josephson digital electronics in the soviet unionasc’12 portland, or 1 josephson digital...
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ASC’12 Portland, OR 1
JOSEPHSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICSIN THE SOVIET UNION
Konstantin K. Likharev
Acknowledgments of kind help from:
S. Berkovich, A. Kirichenko, G. Lapir, O. Mukhanov, V. Semenov
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2
1
11
ϕψψ ie= 2
22
ϕψψ
ie=
Experimental observation:
P. Anderson and J. Rowell, 1963
S. Shapiro, 1963
This image cannot currently be
displayed.
I
0
CI+
CI−
22
πϕ
π+≤≤−
h/2
const)(
Ve
tt
J
J
≡
+=
ω
ωϕ
( )constsin += tII JC ω
Flux Quantization and Josephson Effect
21,sin ϕϕϕϕ −≡= cII
eVdt
dH
ti k
k 2ˆ =⇒=∂
∂ ϕψ
ψhh
B. Josephson, 1962F. London, 1950
−∇≡ A
q
mqj
r
h
rhrϕψ
2
, 2
∫∫ =Φ=⋅A
n
C
rdBldArr
nldAq
πϕ 2=∆=⋅∫rr
h
qn
hπ2, 00 ≡ΦΦ=Φ
B. Deaver, Jr. and W. Fairbank (1961)R. Doll and M. Näbauer (1961)
ASC’12 Portland, OR
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3
0
22
yield
and2
Φ
Φ−=
Φ−=
−=Φ
=
πϕ
ϕ
e
Vdt
d
eVdt
d
h
h
Josephson effect plus flux quantization:
∫=ΦA
n rdB2
0
2sinΦ
Φ−Φ=Φ πCe LI
1− 0 1 2 31−
0
1
2
1033.02
0
=Φ
≡ cL
LIπβ
0Φ
Φ
0/ ΦΦe
rf SQUID dc SQUID
Memory! Logic!
IV
gI
SQUIDs
cI
gI0
ASC’12 Portland, OR
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Parameter scales:
Bulk version:
a ~ 3 mm
τ ~ 50 µs
Thin-film version:
w ~ 1 mm, Ic ~ 1 A
L ~ 10-11 H, R ~ 10-3 Ω
τ ~ L/R ~ 10 ns
E ~ LIc2 ~10-11 J/bit
If scaled down to w ~100 nm:
Ic ~ 100 µA, R ~ 10 Ω
τ ~ 1 ps, E ~ 10-19 J/bit
(right in the present-day’s
ballpark!)
4
Cryotron Age
D. A. Back (MIT LL), 1954
J. W. Brewer (IBM), 1957
All figures from: J. W. Brewer, Superconductive Devices, McGraw-Hill, 1962J. W. Crowe (IBM), 1957
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In the Soviet Union before 1967…
SimonBerkovich
Kapitsa’s IPP, Moscow, 1960
In 1960, S.B. joined ITMiVT’s
group headed by A. Chentsov,
and in 1966 formed a large
group in NIIFP (Zelenograd)
Academgorodok, Novosibirsk, 1966
GennadyLapir
SimonBerkovich
ASC’12 Portland, OR
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6
Latching logic (inductively coupled version):
BI
V
HILR
LRZ =
BILR
)0(CI
)( HC II
I
VeT /)(2∆0
Latching Logic (I)
Major players: IBM Yorktown Heights, Bell Labs; UC Berkeley (T. Van Duzer)
BI
V
HI 0Φn
SFQ memory cell:
3~LβBI
HI0
1=n0=n
→→→→ WRITE 0
→→→→ WRITE 1
→ READ 1
retention
S → R switching at I > Ic
1 ns1 mV
J. Matisoo (IBM), 1966
J. Matisoo, 1967
traditional cryotron
“tunneling
cryotron”
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Major problems:
- JJ technology (Pb alloys)
- needs ac power/clock (crosstalk, etc.)
- punchthrough effect at reset (1 ns scale)
Fujitsu’s 8-bit DSP:
- 6,300 gates (23,000 JJs)
- 12 mW, fc < 1 GHz
Latching Logic (II)
CI
RI
I
VeT /)(2∆0
S. Hasuo, 1993
“Nb-trilayer” (Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb) junctions:
M. Gurvitch et al.
(Bell Labs), 1983 S. Hasuo, 1993
ASC’12 Portland, OR
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8
Non-Latching JJ Electronics
Non-latching JJ cryotrons: Problems:
- best fit for self-shunted JJs
- poor fab!
