journal of ornamental plants - webs3)/jop...124 journal of ornamental plants, volume 4, number 3:...

Effect of Bulb Cutting and Pot Medium on Propagation of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridumHort.)......................................................................................................................................123-132

Mohammad Khalid Jamil, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Moshiur Rahman

The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of

Bellis perennis L. ..................................................................................................................133-144

Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Nazanin Khakipour

Trichoderma harzianum and Fe Spray Improve Growth Properties of Spathiphyllum sp...145-152

Zahra Jalali, Mahmood Shoor, Sayed Hosein Nemati and Hamid Rouhany

Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen

Fertilizer...............................................................................................................................153-162

Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi, Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami, Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor and

Zeinolabedin Jouyban

Effect of Thidiazuron and Salicylic Acid on the Vase Life and Quality of Alstroemeria

(Alstroemeria hybrida L .cv. Modena) Cut Flower.............................................................163-168

Zahra Bagheri Tirtashi, Davood Hashemabadi, Behzad Kaviani and Ameneh Sajjadi

The Effect of Cola on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics of Cut Alstroemeria...169-174

Mehrdad Babarabie, Hossein Zareie and Feryal Varasteh

Plantlet Regeneration through Indirect Organogenesis of Flame Gold Tree (Koelreuteria elegansLaxm.)..................................................................................................................................175-180

Rameshwar Groach, Muzafar Hussain Dar, Kartar Chand Badgal, Priyanka Pal, Narender Singh

and Kuldeep Yadav

Influence of Explant Nodal Positions on the In Vitro Shoot Regeneration of Rose........181-187

Shreef Mahmood and Bernhard Hauser

Volume 4, Number 3

September 2014

Journal of Ornamental Plants


It is approved publication of Journal of Ornamental Plants (based on approbation of 61st session

of "Survey and Confirmation Commission for Scientific Journals" at Islamic Azad University dated

on 01/25/2010.

Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.

Executive Director: Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand

Editor-in-Chief: Professor Roohangiz Naderi

Executive Manager: Dr. Shahram Sedaghat Hoor

Editorial Board:

Professor Ramin, A., Isfahan University of Technology, Iran

Professor Abdollah Hatamzadeh, University of Guilan, Iran

Professor Honarnejad, R., Islamic Azad University-Varamin Branch, Iran

Associate Professor Shahram Sedaghathoor, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Dr. Davood Hashemabadi, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Associate Professor Moazzam Hassanpour Asil, University of Guilan, Iran

Assistant Professor Behzad Kaviani, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Professor Nagar, P.K., Institute of Himalayan Bio-Resource Technology, India

Professor Salah El Deen, M.M., Al Azhr University, Egypt

Assistant Editor: Zahra Bagheramiri

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SID, Index Copernicous, Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), Open-J-Gate, Magiran,

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Effect of Bulb Cutting and Pot Medium on Propagation of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridumHort.)......................................................................................................................................123-132

Mohammad Khalid Jamil, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Moshiur Rahman

The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Bellisperennis L. ................................................................................................................................133-144

Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Nazanin Khakipour

Trichoderma harzianum and Fe Spray Improve Growth Properties of Spathiphyllum sp..............145-152

Zahra Jalali, Mahmood Shoor, Sayed Hosein Nemati and Hamid Rouhany

Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen

Fertilizer..................................................................................................................................153-162

Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi, Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami, Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor and Zeinolabedin Jouyban

Effect of Thidiazuron and Salicylic Acid on the Vase Life and Quality of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriahybrida L .cv. Modena) Cut Flower........................................................................................163-168

Zahra Bagheri Tirtashi, Davood Hashemabadi, Behzad Kaviani and Ameneh Sajjadi

The Effect of Cola on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics of Cut Alstroemeria...............169-174

Mehrdad Babarabie, Hossein Zareie and Feryal Varasteh

Plantlet Regeneration through Indirect Organogenesis of Flame Gold Tree (Koelreuteria elegansLaxm.).....................................................................................................................................175-180

Rameshwar Groach, Muzafar Hussain Dar, Kartar Chand Badgal, Priyanka Pal, Narender Singh and Kuldeep Yadav

Influence of Explant Nodal Positions on the In Vitro Shoot Regeneration of Rose..................181-187

Shreef Mahmood and Bernhard Hauser

Content Page

www.jornamental.com

Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014 123

Effect of Bulb Cutting and Pot Medium on Propagation

of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.)

Keywords: Bulb cutting, Hippeastrum, Pot medium, Propagation.

Mohammad Khalid Jamil1, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman2 and Mohammad Moshiur Rahman3*

1 Senior Scientific Officer, Biotechnology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur,

Bangladesh2 Professor, Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

(BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh3 Senior Scientific Officer, Horticulture Research Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,

Gazipur, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]

Abstract

Experiments were conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm of

Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural

University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during December, 2007 to May, 2009

to investigate the effect of bulb cutting and potting media on propagation of

hippeastrum. The bulb cutting significantly influenced all the parameters

except days required to first leaf emergence and leaf breadth at 60 DAP. Leaf

number at 60 DAP, leaf length at 60 and 100 DAP, number of plant per

section of bulb and number of bulb per pot were found to be significantly in-

creased upto second treatment and then gradually decreased with the increase

of bulb cutting. The highest number (2.20) of plant per section of bulb,

bulblets (2.20) per section of bulb were obtained from 4 sections/bulb while

diameter (20.74 mm) of bulb and combined weight (57.65 g) of bulb and

plant were maximum at treatment 2 sections/bulb. Potting media also showed

significant influence on all studied parameters. The maximum number (2.04)

of plant per section of bulb and bulblets (2.04) per section of bulb were

revealed at potting media containing only compost while the potting media

contained sand, soil and compost at equal amount produced the biggest size

of bulblets (20.07 mm) and maximum weight (44.75 g) of bulb and plant

combinedly. However, the combined effect of T2 x P3 produced the maximum

number (2.60) of plant and bulblets per section of bulb while the biggest size

(23.05 mm) of bulblets and the highest yield (68.66 g) of bulb and plants

were obtained in T1 x P4.

Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 123-132, September, 2014124

INTRODUCTION

Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.) is a perennial and tunicated bulb suitable for

planting in the bed, pot, rockery, shrubbery and in landscaping. They are also popular as cut flowers

because of their large size, attractive color, and good keeping quality. Generally hippeastrum prop-

agated through bulbs. The bulb is composed entirely of enlarged leaf bases only and there are no

true bulb scales. There are usually six shoot units (generations) in a mature bulb. Daughter bulbs

are initiated in the axils of senescing bulb scales in the outer parts of the bulb. New daughter bulbs

produce nine leaves before initiating the first inflorescence. Because of their tropical origin, there

is no real dormant period in the growth and development cycle of hippeastrum (Rees, 1985).

The basic objective of ex-vitro propagation of hippeastrum is to produce off-spring i.e.

daughter bulbs that will be exactly similar to the mother plant and to get more bulb lets in a very

short time than natural propagation method in a year of growth.

Conventional propagation of hippeastrum by bulb offsets is slow. Seasonal and variable

with some hippeastrum hybrids not producing offsets (Smith et al., 1999). In fact, normally a plant

produces 2-3 bulb lets in a year of growth (Dohare, 1989). Since the natural multiplication rate of

hippeastrum is slow, bulb cutting may be suitable to overcome this deficiency. Developments of

plantlets from small sections of bulb i.e. scale and stem has been reported by a number of workers

(Heaton, 1934). Ephrath et al. (2001) conducted an experiment on various cutting methods for the

propagation of hippeastrum and found fewer bulblets were developed when the mother bulb was

divided into un-separated sections, compared to twin scales. Increasing the number of sections

into which the bulb was divided resulted in larger number of bulb lets. Zhu et al. (2005) reported

that the chipping method was suitable for cutting mother bulb at propagation and the appropriate

technique was to make 12-16 segments, depending on the size of the mother bulb. As the conven-

tional propagation method by bulb offset is slow and they produce a few bulblets naturally, for

this reason the experiment was taken to determine the suitable method for hippeastrum multipli-

cation and to identify the appropriate media for hippeastrum plantlet development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out at the horticultural research Farm of BSMRAU, Salna,

Gazipur during March 2008 to June 2008. It is located between 24.090 N latitude and 90.260 E

longitudes. The altitude of the location is 8.5 m from sea level. Cumulative rainfall of about 119

mm during August to May with average 82.9 % relative humidity. The mean maximum and min-

imum temperatures during cropping period were 26.290 C and 15.750 C, respectively. The soil of

the experimental farm was clay loam having pH 6.2, organic carbon (0.95 %), phosphorus (9 ppm)

and potassium (0.17 meq/100 g soil).

The bulbs of hippeastrum cv. `Apple Blossom, were collected from Kyushu University,

Japan. The bulbs were grown in the garden of Horticulture Department at BSMRAU, Salna, Gazipur.

When the bulbs attain 8-9 cm diameter then it were used as mother bulb for the experiment.

Mature and large size (8-9 cm in diameter) bulbs were selected for this experiment. Selected

bulbs were cleaned by removing the roots, leaves and dry scales. The knife used in the cuttage op-

eration was sterilized to avoid spread of diseases.

The bulbs were cut first horizontally keeping about 1.5 cm scale portion and basal stem por-

tion of similar thickness and then longitudinally into small pieces according to the treatment, each

containing scale and stem portions. The roots of the bulbs were cut back to about an inch in length

from the basal plate. The extraneous matter sticking to the bulb was also removed through washing.

Cut pieces of bulb were then dipped for 5 minutes into dithan M-45 (0.2%) solution to ensure proper

disinfection. The green portion of the leaves was removed by cutting off the top of the ‘neck’ of the

bulb. The treated bulbs were wrapped in tissue paper and immediately planted in a pot.

The experiment was consisted of two factors: Factor A- Five bulb segment: 2 sections, 4


sections, 8 sections, 12 sections and 16 sections and Factor B- Four potting media: Sand (100%),

Soil (100%), Compost (100%) and Sand + Soil + compost (1:1:1).

The pot experiment was laid out in a (RCBD) with five replications. One bulb section was

planted in one pot, containing the potting media according to the treatments and five plants were

constituted the unit of treatment. Total 100 (20 x 5) bulb sections were used from different treat-

ments in the experiment.

Fungicide treated cut pieces of bulbs were planted in a pot containing different type of pot-

ting media for rooting. The cut pieces became reddish in color, gradually turn greenish and finally

shoot arises from the junction of scale-stem section within 35 to 40 days after planting. After a

few days of shoot emergence, the seedlings were shifted everyday for a week from the shaded

place to partly sunny place for hardening.

Data were collected on the following parameters for interpretation of the result of the ex-

periment: i) Days to first leaf emergence, ii) Leaves per plant at 100 days after planting (DAP),

iii) Plant height at 60 and 100 DAP, iv) Leaf breadth at 60 and 100 DAP, v) Number of plants

emerged per bulb section at 100 DAP, vi) Bulblets per pot at 100 DAP, vii) Diameter of bulbs at

100 DAP and viii) Plant weight at 100 DAP.

The recorded data for different characters were analyzed statistically using MSTAT C pro-

gram to find out the variation among the treatments by F-test. Treatment means were compared

by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for interpretation of results (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of bulb segments

Days to first leaf emergence: Days to first leaf emergence of hippeastrum was not signif-

icantly influenced by bulb cutting (Table 1). However, the first leaf emergence (44.55 days) com-

menced earlier in T1 (i.e. 2 sections per bulb) while late (48.65 days) in plants of T5 (i.e.16 sections

per bulb) which was followed by T4, T3 and T2. This may be due to T1 had more reserve food than

other treatments which favoured the early leaf emergence of bulb sections. Misra, (1995) reported

that entire corm and radial cut corm showed 100% sprouting which supports the present findings.

Leaves per plant: Number of leaf was counted at 100 days after planting (DAP) and ex-

hibited significant variation among the different segments per bulb (Table 1). It varied from 1.5 to

2.65 per plant, the highest (2.65) leaves per plant was recorded from T2 (i.e. 4 sections per bulb)

and the lowest (1.5) from T5 (16 sections per bulb). A gradual decrease of number of leaf per plant

was found with the gradual increase in section per bulb except T2 in the present investigation.

Plant height: Plant height of hippeastrum was measured at 60 and 100 days after planting.

It was observed that plant height was significantly influenced by different segments per bulb at 60

DAP and 100 DAP (Table 1). The plant height increased gradually as the time passed after planting.

The highest plant height (19.91 cm and 29.11 cm) was observed in T2 at 60 DAP and 100 DAP re-

spectively. On the other hand, it was the lowest (10.25 cm and 24.62 cm) in T5 at both 60 and 100

DAP, respectively. Plant height was statistically similar among up to 12 segmented bulb than 16

segmented bulb. These findings are partially agreed by Singh (1996) where he found statistically

similar heights with whole and half corm use.

Leaf breadth: Leaf breadth of hippeastrum was not significantly influenced by the bulb

cutting at 60 DAP but significantly differed at 100 DAP (Table 1). However, the broader leaf (1.37

cm at 60D AP and 2.12 cm at 100 DAP) was visualized in T1 (2 sections per bulb) and the narrower

leaves (1.12 cm at 60 DAP and 1.69 cm at 100 DAP) produced from T5 (16 sections per bulb).

This might be due to that an increase in the number of sections resulted in a smaller quantity of

available nutrients in the sections which failed to produce broader leaves.

Plants emerged per bulb section: Plants emerged per bulb section of hippeastrum were

counted at the time of bulb lifting from the pot. A significant variation in plants per bulb section


was observed (Table 1). The value for plants/section of bulb decreased gradually from T1 (2 sec-

tions) to T5 (16 sections) except T2 (Table 1). The maximum plants/bulb (2.2) was obtained when

mother bulb was cut at 4 sections (T2) and the lowest (1.1) was found in T5 (i.e. 16 sections per

bulb) which was at par with T4 and T3. Ephrath et al. (2001) also observed similar trend in hip-

peastrum.

Bulblets per pot: Number of bulblets per pot differs significantly due to mother bulb cutting

(Table 2.). The highest number of bulblets per pot (2.20) was found in T2 (i.e. 4 sections/bulb)

which was at par with T1 and T3. The lowest number of bulblets per pot (1.10) was obtained from

T5 (i.e.16 sections/bulb) followed by T4 and T3. This was possibly due to size of bulb sections

which produce bulb-lets after attaining optimum size. This was in line with the findings of Gromov

(1972) who suggested that faster propagation in gladiolus was achieved by planting halved seg-

ments of large corms.

Bulb diameter: Bulb diameter of hippeastrum was significantly influenced by the bulb

segments (Table 2). The highest diameter of bulb (20.74 mm) was recorded in T1 (i.e. 2 segments

per bulb) which was statistically identical to T2. The lowest diameter of bulb (14.73 mm) was

achieved in T5 (i.e. 16 segments per bulb) followed by T4 and T3. The results of the study presented

here revealed to the fact that the smaller the number of sections into which the mother bulb was

cut, the larger the average diameter of the resulting bulblets. The result is in full agreement with

the findings of Zhu et al. (2005) in hippeastrum who reported that the bigger the daughter bulb at

planting, the larger the bulb obtained.

Plant weight: Plant weight of hippeastrum as influenced by bulb sections showed statisti-

cally significant (Table 2). It can be noted that plant weight including bulb decreased gradually

with the increase of bulb sections. The highest plant weight (57.65 g) was obtained from T1 i.e. 2

Treatment

Days to

first leaf

emergence

Leaves per

plant

Plant height

(cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Plants

emerged per

bulb section

60 DAP 100 DAP 60 DAP 100 DAP

T1=2 sections

T2=4 sections

T3=8 sections

T4=12 sections

T5=16 sections

Level of significance

CV%

44.55

44.75

44.95

46.65

48.65

NS

8.86

2.05 ab

2.65 a

2.10 ab

1.70 b

1.50 b

**

22.94

17.72 a

19.91 a

18.03 a

16.98 a

10.25 b

**

12.08

28.81 a

29.11 a

26.90 ab

25.63 ab

24.62 b

**

9.53

1.37

1.27

1.18

1.15

1.12

NS

15.12

2.12 a

1.99 ab

1.83 ab

1.74 b

1.69 b

**

11.89

1.95 ab

2.20 a

1.70 abc

1.55 bc

1.10 c

**

24.51

Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different from each other

DAP = Days after planting.

Table 1. Effect of bulb cutting on vegetative growth of hippeastrum

Treatment Bulblets per pot Bulb diameter (mm) Plant weight (g)

T1=2 sections

T2=4 sections

T3=8 sections

T4=12 sections

T5=16 sections


CV%

1.95 ab

2.20 a

1.70 abc

1.55 bc

1.10 c

**

24.51

20.74 a

18.26 ab

17.38 bc

16.40 bc

14.73 c

**

10.73

57.65 a

51.09 b

36.97 c

24.68 d

23.72 d

**

5.73


Table 2. Effect of bulb cutting on bulb production of hippeastrum


sections per bulb and the treatment T5 i.e. 16 sections per bulb produced the lowest weight (23.72

g) which was statistically similar with that of T4. This finding is in agreement with that of Witomska

et al. (2005) in hippeastrum. They found that cutting size significantly affected the number of re-

generated bulblets, as well as their diameter and fresh weight.

Effect of potting media

Days to first leaf emergence: Potting media was found significantly influenced on days

to first leaf emergence of hippeastrum (Table 3). Days to first leaf emergence was observed earlier

(42.64 days) in P4 [i.e. sand, soil and compost (1:1:1)] which was statistically similar to P3 and P2.

Leaf emergence was late (50.36 days) in P1 (i.e. 100% sand only). This might be due to suitable

moisture content in P4 which enhanced the leaf emergence earlier than other potting media. In an

experiment with gladiolus, Misra, (1994) found maximum emergence of sprouts in pots by 50:50

sand and soil mixture which is also in partial agreement with the present findings.

Leaves per plant: The number of leaves per plant produced in different potting media varied

significantly (Table 3). The maximum number of leaves per plant (2.64) was recorded from potting

media P3 which was statistically similar to P4. It may be due to good aeration and nutrient availability

to the plant which ultimately results proper vegetative growth of plant. Whereas the minimum leaves

per plant (1.24) was produced in P1 (100% sand) which was statistically identical to P2.

