrue arasodes ar

arsebobs sityvieri dasabuTebis an uaryofis Tvinier." igi miiCnevs, rom

arsebobs ZiriTadi WeSmaritebani, romlebic gonebas mdidar masalas

aZleven, isini naTels fenen ara mxolod konkretul, aramed zogad

movlenebsac. am TvalsazrisiT mas mohyavs ara mxolod is WeSmaritebani,

romlebic mopovebulia samecniero dargebSi, aramed religiis sferoSic

(socialuri da moraluri WeSmaritebani). magaliTad, ,,giyvardes moyvasi

Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi." garda amisa, jon loki gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas uTmobs sakiTxTa im wyebas, romlebic exeba adamianis mier

ZiriTad WeSmaritebaTa aRmoCenasa da aTvisebas. igi Tvlis, rom saWiroa

gadaWriT aviciloT Tavidan kvlevebi iseTi mimarTulebiT, roca ar

xdeba ZiriTad WeSmaritebaTa dadgena. sxvagvarad muSaoba da garja mas

miaCnia drois usafuZvlo xarjvad, radganac miTiTebuli procesi ar

Seicavs codnis Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis saWiro elementebs.

jon loki aRniSnavs, rom WeSmaritebis safuZveli xSir SemTxvevaSi

is utyuari debulebebi da argumentebia, romlebic dasabuTebas

eqvemdebareba. amis magaliTad mas mohyavs TurqeTis sulTnis kanonieri

ufleba, Tavis samflobeloSi gamoiyenos Zalismieri meTodebi da am

kerZo magaliTs asabuTebs da azogadebs iseTi debulebis moxmobiT,

rogoricaa xalxTa adamianuri uflebebis dacva; aqvT Tu ara xalxebs

mopovebuli erTnairi bunebrivi uflebebi; aq mkafiod Cans, Tu sad aris

realuri WeSmariteba, - aRniSnavs igi.

adamianis gonebrivi aRzrdis mTavari monapovaria is, aqvs Tu ara

unari, ibatonos sakuTar gonebaze, marTos sakuTari azrebi, Sexedulebebi.

112

adamianis Wkua-goneba yovelTvis dakavebulia raime sagniT da, Tu

pirovneba modunebulia, zarmaci da uinteresoa, misi gonebrivi

moqmedianoba gadadis erTi sagnidan meoreze, meoredan – mesameze da a.S.

am SemTxvevaSi adamianis azrebi, Sexedulebebi wvrTnas ar emorCilebian.

dabalia nebisyofa an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, nebisyofis simtkicis xarisxi.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT didi sirTuleebi SeiZleba gamovlindes

30-40 wlis adamianSi. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba azrebis gadatanis

problema. es exeba adamianTa iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac isini

Cafluli arian TavianT saqmianobaSi, ama Tu im problemis kvlevisas

eqcevian garkveul Caketil mdgomareobaSi, aqvT rTuli gamouvali

atmosfero, Sepyrobili arian erTi ideiT da momarTuli arian erTi

garkveuli mimarTulebiT. am dros maT uWirT gadaanacvlon, gadaitanon

TavianTi azri sxva mimarTulebiT; isini TiTqos Sepyrobili arian

raRac TilismiT, gatacebuli arian azriT, romelsac miapyres mTeli

TavianTi yuradReba, magaliTad, arian CarTuli erTi mimarTulebis

mqone saqmeSi, saidanac maTi gamoyvana SeuZlebelia; xSirad es

gamowveulia mZafri midrekilebebiT, Zlieri siyvarulis grZnobiT,

temperamentidan gamomdinare vnebebiT; aseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian

niWieri adamianebic, rodesac Zneli xdeba naTeli gonebis gansjis

safuZvelze rTuli mdgomareobidan maTi gamoyvana. am SemTxvevaSi

adamianebma, saWiroa, TandaTanobiT, drois garkveul manZilze, gansjis

gziT, nebisyofis daZabviT, sulieri Zalebis mokrebiT TavianTi

yuradReba gadaitanon sxva sagnebsa Tu movlenebze, Seicvalon garemo.

yovelive es xels Seuwyobs maT, SeZlon sakuTari Tavis regulireba.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom jon loki udides

mniSvnelobas aniWebs nebisyofas, rac adamianis saRi, naTeli gonebis

arsebobas adasturebs.

Cven SevecadeT gamogvekveTa is mTavari, rac naTels hfens jon

lokis pedagogikur ideebs, azrebsa da Sexedulebebs. ukve aRvniSneT,

rom misi orive Sroma _ ,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" da ,,cda adamianis

gonebis Sesaxeb" warmoadgenen urTierTganpirobebul gamokvlevebs,

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romlebSic organulad aris Serwymuli da erT mTlianobad

warmodgenili momavali Taobis aRzrdis pedagogikuri, filosofiuri,

fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri safuZvlebi:

isini gonebrivi operaciebis mizanmimarTuli warmarTvis safuZvelze

ganapirobeben momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis process.

,,adamiani, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ ugunuria imitom, rom ar icis,

ra gonieria." im droisTvis adamianis gonebis dasamarebis erT-erT

mizezad didi moazrovne Tvlida tradiciebs, gaucnobierebul

Tavsmoxveul rwmenas, avtoritetebis mier SemoTavazebul ideebs,

romelTac adamianebi brmad mihyvebian. yovelive amis uaryofiT, _

aRniSnavs igi, _ yovelives kritikuli gansjiT, saRi, bunebrivi Wkua-

gonebis karnaxiT adamiani SeZlebs mSvenivrad moawyos Tavisi cxovreba.

am mimarTebiT mniSvnelovania lokis ZiriTadi idea gonebis avtonomiis

Sesaxeb. igi qadagebs: adamianebma ar unda miiRon araferi mxolod

rwmeniTa da dajerebiT, daupirispiron erTmaneTs sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi

da Rrmad gansajon isini.

mTavari arsi misi pedagogikuri moZRvrebisa aseTia: ar gadavtvirToT

bavSvis goneba mSrali faqtebiTa da cnebebiT; vaswavloT maT

damoukidebeli muSaoba, Seupovari kritikuli azrovneba. Tu es

movaxerxeT, danarCeni yvelaferi moxerxdeba!

lokis, rogorc filosofosis, mniSvneloba, pirvel yovlisa,

gamoixateba imiT, rom man filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas

Semecnebis Teoria pirvel adgilze daayena. mTeli axali filosofiis

dasawyisi xasiaTdeboda meTodis problemis dadebiTad gadawyvetiT.

erTi mxriv, bekoni inglisSi, meore mxriv ki, dekarte kontinentze

mecnieruli codnis axal meTodze muSaobdnen. rasakvirvelia, meTodze

muSaoba ase Tu ise mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli codnis TeoriasTan.

bekonica da dekartec darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom axali meTodiT

SesaZlebelia sinamdvilis mTliani Semecneba. jon loki pirvelad da

mkafiod ayenebs sakiTxs: saerTod SesaZlebelia Tu ara Semecneba?

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ar vadasturebT, rom amomwuravad SevZeliT gagveSuqebina dasmuli

problema, radgan jon lokis yoveli fraza, yoveli sintagma da, bolos,

calkeuli cnebac ki udides samyaros itevs ama Tu im pedagogiuri

problemis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT.