RE: nice recent work
- CEA-Grenoble (TaxN)
- NIST-Boulder (NbxSi)
Zhukin, Ukraine, 1977
BI
I
V0
LR
outV
IgorVoitovych
Guess who?
VladimirMakhov
VasiliSemenov
Moscow, 1977
US Patent 4,146,030 (filed Aug. 1977)
PeterBakhtin
ASC’12 Portland, OR
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9
Background ideas:
E. Goto, 1954; C. Bennett, 1973
Parametric Quantron: Moscow 1976
(later re-invented as QFP):
Reversible
operation:
Irreversible
operation:Discarding
“fundamental limits”
on power
consumption:
(i) thermodynamic:
E > kBT ln2
(ii) quantum:
E > h/τ
BOTH WRONG!
)(
1ln
ωτ
τω
ω
τω
p
Tk
E
c
c
B
×
>h
Actual bounds:
KKL, 1982KKL, 1977
Reversible Computation (I)
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10
Circuits:
Constructive example:
fast convolver:
y(n) = Σkx(n)×h(n-k)
- irreversible:
- reversible:
For 8 bits, 1024 points:
30 nW @ 1 GHz & 4.2 K; but: 9.2×106 PQs
S. Rylov et al., 1987
KL, 1982
Toward experimental demo:
J. Ren and V. Semenov, 2011
Reversible Computation (II)
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Sacrificing reversibility at a few critical points,
hardware demands may be dramatically quenched
Two other problems are much worse:
(i) relatively low speed, and
(ii) very low parameter margins
Reversible Computation (III)
tunnel
junctions
Clock
field
Signal field (say,
from a similar cell
nearby)
-e
KKL and A. Korotkov, 1996
Single-electron parametron:
“Clocked QCA [Quantum-Dot Cellular
Automata]”
Stony Brook, 1996 Notre Dame, 1997
A. Orlov et al., 2001
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SQUID as an SFQ pulse
generator:
V(t)
SFQ Pulse
I(t)It
Faraday's Law:
V(t) = dΦ/dt
for the SFQ pulse:
∫V(t)dt = Φ0 ≈ 2 mV-ps
Φ0
J. Buizacchelli et al. (IBM), 1995
t, d d’ ~ 100 nm
wt
d'
d
Superconducting
striplines:
I(t)
J. Hurell and A. Silver, 1978
Nb/Si0 Nb/Si02
V. Semenov and KKL, 1991
SFQ Pulses
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C. Hamilton and F. Lloyd, 1982
Experimental demonstration (up to 100 GHz):
K. Nakajima et al., 1976
SFQ vortex logic (Tohoku U.):
J. Hurell and A. Silver, 1978
J. Hurrell et al., 1980
SQUID switching by SFQ pulses:
SFQ Vortices and Pulses
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Crucial new circuit:
latching inverter
Φ0
Φ0
O. Mukhanov and V. Semenov, 1985
Iin(t)
Vout
RSFQ Circuits: The Idea
Story of “R” in RSFQ:
from Resistive to RapidFrom http://pavel.physics.sunysb.edu/RSFQ/Lib/
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RSFQ Circuits: First Demo
Fist experimental RSFQ circuit (IRE + MSU):
V. Koshelets et al., 1987
Moscow, 1989
ASC’12 Portland, OR
Worked from 0 to 30 GHz
(for 10-um “technology”)
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S. Shokhor et al., 1995
YBCO RSFQ circuit working up to 30 K
However, a fundamental problem:
IC ∝∝∝∝ T (fluctuations)
L ~ Φ0/IC (quantization)
Lmin ∝∝∝∝ λλλλ(T) (striplines)
fine if λλλλ(0) ∝∝∝∝ 1/TC , but this is not so
By now: TFF up to 500 GHz
(T. Kimura et al., 2009)
Chernogolovka, 1987
KKL, V. Semenov and A. Zorin, "New Possibilities for Superconductor
Electronics“, in: Superconducting Devices, ed. by S. T. Ruggiero and D.
A. Rudman, Academic Press, Boston, pp. 1-49 (1990).
High-Tc RSFQ?
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The Politburo Ordeal, and the End
March 1987: Soviet Physics Woodstock
March-April 1998: The Politburo Ordeal
Late 1998 – June 2000: Project “Contact”
Summer 2000: US trip (incl. ASC talk)
Early 2001: the departure
August 1991: Communism falls
December 1991: the USSR falls apart Stony Brook, 1991
Moscow, 1988
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