Plant height: Potting media also showed significant influence on plant height of hippeas-

trum at 60 and 100 DAP (Table 3). Plant height increased gradually with the pave of time and it

was observed that there was significant differences of potting media in respect of plant height at

60 DAP and 100 DAP. From table 3, it was clear that plant height increases sharply at 60 DAP and

then slight increases at 100 DAP in all the potting media. However, the longest plant (20.65cm

and 32.26 cm) at 60 DAP and 100 DAP was found in P4 while the dwarf plant (11.50 cm and 19.45

cm) at 60 DAP and 100 DAP was recorded in P1. Adequate numbers of leaves are essential for

Treatment

Days to

first leaf

emergence

Leaves per

plant

Plant height

(cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Plants

emerged per

bulb section


P1= 100% Sand

P2= 100% Soil

P3= 100% Compost

P4=Sand+Soil+Compost


CV%

50.36 a

47.00 ab

43.64 ab

42.64 b

**

8.86

1.24 c

1.72 bc

2.64 a

2.40 ab

**

22.94

11.50 b

14.56 b

19.60 a

20.65 a

**

12.08

19.45 c

25.44 b

30.90 a

32.26 a

**

9.53

0.76 c

1.10 b

1.43 a

1.57 a

**

15.12

1.31 b

1.55 b

2.20 a

2.43 a

**

11.89

1.32 b

1.52 ab

2.04 a

1.92 ab

**

24.51


Table 3. Effect of potting media on vegetative growth of hippeastrum


P1= 100% Sand

P2= 100% Soil

P3= 100% Compost

P4=Sand+Soil+Compost


CV%

1.32 b

1.52 ab

2.04 a

1.92 ab

**

24.51

14.86 c

16.42 bc

18.66 ab

20.07 a

**

10.73

32.61 b

36.20 b

41.73 a

44.75 a

**

5.73


Table 4. Effect of potting media on bulb production of hippeastrum


normal growth and development of plants as well as bulbs. In the present study, P4 media produced

more leaves per plant, so it resulted in accumulation of more photosynthates that leading to better

growth of the plant.

Leaf breadth: Significant variation was observed in leaf breadth as influenced by potting

media (Table 3). A mixture of sand, soil and compost at the ratio of 1:1:1 (i.e.P4) showed the highest

value (1.57 cm at 60 DAP and 2.43 cm at 100 DAP) for leaf breadth and it was the lowest (0.76

cm at 60 DAP and 1.31cm at 100 DAP) was visualized in P1 (100% sand media). This may be due

to more numbers of leaves produced by P4 media which favours the accumulation of more photo-

synthates leading to broader leaf of the plant.

Plants emerged per bulb section: Significant variation in the plants per bulb was also

found due to different potting media (Table 3). A gradual increase in plants/bulb was observed

when bulb sections were planted in compost media solely and also in the mixture of sand, soil and

compost at the ratio of 1:1:1.The compost media (P3) solely produced the maximum number of

Treatment Days to first

leaf emergence

Leaves per

plant

Plant height

(cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Plants

emerged per

bulb section


T1 X P1

T1 X P2

T1 X P3

T1 X P4

T2 X P1

T2 X P2

T2 X P3

T2 X P4

T3 X P1

T3 X P2

T3 X P3

T3 X P4

T4 X P1

T4 X P2

T4 X P3

T4 X P4

T5 X P1

T5 X P2

T5 X P3

T5 X P4


CV%

44.2 c-g

45.4 c-f

44.4 c-g

38.6 g

50.2abc

49.6 abc

40.6 fg

45.8 b-f

51.8 ab

47.2 b-e

45.0 c-f

42.6 d-g

52.0 ab

44.8 c-g

41.2 efg

40.2 fg

53.6 a

48.0 a-d

47.0 b-e

46.0 b-f

*

8.86

2.0 bc

2.8 abc

2.6 abc

3.0 abc

2.0 bc

2.8 abc

3.6 a

3.6 a

2.0 bc

2.4 abc

3.4 ab

3.4 ab

1.6 c

2.2 abc

2.8 abc

3.4 ab

1.8 c

2.4 abc

2.8 abc

2.4 abc

**

25.83

12.08 efg

16.50 bcd

20.46 ab

21.84 a

13.24 c-f

16.90 bc

24.68 a

24.80 a

12.54 d-g

15.24 cde

21.44 a

22.90 a

11.26 efg

14.62 cde

20.50 ab

21.52 a

8.36 g

9.54 fg

10.92 efg

12.18 efg

**

12.08

23.28

28.14

31.82

32.00

21.36

25.64

34.24

35.22

18.96

23.92

31.04

33.66

17.86

24.18

29.46

31.00

15.78

25.30

27.96

29.44

NS

9.53

0.86 fg

1.26 b-e

1.60 ab

1.74 a

0.72 g

0.96 efg

1.40 a-d

1.64 ab

0.78 fg

1.16 c-f

1.56 abc

1.58 ab

0.72 g

1.06 d-g

1.30 b-e

1.50 abc

0.70 g

1.06 d-g

1.30 b-e

1.40 a-d

**

15.12

1.50 ef

1.98 cd

2.40 abc

2.60 a

1.44 f

1.66 def

2.38 abc

2.50 ab

1.22 f

1.42 f

2.28 abc

2.40 abc

1.22 f

1.36 f

2.02 bcd

2.36 abc

1.18 f

1.34 f

1.94 cde

2.30 abc

**

11.89

1.6 b-e

1.8 a-e

2.2 abc

2.2 abc

1.8 a-e

2.0 a-d

2.6 a

2.4 ab

1.2 de

1.4 cde

2.2 abc

2.0 a-d

1.0 e

1.4 cde

2.0 a-d

1.8 a-e

1.0 e

1.0 e

1.2 de

1.2 de

**

24.51


DAP = Days after planting

T1 X P1 = 2 sections x sand only

T3 X P3 = 8 sections x compost only

T1 X P2 = 2 sections x soil only T3 X P4 = 8 sections x (sand+soil+compost)

T1 X P3 = 2 sections x compost only T4 X P1 = 12 sections x sand only

T1 X P4 = 2 sections x (sand+soil+compost) T4 X P2 = 12 sections x soil only

T2 X P1 = 4 sections x sand only T4 X P3 = 12 sections x compost only






Table 5. Combined effect of bulb cutting and potting media on vegetative growth of hippeastrum


plants per bulb (2.04) and the media contain solely sand (P1) produced the lowest (1.32) plant per

section of bulb. This may be due to good aeration and water holding capacity of the compost media

which favors the regeneration ability of the cutting bulb. This result is also supported by the find-

ings of Witomska et al. (2005). They observed in a trial regarding the effect of cutting size on

propagation efficiency of Hippeastrum x chmielii by scale cuttings that perlite was more appro-

priate medium for incubation of cuttings than a mixture of perlite and peat.

Bulblets per pot: The number of bulblets per pot was significantly varied due to potting

media (Table 4). However, the highest number of bulblets per pot (2.04) was found in potting media

containing solely compost (P3) which was closely followed by potting media P4 that containing

sand, soil and compost at the ratio of 1:1:1 and P2. 100% compost (P3) showed better performance

may be due to the profuse rooting of the bulb sections which absorbed more nutrients that encourage

the production of more bulblets per plant. On the other hand, the lowest number of bulblets per pot

(1.32) was observed in potting media containing only sand (P1). This may be due to that sand alone

is a nutrient deficient medium. Misra, (1994) reported that the treatment sand and soil mixture was

found to be superior among different soil media and provided largest size corms in gladiolus.

Diameter of bulb: Significant variation was observed in bulb diameter as influenced by


T1 X P1

T1 X P2

T1 X P3

T1 X P4

T2 X P1

T2 X P2

T2 X P3

T2 X P4

T3 X P1

T3 X P2

T3 X P3

T3 X P4

T4 X P1

T4 X P2

T4 X P3

T4 X P4

T5 X P1

T5 X P2

T5 X P3

T5 X P4


CV%

1.60 b-e

1.80 a-e

2.20 abc

2.20 abc

1.80 a-e

2.00 a-d

2.60 a

2.40 ab

1.20 de

1.40 cde

2.20 abc

2.00 a-d

1.20 de

1.40 cde

2.00 a-d

1.80 a-e

1.00 e

1.00 e

1.20 de

1.20 de

**

24.51

18.48 b-f

19.38 a-e

22.05 ab

23.05 a

15.77 e-i

17.00 d-h

19.10 a-e

21.18 abc

14.73 f-i

16.16 d-i

18.53 b-f

20.08 a-d

14.18 hi

15.36 e-i

17.65 c-g

19.42 a-e

12.13 i

14.20 ghi

15.98 d-i

16.60 d-h

**

10.73

45.32 d

55.82 c

60.82 b

68.66 a

45.32 d

47.30 d

55.38 c

56.36 c

33.70 fg

35.70 ef

38.84 e

39.62 e

20.90 j

21.38 j

27.70 hi

30.74 gh

19.82 j

20.78 j

25.90 i

28.38 hi

**

5.73

Means having same letter (s) in a column are not significantly different from each other







T2 X P3 = 4 sections x compost T5 X P1 = 16 sections x sand only




Table 6. Combined effect of bulb cutting and potting media on bulb production of hip-

peastrum


potting media (Table 4). The media P4 (containing sand, soil and compost at the same ratio) showed

the highest value (20.07 mm) for bulb diameter which was statistically similar to P3. A mixture of

sand, soil and compost (P4) showed better performance may be due to the lower number of bulblets

per pot which obtained available space to attain proper growth. On the other hand, the lowest di-

ameter of bulb (14.86 mm) was recorded in 100% sand (P1). This was also supported by Misra,

(1994) in gladiolus where he found that the size of corms was highly discouraging in only sand.

Plant weight: Plants weight of hippeastrum was also observed significant as influence by

potting media (Table 4). The highest plant weight (44.75 g) was recorded from potting media con-

taining sand, soil and compost at the ratio of 1:1:1 (P4) which was at par with P3. The minimum

plant weight (32.61 g) was recorded from potting media contained only sand (P1). This may be

due to that the longest root was produced by the treatment P4 and number of roots was also good

in this treatment which was able to uptake necessary nutrients. On the other hand, though number

of roots per plant was highest in 100% sand but root length was not good. So, these could not

uptake sufficient nutrients from the soil.

Combined effect of bulb segments and potting media

Days to first leaf emergence: Days to first leaf emergence of hippeastrum were significant

as influenced by the combined effect of bulb section and potting media (Table 5). From the table,

it was found that T1P4 i.e. 2 sections per bulb with sand, soil and compost (1:1:1) media took the

minimum period (38.6 days) for first leaf emergence which was at par with T1P1, T1P3, T2P3, T3P4,

T4P2, T4P3 and T4P4. On the other hand, T5P1 i.e. 16 sections per bulb with 100% sand media took

the maximum period (53.6 days) which was statistically similar with T2P1, T2P2, T3P1, T4P1 and

T5P2. This may be due to available moisture content of the potting media (P4) and sufficient food

reserves in the bulb section (T1) enhanced the leaf emergence of the bulb. This was in close con-

formity with the findings of Misra (1995) in gladiolus.

Leaves per plant: Regarding the combined effect of bulb sections and potting media on

the number of leaves per plant, significant difference was observed (Table 5). Number of leaves

per plant varied from 1.6 to 2.6, the highest (2.6) being observed in T2P3 followed by T2P4 (Table

5).This may be due to that T2P3 favours the congenial environment for the growth of bulb which

encouraged to produce more leaves per plant for better growth. On the other hand, the minimum

leaves (1.6) was visualized in T4P1 (i.e. 12 sections/bulb + 100% sand) which was statistically sim-

ilar with T5P1 (16 sections/bulb + 100% sand). This may be due to insufficient food reserves to the

bulb section (16 sections per bulb) and deficient in nutrient in potting media (100% sand only).

Plant height: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media had significant in-

fluence on plant height of hippeastrum at 60 days after planting but it was not significantly dif-

fered at 100 DAP (Table 5). However, the periodic growth study revealed that plant height

increased with the advancement of the plant duration. The maximum plant height (24.80 cm)

was recorded in T2P4 at 60 DAP which was statistically identical to T2P3. The minimum plant

height (8.36 cm at 60 DAP and 15.78 cm at 100 DAP) was found in T5P1.These findings are

partially agreed by Singh (1996) where he found statistically similar heights with whole and

half corm use.

Leaf breadth: The combined effect of bulb section and potting media also exhibited

significant influence on leaf breadth of Hippeastrum (Table 5). Maximum leaf breadth (1.74

cm at 60 DAP and 2.60 cm at 100 DAP) was observed in T1P4 (2 sections per bulb + potting

media containing a mixture of sand, soil and compost equally) which was statistically iden-

tical with that of T2P4 and T3P4 {i.e.4 and 8 sections per bulb + potting media containing a

mixture of sand, soil and compost} (Table 5). The lowest value for leaf breadth (0.70 cm at

60 DAP and 1.18 cm at 100 DAP) was observed in T5P1 (16 sections per bulb + 100% sand

media). Good aeration to the root zone, water and nutrient availability to the plant favoured


better growth and development of the plant, which eventually produced broader size of leaf

in the experiment.

Plants emerged per bulb section: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media

showed significant influence on the plants produced per bulb of hippeastrum (Table 5). However,

the maximum no. of plants (2.6) was produced in T2P3 and T2P4. This may be due to that smaller

section of bulb and 100% compost or a mixture of sand, soil and compost possesses sufficient food

reserves and available nutrients to the plant which encouraged new plantlets from bulb sections.

On the other hand, the media contain only sand or only soil with 12 or 16 sections per mother bulb

(T4P1, T5P1 and T5P2) produced the minimum number of plantlets per bulb section (1.0) (Table 5).

This result is also in partial agreement with the findings of Misra (1994) who found that the highest

percent of plant emergence in pots was obtained by 50:50 sand and soil mixture.

Bulblets per pot: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media also showed sig-

nificant influence on number of bulblets per pot of hippeastrum (Table 6). However, the maximum

bulblets per pot (2.60) were recorded from T2P3 (i.e.2 sections/bulb and potting media containing

sand, soil and compost at the ratio 1:1:1). This may be due to that maximum number of leaves per

plant was produced in T2P3 which accumulated more photosynthates that diverted into sink (bulb)

and ultimately produced more bulblets per plant. On the other hand, the minimum (1.00) was ob-

tained from 16 sections /bulb with sand or soil media solely (T5P1 and T5P2).

Diameter of bulb: The combined effect of bulb sections and potting media also exhibited

significant influence on bulb diameter of hippeastrum (Table 6). However, the maximum bulb di-

ameter (23.05 mm) was observed in the treatment consists of T1P4 (i.e. 2 sections per bulb with

potting media containing a mixture of sand, soil and compost at the same ratio). The lowest value

for bulb diameter (12.13 mm) was observed in the treatment comprises of 16 sections per bulb

and 100% sand containing potting media (T5P1). Potting media containing sand, soil and compost

at the same ratio produced greater number of roots which uptake sufficient nutrients that favoured

better growth and development of the individual plant, which eventually produced larger size of

bulbs in the present experiment. This result is in full agreement with that of Ephrath et al. (2001)

who reported that as the number of sections that the mother bulb was divided to decreased, the

percentage of developing bulblets with a large circumference increased.

Plant weight: The combined effect between bulb sections and potting media on plant

weight of hippeastrum was found significant (Table 6). However, the highest plant weight (68.66

g) was obtained from T1P4 i.e. 2 sections per bulb with potting media containing a mixture of sand,

soil and compost which was closely followed by T2P4 i.e. 4 sections /bulb with potting media con-

taining a mixture of sand, soil and compost (Table 6). The lowest value for plant weight (19.82 g)

was found in T5P1 (i.e.16 sections per bulb and potting media contain only sand) which was closely

followed by T5P1, T5P2 and T4P1. The combination of 2 sections /bulb and potting media contain sand

+ soil + compost at the same ratio produced the highest plant weight. Equal amount of sand, soil and

compost in a pot ensured the availability of nutrient, moisture and aeration to the root zone which ul-

timately results in better growth and development of the plant and producing heavier bulb.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment it was revealed that bulb cutting significantly influenced all the pa-

rameters except days required to first leaf emergence and leaf breadth at 60 DAP. The highest num-

ber of plant per section of bulb, bulblets per section of bulb were obtained from treatment 2 while

diameter of bulb and combined weight of bulb and plant were maximum at treatment 1. Potting

media also showed significant influence on all parameters studied on hippeastrum bulb cutting.

The maximum number of plant per section of bulb and bulblets per section of bulb were found at

potting media containing only compost while the potting media contained sand, soil and compost

at equal amount produced the biggest bulblets and heaviest bulb.


Literature Cited

Dohare, S.R. 1989. Amaryllis and Hippeastrum. In: Commercial Flowers. T.K. Bose, R.G. Maiti

and R.S. Dhva, (eds.), Naya Prokash, Calcutta. pp. 558-564.

Ephrath, J.E., Ben-Asher, J., Baruchin, F., Alekperov, C., Dayan, E. and Silberbush, M. 2001. Various

cutting methods for the propagation of hippeastrum bulbs. Biotronics. 30: 75-83.

Gomez, K.A. and Gomez. A.A. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural Research (2nd edition).

Int. Rice Res. Inst. John Wiley and Sons Publication, New York. pp. 28-192.

Gromov, A.N. 1972. Propagation by division. In: The world of gladiolus, Edge. Wood Press, Maryland.

pp. 98-102,

Heaton, I. W. 1934. Vegetative propagation of Amaryllis. Herbertia, 1: 75-82.

Misra, R.L. 1994. Propagatiion of gladiolus through sprouts- An entirely new method in gladiolus

propagation. In: Floriculture Technology, Trades and Trends. Oxford and IBH Publishing

Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. pp. 67-70.

Misra, R.L. 1995. Studies on gladiolus propagation through fractionated corms. Haryanan Journal

of Horticultural Science. 24(3-4): 203-208.

Rees, A.R. 1985. Hippeastrum. In: Handbook of flowering. A.H. Halevy (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton,

Florida. pp. 294-296.

Singh, K.P. 1996. Response of whole and excised corms on production of spikes in gladiolus. Indian

Journal of Horticulture. 53(3): 228-232.

Smith, R.H., Burrows, J. and Kurten, K. 1999. Challenges associated with micropropagation of

Zephyranthes and Hippeastrum sp. (Amaryllidaceae). In vitro Cellular and Development of

Biology Plant. 35(4): 281-282.

Witomska, M., Ilczuk, A. and Zalewska, I. 2005. Effect of cutting size on propagation efficiency

of Hippeastrum x Chmielii by scale cuttings. Propagation of Ornamental Plants. 5(4): 205-209.

Zhu, Y., Liu, K.S. and Yiu, J.C. 2005. Effect of cutting method on bulb production of Hippeastrum hybridum in Taiwan. Acta-Horticulturae. 2: 531-535


The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method

on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Bellis perennis L.

Keywords: Azolla, Foliar spray, Growth indices, Municipal waste compost, Tea waste.

Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh 1, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand1* and Nazanin Khakipour2

1Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran2Department of Soil Science, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran


In order to investigate the effect of growth media and nutrition

method on the growth of Bellis perennis L. and nutrients uptake, a factorial

experiment was conducted with two factors: growth media (municipal

waste compost, Azolla compost, tea wastes compost) and nutrition method

(without fertilizer, soil application, foliar spray) in comparison to the

control medium (60% soil + 20% manure + 10% composted leaves + 10%

sand) based on RCD with 45 treatment and three replications. Plant growth

indices during growth and after plant harvest were measured. The total

nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and

manganese were measured in the shoot of plant. The results showed that the

height of plant increased in medium "control, municipal waste compost,

Azolla" through foliar spray and soil application of fertilizer. The growth

medium "control, municipal compost and Azolla" increased plant height,

shoot dry weight and flower number and uptake of nitrogen, potassium,

zinc, calcium, iron and magnesium in plant shoot.

