joseph e. muscolino, dc instructor, purchase college state university of new york owner, the art and...

Joseph E. Muscolino, DCInstructor, Purchase CollegeState University of New YorkOwner, The Art and Science of KinesiologyStamford, Connecticut

KINESIOLOGY:The Skeletal System and Muscle FunctionSecond Edition

Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7:Joints of the Axial BodyJoseph E. Muscolino, DC

Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lesson 7.1 Objectives

• Define the key terms of this chapter and state the meanings of the word origins of this chapter.

• Describe the relationship between cranial suture joints and childbirth.

• List the major muscles of mastication and describe their role in mastication.


Lesson 7.1 Objectives(cont’d.)

• Explain the possible relationship between TMJ dysfunction and the muscular system.

• Describe the structure and function of the spine.

• Define the curves of the spine and describe their development.


Joints of the Axial Body

• Suture joints

• Temporomandibular joints (TMJs)

• Atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints

• Cervical spinal joints

• Thoracic spinal joints– Rib joints

• Lumbar spinal joints


Section 7.1—Suture Joints

Figure 7-1


Structure Classification:

• Fibrous joint– Suture joint

Function Classification:

• Synarthrotic

Major Motions Allowed:

• Nonaxial

Section 7.1—Suture Joints (cont’d.)


Section 7.2—Temporomandibular Joints

{Insert Fig. 7-2}

Figure 7-2



• Synovial joint– Modified hinge


• Diarthrotic– Uniaxial


(cont’d.)



• Elevation and depression

• Protraction and retraction

• Left and right lateral deviation


(cont’d.)



(cont’d.)

{Insert Fig. 7-3 A and B}

Figure 7-3



(cont’d.)


Figure 7-4



(cont’d.)


Figure 7-5


Major Ligaments of the TMJ:

• Fibrous joint capsule

• Temporomandibular ligament

• Stylomandibular ligament

• Sphenomandibular ligament


(cont’d.)



(cont’d.)


Figure 7-6



(cont’d.)

{Insert Fig. 7-6 C and D}

Figure 7-6


Major Muscles of the TMJ:

• Lateral pterygoid

• Medial pterygoid

• Temporalis

• Masseter


(cont’d.)


Section 7.2—Temporomandibular Joints (cont’d.)

From Muscolino JE: The muscular system manual: The skeletal muscles of the human body, ed 3, St Louis, 2010, Mosby


Causes of TMJ Dysfunction:

• Tightness/imbalance of muscles that cross the TMJ

• Forward-head posture


(cont’d.)


Elements of the Spine:

• Cervical spine

• Thoracic spine

• Lumbar spine

• Sacrococcygeal spine

Section 7.3—The Spine


Section 7.3—The Spine (cont’d.)


Figure 7-7


Shape of the Adult Spine(Viewed Laterally):• Primary spinal curves

– Thoracic curve– Sacrococcygeal curve

• Secondary spinal curves– Cervical curve– Lumbar curve



Development of the Spinal Curves:

• Born with one kyphotic curve

• Develops a cervical lordosis

• Develops a lumbar lordosis


{Insert Fig. 7-8 A, B, C}

Figure 7-8


Functions of the Spine:

• Provides structural support

• Allows movement

• Protects the spinal cord

• Provides shock absorption




Figure 7-9

(B modeled after Kapandji IA: Physiology of the joints: the trunk and thevertebral column, ed 2, Edinburgh, 1974, Churchill Livingstone.)


Average Ranges of Motion:

• Flexion 135 degrees

• Extension 120 degrees

• Right lateral flexion 90 degrees

• Left lateral flexion 90 degrees

• Right rotation 120 degrees

• Left rotation 120 degrees




• State the major difference between the function of the disc joint and the function of the facet joints.

• Describe the orientation of the planes of the facets in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine.



• Describe the structure and functionof the median and lateral joints ofthe spine.

• Describe the structure and functionof the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints of the cervical spine.



• Suture joints







Segmental Structure:

• One median joint

• Two lateral joints

Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: General

Figure 7-10


Types of Spinal Joints:

• Intervertebral disc joints

(disc joints)

• Vertebral facet joints

(facet joints)

Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: General (cont’d.)


Section 7.4—IntervertebralDisc Joint

Figure 7-11



• Cartilaginous joint– Symphysis


• Amphiarthrotic

Section 7.4—IntervertebralDisc Joint (cont’d.)


Functions of a Disc Joint:

• Determines amount of movement

• Absorbs shock

• Bears the weight of the body

• Maintains opening for spinal nerves

Section 7.4—IntervertebralDisc Joint (cont’d.)


Section 7.4—VertebralFacet Joint

Figure 7-13



• Synovial joint– Plane


• Diarthrotic

Function of a Facet Joint:

• Guides movement

Section 7.4—VertebralFacet Joint (cont’d.)