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Tavi III. jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebis gavlena pedagogikuri

Teoriisa da saskolo praqtikis ganviTarebaze

$1. jon lokis roli pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaSi

jon loki didi filosofosi, materialisturi sensualizmis

fuZemdebeli da Semecnebis Teoriis sagangebod damuSavebuli

msoflmxedvelobis damamkvidrebelia axal filosofiaSi. igi empiriul

fsiqologiaze dafuZnebuli burJuaziuli pedagogikis mamamTavaria. man

Tavisi SromebiT `cda adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb" (filosofiaSi) da

“fiqrebi aRzrdaze" (pedagogikaSi) didi gavlena moaxdina XVII - XVIII da

XIX saukuneebis filosofiur da pedagogiur azrovnebaze.

loki aRiarebs samyaros obieqtur arsebobas da materialisturi

postulatebis momarjvebiT amkvidrebs Tavisi filosofiis ZiriTad

mimarTulebas, magram saganTa pirvelad da meorad Tvisebebze

msjelobisas subieqtur idealizmamde midis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Semecnebis TeoriaSi jon loki uaryofs

Tandayolil ideebs da aRiarebs `sufTa dafis" cnobil formulas,

romlis mixedviTac Semecnebis wyaro adamianis grZnobaTa organoebze

sinamdvilis zemoqmedebaa, aqedan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas, rom igi

dabejiTebiT icavs debulebas, romelic SeuZleblad Tvlis gonebrivi

mdgomareobis Secvlas, rac SegrZnebebiT araa gapirobebuli. jon lokis

filosofiis ZiriTadi arsi aseTia: ar arsebobs “Tandayolili ideebi",

romlebic adamianis sulSi imTaviTvea warmodgenili.

lokis msoflmxedvelobis zemoganxiluli debulebebidan gamomdinare

da masze dayrdnobiT sainteresoa gairkves is roli, rac man Seasrula

pedagogikuri azris ganviTarebaSi da rasac gansazRvravs misi

moZRvrebis progresuli mimarTuleba.

lokis filosofia da masze dafuZnebuli pedagogikis Teoria

faqtobrivad gulisxmobda pirovnebis sruliad axlebur xedvas, misi

Camoyalibebis sruliad axal gzebsa da saSualebebs. igi aRniSnavda,

116

rom pirovnebas SeuZlia sakuTari ZalebiT gardaqmnas cxovreba, Tavisi

Tavi. gonebis moxmobiTa da gamocdilebiT igi daagrovebs codnis iseT

marags, rom, rogorc Teoriulad, ise praqtikulad gansazRvravs Tavis

damokidebulebebs sazogadoebisadmi da SeeZleba Tavisufali molaparakebis

gziT moawyos sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi.

bunebrivi da damaxasiaTebelia, rom msgavsi Sexedulebani adamianis

bunebis Sesaxeb yvelaze adre inglisSi SeimuSaves.

jon lokma gailaSqra swavlebaSi sqolastikis winaaRmdeg.

SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom faqtiurad man gaacamtvera, zurgi aqcia

swavlebis gamefebul stils da SromaSi `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" swavlebis

SemoqmedebiTi mxareebi gaaSuqa. amave dros, praqtikuli cxovrebiseuli

problemebidan gamomdinare, iqadaga swavlebis im droisaTvis sruliad

axali Sinaarsi, programa da misi ganxorcielebis meTodikacki.

cnobilia, rom im dros inglisSi swavlebasa da aRzrdas aferxebda

pedantizmi, gaugonari despotizmi, rozgi. swavlis kursi mTlianad

Semoifargleboda mkvdari enebis SeswavliT, rac berZnuli da laTinuri

enebis codnas emyareboda. aRzrda am sityvis WeSmariti gagebiT ar

esmodaT. swavlebis viwro CarCoebidan gamomdinare, aRzrda sruliad

iyo ignorirebuli. garda amisa, swavlis praqtikuli daniSnuleba ar

Seesatyviseboda cxovrebis moTxovnebs. amitom iyo, rom loki

aRniSnavda: “Cven vswavlobT ara cxovrebis, aramed kamaTisaTvis da

Cveneburi aRzrda gvamzadebs universitetisa da ara samyarosaTvis".

SesaZlebelia, moviyvanoT uamravi magaliTi jon lokis

TanamedroveTa gamonaTqvamebis saxiT, romlebic adasturebs: im

droisaTvis ganaTlebis muSakTa erTi jgufi (miltoni, monteni)

gadaWriT gmobda swavla-aRzrdis arsebul sistemas, oRond maT ar

gaulaSqriaT arsebulis winaaRmdeg. jon lokma Tavisi SromebiT

pirvelma gailaSqra sqolastikuri sistemis winaaRmdeg. swored man

gauxsna gza axal azrovnebas swavlebisa da aRzrdis sferoSi.

Tavisi progresuli ideebiT loki daupirispirda imdroindel

eklesiasac, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg

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gamodioda. eklesia qadagebda: mecniereba erTxel mocemuli, dadgenili

da xelSeuxebelia, amisda mixedviT, aRzrdis procesi dafuZnebuli unda

iyos mkacr tradiciebze.

loki gamovida rogorc SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis ideis

matarebeli da dasaxa misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gzebi da

saSualebebi, uaryo ra `monis disciplina" da damamcirebeli morCilebis

imdroindeli qadageba, romelic ganmtkicebuli iyo mSobelTa

Zalauflebis primatis aRiarebiT.

wigni `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" istoriuli Zeglia, romelSic gamoxatulia

brZola or sistemas – Zvelsa da axals Soris; mozardis Sexedulebebi

sruliad Seesabameba evropuli kulturis safuZvlebs da didi

barierebis daZlevisa da gadalaxvis gziT kafavs gzas axali

Sexedulebebisaken. jon lokma, rogorc udidesma moazrovnem, naTlad

Camoayaliba progresuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebasa, mis

niWierebasa da moTxovnilebebze. igi moiTxovs swavla-aRzrdisadmi

axlebur midgomas aRsazrdelis pirovnebis, misi Sinagani bunebis,

SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba-gamokveTis safuZvelze. am aspeqtiT is

moiTxovs swavla-aRzrdis procesSi Tavisufali, SemoqmedebiTi

atmosferos saWiro unar-Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis farTo SesaZleblobebi

Seiqmnes. swored amas adasturebs misi gamonaTqvami: unar-Cvevebi

ganuwyvetliv moqmedeben da adamianis qcevebs ufro met simsubuqes

aniWeben, vidre gonebrivi gansjis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli qcevebi.

jon lokis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia: igi ar msjelobs

calke sulis da calke sxeulis filosofiur Sinaarsze, rogorc amas

akeTebdnen manamde, raTa amisda kvalobaze daexataT harmoniuli

ganviTarebis suraTebi. misi yoveli rCeva mimarTulia iqiTken, raTa ise

aRvzardoT jentlmeni, rom SeZlos cxovrebiseuli movaleobebis

Sesruleba. misi azriT, adamiani rodia abstraqtuli arseba, daclili

adamianuri bunebisagan. es ki moiTxovs imas, rom meti yuradReba mieqces

pirovnebaSi cxovrebiseuli sawyisebis ganviTarebas, praqtikulad

gamosadegi Tvisebebisa da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas. lokis

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pedagogikuri memkvidreobis, Sexedulebebisa da ideebis progresuloba

swored amiT gamoixateba. aRniSnulis safuZvelze igi moiTxovs swavla-

aRzrdis procesis Semdgom dawinaurebas. maSasadame, is gamodis

imdroindeli Caketili, sqolastikuri skolis mowinaaRmdeged.

maSindeli sazogadoebrivi fenebi dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen, raTa

maTi SvilebisaTvis miecaT laTinuri da berZnuli enebis gramatikis

codna. isini Tvlidnen, rom uamisod maTi naSierni ver miiRebdnen

jerovan aRzrdas; sinamdvileSi ki momdevno cxovrebiseuli xana

sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebda: axalgazrdas haeriviT esaWiroeboda

praqtikuli, realuri codna, konkretuli unar-Cvevebi. es ki TavisTavad

qmnida garemosTan Seguebis rTul situaciebs. maSasadame, gamodioda,

rom skolis kedlebSi uazrod da umiznod ixarjeboda Zvirfasi dro da

energia, mecnieri ar uaryofs, rom muSaobis pirobebSi enebis codna

aucilebeli da saWiroa, magram, Cveulebriv, jentlmenis aRzrdis dros

enebis codna garkveuli garegani pirobaa. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebs loki mSobliuri enis codnas, mis siRrmiseul dauflebas. igi

Tvlis, rom mSobliuri ena pirovnebis ganviTarebis mZlavri

impulsatoria, rac im droisaTvis jerovnad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

mSobliuri enis maRal doneze Seuswavlelad, _ aRniSnavda igi, _

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom axalgazrda jentlmenis momzadeba xdeba ara

samSoblos samsaxurSi Casayeneblad, aramed ucxo qveynis maswavleblad.

garda amisa, lokma swavlebis procesSi farTod da gabedulad

Semoitana iseTi metad mniSnvnelovani dargebi, romlebic

samyarosmcodneobis farTo saSualebas iZleva.