Abstract


INTRODUCTION

Bellis perennis L. is annual plant to grow in Europe and the west of Asia widely in

bushes, wet lands and forest region (Vaziri Elahi, 1987). It grows to the 1800-2000 height

(Zargari, 1989). Easy cultivation, lack of high care and also many flowers are the invariants of

mentioned plant (Vaziri Elahi, 1987). Color of petals is varied from red, red-purple, white or

pink colors (Kavalcioglou et al., 2010). Nutritional management has an important role at the

increase of production and quality of ornamental plants. Nowadays, different matters are used

as growth media of ornamental plants (Raviv et al., 2002). The cultivation of plants on soilless

media started in 1960 by using organic media, especially peat (Shi et al., 2002). Peat is the

most public matter used as basis at growth media and in many countries in the world it consti-

tutes the most part of greenhouse soil, but its removal from ecosystems is a global problem

(Vaughn et al., 2011). Many researches about the effect of compost produced from different

resources of agricultural on the growth of ornamental plants has been done in the world that

denotes their beneficial effects at improvement of physical, chemical condition and soil fertility

(Levy and Taylor, 2003).

Growth media may be provided from different matters with optimized physical and nutri-

tional characteristics, but suitable organic matters was expensive and providing them is difficult

(Dibenedetto et al., 2004). The positive effect of using municipal waste compost in many agricul-

tural, garden and pasture products has been reported (Marcote et al., 2001; Mbarki et al., 2008;

Ostos et al., 2008; Almasiyan et al., 2006; Cala et al., 2005; Eghball et al., 2004; Somare et al.,2003; Garcy Gil et al., 2000). Using compost at growth of marigold had positive effect on growth

indices and uptake macronutrients by plant (Sharifi et al., 2010). Papafotiou et al. (2004) used

olive wastes compost as alternative of peat to cultivate some ornamental plants and suggested that

this compost can be replaced amounted 25%, 75% and 75% v/v instead of peat for cultivating

Ficus benjamina L., Cordyline and Syngonium podophyllum L., respectively.

Grigatti et al. (2007) showed that the peat can be replaced by the composition of waste

compost of plant pruning and sewage sludge (20:80) at growth media of seasonal transplant

(marigold, sage, and begonia) at the rations 25 and 50 percent. The aim of this research was deter-

mining suitable media for the growth of Bellis perennis and increasing uptake of nutrients by using

tea waste, Azolla and municipal waste compost.


A factorial experiment (two factors) was conducted to evaluate impact of growth media

and nutrition method on Bellis perennis L. Factor A was the different growth media obtained from

organic wastes in 15 treatments. Factor B was nutrition method including soil fertilization, foliar

spray and without fertilization. Bellis perennis L. seeds was bought from Farid seed company and

was planted in plot provided by garden soil (60% soil + 20%manure + 10% composted leaves +

10% sand) and the produced transplant with the same size were transferred to the pots having dif-

ferent media at the five or six leaves step. Municipal waste compost was prepared from the factory

of recycling municipal waste in Rasht, tea waste compost from Tea Research Station of the north

of Iran and Azolla compost were bought from Rice Research Center of Agriculture Ministry in

Rasht. After preparation compost, firstly they were passed through 5mm sieve and were combined

as volume with the proportion that is mentioned in Table 1. Then the composition was poured into

4 liters pot and transferred to the field and arranged according to the experiment design. After

transferring the seedlings to the pots and after one month, they were sprayed. Two plants in each

pot were maintained until the end of the growing season. Liquid fertilizer of Megafol was used

for fertilization whose its compound is shown in Table 2. Fertilization was done three times at in-

tervals 15 days in both soil and spray. The plant height monthly during growing season and flow-

ering stem was measured.


At the end of the growth period, the plants were removed from pots. Shoots from the crown

removed and their fresh weight was recorded. The harvested shoot were dried at 70°C for 48 h.

Sub samples of dry shoot were ground and then dry-ashed in a furnace at 550°C and then extracted

with 2M HCl. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn were measured in the extracts by

atomic absorption (Ali Ahyaei, 1994), K by flame photometry and P by spectrophotometry (Paye

Treatment

symbol

Treatment

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A13

A14

A15

Control (60% v/v soil+ 20% v/v manure+ 10% sand, 10% composted leaves)

100% Tea wastes compost

100% Municipal wastes compost

100% Azolla compost

50% Control+50% Tea wastes compost

50% Control+50% Municipal wastes compost

50% Control+ 50% Azolla compost

50% Tea wastes compost+ 50%Municipal wastes compost

50% Tea wastes composte+50% Azolla compost

50% Municipal wastes compost +50%Azolla compost

33.3% Control+33.3%Tea wastes composte+33.3%Municipal wastes compost

33.3% Control + 33.3% Tea wastes compost+ 33.3% Azolla compost

33.3% Control+ 33.3%Municipal wastes composte+33.3%Azolla compost

33.3% Tea wastes compost+ 33.3%Municipal wastes composte+33.3% Azolla compost

25% Control+ 25%Tea wastes compost+ 25%Municipal wastes compost+ 25%Azolla

Means having same letter (s) in a column are not significantly different from each other

Table 1. The compounds of organic wastes used in different treatments

P2O5 (%) C Organic (%) N Organic (%) Fe (%) Amino acides (%) K2O (%)

4.5-5.6 2.9-3.6 28-35 0.05-0.06 4.5-5.6 0.04-0.05

Table 2. The compounds of nutrient solution used in experiment

Treatment Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(mg/kg)

Potassium

(mg/kg)

C/N

ratiopH EC

(dS/m)

Control

Tea wastes compost

Municipal wastes compost

Azolla compost

Control + Tea wastes compost

Control + Municipal wastes compost

Control + Azolla compost

Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost

Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost

Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost

Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost

Control + Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost

Control + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost

Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost +

Azolla compost

Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes

compost + Azolla

0.25

2.80

3.22

2.73

2.99

1.89

0.70

3.71

3.50

2.94

1.96

1.89

1.94

2.85

2.17

6

120

208

26

80

72

14

156

44

248

80

48

56

104

88

24

82

660

102

62

320

56

540

146

290

300

104

420

510

340

17.72

6.44

7.11

8.58

3.91

8.25

13.93

5.91

5.29

7.13

7.96

5.16

4.53

7.53

8.54

6.9

4.8

8.0

6.1

5.1

7.7

6.5

7.6

4.9

7.6

7.1

4.9

7.6

7.3

7.2

0.85

5.69

16.36

3.94

1.64

8.55

1.47

11.73

7.65

10.74

8.52

2.6

5.23

8.8

6.28

Table 3. Some chemical properties of the used media


et al., 1982). The chemical properties of beds were measured. For measuring total N of media,

method of Kjeldahl was used (Paye et al., 1984). For measuring phosphorus and potassium, first

the beds were extracted by the ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA. Then in produced extract, the phos-

phorus was measured with the phosphomolybdate method and by Spectrophotometer model Apel-

PD-303 UV in the wave 470 nonometer. Potassium was measured by a flame photometer model

Jenway. The pH and EC were measured in extract 1:5 dried material to water. The pH was measured

with pH meter model elmetron and EC was measured with Jenway. Organic carbon was measured

by walkey-black method (Paye et al., 1984) Table 3 shows some chemical properties of the used

media.

The experiment was a completely randomized design in three replications and MSTATC

software was used for variance analysis of data by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.


The effect of treatment on the growth indices

The results of variance analysis in Table 4 showed that the effect of growth media and nu-

trition method on shoot dry matter, plant height and flower number were significant. The interaction

impact of treatments on shoot dry matter was not significant at 5% level.

Table 5 shows that the highest shoot dry weight and flower number was observed in control

+ municipal waste compost. Municipal waste compost in combination with control could be ef-

fective at increasing plant growth. Chen et al. (1988) introduced mixture of manure and composted

Table 4. The ANOVA results of the treatments effect on growth of Bellis perennis L.

Variation sources

Mean Squared

Freedom degree Plant height Flower number Shoot dry matter

Growth medium (A)

Nutrition method (B)

A × B

Error

14

2

28

90

16.7**

8.6**

3.1*

1.2

412.1**

176.4*

190.9*

67.3

180.6**

74.4*

13.6 ns

18.165

**, * significant at 1 and 5% level, respectively, ns not significant at 5% level.

Treatment Shoot dry

matter (g)

Plant height

(cm)

Flower

number

Control

Tea wastes compost

Municipal wastes compost

Azolla compost

Control + Tea wastes compost

Control + Municipal wastes compost

Control + Azolla compost

Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost

Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost

Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost

Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost

Control + Tea wastes compost + Azolla compost

Control + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost

Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost

Control + Tea wastes compost + Municipal wastes compost + Azolla

11.8 de

16.6 bc

15.1 cd

9.6 e

17.3 bc

23.8 a

13.7 cde

20. 5 ab

14.2 cd

20.7 ab

22.6 a

14.6 cd

22.2 a

22.0 a

22.0 a

7.9 ef

9.5 bcd

8.9 cde

7.3 f

8.4 def

10.9 a

7.5 f

11.0 a

8.9 cde

10.5 ab

10.1 abc

8.2 def

11.3 a

10.8 a

10.5 ab

30.7 cd

34.2 bcd

26.1 de

20.8 e

34.2 bcd

46.3 a

28.0 de

37. 7 abc

32.8 bcd

43.9 a

34.6 bcd

28.0 de

40.1 ab

32.1 bcd

37.9 abc

Table 5. The impact of growth media on the growth indices of Bellis perennis L.

Values followed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least significant difference)


grape as a suitable replacement for peat at producing ornamental plants. Ikeda et al. (2001) reported

that organic media have higher yield than mineral media. Results of Tables 3 and 5 showed that

Bllis perennis L. could tolerate EC more than 8 dS/m. The greatest height of plants is observed in

the medium 33.3% control, 33.3% municipal wastes compost + 33.3% Azolla compost (11.3 cm).

Municipal waste compost because of high pH and EC can’t be a good bed for plant growth, but

municipal waste compost in combination with Azolla compost and garden soil can be a suitable

combination for plant growth because of stabilizing pH and EC, increasing nutrition material. Gar-

cia-Gomez et al. (2001) reported that medium including 20 to 50% municipal waste compost will

increase growing index and over 50% will decrease growing. Some beds including municipal waste

compost, increases growing of English daisy because of pH 7-8, this plant prefers a pH about 7.5

to 8.5 (Mitich, 1997).

Results of Table 6 showed that the soil application of fertilizer increased plant height, shoot

dry weigh and flower number in compared foliar spray application and without fertilization. Base

on Table 7, the most flower number obtained in a mixed medium of control + municipal wastes

compost in soil application of fertilizer. Interaction influence of bed and nutrition method of flower

index is significant so the most number of flowers is in 50% control+50% municipal wastes com-

post and nutrition method of soil fertilization. Interaction influence of medium and nutrition method

on plant height was significant and the most amount of height was shown in “control + municipal

wastes compost + Azolla compost” and nutrition method of spraying leaves and soil consumption.

A suitable result of medium in relation with plant height is the combination of municipal wastes

compost with Azolla compost and garden soil. Municipal wastes compost because of high pH and

EC can’t be a good bed for plant growth, but municipal waste compost in combination with Azolla

compost and garden soil (control+ municipal wastes compost + Azolla compost) can be a suitable

combination for plant growth because of stabilizing pH and EC, increasing nutrition material. Gar-

cia-Gomez et al. (2001) reported that medium including 20 to 50% municipal waste compost will

increase growing index and over 50% will decrease growing. Some beds including municipal waste

compost increases growing of English daisy because of pH 7-8 which is needed for English daisy.

This plant prefers a pH about 7.5 to 8.5 is preferred (Mitich, 1997).

The effect of treatment on nutrients uptake

The ANOVA result showed that the effect of various growth media on nutrients uptake by

plant shoot was significant at 1% level (Table 8). Results showed that tea waste, municipal compost

and Azolla medium increased the nitrogen uptake in plant shoot (Table 9). The increase in nitrogen

uptake is due to high yield and the high concentration of nitrogen in plant. The highest C/N ration

and the least concentration of nitrogen were seen in substrates control and control + Azolla in

media (Table 3). If C/N in organic matter is high, microorganisms obtain the nitrogen from media

so the concentration of media nitrogen decreases that this process is called immobilization. In

medium of control + tea wastes + Azolla, low uptake of nitrogen was seen (Table 9) so in plant

shoot the lowest uptake of nitrogen was measured. Researchers believe that adding organic matters

to soil may be accompanied by decrease of nitrogen uptake for the plant so when using organic

Nutrition method Shoot dry matter (g) Plant height (cm) Flower number

B1

B2

B3

16.46 b

19.03 a

17.84 ab

9.16 b

9.97 a

9.28 b

31.69 b

35.60 a

34.18 ab

Table 6. The impact of nutrition method on the growth indices

B1: Without fertilization, B2: Soil application of fertilizer, B3: Foliar spray of fertilization Values fol-

lowed by the same letters in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (least sig-

nificant difference)


Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

Sh

oot d

ry

matter (g

)

Pla

nt

heig

ht(cm

)

Flo

wer

nu

mb

er

Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

Sh

oot d

ry

matter (g

)

Pla

nt

heig

ht (cm

)

Flo

wer

nu

mb

er

Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

Sh

oot d

ry

matter (g

)

Pla

nt

heig

ht(cm

)

Flo

wer

nu

mb

er

A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

A3

A3

A3

A4

A4

A4

A5

A5

A5

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

11.5

0 a

13.1

0 a

10.8

0 a

16.9

0 a

19.2

6 a

13.7

3 a

14.1

3 a

18.3

3 a

12.1

70 a

7.0

6 a

13.8

6 a

7.9

3 a

15.5

0 a

19.6

0 a

17.4

0 a

7.2

7c-f

9.0

7a-d

7.4

7b-f

9.4

3ab

c

10.1

0ab

8.8

3a-d

8.1

0a-f

9.6

7ab

9.0

0a-d

6.5

7ef

9.3

0ab

c

6.0

0 f

8.8

0a-d

8.0

7a-f

8.3

3a-e

23.0

fgh

37.7

b-f

31.3

c-g

31.7

c-g

29.7

c-g

41.3

b-e

27.0

e-h

28.7

c-h

fgh 2

2.7

13.0

h

29.0

c-h

20.3

gh

28.0

c-h

40.3

b-e

34.3

c-g

A6

A6

A6

A7

A7

A7

A8

A8

A8

A9

A9

A9

A10

A10

A10

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

25.1

3 a

22.2

a

23.9

a

12.7

6 a

15.3

3 a

13.0

a

19.2

0 a

20.1

6 a

22.0

a

13.3

3 a

15.7

3 a

13.4

6 a

17.1

3 a

23.3

6 a

21.6

3 a

12.1

0 a

11.2

7 ab

9.4

0 ab

c

7.0

3def

8.9

0 a-d

7.0

0 d

ef

10.4

7 ab

11.4

0 ab

11.2

7 ab

8.6

0 a-e

9.6

0 ab

8.7

0 a-e

9.9

0 ab

11.0

3 ab

10.6

0 ab

38.7

b-f

57.7

a

42.7

a-e

27

.3 e-h

29

.0 c-h

27.7

d-h

35

.7 c-g

32

.7 c-g

44.7

abc

33

.0 c-g

31

.7 c-g

32

.7 c-g

44

.3 a-d

35

.0 c-g

52.3

ab

A11

A11

A11

A12

A12

A12

A13

A13

A13

A14

A14

A14

A15

A15

A15

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

19.4

3 a

21.1

0 a

27.2

6 a

12.6

3 a

15.4

0 a

15.9

3 a

22.8

3 a

20.8

3 a

22.9

0 a

20.9

3 a

22.0

6 a

23.0

a

18.5

0 a

25.6

3 a

21.9

6 a

10.1

ab

8.7

a-e

11.4

ab

7.8

a-f

9.2

a-d

7.7

b-f

10.3

ab

11.7

ab

11.8

a

10.7

ab

10.9

ab

10.7

ab

10.2

ab

10.5

ab

10.8

ab

33.3

c-g

35.0

c-g

35.3

c-g

26.7

e-h

29.7

c-g

27.7

d-h

42.7

a-e

42.3

b-e

35.3

c-g

29.7

c-g

34.3

c-g

32.3

c-g

41.3

b-e

41.3

b-e

31.0

c-g

Valu

es follo

wed

by th

e same letters in

each co

lum

n are n

ot sig

nifican

tly d

ifferent at th

e 0.0

5 lev

el (least significan

t differen

ce)

Tab

le 7. T

he in

teraction effect o

f gro

wth

med

ia and n

utritio

n m

ethod o

n th

e gro

wth

indices

Varia

tion

sou

rcesF

reedom

deg

reeN

itrogen

Ph

osp

horo

us

Pota

ssium

Calciu

mM

agn

esium

Iron

Zin

cM

an

gan

ese

Gro

wth

med

ium

(A)

Nutritio

n m

ethod (B

)

A ×

B

Erro

r

14228

88

839354.6

1**

205718.3

4**

98351.4

2**

30950.4

2

30600.4

8**

18432.4

9*

7412.6

*

3502.2

198922.6

8**

63585.4

4*

42361.6

*

18074.4

9948.2

9**

3691.7

2**

859.8

5**

345.9

0

160.3

7

129.8

0

10.0

7ns

13.6

3

197.7

2**

137.1

5**

21.3

3ns

14.4

9

0.8

6**

0.5

3**

0.0

7ns

0.0

5

2.4

1**

2.0

9**

0.5

0**

0.1

1

**, *

significan

t at 1 an

d 5

% lev

el, respectiv

ely, ns n

ot sig

nifican

t at 5%

level.

Tab

le 8. T

he A

NO

VA

results o

f the treatm

ents effect o

n th

e uptak

e of n

utrien

ts by p

lant.


wastes for preventing nitrogen deficiency, we should use nitrogen chemical fertilizer (Mkhabela

and Warman, 2005).

The most uptake of phosphorous was measured in medium of control + tea waste + munic-

ipal compost. Some researchers reported that organic matters increases available phosphorous of

plants and indirectly it prevents phosphate precipitation at pH 6-9 (Baure and Balck, 1992). Sarwar

et al. (2009) reported that when Azolla compost is used, nitrogen and phosphorous in rice seed in-

creases. Increase in potassium uptake obtained in treatment containing control + municipal compost

+ Azolla (Table 9). Municipal waste compost due to high organic matters can improve the capacity

of water conservation in medium (Levy and Taylor., 2003), because water stress decreases the ni-

trogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake (Younesi et al., 2010).