Motion Freely Allowed

by the Facet Joints:

• Cervical facets– Right and left rotation in

transverse plane– Right and left lateral

flexion in frontal plane


Figure 7-14



by the Facet Joints

(cont’d.):

• Thoracic facets– Right and left lateral

flexion in frontal plane


Figure 7-14



by the Facet Joints

(cont’d.):

• Lumbar facets– Flexion and extension in

sagittal plane


Figure 7-14


Flexion and Extension:

• Sagittal plane

• Mediolateral axis

Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: Motions

Figure 7-15


Right and Left Lateral Flexion:

• Frontal plane

• Anteroposterior axis

Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: Motions (cont’d.)

Figure 7-16


Right and Left Rotation:

• Transverse plane

• Vertical axis


Figure 7-17


Gliding Translational Movements:

• Right-side and left-side translation

• Anterior and posterior translation

• Superior and inferior translation


Figure 7-18


Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: Ligaments

Figure 7-19


Major Ligaments of the Spinal Joints:

• Fibrous capsules of the facet joints

• Annulus fibrosus of the disc joints

• Anterior longitudinal ligament

Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: Ligaments (cont’d.)


Major Ligaments of the Spinal Joints

(cont’d.):

• Posterior longitudinal ligament

• Ligamentum flava

• Interspinous ligaments



Major Ligaments of the Spinal Joints

(cont’d.):

• Supraspinous ligament

• Intertransverse ligaments

• Nuchal ligament




Provide Stability and Limit Motion:

Figure 7-20



Provide Stability and Limit Motion (cont’d.):

Figure 7-20


Major Muscles of the Spinal Joints:

• Spinal extensors

• Spinal flexors

• Lateral flexors

• Rotators

Section 7.4—Spinal Joints: Muscles


Section 7.5—Atlanto-Occipital Joint

{Insert Fig. 7-22}

Figure 7-22



• Synovial joint– Condyloid


• Diarthrotic– Triaxial

Section 7.5—Atlanto-Occipital Joint (cont’d.)



• Flexion and extension

• Right and left lateral flexion

• Right and left lateral rotation




Figure 7-23




Figure 7-24




Figure 7-25





• Right lateral flexion 5 degrees

• Left lateral flexion 5 degrees





Section 7.5—Atlantoaxial Joint

Figure 7-26



• Synovial joints– Atlanto-odontoid joint: Pivot joint– Lateral facet joints: Plane joints


• Diarthrotic– Biaxial

Section 7.5—Atlantoaxial Joint (cont’d.)



• Right and left rotation








• Right lateral flexion Negligible

• Left lateral flexion Negligible





Major Muscles of the Occipito-

Atlantoaxial Region:

• Suboccipital group

• Rectus capitis anterior

• Rectus capitis lateralis

Section 7.5—Occipito-Atlantoaxial Region


Section 7.6—Cervical Spine

Figure 7-30


Special Vertebrae of the Cervical Spine:

• C1 — atlas

• C2 — axis

• C7 — vertebral prominens

Section 7.6—Cervical Spine (cont’d.)


Special Characteristics of the

Cervical Vertebrae:

• Transverse foramina

• Bifid spinous processes

• Bifid transverse processes

• Uncinate Processes– Uncovertebral joint




Figure 7-32


Functions of the Cervical Spine:

• Bears the weight of the head

• Allows movement in all three planes







• Gliding translational movements in all three directions




Figure 7-33



{Insert Fig. 7-33 E and F only}

Figure 7-33


Average Ranges of Motion

(C2-C3 through C7-T1 Joints):• Flexion 40 degrees• Extension 60 degrees• Right lateral flexion 40 degrees• Left lateral flexion 40 degrees• Right rotation 40 degrees• Left rotation 40 degrees




(C1-C2 through C7-T1 Joints):• Flexion 45 degrees• Extension 70 degrees• Right lateral flexion 40 degrees• Left lateral flexion 40 degrees• Right rotation 80 degrees• Left rotation 80 degrees




(AOJ and C1-C2 through C7-T1 Joints):• Flexion 50 degrees• Extension 80 degrees• Right lateral flexion 45 degrees• Left lateral flexion 45 degrees• Right rotation 85 degrees• Left rotation 85 degrees




• List the joints at which rib motion occurs; explain how the movement of a bucket handle is used to describe how rib motion occurs.

• Describe the roles of the muscles of respiration.

• Explain the mechanism of thoracic breathing versus abdominal breathing.



• Describe the general structure and function of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine.

• Describe the structure and function of the thoracolumbar fascia and abdominal aponeurosis.



• Suture joints







Section 7.7—Thoracic Spine

Figure 7-34


Costospinal Joints of the Thoracic Spine:

• Costospinal articulations– Costovertebral joint– Costotransverse joint

• Structure classification– Synovial joints

Section 7.7—Thoracic Spine (cont’d.)