vfiqrobT, progresuli iyo swavla-aRzrdis procesis iseTi xedva,

roca gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise kerZo skolebi

da saojaxo swavla-aRzrda. aRniSnuli diferenciacia gamomdinareobda

marTebuli poziciidan. Tu swavlebis romeli saxeoba sjobs, amas

gansazRvravs ymawvilebis pirovnul-individualuri Tvisebebi da xasiaTi,

misi bunebrivi monacemebi. am mxriv didi pedagogi metad moqnil da

Semrigeblur poziciaze dgas; im droisaTvis gamefebuli saojaxo

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aRzrdis, rogorc ufro sasurveli formis garda, igi mxars uWers

karCaketilobis da SezRudulobis momSlel sazogadoebriv skolas.

maSasadame, momavali jentlmenis Camoyalibebas ufro Tamami formiT,

garemosTan farTo urTierTobis viTarebaSi apirebs. Cveni fiqriT, es

iyo im droisaTvis didi garRveva tradiciis msxvrevis gzaze. aseve

sruliad axleburad daayena man aRmzrdelis, pedagogis pirovnebis

codnis donisa da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis sakiTxi. aq

igulisxmeboda pedagogis rogorc inteleqtualuri, aseve moraluri

avan-Cavani. amave dros, man mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dasva pedagogTa Sromis

daufaseblobisa da maTi gasamrjelos simwiris sakiTxi.

Sroma `fiqrebi aRzrdaze" gvawvdis momavali Taobis swavla-

aRzrdis sruliad axal, progresul da cxovrebiseul sistemas. man

humanur ideebze dayrdnobiT, mozardTa individualur TaviseburebaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvra swavlebisa da aRzrdis Sinaarsi, romelic

harmoniulad ganviTarebuli, gonebrivad srulyofili, fizikurad

gamowrTobili, moralurad mtkice, esTetikurad ganaTlebuli

pirovnebis aRzrdas Seuwyobda xels.

ramdenadac jon loki qadagebs aRsazrdelTa sulieri samyarosadmi

saTuT damokidebulebas, maTs individualur TaviseburebebSi wvdomasa

da SesaZleblobaTa srulad gaTvaliswinebas, imdenad mkacria igi

mozardTa moraluri aRzrdis procesSi garkveuli pedagogiuri

meTodebisa da formebis ganxorcielebisas. aRmzrdelebisa da

mSoblebisagan igi kategoriulad moiTxovs, ar wavidnen mizanSeuwonel

daTmobebze, radgan es uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens aRmzrdelobiT

procesSi jansaRi atmosferos Seqmnaze; oRond igi imavdroulad

kategoriulad uaryofda uTanazomo simkacresac. is SeniSnavda: `me

imdenad xSirad vsaubrob bavSvebisadmi mkacri damokidebulebis

Taobaze, bevri, albaT, daeWvdeba, rom saTanadod ar viTvaliswineb maT

mcire asaks da saTuT konstitucias, magram es eWvi gaifanteba Cemi

ZiriTadi debulebiT, sadac gadaWriT vacxadeb: mkacr dasjas moaqvs

120

didi ziani, mavne zegavlenas axdens aRzrdaze. bavSvebi, romlebic

xSirad isjebian, iSviaTad gamodian kargi adamianebi".

loki konkretulad ayalibebs im Tvisebebs, romlebic mozards

axasiaTebs. igi Tanamimdevrulad ganixilavs rogorc dadebiT, ise

uaryofiT Tvisebebs, azrs, Tu ra gziT SeiZleba dadebiTi Tvisebebis

ganmtkiceba da uaryofiTis aRmofxvra. magaliTisTvis SesaZlebelia

moviyvanoT misi msjeloba `dajildoebisa da dasjis" Sesaxeb. aq igi

vrclad saubrobs aRniSnuli meTodebis mniSvnelobaze zneobrivi,

moraluri aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT da, amave dros, konkretulad

msjelobs imis Taobaze, rom aucilebelia bavSvebs ise mivudgeT,

rogorc gonier arsebebs, raTa maTze saTnoebisa da sifaqizis meoxebiT

movaxdinoT zegavlena. rodesac loki msjelobs `Rirsebisa da

sircxvilis" grZnobaze, rogorc mozardis aRzrdis mniSvnelovan

fenomenze, aRniSnavs: `es aris sulis SeZvris metad mdidari saSualeba".

avtori iqve gvawvdis mosazrebas: “Tu SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, CaunergoT

mozardebs siyvaruli maRali reputaciisadmi da SiSi sircxvilisa Tu

Sercxvenisadmi, es niSnavs, rom ganvaxorcieloT swori principi,

romelic mudam imoqmedebs da mozards sikeTis gzaze daayenebs".

imave siRrmiT saubrobs igi adamianis sxva mniSvnelovani dadebiTi

sulieri Rirebulebebisa Tu uaryofiTi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romelTac

aanalizebs mozardTa aRzrdis procesis daxasiaTebisas.

moazrovnes gauCnda mimdevrebi. magaliTad, helveciusma lokis didi

zegavlena ganicada. isic, rogorc loki, Tvlida, rom aRzrda

pirovnebis ganviTarebis yovlisSemZle da erTaderTi faqtoria.

adamianTa Soris gansxvaveba ar aris damokidebuli arc organizaciasa

da arc bunebaze. aRzrda – es aris yvelaferi da swored is

gansazRvravs pirovnebis ragvarobas.

lokis Sromam didi gamoxmaureba pova inglisis sazogadoebriv

wreebSi, romlebic detalurad da, amave dros, kritikuladac

ganixilavdnen mis mosazrebebsa da calkeul debulebebs. erT-erTi

aseTi moRvawea moline, romelsac lokma Tavisi Sroma Sefasebis mizniT

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gaugzavna da sTxova, gamoxmaureboda kritikuli SeniSvnebiTac; naSroms

gamoexmaurnen lordi kingi, monteni; molnie ZiriTadad emxroboda

lokis aRmzrdelobiT sistemas. amas igi adasturebda cnobil werilSi

jon lokis Sromis Sesaxeb. lokis debulebebis Sesaxeb Tavis azrsa da

Sexedulebebs gamoTqvams misi Tanamedrove isaak teilori. sazogadoebis

didi interesi lokis Sromebis mimarT gamowveuli iyo, erTi mxriv,

swavla-aRzrdis procesis sruliad axali midgomisadmi SemobrunebiT,

meore mxriv, im problemaTa siuxviT, romlebic dasmulia lokis

naSromSi. aq xom gaSlili saubaria swavlebisa da aRzrdis procesis

Sesaxeb, mSobelTa damokidebulebaze swavla-aRzrdis procesisadmi,

sulier RirebulebaTa mravalferovnebaze, swavla-aRzrdis procesis

formebis Ziebis Sesaxeb, aRmzrdelis rolsa da daniSnulebaze da kidev

sxva problemebze, romlebic exeba mozardi Taobis Camoyalibebis

rTulsa da mravalwaxnagovan process. vfiqrobT, yovelive es

adasturebs lokis udides damsaxurebas pedagogikuri azris

ganviTarebaSi. garda Tqmulisa, isic erTob mniSvnelovania, rom avtorma

mogvca uamravi konkretuli miTiTeba, darigeba, rCeva.

Tandayolili ideebis Teoria eyrdnoba garkveul faqts. adamianebi

aRiareben, rom arsebobs iseTi ideebi, romlebsac yvela iziarebs;

sakmarisia adamianma gaigos aseTi Sinaarsi, rom is maSinve gaiazrebs mis

WeSmaritebas. amgvari ideebis WeSmaritebas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs.

rasakvirvelia fiqrobs loki, Tu marTlac arsebobs aseTi ideebi, isini

Tandayolili unda iyos, radgan aRqma da saerTod cda amgvari ideebis

safuZveli ver iqneba. Tu SevZlebT am ideebis warmoSobis axsnas

bunebrivi gziT, maSin moixsneba maTi zebunebrivi warmoSobis Teoria.