According to the Table 9, substrate municipal compost + Azolla increases uptake of calcium

in plant shoot and also the highest uptake of magnesium was observed in substrate control + tea

waste. The highest uptake of iron was observed in the medium containing substrates control + mu-

nicipal waste compost. The highest uptake of manganese at plant shoot was observed in substrates

tea waste + municipal compost + Azolla. In a study, the highest Mn uptake by elephant foot tree

had been observed in substrates including Azolla (Kholghi et al., 2009). Galardo-Lara et al. (2006)

reported the increase of manganese at lectuca sativa L. and decrease of manganese in Hordeumvulgare L. in calcareous soil amended with municipal waste compost. Increase of zinc uptake at

substrates 50% municipal waste compost and 50% Azolla compost was observed (Table 9). Uptake

and transference of elements in different plants is not equal. Many studies showed that the type of

plant is one important factor affecting transfer of elements at systems of soil and plant (Erikson

and Soderstorm, 1996; Twining et al., 2004).

Tables 10-12 show the effect of growth media and nutrition methods on nutrients uptake

by plant. The maximum nitrogen uptake obtained at method of soil application of fertilizer and

Treatment Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Manganese

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A13

A14

A15

358.8g

624.0de

562.8ef

446.7efg

420.1fg

575.1ef

402.3fg

928.5bc

449.5efg

1072.6b

607.6de

271.2g

981.3b

1345.5a

778.9cd

149.9de

216.7abc

49.9f

119.4dc

108.2ef

185.5bcd

145.0de

227.0abc

216.5abc

238.7ab

257.3a

147.0de

125.8de

168.1de

226.4abc

259.2fg

504.6bcde

427.3cde

197.8g

512.4bcd

610.2ab

365.0ef

554.8abc

407.3de

566.6abc

605.7ab

368.1ef

686.4a

662.7a

640.2ab

48.9e

19.9fg

73.7cd

24.0fg

37.8ef

73.2cd

37.6ef

82.6cd

17.2g

126.2a

90.9bc

32.2efg

86.7bcd

103.5b

67.7d

9.1d

17.9ab

8.0de

5.1e

20.3a

16.4bc

9.3d

17.1abc

15.1bc

13.7c

15.6bc

13.4c

16.6abc

15.8bc

15.9bc

4.7gh

5.5fgh

9.3c-f

2.5h

11.9bcd

20.4a

7.5efg

8.9def

3.9gh

10.1b-e

11.9bcd

7.0efg

13.3bc

13.0bc

14.1b

0.29de

0.28de

0.85abc

0.17e

0.68c

0.90abc

0.43d

0.84bc

0.29de

1.09a

0.95ab

0.41d

0.96ab

0.86abc

0.89abc

0.51g

1.09de

0.67fg

0.66fg

1.80b

1.20cde

0.51g

0.93def

1.24cd

0.73fg

1.49bc

1.20cde

0.85dfg

2.28a

1.72b

Table 9. The effect of growth media on the uptake of nutrients (mg/pot)


Nutrition method Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Calcium Magnesium Iron Zinc Manganese

B1

B2

B3

577.3b

700.9a

686.8a

151.3b

191.7a

173.4ab

450.7

525.0a

497.9ab

51.0b

67.1a

66.3a

12.3c

15.6a

14.04b

7.7b

11.0a

10.2a

0.542b

0.75a

0.701a

0.88b

1.3a

1.2a

Table 10. The effect of nutrition on the uptake of nutrients (mg/pot)



Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

NP

KG

row

th

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

NP

KG

row

th

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

NP

K

A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

A3

A3

A3

A4

A4

A4

A5

A5

A5

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

313.9

jk

357.6

ijk

404.9

h-k

631.6

d-j

72316

b-h

517.3

f-k

527.5

f-k

685.1

c-i

475.7

g-k

337.8

ijk

525.5

f-k

476.6

g-k

354.9

ijk

434.9

h-k

470.4

g-k

128.7

e-l

202.1

a-h

118.9

g-l

186.1

a-j

270.9

abc

193.1

a-i

37.9

l

51.1

kl

60.9

jkl

71.8

i-l

180.5

a-j

105.9

g-l

102.5

h-l

123.8

f-l

98.1

h-l

224.6

jkl

327.1

f-l

225.7

jkl

471.0

a-j

591.5

a-h

451.4

b-k

366.9

e-l

553.8

a-i

361.2

e-l

150.4

l

272.2

i-l

170.9

kl

434.3

b-l

552.7

a-i

550.2

a-i

A6

A6

A6

A7

A7

A7

A8

A8

A8

A9

A9

A9

A10

A10

A10

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

463.8

h-k

825.0

b-g

436.4

h-k

288.8

jk

448.0

h-k

469.9

g-k

387.3

h-k

1044.3

b

1353.9

a

490.2

f-k

429.6

h-k

428.9

h-k

939.5

bcd

1394.6

a

883.7

b-e

252.6

a-e

132.7

d-l

171.1

b-k

90.3

h-l

170.3

b-k

174.4

b-k

250.3

a-e

184.1

a-j

246.5

a-f

189.2

a-i

277.3

ab

183.0

a-j

199.2

a-h

248.3

a-f

268.7

abc

644.8

a-e

586.2

a-h

599.5

a-g

297.3

h-l

424.8

c-l

372.8

e-l

526.9

a-i

554.1

a-i

583.6

a-h

401.4

d-l

420.5

c-l

399.9

d-l

499.3

a-j

608.0

a-f

592.4

a-g

A11

A11

A11

A12

A12

A12

A13

A13

A13

A14

A14

A14

A15

A15

A15

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

521.7

f-k

565.9

e-k

735.2

b-h

233.5

k

285.1

jk

294.9

jk

944.7

bcd

946.5

bcd

1052.7

b

1545.8

a

1011.9

bc

1478.8

a

679.1

c-i

835.7

b-f

822.0

b-g

207.8

a-h

262.4

a-d

301.6

a

153.1

b-l

194.8

a-i

93.1

h-l

139.3

d-l

81.9

h-l

156.2

b-l

111.9

g-l

193.4

a-i

199.0

a-h

148.0

c-l

301.2

a

229.9

0 a-g

511.9

a-j

550.7

a-i

754.3

a

308.4

g-l

390.9

e-l

404.9

c-l

728.3

ab

642.7

a-e

688.1

a-d

653.9

a-e

635.7

a-e

698.5

abc

541.4

a-i

764.0

a

615.1

3 a-f

Valu

es follo

wed

by th

e same letters in

each co

lum

n are n

ot sig

nifican

tly d

ifferent at th

e 0.0

5 lev


t differen

ce)

Tab

le 11. T

he in

teraction effect o

f gro

wth

med

ia and n

utritio

n m

ethod o

n th

e uptak

e of n

itrogen

, phosp

horu

s and p

otassiu

m.

Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

Ca

Mg

Zn

Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

Ca

Mg

Zn

Gro

wth

med

ium

Nu

trition

meth

od

Ca

Mg

Zn

A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

A3

A3

A3

A4

A4

A4

A5

A5

A5

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

45.6

3 k

-q

45.5

3 k

-q

55.5

3 i-n

18.6

0 o

pq

23.8

3 n

-q

17.2

3 p

q

60.6

0 h

-n

86.8

3 c-j

73.6

3 d

-k

15.2

0 p

q

39.4

3 k

-q

17.4

0 p

q

38.3

0k-q

38.3

3k-q

36.9

0 k

-q

8.4

6 a

10.9

1a

7.9

5 a

18.2

0 a

21.1

8 a

14.5

6 a

7.9

2 a

10.3

0 a

6.0

5 a

3.3

6 a

7.8

1 a

4.1

9 a

17.1

6 a

22.4

5 a

21.3

6 a

0.1

5 a

0.4

56 a

0.2

66 a

0.2

53 a

0.3

50 a

0.2

56 a

0.4

96 a

1.3

1a

0.7

60 a

0.1

06 a

0.2

76 a

0.1

53 a

0.6

80 a

0.8

06 a

0.5

76 a

A6

A6

A6

A7

A7

A7

A8

A8

A8

A9

A9

A9

A10

A10

A10

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

84.3

3 c-j

66.6

f-m

68.6

g-m

37.7

0 k

-q

46.2

3 k

-q

28.9

0 m

-q

42.1

0 k

-q

99.8

3 c-g

106.0

3 cd

e

16.8

6 p

q

25.0

n-q

9.7

3 q

115.3

6 b

c

108.6

3 cd

154.6

a

17.2

7 a

15.3

2 a

16.6

9 a

9.4

0 a

11.3

1 a

7.2

2 a

15.1

2 a

16.6

1 a

19.6

1 a

11.5

3 a

18.5

0 a

15.4

1 a

10.5

0 a

15.2

5 a

15.3

a

0.9

66 a

0.8

2 a

0.9

1 a

0.3

76 a

0.4

00 a

0.5

40 a

0.8

43 a

0.6

76 a

1.0

0 a

0.2

26 a

0.3

53 a

0.3

03 a

1.0

4 a

1.1

8 a

1.0

4 a

A11

A11

A11

A12

A12

A12

A13

A13

A13

A14

A14

A14

A15

A15

A15

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

89.4

3 c-i

86.9

3 c-j

96.4

3 c-h

25.3

6 n

-q

34.3

0 l-q

37.1

3 k

-q

70.6

0 e-l

103.3

6 c-f

86.1

6 c-j

54.3

6 i-o

113.0

6 b

c

143.2

6 ab

51.2

6j-p

89.3

6c-i

89.4

3 c-i

12.0

0 a

17.3

5 a

17.4

7 a

11.3

5 a

13.4

6 a

15.5

8 a

14.3

1 a

18.8

3 a

16.7

3 a

13.5

5 a

17.2

7 a

16.8

5 a

13.7

7 a

18.2

7 a

12.0

0 a

0.6

7 a

1.1

0 a

1.0

8 a

0.2

8 a

0.3

3 a

0.6

2 a

0.7

6 a

0.9

6 a

1.1

8 a

0.6

1 a

1.1

6 a

0.8

1 a

0.6

4 a

1.0

4 a

1.0

0 a

Valu

es follo

wed

by th

e same letters in

each co

lum

n are n

ot sig

nifican

tly d

ifferent at th

e 0.0

5 lev


t differen

ce)

Tab

le 12. T

he in

teraction effect o

f gro

wth

med

ia and n

utritio

n m

ethod o

n th

e uptak

e of calciu

m, m

agnesiu

m an

d zin

c.


foliar spray, also the most phosphorus, potassium uptake in soil application. The highest calcium

uptake was measured at soil application method and foliar spray application. The method of soil

application increased magnesium uptake. The highest uptake of iron, zinc and manganese was ob-

tained at method of soil application and foliar spray application. Foliar spray application can be

assure nutrient availability to plants. The foliar spray application is more acceptable, because it

provides lower nutrients for immediate consumption by plants (Stampar et al., 1998). Necessity

nutrients foliar spray application was reported by Pierre et al. (2007) and Ryan et al. (2007) in

compensation deficiency nutrients through roots or leaves of reproductive stage.

The highest uptake of nitrogen at growth media "tea waste, municipal compost and Azolla"

was measured without fertilization. Results showed that the highest uptake of phosphorous in

growth medium of "control, tea waste and municipal compost" is measured in foliar spray appli-

cation. The least uptake of phosphorous in municipal compost medium was observed without fer-

tilization. Mkhabela and Warman (2005) reported that the use of municipal waste compost in a

potato field leads to the significant increase of phosphorous of soil. They said that municipal waste

compost like chemical fertilizers can be effective in increasing available phosphorous. This can

be due to increase in microbial activity after application of compost and consequently to release

phosphorus during mineralization organic matter.

In this experiment it was shown that the highest uptake of potassium in plant shoot was ob-

tained at growth medium "control, tea waste, municipal compost and Azolla" in soil application

nutrition method. The highest calcium uptake was observed from media of "municipal compost

and Azolla" at foliar spray application method. Akbarinia et al. (2003) investigated effect of dif-

ferent nutrition systems on soil properties, nutrients uptake and concentration by a medicinal plant

and stated that the nutrient uptake in the plant shoot at different fertilizer treatments had significant

difference compared to control (without fertilizer).

The highest uptake of iron was measured from "control, municipal compost" at foliar ap-

plication method that didn’t have significant difference with soil application and without fertiliza-

tion method. The highest manganese uptake was measured at growth media "control and tea waste"

at foliar spray application method. Organic fertilizer consumption, increases organic matters of

soil and improves microbial activities, consequently it provides micro and macro nutrients required

for plant (Yadav et al., 2000; Yadvinder et al., 2004). Tombacz and Rise (1999) showed that organic

matters by complexion nutrients increase their uptake by plants. The effect of foliar application in

lilium, a significant increase at the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and zinc in the leaf

Growth

medium

Nutrition

method

Fe Mn Growth

medium

Nutrition

method

Fe Mn Growth

medium

Nutrition

method

Fe Mn

A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

A3

A3

A3

A4

A4

A4

A5

A5

A5

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

2.80 a

7.87 a

3.64 a

6.00 a

6.10 a

4.63 a

8.05 a

12.20 a

7.81 a

1.42 a

3.83 a

2.27 a

7.05 a

14.70 a

14.0 a

0.433 jkl

0.563 i-l

0.543 i-l

1.12 e-i

1.28 e-h

0.880 g-k

0.526 i-l

0.973 f-k

0.513 i-l

0.200 l

0.543 i-l

1.24 e-h

0.800 g-l

2.19 abc

2.41 a

A6

A6

A6

A7

A7

A7

A8

A8

A8

A9

A9

A9

A10

A10

A10

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

19.39 a

19.73 a

22.14 a

3.47 a

13.12 a

5.86 a

10.20 a

7.25 a

9.42 a

2.84 a

4.79 a

4.36 a

11.33 a

8.06 a

11.1 a

1.28 e-h

1.06 e-j

1.25 e-h

0.316 kl

0.813 g-l

0.423 jkl

0.510 i-l

1.04 e-j

1.25 e-h

0.736 g-l

1.38 d-g

1.61 c-f

0.556 i-l

0.916 g-k

0.723 g-l

A11

A11

A11

A12

A12

A12

A13

A13

A13

A14

A14

A14

A15

A15

A15

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

B1

B2

B3

4.46 a

15.29 a

16.13 a

3.78 a

6.93 a

10.38 a

11.15 a

16.63 a

12.37 a

9.95 a

12.55 a

16.59 a

13.41 a

16.57 a

12.35 a

0.86 g-l

1.92 a-d

1.69 b-e

0.44 i-l

1.08 e-j

2.09 abc

0.96 f-k

0.95 f-k

0.64 h-l

2.30 ab

2.25 ab

2.28 ab

2.15 abc

1.99 abc

1.03 e-j


Table 13. The interaction effect of growth media and nutrition method on the uptake of iron and manganese (mg/pot)


was observed (Sadeghi Cherveri et al., 2012). Organic fertilizer has significant effect on increase

in available iron and zinc (Sharifi et al., 2010).

Different studies showed that organic waste has considerable amount of micronutrients to

form organic chelates caused to increase their solubility and availability (Mohammadinia, 1994;

Razavi Toosi, 2000). Using chemical fertilizer through soil application or foliar application is one

of the most common approaches to reduce the deficiency of micronutrients in plants. Using chem-

ical fertilizer has some problems including deficiency of micronutrients fertilizers, high expenses

and biological pollutions (Hamoon Yek, 2011).

CONCLUSION

The result showed that the growth medium mixed of control (garden soil), municipal wastes

compost and Azolla increased plant height, shoot dry weight and flower number and uptake of ni-

trogen, potassium, zinc, calcium, iron and magnesium in plant shoot. Municipal waste compost

because of high pH and EC can’t be an appropriate medium for plant growth, but municipal waste

compost in combination with Azolla compost and garden soil can be a suitable combination for

plant because of stabilizing pH and EC, increasing nutrition material.

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Trichoderma harzianum and Fe Spray Improve Growth

Properties of Spathiphyllum sp.

Keywords: Bi strain, Fe, Growth characteristics, Potted plant.

Zahra Jalali*, Mahmood Shoor, Sayed Hosein Nemati and Hamid Rouhany

Horticulture Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Khorasan razavi, Iran


Effects of Fe and Trichoderma harzianum Bi strain on plant growth

and development of Spathiphyllum were investigated. Experiments were

carried out in an glasshouse and in pots filled with soil, perlite and coco peat

(1:1:1) were used as the growing medium. Plant roots (seedlings with three

leaves) were inoculated with Trichoderma (0 and 8% w/w) as media mixture.

Fe spray (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 g/L), was applied 3 times on a month interval after

Trichoderma inoculation. Factorial experiment was conducted in a completely

randomized design with 3 replications. After six months, the plants were

sampled for growth comparisons. Based on results Trichoderma improved

morphological characteristics (P≤0.01). There were differences between the

untreated control and the treatments for all of the growth parameters with the

exception of spathe area and number of flowers. Fe spray and intraction

between Trichoderma and Fe significantly increased all morphological growth

parameters with the exception of spathe area, leaf area and number of flowers.

By applying Terichoderma sucker number (400%), leaf number (586%),

sucker fresh weight (386 %) and sucker dry weight (583%) significantly

increased compared with control. The data obtained from the experiment

showed the potential of Trichoderma and Fe spray to enhance growth and de-

velopment of Spathiphyllum sp. in greenhouse conditions.

Abstract

146 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 145-152, September, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Trichoderma is a saprophytic fungus which is used generally as a biological control agent

against a wide range of economically important aerial and soil-borne plant pathogens (Papavizas,

1985). The genus Trichoderma is cosmopolitan in soils and on decaying wood and vegetable mat-

ter. Species of Trichoderma are frequently dominant components of the soil microflora in widely

varying habitats. This may be attributable to the diverse metabolic capability of Trichodermaspecies and their aggressively competitive nature. Strains of Trichoderma are rarely associated

with diseases of living plants, although an aggressive strain of Trichoderma causes a significant

disease of the commercial mushroom (Muthumeenakshi et al., 1998). Trichoderma species are

cosmopolitan and abundant fungi in soil in a wide range of ecosystems and climatic zones. They

are characterized by rapid growth, capability of utilizing diverse substrates and resistance to nox-

ious chemicals (Klein and Eveleigh, 1998). Trichoderma species can improve plant growth and

development (De Souza et al., 2008; Gravel et al., 2007). Growth stimulation is evidenced by in-

creases in biomass, productivity, stress resistance and increased nutrient absorption (Hoyos-

Carvajal et al., 2009). In vitro studies have shown that micronutrients and insoluble phosphates

became soluble and available, therefore useful to the roots interacting with Trichoderma in the

root zone (Altomare et al., 1999). Various species of Trichoderma were also effective in the pro-

motion of growth and yield of various crops (Bal and Altintas, 2006). T. harzianum and T. virenspromoted growth of cucumber, muskmelon and cotton seedlings (Hanson, 2000; Poldma et al.,2000; Yedidia et al., 2001, Kaveh et al., 2011). Root and shoot growth of sweet corn were consid-

erably increased by Trichoderma (Bjorkman et al., 1998). Several mechanisms, by which Tricho-derma influences plant development were suggested, such as production of growth hormones

(Windham et al., 1986), solubilization of insoluble minor nutrients in soil (Altomare et al., 1999)

and increased uptake and translocation of less-available minerals (Inbar et al., 1994; Kleifeld and

Chet, 1992). Uptake of certain minerals, such as P and N, is of key importance considering their

role in plant growth (Johansen, 1999; Kim et al., 1997). Promotion of growth and yield by Tricho-derma may also be a result of increased root area allowing the roots to explore larger volumes of

soil to access nutrients, and increased solubility of insoluble compounds as well as increased avail-

ability of micronutrients (Altomare et al., 1999; Yedidia et al., 2001). The increased growth re-

sponse of plants caused by Trichoderma depends on the ability of the fungus to survive and develop

in the rhizosphere (Kleifield and Chet, 1992). A possible mechanism for increased plant growth is

an increase in nutrient transfer from soil to root, which is supported by the fact that Trichodermacan colonize the interior of roots (Kleifield and Chet, 1992). Increasing effects of Trichoderma on

plant growth and yield was suggested to be more pronounced in soils relatively poor in nutrients

(Rabeendran et al., 2000). Availability of water in the soil may play an important role in facilitating

establishment and effectiveness of Trichoderma in the soil (Altintas and Bal., 2007). In addition

to having a stimulating effect on plant growth, exogenous IAA in the rhizosphere can also have a

detrimental effect on the elongation of roots over a wide range of concentrations. Such an effect

has been associated with an increase in the level of ethylene in the plant (Glick et al., 1998). IAA

can increase the activity of ACC synthase, which catalyses the conversion of S-adenosyl methio-

nine to ACC, the precursor of ethylene in the plant (Kende, 1993).


