PROJECT IN SCIENCE

Submitted to: Mrs. Myra M. PareñasScience VI

Earthquake

VolcanoSubmitted by:

Josh Matthew E. Hernandez

Grade VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Earthquake Photos of Earthquake Latest Earthquake Information Seismological Observation and Earthquake Prediction

Division Latest Earthquakes in the World - Past 7 days Philippine Fault Zone Maps Effects of Earthquake Types of Volcano Parts of Volcano Volcanic Eruption Effects of Volcanic Eruption Safety Tips Before and After the Volcano Erupt

EARTHQUAKEAn earthquake is the shaking and

trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust. The most common cause of earthquakes is faulting. During faulting, energy is released. Rocks continue to move until the energy is used up.

1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE

EARTHQUAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES

4.7 MAGNITUDE QUAKE IN MINDORO

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Bulletins of latest seismic events in the Philippines are listed below. The event parameters (hypocenter, time and magnitude) are determined using incoming data from the Philippine National Seismic Network Philippine Standard Time (PST)  is eight hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). (PST = UTC + 8H) UTC is the time standard for which the world regulates clocks and time.Earthquakes in this list with their date and time underlined in blue have reported felt intensities. Intensity ratings are based on thePHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale. Magnitudes in the list are color-coded: below magnitude 5.0 (M < 5.0) are in black, magnitudes 5.0 but below 6.0 (5.0 ≤ M < 6.0) are in blue,  magnitudes 6.0 and above (M ≥ 6.0) are in red.

SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATION AND EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION DIVISION

DATE  - TIME                     LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  DEPTH  MAGNITUDE   LOCATION(PST)                                              ` ( °N )        ( °E )           ( km )          ( Ms )02 Nov 2011 - 08:06 PM          19.38     120.19       023          2.9        138 km N 19° W of Laoag City01 Nov 2011 - 07:22 PM          10.08     126.14       014          3.0        032 km N 03° W of General Luna(Siargao) 31 Oct 2011 - 03:29 AM          13.68     121.71       020          2.6        028 km S 23° E of Lucena City30 Oct 2011 - 11:36 PM          16.06     119.92       033          3.3        012 km S 31° W of Alaminos (Pangasinan)30 Oct 2011 - 07:42 PM          18.91     120.87       029          3.2        085 km N 21° E of Laoag City30 Oct 2011 - 06:33 PM          13.08     121.24       035          2.3        038 km S 10° E of Calapan (Oriental Mindoro)30 Oct 2011 - 04:54 PM          07.70     124.54       019          3.0        067 km N 34° E of Cotabato City30 Oct 2011 - 01:09 PM          04.94     125.34       172          3.8        131 km S 08° E of General Santos City30 Oct 2011 - 09:08 AM          12.41     120.87       009          3.7        048 km S 13° E of Sablayan (Occidental Mindoro)29 Oct 2011 - 09:38 PM          13.70     120.40       034          2.8        017 km S 80° E of Looc (Lubang)29 Oct 2011 - 03:32 PM          13.73     120.47       094          2.6        024 km N 89° E of Looc (Lubang)29 Oct 2011 - 10:46 AM          09.23     125.60       002          3.2        032 km N 11° E of Butuan City26 Oct 2011 - 06:44 PM          20.88     121.78       033          4.2        012 km N 37° W of  Itbayat (Batanes)26 Oct 2011 - 06:28 PM          07.28     121.94       007          3.7        039 km N 23° W of  Zamboanga City

LATEST EARTHQUAKES IN THE WORLD - PAST 7 DAYS

Based on USGS

PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE MAPS Large-scale digital mapping of the Philippine fault zone based on

aerial photograph interpretation:

The 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ) is a major tectonic feature that transects the whole Philippine archipelago from northwestern Luzon to southeastern Mindanao. This arc-parallel, left-lateral strike slip fault is divided into several segments and has been the source of large-magnitude earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake (M 7.0), 1990 Luzon earthquake (Mw 7.7) (Figure 1), and 2003 Masbate earthquake (Ms 6.2). The high seismic risk posed by this fault zone requires a large-scale active faults map, a fundamental data set for seismic hazard mitigation.

LARGE-SCALE DIGITAL MAPPING OF THE PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE BASED ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION:

Since 2003, Kyoto University and PHIVOLCS-DOST have been mapping the Philippine Fault. At present, approximately 90% of on-land-stretch of the PFZ has been mapped. This delineation is based on interpretation of available large-scale (at least 1:30,000) aerial photographs. In areas where there are no available aerial photographs, various satellite images are used to map the fault zone. The identified surface traces of the PFZ are then plotted onto 1:50,000 topographic maps published by NAMRIA and compiled using commonly used Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms such as MapInfo Professional and Generic Mapping Tool (GMT). These active faults maps are now available on this website and upon request to PHIVOLCS-DOST (Figure 2: example of active faults map).

PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE MAPS:

1. Northern Luzon 2. Central Luzon 3. Infanta 4. Guinayangan 5. Bondoc Peninsula 6. Masbate Island 7. Leyte Island 8. Eastern Mindanao

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE

Negative effects of earthquakes: Tremendous loss of life. Loss of property. Collapse of transport – roads, railways,

ports, bridges. Fire, landslides, floods. Blocked roads Facilities disrupted – electricity, water,

medical Tsunamis

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING

Northridge, CA 1994

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS -GROUND SHAKING

Northridge, CA 1994

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING

KGO-TV News ABC-7

Loma Prieta, CA 1989

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING

Kobe, Japan 1995

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - GROUND SHAKING

Kobe, Japan 1995

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - SURFACE FAULTING

Landers, CA 1992

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - LIQUEFACTION

Source: National Geophysical Data Center

Niigata, Japan 1964

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - LIQUEFACTION

Source: National Geophysical Data Center

Niigata, Japan 1964

Liquefaction occurs when the earth shakes something like Jell-O – a lot of water in the solid makes this happen. In the 1995 San Francisco earthquake, the Marina area shook buildings to the ground because they were built on “fill” that was dumped into the Bay to create land. Seattle also has fill areas.

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - LANDSLIDES

Turn again Heights, Alaska,1964 (upper left inset);Santa Cruz Mtns, California , 1989

Source: National Geophysical Data Center

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - FIRES

KGO-TV News ABC-7

Loma Prieta, CA 1989

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS - TSUNAMIS

Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical Data Center

1957 Aleutian Tsunami

WHAT IS A VOLCANO?

Volcano- Areas of earth’s surface through which magma and volcanic gases pass

Volcano comes from the Roman word Vulcan, which means “fire”

WHAT’S INSIDE A VOLCANO?

Magma Chamber- molten rock that feeds a volcano

Vents- cracks in the crust

What is the difference between magma and lava?

VOLCANOES

Mt. Pinatubo

Taal Volcano

Mayon Volcano

WHY DOES THE PHILIPPINES HAVE MANY VOLCANOES?

The Philippines sits on a unique tectonic setting ideal to volcano formation. The archipelago is surrounded by subducting plates as manifested by the trenches that are related to volcano formation.

CLASSIFY VOLCANOES Composite • Cinder • Shield

• Active • Intermittent

• Dormant • Extinct

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Cinder Cone Volcano

a) Built from pyroclastic material

b) Moderately explosive, short eruptions

c) Small in size, steep slopes

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Shield Volcano

a) Built from layers of lava

b) Non-explosive eruptions

c) Not very steep, but can be big

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Composite Volcanoes

a) Most common type

b) Explosive eruptions

and lava flow

c) Built from pyroclastic material AND lava

PARTS OF A VOLCANO

WHERE ARE THE VOLCANOES?

Active Volcanoes of the World

70

60

50

45

40

20

12

600

204

50Indonesia

Central America

Europe

Japan

Africa

Iceland

Italy

Ring of Fire

South America

North America

THE RING OF FIRE

Subduction zones

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Effusive eruptions are characterised by outpourings of lava on to the ground.

Hawaii

Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch

Three products from an explosive eruption Ash fall Pyroclastic

flow Pyroclastic

surge

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS

Pyroclastic flows on Montserrat, buried the capital city.

During a volcanic eruption lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases are expelled from avolcanic vent or fissure. Several types of volcanic eruptions have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Ash add to the soil fertility – farming

New minerals may be discovered

Promotes Tourism Research and education

purposes. Geothermal Energy –

renewable energy.

Loss of life Loss of property

(economic loss) Air Pollution (ash, smoke,

gases, acid rain etc) Water pollution Lahars (mudflows with

water) Earthquakes Increase in

temperature of the area

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member of the family to your disaster supply kit.

Stay away from active volcano sites.

Before a Volcanic Eruption

During a Volcanic EruptionThe following are guidelines for what to do if a volcano erupts in your area:Evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a mudflow increases near stream channels and with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can move faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a bridge, and do not cross the bridge if mudflow is approaching.Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.

PROTECTION FROM FALLING ASH Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.· Use goggles and war

eyeglasses instead of contact lenses. Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with

breathing Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic

ash. Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the

roof collapsing. Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents,

furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents. Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters. Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash

that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles. Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have

to drive, keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.

JOSH MATTHEW E. HERNANDEZ

End of presentation Thank you very much….. Bagong Bayan Elementary School