joost swart, md fatigue and pain complaints in an adolescent girl
TRANSCRIPT
CIS School 2007Santa Fe
FATIGUE AND PAIN COMPLAINTS IN AN ADOLESCENT GIRL
J.F. Swart, MD
Fellow Pediatric Rheumatology
Amsterdam/Utrecht, the Netherlands
• 17 yr old Asian ♀
• Medical history:
- frequent febrile convulsion from 1-8 years with
transient use of anticonvulsant drugs
- infectious mononucleosis at 13 years
Spontaneously expressed complaints
• 12 wks of pain in her legs, groins, wrists and back
• Headaches and hyperesthesia of scalp
• Fatigue
• No experienced muscle weakness
• Ibuprofen up to 6 times 400 mg without pain good relief
• 1 week before referral: vomiting and throat pain
1 day fever 102.9° F (=39.4°
C)
Specific anamnesis
• no abdominal pain, abnormal stools
• no weight loss
• no difficulty in swallowing or breathing
• no exercise intolerance
• more irritability
• family history unknown (adoptive parents)
Specific anamnesis part 2
• no irregular periods or macroscopic hematuria
• frequently oral ulcers
• no alopecia, dry eyes or mouth
• no photosensitivity
• a few months before: triphasic purple, white,
red discolorations fingers on cold
Swart ©
Diagnosis RP
1. Are your fingers unusually sensitive to cold?
2. Do your fingers change color when they are exposed to cold temperatures?
3. Do they turn white, blue, or both?
• -RP if all three positive
• -No RP if 2. or 3. negativeBrennan P, Silman A etal.
Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32:357.
Differential diagnosis our patient
• Primary Raynaud Phenomenon (RP) with pain syndrome and fatigue
• Secondary RP with myalgia or myositis (e.g. as seen in SLE, MCTD, dermatomyositis)
Physical examination
• adiposity (weight for length > 2.5 SD)
• RR 102/59 mm Hg
• one ulcer at her lower lip
• no abnormalities in her eyes, skin, nails or joints
• normal auscultation and palpation of her chest,
abdomen, muscles and arteries
• lymph nodes not palpable
Raynaud Phenomenon (RP)
An exaggerated vascular response to cold or stress
Sharply demarcated color changes of digital skin
White and/or blue attack for 15-20 min if rewarmed
On recovery most of the time erythema by reperfusion
Starts in single finger with symmetrical bilateral spread
Digitus II,III and IV most commonly involved
Wigley, F. M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the RP.
UpToDate. 25-8-2006; World Wide Web
• Uncomplicated RP is completely reversible on rewarming
• Mild RP: sensations of needles, numbness, aching or clumsy
• Severe RP: pain or ulceration of the skin
• Prevalence in M 3-13%; in F 5-20%
• Presenting symptom in >90% systemic scleroderma patients
functional
vasodilation vasoconstriction
intrinsic factors extrinsic factors intrinsic factors extrinsic factors
α2c-adrenergic
receptors ↑
Protein Tyrosine
Kinase ↑
Calcitonin Gene
Related Protein ↓
Substance P ↓
NO ↓
Endothelin-1 ↑
Thromboxane ↑
Serotonin ↑Sympathetic NS
(norepinephrine)
Prostaglandins ↓
α1-adrenergic
receptors ↓
Pathogenesis Raynaud phenomenon
In secondary RP there is also structural vessel damage
(e.g. intimal proliferation)
Intrinsic factors for RP1) Thermoregulatory α2c-receptors mostly in digital arteries
2) In cold→Rho-kinases signal to Golgi→ release α2cR
3) Vessel wall reactivity coincides with higher PTK-activity
4) Contractile proteins of smooth muscle ↑ sensitive to Ca2+
Therapeutic use:
Inhibition of α2-receptors: prazosin → moderate effect
Inhibition of α2c-receptors: OPC 28326 → improvement
Inhibition of Rho-kinases: fasudil → improvement
Inhibition of PTK: experiment by Genistein → less reactivity
Inhibition of Ca2+: nifidipine → vasodilation and spasmolytic
C. Sunderkötter etal. Hautarzt 2006
Extrinsic factors• Lower vasodilatatory activity• Calcitonin Gene Related Protein in digital nervefibres ↓• Endothelin↑ → ETA- or ETB-receptors → vasoconstriction• NO and prostacyclin → cAMP and cGMP → vasodilation• Phosphodiesterases break down cAMP and cGMP • Serotonine gives vasoconstriction
Therapeutic use successfull with:• Antagonist of endothelin-receptors• Prostacyclin-derivates• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors• SSRI
C. Sunderkötter etal. Hautarzt 2006
Keep it warm
Primary RP• 76-90% of all RP• Symmetric episodic attacks • No evidence of peripheral vascular
disease • No tissue gangrene, digital pitting, or
tissue injury • Negative nailfold capillary examination • Negative antinuclear antibody test and
normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Wigley, F. M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the RP.