Costospinal Joints of the Thoracic Spine:

• Function classification– Nonaxial

• Functions– Stabilize ribs– Allow ribs to move relative to the spine



Spinal Joints of the Thoracic Spine:

• Major motions allowed

– Flexion and extension

– Right and left lateral flexion

– Right and left rotation

– Gliding translational movements




(T1-T2 through T12-L1 Joints):• Flexion 35 degrees• Extension 25 degrees• Right lateral flexion 25 degrees• Left lateral flexion 25 degrees• Right rotation 30 degrees• Left rotation 30 degrees



• Costospinal Joints

• Sternocostal Joints

• Intrasternal Joints

Section 7.8—Rib Joints (More Detail)


Types of

Costospinal Joints:

• Costovertebral joint

• Costotransverse joint

Section 7.8—Costospinal Joints

Figure 7-35


Section 7.8—Costovertebral Joint

Structure of the Thoracic Spine:

• Two costal hemifacets per vertebra

• Intervertebral disc

Ligaments of a Costovertebral Joint:


• Radiate ligament


Section 7.8—Costotransverse Joint

Structure of the Thoracic Spine:

• One full costal facet per vertebra

Ligaments of a Costotransverse Joint:


• Costotransverse ligament

• Lateral costotransverse ligament

• Superior costotransverse ligament


Section 7.8—Sternocostal Joints

Types of Ribs:

• True ribs

• False ribs

• Floating ribs

Figure 7-36


Section 7.8—Sternocostal Joints (cont’d.)


• Cartilaginous joint– Synchondrosis


• Amphiarthrotic– Gliding



Figure 7-37



Composition of Sternocostal Joints:

• Costochondral joints

• Chondrosternal joints

• Interchondral joints



Ligaments of the Chondrosternal Joint:



Ligaments of the Interchondral Joint:




Types of

Intrasternal Joints:

• Manubriosternal joint

• Sternoxiphoid joint

Section 7.8—Intrasternal Joints

Figure 7-37


Section 7.8—Intrasternal Joints (cont’d.)

Ligaments of the Intrasternal Joints:

• Manubriosternal ligament

• Sternoxiphoid ligament


Section 7.8—Rib Joints: Movement

Inspiration and Expiration


Roles of Muscles of Respiration:

• Inspiration– Elevate the ribs– Expand the thoracic cavity downward

• Expiration– Depress the ribs– Expand the abdominal cavity upward

Section 7.8—Rib Joints: Muscles


Abdominal Breathing:

• Contraction of the diaphragm– Expanding thoracic cavity downward

Thoracic Breathing:

• Further contraction of the diaphragm– Elevating the lower ribs

Section 7.8—Rib Joints: Diaphragm


Section 7.9—Lumbar Spine

{Insert Fig. 7-38}

Figure 7-38


Functions of the Lumbar Spine:

• Bears the weight of the body

• Allows movement

Section 7.9—Lumbar Spine (cont’d.)






• Gliding translational movements in all three directions



Special Characteristics:

• Lumbosacral joint– Allows the pelvis to move

relative to the trunk

• Sacral base angle– Determines the curvature

of the spine


Figure 7-40


Average Ranges of Motion(L1-L2 through L5-S1 Joints):• Flexion 50 degrees• Extension 15 degrees• Right lateral flexion 20 degrees• Left lateral flexion 20 degrees• Right rotation 5 degrees• Left rotation 5 degrees







Section 7.10—Thoracolumbar Spine


Section 7.10—Thoracolumbar Spine (cont’d.)

Figure 7-41



Figure 7-41


Average Ranges of Motion(T1-T2 through L5-S1 Joints):• Flexion 85 degrees• Extension 40 degrees• Right lateral flexion 45 degrees• Left lateral flexion 45 degrees• Right rotation 35 degrees• Left rotation 35 degrees



Structure:

• Layer of fascia located in thoracic and lumbar regions

• Located posteriorly in the trunk

• Divided into three layers

Functions:

• Provides attachment sites for muscles

• Adds to the stability of the trunk

Section 7.11—Thoracolumbar Fascia


Section 7.11—Thoracolumbar Fascia (cont’d.)

Figure 7-42(A, from Cramer GD, Darby SA: Basic and clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS, ed 2, St Louis, 2005, Mosby.)


Structure:

• Layers of fibrous connective tissue located in the abdominal region

• Located anteriorly in the trunk

• Left and right aponeuroses

Functions:

• Provides attachment sites for muscles

• Adds to the stability of the trunk

Section 7.11—Abdominal Aponeurosis


Section 7.11—Abdominal Aponeurosis (cont’d.)

Figure 7-43( From Muscolino JE: The muscular system manual: the skeletal muscles of the human body, ed 3, St Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

joseph e. muscolino, dc instructor, purchase college state university of new york owner, the art and...

Documents

affiliate of elsevier

temporomandibular joints

suture joints contd

cranial suture joints

structure classification

suture jointsfigure

major muscles of mastication

synarthroticmajor motions