Tandayolili idea zogadi ideaa, misi Sinaarsi zogadi saxis

msjelobaSi gamoixateba; magram zogadi arasodes aRqmaSi ar aris

mocemuli. loki specialurad gaanalizebs iseT ideebs, romlebic

TiTqmis sayovelTao WeSmaritebis xasiaTs atarebs: es aris igiveobisa

da winaaRmdegobis ideebi. loki amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi da

gaunaTlebeli adamianebi am ideebs ar icnoben. am ideebs ara aqvs

122

sayovelTao WeSmaritebis xasiaTi da, garda amisa, Tu isini

Tandayolili arian, maSin maTi codna bavSvebsac eqnebaT.

loki iTvaliswinebs SesaZlebel pasuxs am argumentaciaze,

saxeldobr, rom Tandayolili idea am principebiT `azrovnebs~,

Tandayolili ideebi gacnobierebuli xdeba, rodesac adamiani

namdvilad daiwyebs azrovnebas, rodesdac is azrovnebis unars

gamoiyenebs. Arc dekartes miaCnda rom axaldabadebuli bavSvis gonebaSi

mzamzareulad `Cawyobilia~ es ideebi, isini aracnobierad arseboben

gonebaSi da mxolod Semdeg gacnobierdebian gonebis Sinagani ZalebiT

da ara cdis safuZvelze.

praqtikuli, moraluri principebi gansxvavebuli aqvT calkeul

pirovnebebs, calkeul erebs, da araTu gansxvavebuli, aramed xSirad

winaaRmdegobrivic. arc RmerTis ideaa Tandayolili, mogzaurebi da

misionerebi mogviTxroben, rom arseboben veluri xalxebi, romlebsac

ara aqvT araviTari warmodgena RmerTze. sxvadasxva ers RmerTis

gansxvavebuli idea gaaCnia. metic: erTi qveynisa da erTi religiis

momxreTa Soris calkeul pirovnebebs RmerTis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli

warmodgena aqvT. rasakvirvelia arseboben iseTi Wkviani da brZeni

adamianebi, romelbsac swori warmodgena aqvT RmerTze. magram maTi

ricxvi Zalian mcirea. es garemoeba amtkicebs, rom RmerTis idea ar aris

Tandayolili. miT umetes ar aris aseTi sxva ideebi. Cven viciT, rom

RmerTi arsebobs, magram viciT es ara imitom, rom is Tandayolilia,

aramed imis gamo, rom yvela saganSi da movlenaSi naTlad Cans

sibrZnisa da Zalis araCveulebrivi niSnebi da yoveli gonieri arseba,

romelic seriozulad moiazrebs maT, aRiarebs maT arsebobas.

Tu RmerTis idea ar aris Tandayolili, maSin arc erTi idea ar

SeiZleba iyos Tandayolili, radgan Tu RmerTma Cagvinerga sulSi raime

idea, pirvel rigSi is TavisTavis ideas Cagvinergavda.

loki ganasxvavebs codnas rwmenisagan. marTalia RmerTis arsebobas

loki ar Tvlis rwmenad, mas rogorc aRniSnuli iyo namdvil

demonstraciul codnad miiCnevs, magram rwmenis sferoSi Sedis bevri

123

sakiTxi, RmerTis arsebobis garda, rwmena ar eyrdnoba demonstracias _

misi safuZvelia RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba. gamocxadeba aranakleb sandoa,

vidre codna, radgan is RmerTidan momdinareobs. magram sabolood

gonebam unda gadawyvitos, ramdenadaa es gamocxadeba marTlac

RvTaebrivi. es sakiTxi martivad wydeba: loki aq iyenebs cnobil

princips: aris debulebebi, romlebic eTanxmeba gonebas, dabolos

debulebebi, romlebic gonebas ewinaaRmdegeba. RmerTis arseboba araTu

eTanxmeba gonebas, aramed misi arsebobis damtkicebac SeiZleba;

debuleba, rom arsebobs mravali RmerTi, ewinaaRmdegeba gonebas. es

debuleba unda ganidevnos rwmenidan. saerTod, religiis yvela

debuleba gonebam unda Seafasos. icavs ra `bunebis religias~.

loki amave dros iziarebs, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, RvTaebriv

gamocxadebas, iziarebs qristianuli religiis zogierT dogmats da amiT

gansxvavdeba Tanmimdevruli deizmisagan. loki momxrea eklesiis

saxelmwifosagan gamoyofisa. saxelmwifo zrunavs adamianTa

keTildReobaze, xolo eklesias saqme aqvs adamianTa sulTan.

gansxvavebul religiebsa da konfesiebs gaaCnia erTnairi ufleba

arsebobdes saxelmwifoSi. tolerantis momxre loki aRiarebs, rom

saxelmwifo moqalaqe SeiZleba iyos rogorc qristiani, ise mahmadiani,

ebraeli da warmarTic ki. religia ar aris saxelmwifos saqme, is

mrevlis saqmea.

jon lokis pedagogikurma memkvidreobam sruliad axali gzebi da

perspeqtivebi dausaxa aRzrdasa da ganaTlebas. pedagogebsa da

mkvlevarebs axali simaRleebi da horizontebi daanaxva. didi moazrovne

da pedagogi Tavisi epoqis gadasaxedidan Cvens Tanamedrove aswleulsac

naTlad da mkafiod Wvretda.

124

$2. jon lokis pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi, ideebi

da Tanamedroveoba

jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde 551 - 479 wlebSi cnobili Cineli

moazrovne, politikuri moRvawe da pedagogi konfuci (qun fu-Zi) werda:

`is, visac ZvelTan Sexvedrisas xelewifeba axlis aRmoCena, Rirsia

iwodebodes maswavleblad". es brZnuli azri gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens dRes imdenad, ramdenadac Tanamedrove mecnieruli pedagogiuri

codna damyarebulia warsulis cnobil moazrovneTa miRwevebze, maTi

naazrevis, Sexedulebebis, ideebis Rrma analizze, rac Sedarebis

meTodis gamoyenebiT mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotanis SesaZleblobas

iZleva.

Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mTavari mimarTuleba – ingliseli

filosofosis, pedagogikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlis, eqimisa da

fsiqologis jon lokis pedagogikuri ideebis, Sexedulebebis, naazrevis

gaanalizeba da amis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana _ swored

zemoaRniSnuli miznebisa da amocanebis daZlevas emsaxureba.

konkretulad Cveni amocana aseTia: mkafiod gamovacalkevoT, aRvweroT

da SevTavazoT Tanamedrove skolebs yovelive is mniSvnelovani,

racionaluri da sasargeblo, rac ramdenime saukunis winaT jon lokis

mier iyo miTiTebuli rogorc aucilebeli da gardauvali ram momavali

Taobis swavla-aRzrdis saqmeSi. aqedan ki umTavresia: jansaRi sulis

aRzrda jansaR sxeulSi. saWiroa aRiniSnos: Tanamedrove etapze,

rodesac Cvens qveyanaSi xdeba swavlebisa da aRzrdis procesis

srulyofis mizniT reformis gatareba, arsebobs mniSvnelovani meTodur-

praqtikuli miTiTebani, debulebebi skolis direqtorebis, klasis

xelmZRvanelis, direqtoris moadgilisaTvis aRmzrdelobiT dargSi,

mSobelTa saskolo komitetebis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis da metad

mniSvnelovani mecnierulad damuSavebuli saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo

standartebi dawyebiTi klasebidan sagnobrivi dargebis mixedviT

(qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, maTematikaSi, istoriaSi, geografiaSi,

125

biologiaSi, SromiT swavlebaSi, saqarTvelos istoriaSi, ucxour

enebSi). damuSavebulia elementaruli, ZiriTadi da saSualo skolebis

gegmebis saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standarti, romelic Seicavs

ganmartebiT baraTebs, struqturas, miTiTebebs saswavlo datvirTvaze

da gegmis invariantul da variantul blokebs…

dasanania, rom es universaluri masala, romelic 1997 wels aris

gamocemuli, aRmzrdelobiTi problemebis irgvliv sakmaod mwir masalas

Seicavs.