UpToDate. 25-8-2006; World Wide Web
Secondary RP• Autoimmune diseases: scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus,
MCTD, overlap syndromes, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis,
Sjögren's syndrome, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and vasculitis
• Occlusive vascular disease:
arteriosclerosis, atheroemboli, and thromboangiitis obliterans
• Drug-induced: amphetamines, beta blockers,
bleomycin, cisplatin, clonidine, cocaine, cyclosporine, ergotamine, interferon-alpha,
methysergide, nicotine, vinyl chloride, and vinblastine
• Hemorrheologic: Cold agglutinin disease, cryofibrinogenemia,
cryoglobulinemia, paraproteinemia, and polycythemia
• Frostbite
Wigley, F. M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the RP.
UpToDate. 25-8-2006; World Wide Web
Presence of ≥ 1 feature increases likelihood for secondary RP
• Later age of onset (>40 years)• Male gender• Painful severe events with ulceration• Asymmetric attack• RP associated with signs/symptoms of another
disease• Abnormal lab results• Ischemic signs proximal to the fingers• Nailfold capillaroscopy with enlarged or distorted
capillary loops
Wigley, F. M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the RP.
UpToDate. 25-8-2006; World Wide Web
Evaluation• Always thorough history, physical examination
including nailfold capillaroscopy• If a moderate suspicion of secondary RP:
Complete blood count
General blood chemical analysis
Rheumatoid factor
Complement (C3 and C4)
ANA (if positive also ENA)Wigley, F. M.
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the RP. UpToDate. 25-8-2006; World Wide Web
Figure 4. "Late" scleroderma pattern: severe capillary architecture disorganization with loss of capillaries, presence of ramified and enlarged capillaries, absence of giant capillaries, few hemorrhages
Figure 3. "Active" scleroderma pattern: frequent giant capillaries and hemorrhages, moderate loss of capillaries and disorganization of capillary architecture, absent or mild ramified capillaries (magnification 200x)
Figure 1. Normal nailfold videocapillaroscopy pattern (magnification 200x)
Figure 2. "Early" scleroderma pattern: well preserved capillary architecture and density, presence of enlarged capillaries, giant capillaries and hemorrhages (magnification 200x)
Cutolo M, Sulli A,
Pizzorni C.
Division of Rheumatology
University Genova, Italy
From Pictorial essays,
EULAR 2001
S. Pavlov-Dolijanovic.
Pediatric Dermatology 2006
laboratory tests in our case• Haemoglobin 10.6 g/dl (6.6 mmol/l ), thrombocytes
345* 109/l, Leucocytes 3.8* 109/l: lymphocytes 0.80*
109/l, neutrophils 2.5* 109/l, ESR 116 mm/ hr
• CRP 21 mg/l, Creatinin 64 µmol/l, electrolytes and
liver-enzymes normal, CPK 672 U/l, LDH 600 U/l,
Aldolase 9.0 U/l (normal -7.6)
• Direct Coombs negative, clotting normal, anti-
phospholipids negative and VWF antigen 457%
(normal -130%)
• TSH 1.1 IE/l, fT4 18 pmol/l
• Urine: normal sediment, no protein
immunology tests
• IgM 0.97 g/l, IgA 2.64 g/l, IgG 21.3 g/l
(normal -16.0), rheumafactor not performed
• ANA was positive (titre 1:1000)
• ENA: positive anti-SmB, anti-RNP-70K, anti-
RNP-A and anti-RNP-C
• anti-ds-DNA 1 U/ml
Imaging & function tests• An X–ray of the chest normal
• MRI of the brains normal
• Lung-function including CO-diffusion normal
• ECG and ultrasound of the heart normal
• Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale 90% of normal
manual dynamometry overall -1.5 SD flexors
of the hip << -2 SD exercise
tolerance << 10th percentile
Criteria according to Kasukawa Disease category Symptom
polyarthritis lymphadenopathy malar rash/ facial erythema pericarditis or pleuritis
SLE
thrombocytes < 100 109/l or leukocytes < 4,0 109/l sclerodactyly longfibrosis or restrictive lungdisease (VC <80%) or CO-diffusion <70%
progressive systemic sclerosis
oesophageal hypomotility or dilatation muscle weakness elevated serumlevels of myogenic enzymes polymyositis myogenic pattern on EMG
MCTD criteria are met in case of Raynaud phenomenon or presence of swollen hands or fingers or positivity for anti-U1 snRNP- antibodies and at least 1 symptom in 2 of 3 disease categories Kasukawa, R.
Excerpta Medica. 1987
Criteria for MCTD according to Kasukawa
Diagnosis and treatment
• mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)
• treated with prednisone for a few weeks in a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d
• her myositis and anaemia resolved quickly
• she is more fit and has no more pain
• steroids are being tapered.
Conclusion
• Fatigue and pain might be presenting symptoms of an auto-immune disorder
• In case of Raynaud Phenomenon be alert for underlying diseases