An experiment was conducted in the greenhouse facilities at Ferdowsi University of Mash-

had, Iran. Inoculum production of T. harzianum Bi was obtained from fungi collection of Ferdowsi

University's plant protection department. The Bi strain was cultured on PDA and incubated at 25˚C

for 7 days. Four discs of 1.5 cm diameter were cut from the margin of Trichoderma colony and

added to wheat grain, autoclaved two times in polyethylene bags (resistant to high temperatures)

for 45 minutes, and placed at 25˚C ± 5, in laboratory condition. Ten days later, when the peat was


covered by Trichoderma, the contents of the bags were used as Trichoderma inoculums. Prepared

inoculums were added to the main potting mixture (30% coco peat+ 40% fertile soil+ 30% perlite)

at the rate of 0 and 8% of used medium.

Seedling preparation

Seedlings of Spathiphyllum were obtained from university greenhouse and were cultivated

in pots with 10 cm in diameter.

Experimental Design and Data Analysis

To asses the effect of Trichoderma (Bi) and Fe spray on growth characteristics of

Spathiphyllum, a factorial experiment was performed in situ using RCD with 8 treatments and

three replications. The data was analyzed with JMP8 software. Tukey HSD was used for grouping

and comparing the means.

RESULTS

Leaf count

Leaf number was showed to be significant with applying Trichoderma and Fe treatments.

Minimum number of leaf (7) was observed in 0.75 g/L Fe, whereas maximum number (48) was

observed in Trichoderma and 0.75 g/L Fe interaction. Rising Fe treatments showed no significant

leaf number increase, but adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase. It means that interaction

effects were the most effective for leaf number in this experiment. Fe treatments up to 0.75 were

observed simulative for growth and leaf number, but higher concentrations decreased this trait

which could be considered as a toxic influence (Fig. 1).

Sucker count

By applying Trichoderma and Fe treatments, number of sucker was significantly increased

(p≤0.01). Minimum (0) and maximun (4) number of sucker was observed in Fe treatments and in

Trichoderma and 0.75 g/L Fe interaction, respectively. Rising Fe treatments showed no significant

sucker number increase, but applying Trichoderma had a considerable increase. Generally inter-

action effects were the most effective in sucker number. Fe treatments up to 0.75 g/L were observed

simulative for growth and sucker number, but higher concentrations decreased this trait which

could be considered as a toxic influence (Fig. 2).

Sucker fresh weight

Sucker fresh weight was showed to be significant with applying Trichoderma and Fe treat-

ments (p≤0.01). Minimum weight was observed for Fe (0 g/L) which had no significant differences

with 1.5 g/L Fe. Maximum weight was related to Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe interaction. It means

0 0.75 1.5 3 0 0.75 1.5 3

Fig. 1. Effect of interaction between

Trichoderma and Fe on average number of leafFig. 2. Effect of interaction between

Trichoderma and Fe on average number of sucker


that applying Trichoderma had a noticeable effect on sucker fresh weight increase with the excep-

tion of 3 g/L Fe. Increasing Fe levels, decreased average sucker fresh weight in Trichoderma treat-

ments that seem to be due to the toxicity of high concentrations of Fe in plant (Fig. 3).

Leaf fresh weight

Leaf fresh weight was showed to be significant in the presence of Trichoderma and Fe treat-

ments. The highest (24 g) weight was related to Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe. While the lowest weight

(7 g) was observed in 0 g/L Fe. It generally seem that Fe would not have any positive effect on this

trait and with increasing concentration, decreases the average fresh weight of leaf. Trichoderma sig-

nificantly increased leaf fresh weight. Interaction effects were less effective for this trait (Fig. 4).

Root fresh weight

Applying Trichoderma and Fe had a remarkable effect on root fresh weight (p≤0.01). Min-

imum fresh weight of root was observed in 3 g/lit Fe (8 g) and maximum weight was related to

Trichoderma and 0/lit Fe (31 g). In Fe treatments with increasing level of Fe, decrease fresh weight

of root. While, in Trichoderma and Fe interaction treatments, 0g/L Fe had a greater effect than oth-

ers. This reduction in fresh weight in high concentrations could be due to a toxic influence (Fig. 5).

Flower fresh weight

Flower fresh weight was showed to be significant with applying Trichoderma and Fe treat-

ments (p≤0.01). For this trait the most effective treatment was Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe, which

was significantly more than other treatments (10.8 g). Minimum flower fresh weight was observed

in Trichoderma and 3 g/L Fe (2 g). Rising Fe treatments showed significant leaf number decrease

and by adding Trichoderma, just 0 and 1.5 g/L Fe showed an increase. It means that interaction

effects were less effective for this trait (Fig. 6).

0 0.75 1.5 3 0 0.75 1.5 3

Fig. 3. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average fresh weight of sucker

Fig. 4. Effect of interaction between Trichoderma and

Fe on average fresh weight of leaf

0 0.75 1.5 30 0.75 1.5 3

Fig. 5. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average fresh weight of root


Fe on average fresh weight of flower


Sucker dry weight

Applying Trichoderma and Fe had a remarkable effect on dry weight of sucker. Maximum

weight(4.1 g) was observed in Trichoderma and 0 g/L Fe interaction whereas minimum weight

(0.5 g) was related to 0.75 g/L Fe. Rising Fe treatments showed significant sucker dry weight in-

crease and adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase except in 3 g/L. It means that interaction

effects were the most effective for sucker dry weight generally. Fe treatments up to 3 were observed

simulative for growth and dry weight of sucker (Fig. 7).

Root dry weight

Applying Trichoderma and Fe treatments, root dry weight was significantly increased.Min-

imum weight was observed in 3 g/L Fe (1.2 g), whereas maximum weight was related to Tricho-derma and 0 g/L Fe interaction (6.15 g). Rising Fe treatments showed no significant weight

increase, but adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase in most treatments especially at 0 g/L

Fe (37%). It means that interaction effects were the most effective for root dry weight in this ex-

periment (Fig. 8).

Flower Dry Weight

Flower dry weight was showed to be significant in the presence of Trichoderma and Fe

treatments. Dry weight of flower had the highest range in 0.75 g/L Fe (1.35 g) which had no sig-

nificant differences with 1.5 g/L. Minimum weight was observed in Trichoderma and 3 g/L Fe

(0.21 g). Application of Trichoderma could increased weight about 55% at 0 g/L Fe. It means that

interaction effects were the less effective for flower dry weight. Fe treatments up to 0.75 g/L were

observed simulative for growth and flower dry weight, but higher levels decreased this trait which

could be considered as a toxic influence (Fig. 9).

0 0.75 1.5 30 0.75 1.5 3

Fig. 7. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average dry weight of sucker


Fe on average dry weight of root

0 0.75 1.5 3

0 0.75 1.5 3

Fig. 9. Effect of interaction between Trichodermaand Fe on average dry weight of flower


Fe on average day to flowering


Day to flowering

Applying Trichoderma and Fe had a remarkable effect on day to flowering. Minimum time

to flowering (170 days) was observed in 0.75 g/L Fe, whereas maximum (195 days) was related

to Trichoderma and 0.75 g/L Fe interaction. Rising Fe treatments showed no significant increase,

but adding Trichoderma had a noticeable increase, except at 1.5 g/L. It generally means that inter-

action effects were the most effective for day to flowering in this experiment. Fe treatments up to

0.75 were observed simulative, but higher concentrations decreased this trait which could be con-

sidered as a toxic influence (Fig. 10).

DISCUSSION

In this experiment, was observed Trichoderma (Bi) could significantly increase more mor-

phological traits of Spathiphyllum. such as leaf number, sucker number, fresh and dry weight of

leaf, sucker, root, flower and number day to flowering. Fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area of

Spathiphyllum as well as seedling weight of cabbages were increased significantly by the application

of Trichoderma (Poldma et al., 2000). The ability of Trichoderma to produce growth hormones

(Windham et al., 1986), solubilization of insoluble minor nutrients in soil (Altomare et al., 1999),

uptake and translocation of less-available minerals (Inbar et al., 1994; Kleifeld and Chet, 1992), in-

creased root area allowing the roots to explore larger amount of soil to access nutrients and increased

solubility of insoluble compounds as well as increased availability of micronutrients (Altomare etal., 1999; Yedidia et al., 2001), could be caused of the significant differences we observed in this

study. Dry weight of leaf, sucker and root in the present work was significantly increased which is

contrary to the findings of Yeidia et al. (2001). The effect of Trichoderma on leaf number was sig-

nificant either. In most cases, increasing Fe concentration reduced traits, which could be considered

as a toxic influence. Generally 0 g/lit Fe were most effective in improving the growth characteristics.

Although Fe is an essential element for plants, Fe excess is believed to generate oxidative stress

(Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984). Toxic reduced O2, species are inevitable by-products of biological

oxidations. The toxicity of the relatively non-reactive superoxide radicals and H2O2, arises by the

Fe-dependent conversion into the extremely reactive hydroxyl radicals (Haber-Weiss reaction) that

cause severe damage on membranes, proteins, and DNA (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, using Trichoderma (Bi) could increase most studied characteristics of

spathiphyllum in this experiment and improve rate of growth and development in plant. Also, dif-

ferent levels of Fe increased most studied traits in this experiment. Based on the results of this

study, Trichoderma (Bi) and 0g/L Fe had better results in improved traits of Spathiphyllum.

C.V. Leaf area

Trichoderma harzianum Bi (w/w)

0

8%

Fe ( g/L)

0

0.75

1.5

3

35.30b

58.89a

51.31a

38.97a

51.16a

46.93a

Means with different letter have significant difference at

p<0.01, Tukey HSD range test.

Table 1. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Bi and dif-

ferent levels of Fe on average leaf area


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235-242.


Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components

to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer

Keywords: Calendula officinalis L., Irrigation, Nitrogen, WUE, Yield.

Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi1*, Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami1, Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor2 and

Zeinolabedin Jouyban3

1 Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran2 Institute of Technical Vocational Higher Education of Jahade Keshavarzi of Zahedan, Sistan and

Balochestan, Iran3 Member of Young Researchers Club, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bruojerd, Iran


In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen

levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendulaofficinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized

complete block design with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad

University, Birjand branch in 2009. In this experiment, irrigation treatments (ir-

rigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A)

set as main plots and nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha-1) set as sub

plots. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 60 to 180 mm

cumulative evaporation reduced flower number per m-2, biomass yield and

plant height 65.6, 69.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Also in comparison with control,

irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced flower dry yield 16.2 and

72%, respectively. However, the highest WUE was related to irrigation after

120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3 for dry flower and biomass, re-

spectively). Nitrogen fertilizer utilization significantly increased flower yield,

flower number, biological yield, WUE and plant height, but there was not any

significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatments. Interaction of

irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results

indicated that treatment of irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1

application is suitable for marigold cultivation in Birjand.

Abstract


INTRODUCTION

Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid region in the world. Therefore, efficient water

use and understanding the influential factors such as N fertilization, and identifying drought-tol-

erant plants are crucially important. The diverse climate with a great temperature difference (over

50°C) of Iran and coastal, mountainous and desert lands (Javadzadeh, 1997) provides favorable

conditions for the cultivation of most drought-tolerant medicinal herbs.

Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual to perennial plant belonging to the family

of Asteraceae. It needs high solar radiation during growing period and is able to well tolerate

drought. It is, however, susceptible to high soil moisture. Hence, it can be considered for cultivation

in such regions as Southern Khorasan, Iran. Marigold is known as blood purifier, energizer and

anti-convulsion. It heals nausea, liver disorders, peptic ulcer disease, skin wounds, burns and blood

cholesterol. It acts as skin softener, too. Marigold is used in production of toothpaste, shampoo

and infant lotions (Omidbeigi, 2005., Zargari, 1982). The results of some studies show that essential

oil of marigold counteracts HIV (Kalvatchev et al., 1997).

In their study on marigold, Shubhra et al. (2004) found that drought stress considerably de-

creased the number of flowers per plant. Raesi et al. (2010) in a study on the effect of different

manure levels and drought stress on roselle, stated that the delay in irrigation from 50 to 200 mm

accumulative evaporation from evaporation pan significantly decreased sepal yield and the number

of fruits per area unit. Arazmjo et al. (2009) studied the effect of drought stress on German

chamomile and reported reduction in dry flower yield, single-plant biomass, plant height and num-

ber of flowers under drought stress conditions. Moosavi et al. (1988) indicated that both high and

low irrigation levels decreased water use efficiency (WUE) of soybean compared with moderate

irrigation level. Also, in a study on the effect of irrigation levels on WUE for seed and biological

yield, Khajoenejad et al. (2005) revealed that the highest WUE was obtained under moderate water

deficit stress.

In another experiment on chamomile, the effect of irrigation treatments (irrigation after 25,

50, 75 and 100 mm accumulative evaporation) on the plant was evaluated. The results showed that

the highest capitulum yield per plant and per area unit and the highest number of capitulum per

plant was obtained under the treatment of irrigation after 50 mm accumulative evaporation. On

the other hand, significant increase in chamomile capitulum and seed harvest index was reported

with the increase in water deficit stress. Also, the treatments of irrigation after 50 and 75 mm ac-

cumulative evaporation had significantly higher WUE for capitulum and seed production as com-

pared with other treatments (Pirzad, 2007).

In a study on the effect of different N fertilization levels on flower yield of marigold, it was

reported that the highest dry flower yield (102.86 g m-2) was obtained by the application of 150 kg

N ha-1 (Ameri and Nasiriemahalati, 2008). Arganosa et al. (1998) reported the highest biological

yield of marigold at N fertilization level of 80 kg ha-1.

In other study on German chamomile, different N levels were shown to have significant

effects on the number of flowers per plant and flower fresh and dry yield per plant and per ha In

the experiment increase in N level significantly affected these traits (Hamzeie et al., 2004).

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of irrigation and N fertilization levels

on yield and yield components of marigold in Birjand, Iran.


This experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad Uni-

versity, Birjand branch, Iran (latitude: 32°52’; longitude: 59°13' and 1400 m above sea level) in

2009. The soil texture was loam with pH 8.21, organic matter 0.29%, total nitrogen 0.015% and

EC 4.33 ms/cm.

The average long-time minimum and maximum temperature in Birjand are 4.6 and 27.5°C


with average annual precipitation of 169 mm and average minimum and maximum relative hu-

midity of 23.5 and 59.6%, respectively. The regional climate is warm and arid.

Given the results of soil analysis, the field was fertilized with 150 kg triple super phosphate

per ha and 100 kg potassium sulfate per ha All phosphorus and potash fertilizer were applied at

field surface at planting time. However, N fertilizer was applied at two phases (half after thinning

and other half before start of flowering) with irrigation water in closed furrows. The seeds were

planted in 20 April at the depth of 2-3 cm.

In this research, water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels (irrigation after 60,

120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) and nitrogen set as sub factor with

four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 from urea source).

The studied traits included the number of flowers per m2, flower fresh and dry yield, bio-

logical yield, harvest index, single-plant weight, WUE for flower and biomass production, plant

height and flower diameter. For this purpose given the unsimultaneous ripening of flowers, the

ripened flowers were harvested from two middle rows of each experimental plot from an area of

3 m2 twenty times during growth period. Then, they were counted to have the number of flowers

per m2 and flower yield which was the total flower weight harvested at different stages. The mean

single-flower weight was calculated by dividing flower dry yield by the number of flowers per

area unit. The division of flower yield by biological yield multiplied by 100 resulted flower harvest

index. In addition, WUE for flower and biomass production (in terms of kg m-3) was measured

through dividing flower dry yield by the amount of applied water and through dividing biological

yield (biomass) by the amount of applied water, respectively. In order to measure plant height, 10

plants were randomly selected from two middle rows of experimental plots and their means were

recorded as plant height. The flower diameter was measured out of the diameter of 20 flowers at

each flower harvesting step.

The data were analyzed by software MSTAT-C and the means were compared by Multiple

Range Duncan Test at 5% probability level.


Yield and yield components of flower

Analysis of variance showed that irrigation and N fertilization significantly affected the

number of flowers per m2 and flower fresh and dry weight (p<0.01), but single-flower dry weight

was affected only by irrigation levels (Table 1). The number of flowers per m2 was 2.58 times

greater in the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation than in the treatment

of irrigation after 180 mm, but it showed an 11.2% loss compared with the treatment of irrigation

after 60 mm accumulative evaporation (Table 2). Probably the loss of the number of flowers per

C.V. df

Means of squares

Flower number

per m2

Single-flower

dry weight

Flower fresh

yield

Flower dry

yield

Biological

yield

Harvest

index

Replication

Irrigation (A)

Error a

Nitrogen rate (B)

A × B

Error b

CV (%)

2

2

4

3

6

18

-

101963.14*

139611**

12545.82

68415.48**

12891.48 ns

5291.81

11.13

0.0001ns

0.003**

0.0001

0.0001 ns

0.0001ns

0.0001

1.72

6234955.45 ns

104713138.8**

922421.57

5386648.11**

1107872.43ns

454253.76

12.61

207474.35ns

3353845**

26023.59

173498.09**

34024.26 ns

14027.19

11.99

6323723.22*

69896139.9**

796955.25

2778626.88**

535532.52 ns

314431.17

11.81

2.12 ns

9.612*

1.142

1.1**

0.256 ns

0.149

1.88

Table 1. Results of analysis of variance for yield and yield components of marigold as affected by different levels

of irrigation and nitrogen.

ns Non Significant at 0.05 probability level and *, ** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.


m2 with the increase in water deficit stress can be related to the loss of leaf area and their shedding

and the resulting loss of assimilates, the decrease in the activities of photosynthesis-affecting en-

zymes and the disruption of pollination.