Cven sruliad viziarebT erovnuli, mravalvariantuli demokratiuli

da humanuri skolis Camosayalibeblad – aRzrdis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis

avtoris g. murRulias mecnierul naSroms `vin unda aRzardos saqarTvelos

ganaTlebis sistemam" ideas. garda amisa, ganaTlebis sistema sTavazobs

klasis xelmZRvanels aRzrdis procesSi 10 mcnebis ganxorcielebaze

zrunvas. raionuli ganaTlebis ganyofileba klasis xelmZRvanels

sTavazobs sarekomendacio Tematikas klasis saaTisaTvis, kerZod: mixeil

javaxiSvilis `10 mcnebis" gaTvaliswinebiT aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis

warmarTvas, agreTve SemoTavazebulia yuradRebis gamaxvileba nodar

dumbaZis oTxi saidumloebis flobis sargeblobaze.

vxedavT: dadgenilia aRzrdis mimarTuleba, mravalia Segoneba,

sentencia, meToduri miTiTeba, magram am mdidar sityvier fonze

SedarebiT mkrTali da arafrismTqmelia skolaSi arsebuli praqtikuli

moqmedebis realuri suraTi. arada, unda aRvniSnoT: nebismier droSi is

saxelmwifo iyo Zlieri, romelic Tavisi struqturebisa da interesebis

damcveli axalgazrdobis aRzrdas axerxebda. amJamad, roca dairRva

RirebulebaTa Zveli sistema da axalgazrdobis aRzrdis meqanizmi,

bunebrivia, Seicvala saxelmwifo struqtura, misi orientacia. am

viTarebaSi ar gagvaCnia ideologia, radgan zogi fiqrobs, rom

ideologiuri wnexis drom Caiara, arada es didi Secdomaa: uamisod

saxelmwifo haerSi gamokidebuli rCeba, xolo axali saxelmwifos

aRmSeneblobas sWirdeba aRzrdis sruli meqanizmi: dabali asakidan

momwifebamde, rasac aRmzrdelebs ver vTavazobT.

126

Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom es naklovanebebi dauZlevelia,

magram yovel did saqmes xom odesme dawyeba sWirdeba? demokratia imas

rodi niSnavs, rom skolaSi aRzrdis procesi TviTdinebaze iyos

miSvebuli. saWiroa myari sayrdeni, razedac aigeba Zlieri zednaSeni –

momavali Taobis aRzrda. momavali Taobis aRzrda ki erTian

ideologiaze unda iyos agebuli.

garduvalia im azris ganxorcielebis aucilebloba, romelic

uwmindesma da unetaresma patriarqma ilia II gaacxada: `bavSvebi jer

religias unda eziaron da swavlas amis Semdeg unda Seudgnen". Cveni

azriT, es samarTliani da saWiro miTiTebaa da sazogadoebam usaTuod

unda gaiTvaliswinos.

unda vaRiaroT, rom religiis swavleba, romelic karga xania

daiwyo skolebSi, jerjerobiT uferul da usaxur eqsperimentad darCa.

sadReisod yvelaze gamarTlebuli is aRmzrdelobiTi formaa,

romelic met-naklebad popularuli gaxda – es gaxlavT axalgazrduli

parlamenti. igi, vfiqrobT, mizandasaxuli xelmZRvanelobis viTarebaSi

savsebiT gaamarTlebs. sagulisxmoa, rom am saqmianobaSic metad

mniSvnelovania lokiseuli Sexedulebani imis Taobaze, rom ,,mozardSi

unda xdebodes iseTi unaris Camoyalibeba, romelic SesaZleblobas

miscems mas, gaxdes sazogadoebisaTvis sasurveli." am mimarTulebiT

moazrovne saTanado gzebsa da saSualebebs gvTavazobs. is saSualebebi

SesaZlebels xdis, sxva sikeTesTan erTad damkvidrdes adamianTa

harmoniuli urTierTobebi. loki am mizniT yoveli jentlmenis aRzrdis

procesSi aucileblad Tvlis urTierTobisTvis saWiro, mozomili,

taqtiani saubrebisa Tu qcevebis ganxorcielebis unaris gamomuSavebas.

is konkretuladac miuTiTebs, Tu rogor moxdes es. erT-erTi saamiso

gza – es aris situaciebis Seqmnis gza, roca mozardis dadebiTi

qcevebis safuZvelze CvevaTa SemuSavebis meqanizmi amoqmeddeba.

aseve didad sasargebloa mozardebisTvis uaryofiTi da dadebiTi

faqtebisa da movlenebis axsna-ganmarteba, analizis safuZvelze sja-

baasi, erTmaneTis naazrevTa Sejereba. farTo diskusia unda gaiSalos

127

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli iseTi mankierebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic angrevs

TviT am sazogadoebis jansaR suliskveTebas da a. S.

Cveni sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis urTules periodSi

mozardTa Soris am mimarTulebiT aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gaSlas

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ra ucnauradac ar unda gveCvenos,

yovelive es ramdenime saukunis winaT TviT jon lokma SesTavaza

inglisis sazogadoebas. aq upriania, moviSvelioT didi moazrovnis

gamonaTqvamebi:

,,jentlmenis" Camoyalibebisas mTavaria ara mxolod calmxrivi

ganaTleba, sxvadasxva dargis Seswavla, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, filosofia,

maTematika, istoria, metafizika. rasakvirvelia, es codnis samyaros

gasaRebia, magram, Tu aRsazrdels ar aqvs keTilzneobisa da saTnoebis

safuZveli da misi pirovneba Raribia, ideur-zneobrivad mwiria, es

mniSvnelovanwilad adablebs mis adamianur Rirsebas, igi

arasrulfasovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos."

,,umaRlesi mizani, _ aRniSnavs jon loki, _ romelsac isaxavs

maswavlebeli, aris ara mxolod codnis gadacema, aramed sulieri

aRzrda da saTanado Cvevebis Camoyalibeba." sxvagan mkvlevari ase

gvwvrTnis: ,,sxeulis fizikurad wrToba cxovrebiseuli naklovanebebis

amtanobiT, amasTanave ayalibebs adamianis sulier siZlieres".

sulier ZlierebaSi igi gulisxmobda Semdegs: rodesac adamiani

ganusjelad ar moqmedebs maSinac ki, roca erTob Zlieria ltolva raime

sagnisa Tu movlenisadmi, es aris sakuTari Tavis flobis, sakuTari qcevis

regulirebis faruli Zala, romelic aRzrdas eqvemdebareba.

es aris is ZiriTadi fundamenti, romlis gamagreba pataraobidanve

unda xdebodes. axalTaobis WeSmariti aRzrdis warmateba didiad aris

damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris damuSavebuli Cveni mecnierebis

mier pedagogikur-fsiqologiaSi am meqanizmis raoba, misi praqtikuli

ganxorcielebis gzebi.

cnobili qarTveli fsiqologis SoTa nadiraSvilis mecnieruli

kvlevis Sedegad mkafiod gamokveTilia qcevis meqanizmi, magram es

128

Zvirfasi monapovari jer kidev wignebSia, rac praqtikul aRzrdaSi ar

realizdeba. arada xom arsebobs skolebSi fsiqologiuri samsaxuri; igi

aseTi mecnieruli monapovrebis danergvaze unda zrunavdes.

naSromSi ,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" warmodgenilia konkretulad

da naTlad Camoyalibebuli aRzrdis mTeli sistema. RirebulebaTa

mTliani arqiteqtoruli ansambli. aRniSnul ideaTa realizeba

aucilebelia jansaRi sulis mqone axali Taobis Camosayalibeblad.

swavla-aRzrdis RirebulebaTa garkveuli sistema CvenTvisac

cnobilia, oRond igi mxolod deklarirebulia, maTi realizebis gzebsa

da saSualebebze naklebi codna da gamocdileba mogvepoveba. arada jon

lokis nawerebSi es gzebi da saSualebebi mkafiod aris gamokveTili,

aRwerili.

jon loks aseve naTlad aqvs gadmocemuli CvevaTa mTeli sistema.

igi aRniSnavs: sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi wesebis codna. mTavaria am

codnis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, Zieba im cxovrebiseuli situaciebisa,

romlebSic Cabma ganxorcieldeba sistematiurad, varjiSiT, rasakvirvelia,

SerCeul CvevaTa Camosayalibeblad gaweul muSaobaSi gaTvaliswinebuli

iqneba norCTa asakobrivi SesaZleblobani.

vin, Tu ara skolis fsiqologiurma samsaxurma, unda izrunos

aRmzrdelobiT procesSi aseTi mniSvnelovani problemebis gadasaWrelad?

