Journal #30 Distinctive – clearly standing out

Commission – appointment to an office

Stronghold – a place that is strongly protected, such as a fort

Province – an area of control

Wyoming History10.5: Tribes and Early

Wyoming Explorers

Quote of the Day “A coward is much more exposed

to quarrels than a man of spirit.”

“I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.”

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

3rd U.S. President (1801-1809)

Principal author of the Declaration of Independence

A polymath – he was an expert horticulturalist, politician, architect, archaeologist, paleontologist, and the founder of the U. of Virginia

Had children with one of his slaves after his wife died

Deeply in debt when he died Monticello Friend and neighbor of

Meriwether Lewis

Bonus Questions Name the 3rd and 4th Presidents of the

United States

What did the British do to our capital in 1814?

Why is the battle at Fort McHenry in 1814 so well known?

Who was the U.S. leader at the Battle of New Orleans?

Tribes in Wyoming (1800) Lived in Wyoming:

• Arapaho• Cheyenne• Crow• Shoshone

Traveled in Wyoming:• Sioux• Pawnee• Ute• Blackfeet

Cheyenne Name comes from

a Sioux word meaning “people of alien speech”

Corn farmers from Minnesota who moved out onto the plains

Moved throughout Wyoming

Longtime allies with the Arapaho

Crow Likely split from the

Hidatsa in North Dakota

Lived near the Wind, Powder, and Big Horn rivers

Enemies of the Shoshone

Sioux Major tribe who fought

the U.S. in the plains “Indian Wars”

AKA Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota

Originally from Minnesota, near the Mississippi River

Famous battles against white settlers/explorers – The Battle of the Little Bighorn

Enemies of the Pawnee Sitting Bull, Red Cloud,

Crazy Horse

Shoshone Lived in western

Wyoming, as well as Utah and Idaho

Visited by Lewis and Clark in Idaho in 1805

Related to the Sheep-eaters and Comanche

For the most part, they were friendly to whites

Enemies of the Crow, and Arapaho

Eastern Shoshone receive Wind River Reservation in 1868

Chief Washakie was the most famous

Arapaho Northern Arapaho

lived in northeastern Wyoming

Longtime allies with the Cheyenne

Enemies of the Shoshone, Ute, and Pawnee

Frequently raided their enemies

Eventually placed on the Wind River Reservation – with the Shoshone

Crowheart Butte Battle of 1866

Why Come to Wyoming? To explore

• Lewis and Clark did not enter Wyoming– John Colter came into Wyoming

• John C. Fremont• Tourism - Yellowstone

$$$ - Boom and Bust Cycles• The Fur Trade, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

To get somewhere else• Oregon Trail, transcontinental railroad, I-80

How Did The U.S. Get The Land That Would Become Wyoming?

4 land deals

1. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)2. The Annexation of Texas (1845)3. The Oregon Treaty (1848)4. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848)

The Louisiana Purchase 1803 – Thomas Jefferson pays France

$15 million for 828,000 square miles – ($.03 an acre)

Napoleon Bonaparte, “This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride."

Land Deals

The First Explorers in Wyoming

Did the Spanish reach Wyoming?• “Iron-covered” men who couldn’t be killed• Spanish sword found in a field in NE Wyoming • Probably did not happen…but maybe???

French-Canadian trappers were probably the first people in Wyoming

Lewis and Clark A group of 33 men sent west from Missouri – 32 make it

back

Official mission of the expedition• Find a water route to the Pacific• Study Indian tribes• Study plants, and wildlife• Evaluate the British and French Canadian hunters/trappers in the

area

Army Captain Meriwether Lewis is chosen by Jefferson to lead the expedition

He chooses his friend William Clark as his partner

The group returned to St. Louis in 1806

The expedition made many scientific discoveries and sparked American interest in the West

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

John Colter Part of the Lewis and Clark

Expedition

On the return trip, he asks for his release to return West with Manuel Lisa’s Fur Company

During the winter of 1807, he is sent out to meet nearby Indian tribes

Alone, with a rifle and 30 lb pack, he travels 500 miles in the middle of winter

He becomes the first white American to enter Wyoming, he also “discovers” and explores Yellowstone• “Colter’s Hell”

Colter’s Western Adventures

John Colter was attacked by the Blackfeet Indians 3 times during his time in the West

He uses his fur trade profits to buy land in Missouri, but dies shortly after of jaundice

The Astor Party (Hunt Party)

John Jacob Astor was the first multi-millionaire in the United States

In 1810 he decided to establish a fur trading post on the Pacific Coast

He sent two groups to Oregon, one overland and another by ship – The Tonkin

The Astor Party (AKA The Hunt Party)

The overland group travels through Wyoming in 1811 after leaving the Missouri River• Obtain 6,000 pounds of buffalo meat near Pinedale• Trade their horses for canoes in Montana• 45 of the original 60 men make it to Oregon in 1812

When the group arrives in Oregon, they discover that the Tonquin has been attacked

They send a group of men back east to tell John Jacob Astor what has happened

Robert Stuart Leads the group back

east to update Astor in 1812 – unusual because he had taken the Tonquin to Oregon

On the way back east, this group discovers South Pass, a route over the mountains

The group winters on the North Platte River and arrives in St. Louis in 1813

The Fur Trade Fur trapping had become a profitable business in

the early 1800’s

Trappers in Wyoming had a problem, how to get the furs back East?

A man named William Ashley recognizes the problem and takes out an ad in a Missouri newspaper

“A few enterprising young men”• Jim Bridger, William Glass, Milton Sublette, Jed

Smith all sign up

Alfred Jacob Miller

“Mirth, songs, dancing, shouting, trading, running, jumping, singing, racing, target-shooting, yarns, frolic, with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent…all accompanied by whiskey drinking.” – Jim Beckworth

The Decline of the Fur Trade

Late 1830’s

Beaver are overhunted – almost extinct

Fashion changes – Silk hats replace beaver hats

Forts replace rendezvous

Jacques LaRamee