Means comparison revealed that although there was no significant difference in single-

flower dry weight between the treatments of irrigation after 60 and 120 mm accumulative evapo-

ration at 5% level, the increase in irrigation interval and drought stress up to the treatment of

irrigation after 180 mm accumulative evaporation decrease of single flower weight by 13.3 and

18.2% at the treatments of irrigation after 120 and 60 mm accumulative evaporation, respectively

(Table 2). Seemingly, shortened flowering period and the adverse effect of water deficit stress on

the existing photosynthesis and the loss of assimilates translocation into flowers were the main

causes of the significant decrease in single-flower dry weight under severe water deficit stress.

The treatments of irrigation after 120 and 180 mm accumulative evaporation resulted in

18.7 and 73.6% loss of flower fresh yield and 16.2 and 72% loss of flower dry yield compared

with the treatment of irrigation after 60 mm accumulative evaporation, respectively (Table 2). To

be able to bear flowers, plants need suitable vegetative growth and must produce constituting parts

of the flowers at different vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The effect of water deficit

stress on every yield component can finally change the number of flowers. Therefore, it can be

said that the loss of current photosynthesis as well as the coincidence of flowering with high tem-

peratures and the increase in embryo abortion under water deficit conditions can lead to the loss

of flower fresh and dry yield through reducing the number of flowers per m2 and single-flower

weight. Also, Mohamadkhani and Heydari (2007) stated that the loss of leaf area resulted in the

loss of light interception and the resulting loss of total photosynthesis capacity and obviously, the

limitation of assimilate production under water deficit conditions led to the stunted growth of the

plants and finally decreased their yield. The decrease in flower yield with the increase in water

deficit stress has been reported for marigold (Shubhra et al., 2004) and chamomile (Arazmjo etal., 2009), too.

Means comparison showed that the increase in N fertilization rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1

increased the number of flowers per m2 by 33.7% (Table 2). Soil fertility deeply influences the

flowering. Higher levels of N fertilization induces vegetative growth, increases leaf area index and

duration and increases assimilate availability and flowering potential per area unit through increas-

ing photosynthesis duration. In addition, N increases flower formation percentage by supplying

the protein needed by pollens to move through stigma and reach to ovule, by increasing effective

pollination time and helping the formation of stronger embryo sac (Rahemi, 2004). Therefore, the

increase in N rate can justifiably increase the number of flowers per m2. Also, some researchers

Treatment

Flower

number

per m2

Single-

flower dry

weight (gr)

Flower

fresh yield

(kg ha-1)

Flower

dry yield

(kg ha-1)

Biological

yield

(kg ha-1)

Harvest

index

(%)

Irrigation (mm accumulative evaporation)

60

120

180

Nitrogen rate (kg N ha-1)

0

60

120

180

878.27 a

779.91 a

302.17 b

562.19 b

600.98 b

698.54 a

751.98 a

0.159 a

0.150 a

0.130 b

0.146 a

0.146 a

0.146 a

0.148 a

7719.78 a

6274.49 b

2036.12 c

4581.34 b

4846.83 b

5676.83 a

6269.06 a

1399.12 a

1172.26 b

391.34 c

850.40 b

897.30 b

1051.31 a

1151.30 a

6499.53 a

5752.28 a

1996.1 b

4180.36 b

4408.75 b

5012.97 a

5395.12 a

21.47 a

20.44 ab

19.68 b

20.12 b

20.27 b

20.71 a

20.93 a

Table 2. Means comparison for yield and yield components of marigold as affected by different levels of irrigation

and nitrogen

Means followed by the same letters in each column-according to Duncan’s multiple range test are not significantly (p<0.05)


have revealed that higher N fertilization levels increase shoot growth and the number of flowers

in chamomile (Zeinali et al., 2008, Hamzeie et al., 2004, Letchmo, 1993).

Means comparison for flower fresh and dry yield of marigold at various N rates indicated

that although the increase in N rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1 significantly increased flower fresh

and dry yield by 36.8 and 35.4%, respectively, no significant differences in these traits were ob-

served between N rates of 0 and 60 kg N ha-1 and between N rates of 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 (Table

2). Since N application increased leaf area index and green area duration through which it positively

influenced photosynthesis, light use efficiency, plant growth period duration, dry matter accumu-

lation in shoots and flower bearing potential per area unit, it expectedly increased flower fresh and

dry yield, too. In addition, given statistically non-significant difference in single-flower dry weight

means of marigold (Table 2) and significant difference in flower yield at different N fertilization

levels, it can be concluded that N fertilization enhanced flower yield mainly through increasing

the number of flowers per area unit. Ameri and Nasiriemahalati (2008) reported the increase in light

use efficiency for flower bearing in marigold with the increase in N rate from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1

and Al-Badavi et al. (1995) reported the positive impact of various nitrogenous fertilizers on veg-

etative growth, the concentration of photosynthesizing pigments and the flowering of marigold com-

pared with no-N fertilization treatment which could be the possible reasons for higher flower yield

under abundant N levels. Higher flower yield at higher N fertilization levels has been reported by

Ameri and Nasiriemahalati (2008) and Pop et al. (2007) for marigold and Rahmati et al. (2009) and

Hamzeie et al. (2004) for chamomile as well which is in agreement with our findings.

Biological yield and harvest index

Irrigation and N rate significantly affected biological yield and harvest (Table 1). Biological

yield at the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation was decreased by 11.5%

as compared with that at the treatment of irrigation after 60 mm accumulative evaporation, while

the increase in irrigation interval up to 180 mm accumulative evaporation reduced biological yield

by 69.3%. The loss of biomass production by drought stress can be associated with the loss of plant

height, the loss of leaf area and the increase in the partitioning of assimilates to roots vs. shoots. In

total, it can be drawn that drought stress significantly decreased economical and biological yield of

marigold by shortening growth period and consequent loss of photosynthesis rate, shortening as-

similation period and decreasing the mobilization of assimilates (Black and Squire, 1979).

N application increased dry matter production of marigold, so that biological yield was in-

creased by 5.5, 19.9 and 29.1% with the application of 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 compared with

no-N application, respectively and the application of 180 kg N ha-1 gave rise to the highest biolog-

ical yield with mean dry matter of 5395.12 kg ha-1 (Table 2). It seems that N deficiency decreased

leaf area and duration which resulted in lower light interception rate, light use efficiency and pho-

Sources of

variation df

Means of squares

Plant height Flower diameter WUE for flower WUE for biomass

Replication

Irrigation (A)

Error a

Nitrogen rate (B)

A × B

Error b

CV (%)

2

2

4

3

6

18

-

20.514 ns

211.286**

6.444

14.911**

1.359 ns

1.56

6.41

7.83 ns

163.99**

1.577

0.314 ns

0.09 ns

0.394

2.21

0.004 ns

0.016**

0.001

0.002**

0.0001ns

0.0001

10.18

0.121ns

0.386**

0.021

0.038**

0.007 ns

0.003

10.02

Table 3. Results of analysis of variance for plant height, flower diameter and water use efficiency for

flower and biomass production of marigold as affected by different levels of irrigation and nitrogen

ns Non Significant at 0.05 probability level and *, ** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.


tosynthesis rate of canopy. Consequently, N deficiency led to the loss of biological yield. The stud-

ies conducted by Rahmani et al. (2008) on marigold and by Alizadeh Sahzabi et al. (2007) on sa-

vory showed significantly higher biological yield at higher N fertilization rate, too.

The results revealed that water deficit stress negatively affected harvest index of marigold,

so that this index in treatments of irrigation after 180 and 60 mm accumulative evaporation was

19.7 and 21.5%, respectively. Moreover, means comparison showed that the increase in N fertiliza-

tion rate from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1 increased flower harvest index from 20.12 to 20.92% (Table 2).

In other words, water and nitrogen deficit stress disrupted the mobilization of assimilates

to reproductive organs. Thus, it decreased potential flower yield more than biological yield. The

results of the study of Ansarinia (2010) indicated that water deficit stress significantly decreased

harvest index of sunflower. Also, Aboomardani et al. (2010) on canola and Ansarinia (2010) on

sunflower reported that harvest index increased with the increase in rate of N application.

Plant height and flower diameter

Considering the results of analysis of variance, plant height and flower diameter were sig-

nificantly affected by irrigation treatment (p<0.01), but the effect of N rate was significant only

on plant height (Table 3). The non-significant effect of N fertilization on flower diameter has been

reported in chamomile, too (Rahmati et al., 2009). As irrigation interval was increased from 60 to

180 mm accumulative evaporation, plant height and flower diameter were significantly decreased

by 39.4 and 22.5%, respectively. Means comparison for plant height and flower diameter indicated

classification of irrigation levels in distinct groups (Table 4). Some likely causes of plant height

and flower diameter loss under water deficit conditions are the decrease in cell vigor and cellular

growth and the resulting loss of leaf area, stomatal closure (Safarnejad, 2003) and photosynthesis

limitation (Hassani and Omidbeigi, 2002). The loss of plant height with the increase in water deficit

stress has been reported in basil (Hassani and Omidbeigi, 2002), chamomile (Arazmjo et al., 2009)

and isabgol (Najafi and Rezvanimoghadam, 2002), too.

Means comparison for plant height and flower diameter showed that although different

rates of N application had no significant effect on increasing flower diameter, it significantly af-

fected plant height, so that 180 kg N ha-1 application had 6.3, 8.3 and 17.5% higher plant height

than N rates of 120, 60 and 0 kg N ha-1, respectively (Table 4). It is likely that higher N fertilization

levels paved the way for longitudinal growth of stem by extending vegetative growth period and

supplying the required assimilates. Moreover, it has been reported that N deficiency decreased

plant height by inhibiting the formation of parenchyma and sclerenchyma and N application im-

proved plant height by increasing the division of meristem cells and the turgidity of these cells

(Mengel, 1988). Also, Najafpoorenavaei (2002) found the application of N fertilizer important in

TreatmentPlant

height (cm)

Flower diameter

(mm)

WUE for flower

(kg m-2)

WUE for biomass

(kg m-2)

Irrigation (mm accumulative evaporation)

60

120

180

Nitrogen rate (kg N ha-1)

0

60

120

180

23.80 a

19.21 b

14.42 c

17.84 c

19.37 b

19.72 b

20.97 a

31.26 a

29.74 b

24.23 c

28.21 a

28.43 a

28.34 a

28.66 a

0.108 b

0.161 a

0.090 b

0.102 b

0.111 b

0.128 a

0.137 a

0.501 b

0.788 a

0.459 b

0.508 b

0.555 b

0.618 a

0.651 a

Table 4. Means comparison for plant height, flower diameter and water use efficiency for flower

and biomass production of marigold as affected by different levels of irrigation and nitrogen.

Means followed by the same letters in each column-according to Duncan’s multiple range test are not significantly (p<0.05)


improving the growth of borage. The increasing effect of N fertilization on plant height has been

reported in savory (Alizadeh Sahzabi et al., 2007) and Tanacetum parathenium (Hassani Malayer

et al., 2004), too. The results of the current study regarding the effect of water and N deficiency

on plant height are consistent with the reports of Ram et al. (1995) and Mishra and Srivastava

(2000) about mint, Mirshekari et al. (2007) about chamomile and Hassani and Omidbeigi (2002)

about basil.

WUE for flower and biomass production

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of irrigation and N were signif-

icant on WUE for flower and biomass production at 1% level (Table 3). Means comparison indi-

cated that the delay in irrigation until reaching to 120 mm accumulative evaporation significantly

increased these traits as compared with two other irrigation levels; that is, at this irrigation treatment

(moderate stress) more flower and biomass yield per each m-3 applied water were produced. The

highest WUE for flower and biomass production (on average, 0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3, respectively)

was obtained at the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation which was 78.9

and 71.7% higher than those obtained at the treatment of irrigation after 180 mm accumulative

evaporation (Table 4).

Higher WUE for flower and biomass production under moderate water deficit stress can

be related to greater loss of water by evapotranspiration and deeper penetration at optimum irriga-

tion treatment. On the other hand, the disruption of photosynthesis due to stomatal closure, the

loss of leaf area and finally, the loss of biomass and flower yield at severe water deficit stress treat-

ment. Nissanka et al. (1997) stated that the loss of WUE at severe moisture stress was caused by

greater loss of photosynthesis vs. respiration. They related it to the injuries to leaf mesophyl under

moisture stress. In addition, it can be said that increase in mesophyl and stomatal resistance under

severe water stress decreased the entrance of CO2 into plants which in turn, reduced net photosyn-

thesis rate. Therefore, biomass was decreased under water stress. Higher WUE under moderate

water deficit stress than under severe or no stress had been reported for chamomile (Pirzad, 2007),

soybean (Moosavi et al., 1998) and rape (Vafabaksh et al., 2009), too which is in agreement with

the results of the current study.

As N fertilization rate was increased from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1, WUE for flower and dry mat-

ter production improved. Means comparison for these traits showed that although N application

rate of 180 kg N ha-1 by producing 0.137 kg flower and 0.651 kg biomass per m3 applied water

had the highest WUE, the treatments of 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 were ranked in the same statistical

group for these traits (Table 4). Given that the same amount of water was used at all fertilization

rates, higher WUE for flower and biomass production at higher N rates can be related to the in-

crease in flower and biomass yield. The increase in N application rate enhanced biomass weight

by increasing net photosynthesis. Under the conditions of the current study, although higher N

rates probably increased transpiration, they finally resulted in higher WUE due to higher flower

yield. The increase in WUE with the increase in N fertilization rate has been reported in spinach

(Sadegipoor Marvi, 2010), too.

CONCLUSION

Generally it can be concluded that given the prevailing water deficit in Southern Kho-

rasan, Iran, the treatment of irrigation after 120 mm accumulative evaporation was superior over

the treatment of irrigation after 60 mm accumulative evaporation because of its 51% higher

WUE in spite of its 16% lower dry flower yield. Also, it is recommended to use N rate of 120

kg N ha-1 owing to its statistically non-significant difference with N rate of 180 kg N ha-1, pre-

venting environmental problems, avoiding redundant costs of fertilization and realizing optimum

yield of marigold.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Research Department of Islamic Azad University, Birjand

Branch, Iran for their financial support of the experiment.

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Effect of Thidiazuron and Salicylic Acid on the Vase Life

and Quality of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria hybrida L .cv.

`Modena`) Cut Flower

Keywords: Alstroemeria, Salicylic acid, Thidiazuron, Vase life.

Zahra Bagheri Tirtashi1, Davood Hashemabadi2*, Behzad Kaviani2 and Ameneh Sajjadi2

1Former MSc Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Rasht

Branch,Iran2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch,Iran.


In this research, the effects of thidiazuron pulse treatment and salicylic

acid were examined to improve vase life and maintain the quality of Alstroemeria҅Modena̓ cut flowers. The experiment was done in a factorial experiment based

on RCD with 16 treatments, 3 replications and 48 plots. The flowers were

placed in different concentrations of thidiazuron (0, 10, 20, and 50 µM) and

salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg l-1) for 24 hours. Then cut flowers were

put in a preservative solution containing 3% sucrose and 300 mg l-1 8-HQS.

Then, vase life and quality traits such as fresh weight, dry weight, water

uptake, amount of soluble solids (˚brix) and cell membrane stability (electrolyte

leakage) were evaluated during examination. The results showed that the con-

centration of 200 mg l-1 salicylic acid, has the highest water uptake and lowest

reduction of fresh weight in comparison with the other treatments. In all

treatments except for the control, dry weight and soluble solids increased.

Also, 20 µM thidiazuron and 100 mg l-1 salicylic acid showed the greatest

stability of the cell membrane compared to the control treatment. Finally, 20

µM thidiazuron and 200 mg l-1 salicylic acid with the highest vase life of cut

alstroemeria ̔ Modena̓ compared to the other treatments is recommended to

extend the vase life.

Abstract


INTRODUCTION

Alstroemeria (Alestroemeria hybrida L.) is one of the most beautiful of flowers family ̓s

Alstroemeria which is also known as Peruvian Lilies (Kim, 2005). In the past 20 years, Alstroe-meria varieties and hybrids are known as important and new business cut flowers in the world due

to their long life of postharvest, beautiful flowers and different patterns and colors (Ferrant et al.,2002). Greenhouse cultivation of this flower has been increased significantly in recent decades in

Iran. Despite the economic value of cut flowers, postharvest Alstroemeria is exposed to vulnera-

bility and corruption like other horticultural crops and is faced with postharvest problems like yellow

leaves, petal fall, turgor loss of leaves, dried florets and petal senescence and wilt (Naseri and

EbrahimiGaravi, 1999). Studies show that the external application of cytokinin delay senescence

due to lack of cytokinin during the senescence process. Synthetic cytokinin like thidiazuron are

effective in delaying senescence (Fathi and Esmaeilpor, 2002). Thidiazuron (TDZ), is a combina-

tion of non-metabolized phenyl urea with potential cytokinin-like activity that affects some posthar-

vest traits via ethylene biosynthesis (Ferrant et al., 2002; Ferrant et al., 2003). Salicylic acid is a

phenolic derivatives which involved in a wide range of oxidativet stress and has effects on the

longevity of cut flowers through inhibition of the activity of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase

(Zhang, 2003). Due to the importance of durability and maintaining the quality of cut flowers in

their business in recent years, this study examined the effects of thidiazuron and salicylic acid on

improving the vase life and maintaining the quality of alstroemeria cut flowers life.


In June 2012, Alstroemeria ҅Modena̓ cut flowers were harvested in commercial stage from

the greenhouse located in Tehran and transferred to horticultural lab of Rasht Azad University. The

flowers were recut 52 cm height and after weighing they were located in two liter volume vase and

were pulse treated for 24 hours. During testing, the flowers were kept in 20±2 ̊ C temperature, relative

humidity (RH) of 60-70% with a12 hour light-dark photoperiod and light intensity of 12 µmol s2- m2.

This study based on RCD with 8 treatments, 3 replications, 24 plots and 96 cut flowers.

The flowers were treated 24 hour in TDZ (0, 10, 20 and 50 µM ) and salicylic acid (0, 100, 200,

and 300 mgl -1). After the end of pulse period and vase replacement, the flowers were put in pre-

servative protective solution containing %3 sucrose and 300 mg l-1 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate.

Vase life, fresh weight, dry weight, water uptake, soluble solids and membrane stability

(electrolyte leakage) were measured.Vase life defined as leaves'yellowing and petals' wilting

process and is expressed as days. Fresh weight was measured by digital scale (0.01 g) and fresh

weight loss, dry weight and water uptake calculated by followed formula:

Fresh weight loss = fresh weight in lst day – ( fresh weight in final day + recuts weights).

Dry weight = (dry weight in final day / fresh weight in final day )× 100

Solution uptake = 500 – (Amount of vase solution in final day + Amount of room evap-

oration) / fresh weight in frist day.

To determine the amount of soluble solids in stem (˚brix), the carried out with refractometer

ATAGO Ltd. Model 1 α, Japan..

Cell membrane stability, carried out according to protocol of Ezhilmathi et al., (2007).

Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and mean comparison carried out with

test in 1 and 5 percent probability level.


Vase life

the effect of different concentrations of TDZ and salicylic acid was significant (p≤0.01). In

comparison with other treatments, thidiazuron with 20 µM concentration and control treatment

showed the most (14.32 days) and the least (8.33 days) vase life, respectively. In this analysis, sal-


icylic acid in a concentration of 200 and 300 mg l-1 showed the most (14.44 days) and the least

(8.64 days) vase life (Fig. 1). The researchers reported that thidiazuron delays the programmed

cell death through increased protein synthesis and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and

thereby increases the durability of cut flowers life (Weaver et al., 1998). Rezvanipoor et al. (2012)

examined the effect of thidiazuron and benzyl adenine in postharvest Alstroemeria cut flowers,

their results showed that the highest durability were observed in 10 µM thidiazuron . Also salicylic

acid increases cut flowers life by preventing the production of ethylene (Srivastava and Dwivedi,

2000). Pulse treatment (18 hours) salicylic 150 mg l-1 acid on ̔Yellow Island̓ rose cut flowers in-

creases the vase life in comparison to control (Geraylou and Ghasemnejad, 2011). These results

are with the findings of other researchers Macnish et al. (2010).

Fresh weight

The effect of thidiazuron and salicylic acid loss of fresh weight was significantat (p≤0.01).

Thidiazuron in a concentration of 20 µM and control treatment showed the most (8.87 g) and the least

(5.40 g) loss of fresh weight, respectively. In salicylic acid effects the most and least loss of fresh

weight were observed in 200 and 300 concentrations, respectively (Fig. 2). As decreasing fresh weight

during maintenance of the flowers is a sign of senescence, applying the two compounds in order to

keep cut flowers from oxidative stress caused by lack of water has been effective and these results are

consistent with the findings of other researchers (Rezvanipour et al., 2012; A'laee et al., 2010).

Dry matter

The effect of thidiazuron and salicylic acid on dry matter of cut flowers is significantat

(p≤0.01). Thidiazuronin and control treatment showed the most (26.06%) and the least (14.77%)

dry matter respectively (Fig.3).The investigation of salicylic acid 200 mg l-1 and control treatment

showed the most (24.70%) and the least (16.92%) dry matter respectively. It seems that thidiazuron

and the salicylic acid prevented oxidative stress through increased water absorption and increased

dry matter percentage through protein degradation and respiration rates reduction.

Water uptake

Effect of thidiazuron and salicylic acid had a significant on the solution absorption

(p≤0.01). In comparison of data means, 50 µM TDZ and control treatment showed the most (2.44ml

g-1 F.W.) and the least (1.18ml g-1 F.W.) solution absorption, respectively. Results on salicylic

acid showed that 200 and control showed that 2.85 and 1.26 mg L-1 solution absorption. Re-

searchers said that water balance is the most important factor in determining the quality and dura-

bility of cut flowers and the. Also, balance between water absorption and transpiration is highly

Fig. 1. Effect of different treatments on vase life of cut

Alstroemeria cv. Modena.

T0: control, T1: 10 µM, T2: 20 µM, T3: 50 µM

S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mgl-1, S3: 300 mg l-1

Fig. 2. Effect of different treatments on fresh weight

loss of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.


S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mgl-1

, S3: 300 mg l-1


influence in the quality of the flower. Rezvanipour et al. (2012) examined the effects of thidiazuron

on alstroemeria ̔ Saint Point ̓ increase and said the most solution absorption is obtained in 10µM

thidiazuron treatment. Application of salicylic acid with acidic preservative solution prevents ac-

cumulationand proliferation of bacteria in cutting areas and improves the solution absorption. In-

creased water absorption and fresh weight cut flowr. (Samadi et al., 2012).

Total soluble solids (°brix)

Effects of TDZ and salicylic acid on soluble solids is significant (p≤0.01). According to

the table data means comparison, thidiazuron in concentration of 20 µM and control treatment

showed the most (2.54%) and the least (1.39%) soluble solids reduction, respectively. In salicylic

acid, control treatment and concentration 300 mg l-1 it showed the most (2.44%) and the least soluble

solids reduction (Fig.5). Rezvanipour et al. (2012) said that thidiazuron (10 μm) had the most

amount of soluble solids in alstroemeria ̔Saint Point̓ cut flowers.

Loss of cell membrance stability

Effects of thidiazuron and salicyli cacid on cell membrane stability is significant (p≤0.01).

And control flowers and 20 μm TDZ had the most (81.75%) and the least (25.75%) cell membrane

stability reduction. Also in salicylic acid, control treatment (77%) and of 100 mg l-1 (37%) showed

the most and the least loss of cell membrane stability reduction (Fig.6). Lorentez et al. (2002) in-

dicated that during Alstroemeria senescence,the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in-

creased and semi-permeability feature of cell membranes and cell stability are decreased. Existence

of sucrose in preservative solution inhibits protein and ribonucleic acid break down increases the

Fig. 3. Effect of different treatments on dry matter

loss of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.


S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mg l-1, S3: 300 mg l-1

Fig. 4. Effect of different treatments on water uptake

of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.


S0: control, S1: 100 mg l-1, S2: 200 mg l-1), S3: 300 mg l-1

Fig. 5. Effect of different treatments on soluble solid

of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.



Fig. 6. Effect of different treatments on membrane

stability of cut Alstroemeria cv. Modena.




cell membrane stability and delays the senescence of flowers (Liao et al., 2000., Steinitz,1982).

Based on the findings in Table 1 and 6, there is a direct relationship between the vase life and the

amount of cell membrane stability. Treatments with higher cell membrane stability showed higher

vase life. Thereby using appropriate concentration of these two compounds, we can increase the

vase life of cut flowers by increasing the cell membrane stability.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, thidiazuron treatments with cytokinin-like activity and salicylic acid with an-

tioxidant system had significant effects on vase life and postharvest qualitative indicators improve-

ment. Due to the qualitative and business value of cut flowers and lack of knowledge about

application of effective materials, these compounds can be used to improve the qualitative value

and durability of Alstroemeria cut flowers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thanks Islamic Azad University Rasht Branch, specific Dr. Ali

Mohamadi Torkashvand (Reaserch Office Manager) for financial supports.

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The Effect of Cola on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics

of Cut Alstroemeria

Keywords: Alstroemeria, Cola, Vase life.

Mehrdad Babarabie1*, Hossein Zareie2 and Feryal Varasteh2

1 MSc Student of Horticulture, University of Natural Resource and Agricultural Science, Gorgan,

Iran.2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Natural Resource and Agricultural

Science, Gorgan, Iran.


Abstract

The present study has assessed the effect of Cola in increasing flower

longevity of flower and delaying aging of cut Alstroemeria ‘Balance’. Distilled

water was used as control. Traits of flower diameter, solution absorption ,an-

thocyanins, total soluble solids and chlorophyll were measured at 3 times and

vase life was measured daily. Based on the results, flower diameter, anthocyanins

and chlorophyll were significant at 1% level and solution absorption was

significant at 5% level. The highest flower longevity was related to concentration

500 ml L-1 Cola with 16 days, while the control was 9 days. The highest

solution absorption rate belonged to 250 ml L-1 treatment of Cola. Cola con-

centration of 375 ml L-1 had the greatest flower diameter and chlorophyll. Ac-

cording to the results of means comparison, amount of anthocyanin in different

concentrations of Cola was the same. In general, Cola delayed aging Alstroemeriaflowers due to having compounds such as citric acid, phosphoric acid, sugar,

sodium benzoate, etc., and by providing flowers with required carbohydrates

and antimicrobial effect.


INTRODUCTION

In recent years, using natural compounds in the control of bacterial, yeast and fungus in-

fections and reduction of wastes after harvesting horticultural products such as cut flowers has

been proposed. Because most chemicals are toxic and cause environmental pollution, using natural

compounds that have no adverse effects on human and environment and are relatively inexpensive

is of great importance (Okigbo and Ikediugwn, 2005). Most natural compounds that have been

studied for this purpose were essences and extracts of medicinal plants, but using Cola and some

fruit juices, due to having specific compounds as can be studied and experimented as cut flowers

preservative solutions, but they have rarely been investigated of course it has been already recom-

mended use Cola.

Ebrahimzadehand Seifi (1999) offered compound of 250-500 ml L-1 sevenup and half a tea-

spoon bleach along with water as a simple and affordable solution. Cola are made up of materials

such as citric acid, sucrose, carbon dioxide, sodium benzoate, etc. These drinks, due to containing

citric acid and phosphoric acid, have pH range of 2.9-3.8. Appropriate pH for preservative solution

of cut flowers is 3.5 to 4.5 (Edrisi, 2009). Water used in the vase solution must have least hardness

and microorganisms. One of features of Cola that makes it suitable for vase solution is the features

of water used in it. For producing Cola, water hardness and microorganisms are removed through

the use of disinfectants and deionizers.

Sucrose has been used to extend the life of various types of flowers (Asadi et al., 2010;

Emamian and Mortazavi, 2010; Khalighi and Shafie, 2000; Kazemi et al., 2010). Sucrose regulates

transport of water and minerals within the vessels by controlling transpiration (Capdeville et al.,2003). Amount of sugar in Cola is about 10%. If sucrose is put the vase solution alone, causes

growth of microorganisms. Using a germicidal agent along with sucrose in preservative solutionis

always recommended (Mir Saeed Qazi et al., 2013). In addition to containing sugar, due to having

compounds such as citric acid and phosphoric acid, Cola provides suitable pH for cut flowers.

In the research by Mortazavi and Elahi (2011), it was found that treatment of carnation cut

flowers to75 mg L-1 of citric acid increases solution absorption and vase life. Reddy et al., (1995)

tested compound of 100 mg L-1 citric acid with 4% sucrose for tuberose, that led to improved water

absorption and flower longevity to 16 days.

Alstroemeria belongs to Amarilidaceae family and it is one of the worlds important cut

flowers. It has many applications due to having various colors.

The aim of conducting this study is to investigate the possibility of replacing simple com-

pounds such as Cola as and determine its best concentration in preservative solutions of cut flowers

in order to increase vase life of cut Alstroemeria.


This experiment was performed in Laboratory of Horticultural Sciences Department, Gor-

gan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in April 2014. In this study,

Alstroemeria flowers were prepared from Azin Behesh greenhouse in Isfahan. The temperature of

vase life room was 2 ± 24°C, relative humidity 5 ± 60% and light intensity was 850 lux. Flowers

were cut open as 30 cm of length and put into containers with 500 ml of preservative solution.

Thise xperiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in

three replications and each replication consisted of 3 flowers. The treatments used was commercial

Cola at 4 levels (0, 250, 375, 500 ml L-1). Parameters of flower diameter, solution absorption, dis-

solved solids, anthocyanin and chlorophyll were measured in 3 stages (days 3, 6 and 9), and flower

longevity was measured daily. Vase life was calculated as flower wilting per day. The flowers were

examined daily for observing signs of wilting. Chlorophyll content of leaf was gauged through

chlorophyll meter model Hansatech CL-01.Water absorption was measured by dipping the volume

of the solution and diameter of Floret using a digital caliper. To measure the petal anthocyanins,


Vangr method(1979) was used and for measuring wet weight digital scale was used and was finally

expressed using the following formula (Pompodakis et al., 2005).

FW= (St-1)-St /wt = 0) In this formula, the symbols listed are as follows.

FW: Absorbed solution

St: Weight of solution (g) in days 0,3 and ...

St-1: Weight of solution (g)in previous day

Wt = 0: Wet weight of shoot in day 0


Flower diameter

Based on analysis of variance, effect of treatment, time and interaction effects of treatment

and time was significant at the 1% level (Table 1).

Concentration Cola as 375 ml L-1 made the greatest flower diameter and the lowest value

was related to the control (Table 2). Also the highset flower diameter was obtained on the sixth

day of measurement (Table 3). Sucrose, as a source of carbohydrates, compensates for the shortage

of sugars consumed by breathing (Erin et al., 2002). It seems that Cola’s sugar, which is a kind of

sucrose, has provided the energy needed for expansion of florets in Alstroemeria vase solutions

and increased flower diameter.

Solution absorption

According to ANOVA, the effect of treatment and time on preserving solution’s absorption

was significant at 5% and the interaction effect of treatment and time was significant at 1%. Results

showed that the highest rate of solution absorption belonged to treatment 250 ml L-1 Cola (Table 2).

Also, the highest rate of solution absorption was obtained on sixth day of measurement (Table 3).

By increasing concentration, the absorption rate of solution decreased. In the research by

Reddy et al., (1995) on tuberose, the combined treatment of 100 mg l-1 citric acid and 400 mg l-1

hydroxyqueinoline sulfate and sucrose 4% increased flower longevity and water uptake by flowers.

It can be concluded that citric acid, by providing suitable pH and reducing number of bac-

teria, increases water uptake by flowers treated by Cola compared to the control.

S.O.V df Flower diameter

(mm)

Solution absorbs

(ml. g F.W.)

TSS

(%)

Anthocyanin

(mg 100 g-1 F.W)

Chlorophyll

(mg g-1 F.W.)

treatment

time

treatment*time

error

cv(%)

3

2

6

24

6397.67**

16827.79**

3014.66**

2.83

6.35

1.71*

2.3*

2.99**

140.46

16.6

15.75**

63.92**

2.66**

0.17

4.09

0.006**

0.04**

0.001*

0.0002

8.69

25.9**

10.37**

1.64 ns

0.29

6.46

Table 1. Analysis of variancetheeffect oftreatment and timeonqualitytraitsof cut Alstroemeria.

ns:Nonsignificant,*:Significantat5%,** Significantat 1%

Treatment Flower diameter

(mm)

Uptake solution

(ml. g F.W.)

TSS

(%)

Anthocyanin

(mg 100 g-1 F.W)

Cholorophyl

(mg g-1 F.W.)

Vase life

(days)

S1

S2

S3

C

28.23b

30.85a

27.34b

19.55c

3.23a

3a

2.46b

2.31b

11.53a

10.46b

9.95c

8.35d

0.21a

0.21a

0.2a

0.15b

9.04a

9.39a

9.12a

5.8b

14.33b

14.33b

16a

9c

Table 2. Mean comparison the effect treatment on vase life and quality traits cut Alstroemeria.

In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability using LSD test

S1: 250 ml L-1 , S2: 375 ml L-1, S3: 500 ml L-1, C: Control


Total solution solids (TSS)

The results showed that effect of treatment, time and interaction between treatment and

time on amount of TSS of petal was significantat 1%. Table 2 shows that the highest rate of TSS

belonged to 250 ml L-1 concentrations of Cola and the lowest to the control treatment. On the sixth

day highest rate of TSS were obtained (Table 3).

Because of its high sugar, Cola increase solube solids. Also, due to other ingredients such

as citric acid and phosphoric acid in Cola that because of the role they play in improving water

absorption and delayed wilting, it is able to maintain carbohydrates. Ichimura et al.(2005) consider

higher dissolved carbohydrate content in petals of rose, ‘Delilah’ as the reason for its more flower

longevity .

Anthocyanin

ANOVA related to anthocyanins showed that effect of treatment and time at 1% and inter-

action effect of treatment and time at the 5% was significant (Table 1). Means comparison showed

that there was no significant difference between treatments (Table 2). The highest rate of antho-

cyanin belonged to concentration 250 ml L-1 (Table 2).

Colorless is a common symptom in many old flowers. Carotenoids and anthocyanins are

two main of flowers pigments. Anthocyanins show greater stability in acidic pH compared to al-

kaline pH (Edrisi, 2009). Cola with pH 3 above 3 leads to satability in Alstroemeria of anthocyanin

flower petals. Also, dyes in black Cola may influence the color of the petals.

Chlorophyll

Effect of treatment and time were significantat 1%, but interaction of treatment on time did

not have significant difference. Table 2 shows the results of comparing means of chlorophyll, the

highest and lowest levels of chlorophyll were related to 375 ml L-1 concentration of Cola and the

control, respectively and maximum chlorophyll was observed at first stage (Table 3). Alstromeria

is one of flowers that are very sensitive to ethylene (Ebrahimzadehand Seifi, 1999).Yellowness of

Alstroemeria leaves after harvest is related to early aging, which is one of problems of Alstroemeria(Mutui et al., 2001). Results of the study by Hamidi Imani et al. (2012) showed that sodium ben-

zoate with concentration of 250 mg L-1, reduced ethylene production. It seems that sodium benzoate

in Cola may some what inhibit ethylene synthesis and prevents leaves yellowing and contributes

to the maintenance ofchlorophyll in leaves.

Time (Day) Flower diameter

(mm)

Uptake solution

(ml. g F.W.)

TSS

(%)

Anthocyanin

(mg 100 g-1 F.W)

Cholorophyl

(mg g-1 F.W.)

3

6

9

21.21b

35.85a

22.41b

3.25a

2.59b

2.42b

7.47c

10.88b

11.87a

0.12b

0.23a

0.22a

9.1a

8.61b

7.3c

Table 3. Mean comparison the effect time on vase life and quality traits cut Alstroemeria.

In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability using LSD test

S.O.V df vase life (days)

Treatment

error

cv

3

8

27.86**

0.16

3.04

Table 4. Analysis of variance the effect vase life of

cut Alstroemeria.

** Significantat 1%


Vase life

ANOVA related to vase life of Alstroemeria showed that treatment effect was significant at

1%, (Table 4). The highest flower longevity belonged to concentration 500 ml L-1 of Cola with 16

days. This is while the control had 9 days of life (Table 2)

Compounds such as sodium benzoate, citric acid, sulfuric acid and sugar in Cola improve

the quality traits of flowers after harvest and consequently increase vase life. Results of research

by Oraei et al., (2011) showed that the concentration of 250 mg l-1 sodium benzoate increased

vase life of gerbera flower that is consistent with results of current study. There are a lot of re-

search on the effect of sucrose on increase of vase life of cut flowers. Due to its high sugar content,

(% 8-10), by supplying required carbohydrates for cut flowers, Cola increase their longevity.

CONCLUSION

Results of this study showed that using simple, safe ingredients available for the environ-

ment, such as Cola, as a preservative solution of cut flowers, especially Alstroemeria can replace

expensive, dangerous and difficult to access compounds.

Literature Cited

Asadi, K., Mortazavi, S. and Rabiee, V. 2010. Effect of gibberellic acid and sucrose in the nutrient

solutions on the vase life and quality of carnation ‘Yellow’ cultivar. National Conference

of Improving and Developing Marketing Flowers and Ornamental Plants.Iran, Arak. Pages

175-178.

Capdeville,G., Maffia, L.A., Finger, F.L. and Batista,U.G. 2003.Gray mold severity and vase life

of rose buds after pulsing with citric acid, salicylic acid, calcium sulfate, sucrose and silver

thiosulfate. Fitopatologia Brasileira. 28(4):380-385.

Ebrahimzadeh, A. and Seifi, E. 1999. Postharvest handling and storage of cut flowers, florist greens,

and potted plants. Akhtar publication. pp. 117.