,,cudi da kargi Cvevebi pataraobidanve iwyebs Camoyalibebas, _

aRniSanvs jon loki, _ gamyarebuli Cvevebis aRmofxvra ki rTuli

procesia da xSirad dauZlevelic."

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mecnieris azri asakisTvis Seusabamo

survilebis Sesaxeb. igi sruliad exmianeba Tanamedrove gamoTqmas

,,mozomili, gonivruli moTxovnilebebis Camoyalibebis problema."

,,mTavaria survilTa marTvis unari, xolo, vinc ar aris miCveuli,

daumorCilos Tavisi neba gonebas, rodesac es sasargebloa, yuri ugdos

sxvis keTil rCevas, vidre axalgazrdaa, is sakuTari gonebis xmasac ver

daugdebs yurs xandazmulobisas." sxvagan mkvlevari gvauwyebs: ,,bavSvebis

129

uaryofiTi zneobrivi gamovlinebani ufrosebis mier nebsiT Tu uneblieT

Cagdebuli uxiaki Teslis bralia."

aRsaniSnavia im mniSvnelovani problemis damuSaveba, romelic

uaryofiT TvisebaTa Tavidan acilebas exeba, es Tema metad mkafiod aris

gamoxatuli jon lokis SemoqmedebaSi. igi gvTavazobs mozardSi misi

reputaciis, sakuTari avtoritetis amaRlebis, Tavmoyvareobis gamomuSavebis

mizniT warmarTuli muSaobis formebs. aRniSnuli formebi sajaroobis

yvela moments iTvaliswinebs.

iqve gaSuqebulia sircxvilis grZnobis aRZvris niuansebi, mocemulia

misi detaluri analizi. eg analizi uaryofiTi qcevebis aRkveTis

erTgvari winapirobaa. Tu mozardi kargavs avtoritets, _ aRniSnavs

moazrovne, _ unda CaiTvalos, rom mas aqvs avisa da ukeTurisken

midrekileba.

jon loki gvTavazobs aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT swrafi

analizis meTods. is uaryofiTi qcevis droul gansjas gulisxmobs da

mozardi gulwrfel monaniebamde mihyavs. am procesSi mniSvnelovania

bavSvis Sinagani gancdebis diferencireba. aRmzrdels mxedvelobidan ar

unda gamorCes aRsazrdelis sulieri samyaros ufaqizesi rxevebic ki.

am process mkvlevari adarebs mebaRis Sromas, romelmac sruliadac

ver SeZlo anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeZlo mxolod erTi konkretuli

mcenaris jerovani movla-patronoba.

am cnobili debulebis wamoyenebiT jon lokma jer kidev XVII_XVIII

saukuneTa mijnaze TiTqosda gaiTvaliswina Tanamedrove skolebis

aRmzrdelobiT procesSi arsebuli Segnebuli Tu Seugnebeli garRvevebi

da erTxel kidev Cagvafiqra momavali Taobis aRzrdis urTules

problemebze.

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli arsebobis dRevandel etapze, roca

qveynis cxovrebaSi uamravi sirTule iyris Tavs rogorc politikur,

aseve socialur-ekonomiur sferoSi, rasakvirvelia, Znelia aseTi Rrma

problemebis gadawyveta, magram maTze seriozuli dafiqreba axlave

gvmarTebs.

130

jon lokis Semoqmedebis mixedviT, aRmzrdelobiT procesSi erT-

erTi upirvelesi adgili aqvs daTmobili fizikur aRzrdas. adamianis

bednierebis upirveles sawyisad igi Tvlis janis mrTelobas, fizikur

Zlierebas. amgvari Tvisebebis mqone pirovneba iolad aitans cxovrebis

moTxovnebs, Sromis maRal ritmsa da temps. amitom misi narkvevis

,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb" ganyofileba momavali Taobis fizikuri

aRzrdis, wrTobis saintereso da mwyobr sistemas gvawvdis. aq

miTiTebulia fizikuri aRzrdis safuZvelze. avtori momxrea aTenis

fizikuri aRzrdis sistemisa, romelic mkacr momTxovnelobazea

damyarebuli. SromaSi gasaocari sizustiT, siRrmiTa da konkretulobiT

aris gadmocemuli wrTobis TiToeuli detali. SesaZlebelia

davasaxeloT amis erT-erTi magaliTi. es gaxlavT sicivisa da

sicxisadmi mozardis medegobis gamosamuSaveblad saWiro meTodebi,

gzebi da saSualebebi. konkretuli miTiTebani gvarwmunebs: jon loki

jansaRi momavali Taobis aRzrdis ZiriTad faqtorad Tvlida sufTa

haers, varjiSs, Zils, martiv sakvebs, wamlebis rac SeiZleba cota

raodenobiT gamoyenebas, xalvaT tansacmels, Tavisa da fexebis grilad

Semosvas, sicivisa da sicxisadmi gamZleobis gamomuSavebas da a. S.

aRniSnul sakiTxebs avtorma Tavisi narkvevis 30-mde paragrafi miuZRvna.

vfiqrobT, Tanamedrove skolebisTvis, momavali Taobis fizikuri

aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT, jon lokis memkvidreobaSi Tavs iyris uamravi

gansazogadebeli masala.

jon lokis SemoqmedebaSi Tavmoyrilia uamravi sasargeblo masala

gonebrivi-sulieri aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT. SeiZleba iTqvas: misi

Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul bevr

saintereso sakiTxs aRZravs.

,,cda gonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb" imiTac sagulisxmoa, rom aq

mocemuli masalebi, maTi ganzogadeba bevr rames gvetyvis momavali

Taobis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.

Cven ar viziarebT im azrs, TiTqosda swavla-aRzrdis Sesaxeb lokis

pedegogikuri Sexedulebebi da ideebi Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan

131

araviTar kritikas ar imsaxurebs. aris garkveuli sakiTxebi, romelsac

kritikulad vudgebiT da vfiqrobT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi arc unda

daveTanxmoT. amis magaliTad SesaZlebelia davasaxeloT:

1. individualuri, saojaxo aRzrdis upiratesobis aRiareba.

2. religiuri aRzrdis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli meryeoba.

jon lokis aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis zog naklovanebaze

migviTiTebdnen misi Tanamedrovenic. im kritikis nawils Cvenc viziarebT,

Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es naklovanebebi gamowveuli iyo maSin gamefebuli

reaqciiT, romelic gavlenas axdenda moazrovnis miswrafebebze.

Tanamedroveni sayvedurobdnen loks, rom igi, TiTqosda, dabal

Sefasebas aZlevda literaturis rols da metad afasebda iseT

Rirebulebas, rogoric iyo ,,realuri codna." rom, TiTqosda, mkvlevari

erTgvarad ukana planze gadawevda literaturuli formis silamazes.

aseve TiTqosda SedarebiT dabal Sefasebas aZlevda klasikur

literaturas, xelovnebis keTilSobilur zegavlenas pirovnebis sulze.

am kritikas Tanamedrove aRzrdis sistemac, rasakvirvelia, eTanxmeba,

ufro metic, Tanamedrove pedagogiur azrovnebaSi aRniSnulis sruliad

sawinaaRmdego azria damkvidrebuli.

