Joseph II

1741-1790

Background• The oldest son of Maria Theresa• Becomes Holy Roman Emperor in 1765 when his

father died• Had total control when his mother died in 1780• He was also an enlightened despot

Achievements• In 1781, Joseph II declared the Patent of Tolerance

o Religious freedom to non-Catholic Christians living in Habsburg landso Includes Lutherans, Calvinists, and Orthodox

• Made German the mandatory language

• A copy of a medal created during Joseph II’s reign to commemorate his religious tolerance

Achievements• Abolished serfdom in 1781

o Serfs could move away and get married as they please

• Founded hospitals• Created orphanages• Opened parks and gardens to the public• Patron of the arts

Achievements• Obtained land from Poland in 1773• Created a defensive alliance with Russia• He was married twice, but had no surviving

children

Did Joseph II Do a Good Job?

• Disliked by clergy and nobilityo Policies on taxes, tried to do away with regional governments, etc.

• Loved by the common people initially, but eventually unpopular in many of his lands near the time of his death

• Created a much more free society