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom jon lokis memkvidreoba, misi ideebi

Tanamedrove pedagogiuri azrovnebis TvalsawierSia moqceuli. misi

mravali debuleba samecniero mimoqcevaSia gaSvebuli. amis dasamowmeblad

sakmarisia davasaxeloT iv. Wkuaselis Sroma “Jurnali ,,ganaTleba" da

misi adgili pedagogiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi" (Tbilisi, gamomcemloba

,,ganaTleba" 1981), sadac sxva problemaTa Soris farTod aris

ganxiluli sakiTxi, Tu ra rols akisrebs loki memkvidreobasa da

garemos pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.

pedagogikis mecnierebis qarTvel warmomadgenelTa kamaTis safuZvelze

(iv. gomarTeli, p. tabiZe, kakabaZe, g. mefariSvili, g. sixaruliZe, l.

bocvaZe, badriZe da sxvebi) gamokveTilia jon lokis Sexedulebebis

WeSmariti arsi aRzrdaSi memkvidreobisa da garemos rolis Sesaxeb.

daskvnis saxiT aRniSnulia: adamianTa Camoyalibeba, maT mier codnis,

132

unarisa da Cvevebis SeZena, jon lokis azriT, SeuZlebelia maTSi

dabadebiTve arsebuli niWierebis, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebis,

maTi gansakuTrebuli konstituciis gareSe, swored memkvidreobiT

gadmocemul TvisebebSia SesaZlebloba adamianis mier yvelafris

aTvisebisa da es dadasturebulia SromaSi ,,fiqrebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb"

,,Cven vibadebiT iseTi niWierebiTa da ZalebiT, romlebSic mocemulia

TiTqmis yvelafris aTvisebis SesaZlebloba da romlebsac yovel

SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT wagviyvanon imaze Sors, risi warmodgenac Cven

TviTon SegviZlia", magram mxolod am Zalebis varjiSs ZaluZs ..mogvces

risime unari da raimeSi daxelovneba da wagviyvanos srulyofilebisaken."

es niSnavs imas, rom adamianebi TavianTi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT

imdenad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom aRzrdam ver

uzrunvelyos maTi gaTanabreba. memkvidreobiT, rogorc adamianis

srulyofis aucilebeli safuZvelTaganiT, adamianebi ar warmoadgenen

iseT gansxvavebul arsebebs, romlis winaSec qeds unda ixrides aRzrda.

daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemos rolis Sesaxeb bavSvis

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, _ aRniSnavs iv. Wkuaseli.

loki did rols miakuTvnebs garemos, gansakuTrebiT ki

organizebul sazogadoebriv garemos, TumcaRa, miuxedavad amisa,

aRzrdas mainc yovlisSemZle kategoriad Tvlis. igi asabuTebs garemos

did rols pirovnebis formirebis procesSi, magram igi imdenad

daqvemdebarebuli gamohyavs, ramdenadac mis gavlenas adamianze TiTqmis

mTlianad warmarTavs da sZlevs aRzrda. jon loki, amave dros, rogorc

filosofosi, xSirad garemod TviT aRzrdasac Tvlida. maSin ufro

gasagebi gaxdeba pirovnebis formirebaSi aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis

miseuli Teoria.

jon lokis udidesi damsaxurebaa, rom man ulmobeli kritikis

qarcecxlSi gaatara da amiT gaacamtvera aRzrdis rolis uarmyofeli

Teoriebi. magram am kritikis dros, Tavisive filosofiidan gamomdinare,

igi aviTarebs ukiduresad calmxriv Tvalsazriss: ,,sufTa dafis"

empiriuli Teoriis gamoisobiT moazrovne aRzrdis yovlisSemZleobis

133

aRiarebamde midis da TiTqmis sruliad ugulebelyofs memkvidreobis

rols pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. es Tvalsazrisi pedagogikis

yvela dRevandel saxelmZRvaneloSia dadasturebuli, xolo, XIX

saukunis meore naxevarSi dawerili poema-SedevrSi brZenma akaki

wereTelma xatovnad ase ganacxada:

`magram marto wvrTna ras izams,

Tu bunebamac ar uSvelao".

`bunebaSi" mgosani swored memkvidreobas, jiSs, jilags, genetikur

kods gulisxmobda. Cveni azriT, safiqrebelia, rom loki arasodes

misula memkvidreobis srul uaryofamde. marTalia, igi Tvlis, rom

adamianTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba mxolod da mxolod aRzrdis

Sedegia da aq memkvidreobas TiTqmis araviTari roli ar miekuTvneba da

bavSvebi memkvidreobiTi TaviseburebebiT imdenad ar gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan, rom aRzrdam ver uzrunvelyos maTi gaTanabrebao,

magram ukve am gamonaTqvamSic igulisxmeba genetikuri kodis, jiSisa da

jilagis TvisTavadi mniSvneloba.

e. i. aRzrdasa da garemozea damokidebuli, Tu ra mimarTulebas

miiRebs memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli Tvisebebi.

dRevandel dinamikur samyaroSi, uamravi politikuri, ekonomikuri

da socialuri problemis gadawyvetis procesSi uTuod gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqces saganmanaTleblo- aRmzrdelobiT sakiTxebs.

romelTa gauTvaliswineblad warmoudgenelia momavlis humanuri da

civilizebuli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Seneba. teqnikuri

saganmanaTleblo revoluciis mkacr pirobebSi mxedvelobidan ar unda

gamogvrCes, rom rom harmoniulad ganviTarebuli adamiani da sazogadoeba

swori pedagogiuri koncefciis gareSe ver Camoyalibdeboda. teqnikur-

informaciuli sazogadoeba im umarTav Zalad iqceva, romlis safuZvelsac

ngrevis procesisken SeuCerebeli swrafva qmnis.

134

warsuli mxolod sarkea, romelSic mudmivi WeSmaritebani, Cveni

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi qmedebani SegviZlia aRviqvaT da davinaxoT,

momavali Cveni ocnebaTa samyaroa da mxolod awmyoa is sfero, sadac

SegviZlia vimoqmedoT da Cveni naocnebari realobad vaqcioT. ar

SeiZleba ar gaviTvaliswinoT, rom samyaro Tavisi ganviTarebis iseT

axal fazaSi Sedis, roca misi garegnuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi ena,

erovnuli mentaliteti, religiuri tradiciebi TandaTanobiT kargaven

Tavis mniSvnelobas. Tanamedrove civilizaciis maxasiaTebeli xdeba

informaciis maRali teqnologiebi, romelic momavalSi msoflios

mmarTvel Zalad iqceva. gvinda xazi gavusvaT, rom emociur da

inteleqtualur sawyisTa gaTiSva, rac Tanamedrove cnobierebisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. amitom sasurveli ar aris Cvens bavSvebs yovelive,

adamianur grZnobebs moklebuli robotebi da kompiuterebi aswavlidnen.

informaciis tradiciuli saSualebebi zepiri da weriTi metyveleba

adgils uTmoben swavlebis kompiuterul saSualebebs, globaluri

masStabis telekomunikaciuri qselebis gamoyenebas.

yovel epoqas aqvs sakuTari problemebi, romelic moiTxovs

gadawyvetas da garkveul midgomas.

Cven, rogorc mcire qveynis xalxma, unda vifiqroT yovelnairad

davicvaT da SevinarCunoT Cveni erovnuloba (ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba).

masobrivi informaciis wyaroebi, rogorc msoflio globalizaciis erT-

erTi mTavari berketi, arRveven tradiciul eTnikur, sazogadoebriv da

religiur sazRvrebs. religiuri cnobierebis gverdiT aRmocenda da

damkvidrda antireligiuri, aTeisturi cnobiereba.

marTlmadidebluri qristianuli pedagogikis mixedviT, ganaTlebis

mizania: daexmaros bavSvs, Seicnos RvTis sameba sakuTar TavSi da

daanaxvos am saqmeSi arsebuli winaarmdegobebi. marTlmadidebluri

qristianuli pedagogikis saqmianoba mimarTulia iqiT, rom adamianSi

CamovayaliboT Sinagani samyaro, raTa masSi gaixsnas RvTis xateba.

swored amitom aris saWiro bavSvis qristianuli aRzrda, radgan

yvelaze didi, globaluri problema dRevandeli mecnierul-teqnikuri

135

revoluciis oromtrialSi myofi kacobriobisaTvis aris TviTfloba.

`SeZlebs Tu ara daimorCilos Tavisi Tavi da mis mier Seqmnili teqnika,

aRmoCndeba Tu ara dagrovili teqnika adamianisaTvis sabolood

keTildReobis momcemi? amave dros, unda vaRiaroT, rom mecnierulad

dasabuTebulma teqnikam mogvca arnaxuli Zalaufleba bunebis

asaTviseblad da es Zalaufleba unda iyos gamoyenebuli ara adamianis

sulieri dauZlurebis, aramed misi keTildReobisaTvis~ (ilia II, 1997,

1:25). dRevandel epoqaSi skolas, garkveulwilad, uxdeba adaptireba

arsebul garemoSi da aRzrdis meTodebis SeTviseba civilizaciis

moTxovnebTan, rac xSirad Sorsaa qristianuli idealebisagan.

qristianuli pedgagogikis aqcenti mimarTulia adamianis Sinagani

samyaros Camoyalibebisken, masSi RvTis saxebis gaxsnisaken. Tu bavSvi ar

ganicdis aRzrdis zegavlenas, SesaZlebelia, TavisuflebiT

sargeblobam migviyvanos gamousworebel Secdomamde. amitom Tanamedrove

etapze qarTuli marTlmadideblur-qristianul pedagogiur sistemaSi

aRzrdis miznis problemaa mTavari.

Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesSi saero cxovrebis

suliskveTebas, SezRudul materialistur msoflio mxedvelobas,

aRviraxsnilobas, cbierebas unda davupirispiroT marTlmadideblobis

zneobrivi aspeqtebi, rogorc Cveni aRzrda-ganaTlebis safuZveli. ara

marto saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli samyaros xvalindeli dRe

warmoudgenelia adamianis dabrunebis gareSe sulieri siwmindisa da

TviTSezRudvis idealebTan.

migvaCnia, rom qristianul-marTlmadidebluri pedagogikis miznebidan,

amocanebidan da principebidan gamomdinare, dRes mTavaria, gaviTavisoT

mSobliuri mxaris memvkidreoba. igi erTdroulad mistikuricaa da

mSobliuric. `da naTeli bnelSi naTobs~. sinaTle qristesi _ sinaTle

qveynierebisa imedisa da siyvarulisa Cauqrobeli aRmoCnda, radgan

`bnelma igi ver moicva~.

qarTvelTa Zliereba rom qristianobnisa da erovnulobis erTianobaSi

mdgomareobda, es SesaniSnavad icoda Cveni eris yvela mterma _ Sinaurma

136

Tu gareSe. amitom isini mudam cdilobdnen da dResac ar akleben cdasa

da mondomebas qarTveli eris sabolood dasamoneblad da

gasanadgureblad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi uaRresad aqtualuri gaxda

globalizaciisa da msoflios civilizaciuri erTianobis sakiTxebi.

zogierTi imasac fiqrobs, iqneb rogorme ganeridos globalizaciis

process. magram es SeuZlebelia. verc erTi qveyana Tavs ver aaridebs

mas, oRond aucilebelia gonivruli midgoma da sazrianoba.

amrogad, globalizacia obieqturi movlenaa, am process ver

SevaCerebT. amavdroulad, ar unda dagvaviwydes SevunarCunoT momaval

Taobas erovnuli kultura, tradiciebi da adaT-wesebi.

yovelive es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom jon lokis

pedagogikuri Sexedulebebi, ideebi saukuneebis Semdegac inarCunebs

Tavis cxovelmyofelobasa da aqtualobas.

137

d a s k v n e b i

sadisertacio Temis monografiulma kvlevam saSualeba mogvca,

gagvekeTebina Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. jon lokma, rogorc pedagogikuri mecnierebis klasikosma, pirvelma

Cauyara safuZveli Tandayolili ideis ararsebobis hipoTezas,

moZRvrebas codnis grZnobadi warmoSobis Sesaxeb, risi safuZvelic

aris gamocdileba; man siRrmiseulad daamuSava Semecnebis Teoria

da amiT xeli Seuwyo imdroindeli filosofiur-istoriuli

azrovnebis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

2. moazrovnem pirvelma gamoikvlia codnis warmoSoba, misi sicxadis

xarisxi, Semecnebis unari da sazRvrebi. yvelaferi es safuZvlad

daudo momavali Taobis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesisa da

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb sakuTar mowinave Tvalsazriss.

3. jon loki didi filosofosi, materialisturi sensualizmis

fuZemdebelia. man axali filosofia Seqmna imiT, rom sagangebod

daamuSava Semecnebis originaluri Teoria.

4. mkvlevarma Seqmna moralur-zneobriv da sulier RirebulebaTa

Tanamimdevruli sistemis bazisi, razec daafuZna ganaTlebisa da

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis didi da myari Senoba.

5. jon lokma ,,jentlmenis" aRzrdis miznebisa da amocanebis

safuZvlianad da damajereblad gansazRvris Semdeg daamuSava am

miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebis pedagogiuri gzebi da

saSualebebi.

6. moazrovnem Camoayaliba Taviseburi saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi sistema,

romelmac gaacamtvera arsebuli sqolastikuri skolis iZulebis

praqtikaze agebuli saZirkveli da humanur pedagogikur ideebsa da

Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT safuZveli Cauyara yovelmxriv ganviTarebul,

`jentlmenis" formirebisaTvis saWiro swavla-aRzrdis sruliad axal

models.

138

7. Tanamedrove pedagogikis mecnierebis safuZvlebis Seswavlas jon

lokis memkvidreobasTan mivyavarT. amiT dasturdeba, rom

pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis mecnierebis winsvla saukuneTa

manZilze Sepirobebuli yofila lokis pedagogiuri moZRvrebiT.

8. jon lokma Camoayaliba adamianTa, socialur jgufTa (aRmzrdelebi,

aRsazrdelebi, mSoblebi da sxva) urTierTobis sruliad axali

sistema. amiT man aqtualuri gaxada harmoniuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis

problema.

9. mecnieris pedagogikur memkvidreobas aqvs ara mxolod istoriuli

mniSvneloba. igi dResac aqtualuria da myar safuZvels uqmnis

pedagogikis mecnierebis swori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli

memkvidreobis mecnierulobam, misma didma praqtikulma Rirebulebam

ganapiroba jon lokis pedagogikuri moZRvrebis ukvdaveba.

10. pedagogikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi lokma pirvelma mogvca

dasrulebuli da yovelmxriv dasabuTebuli fizikuri aRzrdis

Teoria. igi am Teoriis fuZemdebelia; fizikuri aRzrdis miznis

lokiseuli gageba dResac aqtualuria. fizikuri aRzrdis mizani

sxeulis saimisod gakaJebaa, raTa adamians SeeZlos srulad

gamoiyenos Tavisi sulieri SesaZleblobani ise, rom amiT

janmrTelobas ziani ar miayenos. – es mizani arasodes dakargavs

mniSvnelobas.

11. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria

harmoniulad ganviTarebuli SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiT aRWurvili

pirovnebis aRzrdis sakiTxi. es dRis wesrigSi ayenebs ganaTlebis

sistemis reformis mecnieruli uzrunvelyofis problemas. am

TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania warsulis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba,

romelSic Rirseuli adgili unda daikavos jon lokis pedagogikurma

moZRvrebam.

139

disertaciis ZiriTadi Sedegebi asaxulia Semdeg publikaciebSi

1. m. Cuxua, – `j. lokis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi sistemis safuZvlebi",

`kavkasiis macne", #5, Tb., 2002., gv. 113-116.

2. m. Cuxua, `jon lokis pedagogikuri sistema", perioduli samecniero

Jurnali `inteleqti", #1(15), Tb., 2003., gv. 149-153.

3. d. darCia, m. Cuxua, `aRzrdis wamyvani roli pirovnebis formirebis

procesSi jon lokis mixedviT", saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

`moambe", #2, Tb., 2003., gv. 357-359.

4. m. Cuxua, `jon loki – pedagogisa da misi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb

momavali Taobis swavla-aRzrdis saqmeSi", saerTaSoriso samecniero-

pedagogiuri konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2000., gv. 86-88.

5. m. Cuxua, `jon loki da Tanamedroveoba", `skola da cxovreba", 2000.,

gv. 80-81.

6. m. Cuxua, j. loki – `jansaR sxeulSi – jansaRi suli", samecniero

Sromebis krebuli, #3, `sazrisi", 2000., gv. 146-149.

7. m. Cuxua, gonebrivi aRzrdis sakiTxebi jon lokis pedagogiur

Sexedulebebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero-pedagogiuri konferenciis

masalebi, Tb., 2000., gv. 83-85.

140

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saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1972w.

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universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1969 w.

3. balanCivaZe r. – pedagogikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi, Tbilisi,

1997w.

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universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1941 w.

5. gagua v. – `pedagogika", Tbilisi, 1996 w.

6. vasaZe n. – pedagogikis istoria, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba", Tbilisi,

1988 w.

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Tbilisi, 1974 w.

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gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1977 w.

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saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1965 w.

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stokholmi, 1992 w.

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`ganaTleba", Tbilisi, 1987 w.

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141

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da saSualo skolebis saswavlo gegmebi, Tbilisi, 1997 w.

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`ganaTleba", Tbilisi, 1973 w.

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universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1974 w.

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