Edrisi, B. 2009.Postharvest physiology of cut flowers. Payam-e Digar publication. Arak, Iran. pp:

37-43.

Emamian, A. and Mortazavi, S. 2010. Effect of sucrose and calcium chloride on vase life and quality

of gerbera flowers. National Conference of improving and Developing Marketing Flowers

Flower diameter (mm) Solution Absorption (ml. g F.W.) TSS (%)

Time (Day)

3

6

9

S1

18.71c

40.86a

25.14b

S2

28.6b

40.52a

23.43bc

S3

20.78c

37.38a

23.86bc

C

16.77c

24.66bc

17.24c

S1

2.77ab

3.46ab

3.46ab

S2

4.01a

2.67ab

2.33b

S3

4.11a

2.46b

0.82c

C

2.11bc

2.71ab

2.11bc

S1

7.5d

13.1a

10.8bc

S2

7.2d

11.8ab

10.86bc

S3

8.3cd

13.9a

12.4a

C

6.9d

9.46c

8.7cd

Table 5. Mean comparison the interaction effect treatment and time on flower diameter, solution uptake and TSS of cut

Alstroemeria.

In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability using LSD test.

S1: 250 ml L-1 , S2: 375 ml L-1, S3: 500 ml L-1 , C: Control

Anthocyanin (mg 100 g-1 F.W) Cholorophyl (mg g-1 F.W.)

Time(Day)

3

6

9

S1

0.14bc

0.25a

0.23a

S2

0.11bc

0.26a

0.24a

S3

0.14bc

0.25a

0.23a

C

0.09c

0.2ab

0.16b

S1

9.5a

9.23ab

8.39ab

S2

9.78a

9.61a

8.78ab

S3

9.55a

9.35a

8.45ab

C

7.58b

6.25b

3.58c

Table 6. Mean comparison the interaction effect treatment and time on Anthocyanin and

cholophyl cut Alstroemeria.

In each column, means with the similar letters are not significantly different at1% level of probability

using LSD test.

S1: 250 ml L-1 , S2: 375 ml L-1, S3: 500 ml L-1 , C: Control


and Ornamental Plants. Mahallat. Iran. Pages 68-71.

Erin, M., Somerfiled, S.D. and Heyes, I.A. 2002. Vase solution contain sucrose result in change to

cell walls of Sandrersonia flowers. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 26:285-294.

Hamidi Imani, M., Hashemabadi, D., Kaviani, B. and Zarchini, M. 2012. Effectof sodium benzoateon

longevityand ethylene production in cut rose (Rosa hybrid L. cv. Avalanche) Flower. European

Journal of Experimental Biology.2(6): 2485-2488.

Ichimura, K., Kishimoto, M., Norikoshi, R., Kawabata, Y. andYamada,K. 2005.Soluble carbohydrates

and variation in vase life of cut rose cultivars ''Delilah" and "Sonia". Horticultural Science

and Biotechnology. 80(3): 280-286.

Kazemi-Dogolsar, H., Ne'matollah-Sani, R. and Farjadi-Shakib, M. 2010.The effect of different

concentrations of sucrose on the vase life of cut flower Narcissus. National Conference of

Improving and Developing Marketing Flowers and Ornamental Plants. Iran, Arak. pp. 126-128.

Khalighi, A. and Shafie, M. 2000. Effects of chemical, thermal and harvest stage on longevity and

some qualitative characteristics of carnation cut flowers. Agricultural Sciences of

Mir Saeed Qazi, M.A., Naderi, R. and Kalatehjari, S. 2013. Investigation on effect of nanoparticles

of titanium, nanosilver and some essential oils on the longevity and quality of cut Alstroemeria.

Plants and Ecology. 9(37): 85-99.

Mortazavi, S.N. and Elahi, Z. 2011. The effect of citric acid on the shelf life and postharvest quality

of cut carnation flowers. Seventh Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science. Esfshan. Iran.

Mutui, T.M., Emongor, V.E. and Hutchinson, M.J. 2011. Effect of accel on the vase life and postharvest

quality of alstroemeria (Alstroemeri aurantiaca L.) cut flowers. Science Technology; 2(1):

82-88.

Okigbo, R.N. and Ikediugwn, F.E.O. 2005. Biological control of postharvest fungal rot of yams

with bacillus subtillis. Mycopathological.159 (2).307-314.

Oraei, T., Asgharzadeh, A. and Kayani, M. 2011. Evaluate the vase life of cut flowers gerbera cultivars

in response to sodium benzoate and maleichydrazide. Seventh Congress of Horticulture.

Esfahan. Iran.

Pompodakis, N.E., Terry, K.A., Joyce, D.C., Lydakis, D.E. and Papadimitriou, M.D. 2005. Effect

of seasonal variation and storage temperature on leaf cholorophyll fluorescence and vase

life of cut roses. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 36: 1-8.

Reddy, B.S., Singh, K. and Singh, A. 1995. Effect of sucrose, citric acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline

sulphate on the postharvest physiology of tuberse ‘Single’. Advances Agricultural Research

India. 3: 161-167.


Plantlet Regeneration through Indirect Organogenesis of

Flame Gold Tree (Koelreuteria elegans Laxm.)

Keywords: Auxins, Cytokinins, Koelreuteria elegans, Ornamental tree.

Rameshwar Groach1, Muzafar Hussain Dar1, Kartar Chand Badgal2, Priyanka Pal1, Narender Singh1*

and Kuldeep Yadav1

1Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119 (India)2Principal, Govt. Degree College, Hiranagar, Kathua

*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abbreviations: BAP- 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kn- Kinetin, NAA- α-Naphthalene Acetic Acid, 2,4-

D- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

Abstract

Koelreuteria elegans, popularly known as “Flame Gold” is an ornamental

tree. In vitro callus induction and regeneration from various explants (eaf

segments and cotyledonary leaf) were studied on modified MS medium. The

highest callus induction rate (80%) and multiplication was obtained in 2 mg/l

2,4-D from leaf segments. Calli transferred in 1.5 mg/l BAP resulted in

efficient shoot regeneration (70%) and development (4.35 shoots). MS half

strength medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA reported 80% rooting after

21 days of implantation. Mostly, the roots were long and healthy. Plants were

successfully transferred in sterilized mixture of vermiculite: soil: sand (3:1:1)

with 65% survival rate under field conditions. The in vitro regenerated plantlets

were hardened and acclimatized successfully.


INTRODUCTION

Koelreuteria elegans Laxm. (Sapindaceae) popularly known as “Flame gold” is a fast grow-

ing medium-sized evergreen ornamental tree, capable of reaching up to 25 m in height having bip-

innate compound leaves with relatively small leaflets and bright yellow flowers (Anonymous,

2003). The tree is native to Taiwan and is locally naturalised in the subtropical, tropical and warmer

temperate regions of Australia, south-eastern USA, Hawaii and Guam (Meyer, 1976). The tree is

often recommended for arboretum, parking lots, plantings along the highway, shade tree, residential

street tree in urban areas (Gilman and Watson, 1993).

Biotechnology has emerged as a strong tool in mass multiplication and improvement of all

plant species. Clonal multiplication is production of true of type plants in large number, in short

period of time. It offers a method to increase valuable genotype rapidly and expedite release of

large number of plantlets. Biotechnology involving modern tissue culture, cell biology and mo-

lecular biology offers an opportunity to develop new germplasm that are well adapted to changing

demands (Yadav et al., 2013). Plant tissue culture facilitates the accomplishment of a large number

of uniform plants irrespective of season and serves as an alternative source of seed materials. Invitro preservation of germplasm is also a safe method in protecting the species by reducing the

risk of natural vagaries (Yadav and Singh, 2012).

Many ornamental plants like Euphorbia pulcherrima (Osternack et al., 1999), Ficus reli-giosa (Nagaraju et al., 1998), Saintpaulia ionantha (Mithila et al., 2003) Rosa hybrid (Van der

Salm et al., 1996), (Atta-Alla and Van Staden, 1997) have been successfully propagated under invitro conditions using various concentrations of different plant growth regulators.

Till now, there is no report of in vitro propagation of this species. The aim of this work was

to achieve mass multiplication of Koelreuteria elegans under in vitro conditions.


Plant Material

The seeds of this plant were collected from a mature tree growing in Herbal Garden of

Botany Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India. Seeds were initially washed under

running tap water with liquid detergent and sterilized with freshly prepared 0.1% (w/v) mercuric

chloride solution for 6-7 minutes under aseptic conditions. After this, the seeds were rinsed 4-5

times thoroughly with sterilized double distilled water to remove any traces of mercuric chloride.

Then, seed were inoculated on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962).

Medium preparation and Culture conditions

MS medium containing 30 g/l sucrose and solidified with 8 mg/l agar with and without

growth regulators (Table 1 and 2) was prepared. The pH of media was adjusted to 5.8 with 1 N

NaOH or 1 N HCl.

Data based on 20 explants per treatment on fourth week of culture. (–) No Response, (+) Poor growth, (++) Moderate growth, (+++)

Good growth.

Table 1. Effect of 2,4-D on callus induction on the explants of Koelreuteria elegans.

Concentration

of 2,4-D in MS

media (mg/l)

Explant

Average number of

days required for

callus induction

% Response/

callus induction

Visual growth

of callus

Color and texture of

callus

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Leaf

Cotyledonary leaf

Leaf

Cotyledonary leaf

Leaf

Cotyledonary leaf

Leaf

Cotyledonary leaf

19.09de

21.00e

16.23bc

18.14cd

15.13ab

17.55cd

13.12a

14.90ab

55

30

65

35

75

45

80

55

++

+

++

+

+++

+

+++++

++

Light Yellow, Fragile









10 ml of medium was poured into each glass culture tubes and sterilized by autoclaving at

1.05 kg/cm2; 121 °C for 18 min. Cultures were maintained at 25±2ºC temperature in 16/8 h light/dark

photoperiod of 20 μmol m-2s-1 photon flux intensity produced from cool white 40 watt tube lights.

Callus induction

Leaves and cotyledonary leaves from in vitro grown seedlings (25 days old) were excised

and cut into small segments and inoculated on MS medium fortified with different concentrations

of 2,4-D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l) for callus induction. Subculturing was done after every four weeks

for maintenance and increasing the amount of calli. Black, brown or dead calli was discarded

during sub culturing. Visual observations like per cent callus induction, growth of callus, colour

and texture of callus was recorded.

Shoot and root induction

The fourth subcultured calli was transferred to MS medium supplemented with various

concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l) of cytokinins (BAP and Kn) (Table 2) for shoot regen-

eration. Observations like per cent shoot regeneration and average number of days required

for regeneration was recorded. The in vitro developed shoots (1-3 cm) were excised and im-

planted in culture tubes containing half strength MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962)

fortified without or with NAA (0.2, 0.5, 0.1 mg/l) under aseptic conditions for root initiation.

After development of sufficient roots, the plantlets were gradually removed and transferred

to polycups containing sterilized mixture of vermiculite: soil: sand (3:1:1) maintained under

high humidity.

*Data based on 20 explants per treatment on 28th day of culture. (–) No Response, (+) Poor growth, (++) Moderate

growth, (+++) Good growth. LC – Callus from Leaf, CC – Callus from Cotyledons.

Table 2. Effect of cytokinins on shoot regeneration from calli of Koelreuteria elegans.

Cytokinins

(mg/l)

Callus

source

Visual growth

of callus

Calli forming

shoots (%)

No. of shoots per

culture Shoot Length

BAP 0.5

BAP 1.0

BAP 1.5

BAP 2.0

BAP 0.5

BAP 1.0

BAP 1.5

BAP 2.0

Kinetin 0.5

Kinetin 1.0

Kinetin 1.5

Kinetin 2.0

Kinetin 0.5

Kinetin 1.0

Kinetin 1.5

Kinetin 2.0

LC

LC

LC

LC

CC

CC

CC

CC

LC

LC

LC

LC

CC

CC

CC

CC

+

+

++

++

+

+

++

++

+

+

++

+++

+

+

++

+++

50

60

70

65

55

55

60

60

20

20

45

60

10

10

20

45

2.10cd

3.16abc

4.35a

3.76ab

1.72cd

2.09cd

2.16cd

2.38bcd

1.00d

1.25d

1.77cd

2.50bcd

1.00d

1.50d

1.50d

1.77cd

1.58bcd

2.11bc

3.17a

2.56ab

0.69d

0.92d

1.29cd

1.70bcd

0.85d

1.17cd

1.54bcd

2.25abc

0.60d

0.80d

1.22cd

1.45bcd

*Data based on 20 explants per treatment. (–) No sustainable rooting.

Table 3. Effect of different concentrations of NAA on root development.

MS half strength without growth regulators

MS half strength +0.2 mg/l NAA



60

80

40

-

28.05c

21.00a

22.95b

--

Thin

Long, Healthy

Short, Callus formation

Profuse Callus, formation


Data analysis

% response = (No. of explants with response/Total no. of explants cultured) × 100

% calli forming shoots = (No. of calli producing shoots/Total no. of calli cultured for

shooting) × 100

% of culture forming roots = (No. of shoots producing roots/ Total no. of shoots inoculated

for rooting) × 100

Statistical analysis

All the experiment were conducted with a minimum of 20 replicates per treatment. The

data was analyzed statistically using (SPSS) one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the dif-

ferences contrasted using a Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p ≤ 0.05.


Micropropagation offers a viable alternative for conventional methods because it can also

be used as a complimentary strategy for conservation and utilization of genetic resources. Further,

in vitro plant regeneration is an easy and economic way for obtaining a large number of consistently

uniform and true- to- type plants within a short span of time (Yadav et al., 2014).

All the explants (leaf segments and cotyledonary leaf) induced calli in MS media supple-

mented with different concentration of 2,4-D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/l) (Table 1). Better growth was

observed in media containing 2 mg/l 2,4-D. This concentration was efficient in term of less number

of days required for callus induction and per cent response. Callus induction started at the cut ends

(A) Undifferent mass of callus

(B) Shoots regenerated from callus in 1.5 mg/1 BAP

(C) Shoots

(D) Rooting of excised shoots in rooting medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/1 NAA

(E) Plants after one week of transfer in acclimatizing mixture Vermiclite: Soil: Sand (3:1:1)

Fig. 1. Different stages of micropropagation of Koelreuteria elegans from callus

formation to acclimatization.

179Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 4, Number 3: 175-180, September, 2014

of the explants, which later involved the whole surface. Leaf segments were proved to be the better

explants for callus induction, multiplication and showed best percent response (80%) with less av-

erage number of days required for induction (13.12) as compared to cotyledonary leaf (Table 1,

Fig.1 A). The supremacy of 2,4-D in callus induction has also been reported in Momordica charantia(Agrawal and Kamal, 2004); Spilanthes acmella (Yadav and Singh, 2010); Aegle marmelos (Yadav

and Singh, 2011); and Cissus quadrangularis (Teware et al., 2012).

Calli derived from leaf segments were better in terms of regeneration of shoots on media

fortified with cytokinins (BAP and Kn). BAP was found to be more suitable than Kn for shoot re-

generation. Highest per cent response (70%) of calli forming shoots, maximum number of shoots

(4.35) with highest shoot length (3.17 cm) were observed in media supplemented 1.5 mg/l of BAP

(Table 2, Fig.1 B and C) from leaf derived calli. Any deviation from this concentration resulted in

the decreased response. In case of Kn, maximum per cent response was recorded in medium sup-

plemented with 2 mg/l in both the explants derived calli. Shoot regeneration using BAP or Kn has

been observed in Momordica charantia (Agarwal and Kamal, 2004); Ipomoea batatas (Getu and

Feyissa, 2013); Aconitum violaceum (Rawat et al., 2013).

The shoot regenerated from calli were excised aseptically and implanted on half strength

MS media fortified with NAA (0.2 - 1.0 mg/l) (Fig. C; Table 3). Long, healthy roots were observed

in 80% of shoots on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA after 21 days of

implantation (Fig. D; Table 3). Further increase in concentration of NAA (0.5, 1.0 mg/l) decreased

the per cent root formation. The use of NAA in enhancing the root formation has also been observed

in Eucalyptus grandis (Sita and Rani, 1985); Celastrus paniculatus (Lal et al., 2010); Kinnow

(Sharma et al., 2012) and Hippeastrum johnsonii, (Zakizadeh et al., 2013).

After successful production of sufficient roots, the plantlets were gently taken out from

rooting medium and washed carefully with a soft brush in sterilized water to remove the adhering

agar-agar with plant tissue. The plants were transferred in the sterilized mixture of vermiculite:

soil: sand (3:1:1) in polythene cups (Fig. E). Each of the transferred plants was covered with a

polythene bag to maintain high humidity and check morality due to dehydration. Each plant was

irrigated with ¼ strength of MS salt solution on every second day. After two weeks, the covering

of polythene bags was removed for 2-3 hours daily to acclimatize the plants to the natural envi-

ronment. After about 4-5 weeks of transfer, the plantlets were transferred in field conditions of

natural photoperiod and temperature. Sixty five percent of the plants survived after acclimatization.

Successful acclimatization and field transfer of the in vitro regenerated plantlets have also been

reported in Hildegardia populifolia (Lavanya et al., 2012); Salvadora persica (Kumari and Singh,

2012) and Gloriosa superba (Yadav et al., 2013).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra for providing necessary

laboratory facilities to carry out this work.

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of Biotechnology, 3: 426-430.

Atta-Alla, H. and Van Staden, J. 1997. Micropropagation and establishment of Yucca aloifolia.

Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture;48(3):209-212.

Feng, D.L., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Peng, W.X. and Wu, T.Y. 2009. In vitro calture of immature embryo

from Koelreuteria bipinnata var ̒integrifolia̓. Foresty Studies in China, 11(3): 179-184.

Getu, T., and Feyissa, T. 2013. In vitro regeneration of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)

Convolvulaceae, from leaf and petiole explants. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences,

11: 147-162.


Gilman, E.F., and Watson, D. G. 1993. Koelreuteria elegans Flame Gold. U.S. Forest Service Fact Sheet

ST-337. Available http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/koeelea.pdf

(viewed 8-28-2014).

Kumari, S., and Singh, N. 2012. In vitro plantlet regeneration from cotyledonary node explants of Salvadora persica L. a medicinally important desert tree. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 8: 1839-1854.

Lal, D., and Singh, N., Yadav K. 2010. In vitro studies on Celastrus paniculatus. Journal of Tropical

Medicinal Plants, 11: 169-174.

Lavanya, A.R., Muthukrishnan, S., Kumaresan, V., Franklin Benjamin, J.H., and Rao, M.V. 2012. In vitromicropropagation of Hildegardia populifolia (Roxb.) Schott & Endl., an endangered tree

species from Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Agricultural Technology, 8:

1727-1744.

Mithila, J., Hall, J., Victor, J.M.R. and Saxena, P.K. 2003. Thidiazuron induces shoot organogenesis

at low concentrations and somatic embryogenesis at high concentrations on leaf and petiole

explants of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.). Plant Cell Reports;21(5):408-414.

Meyer, F. G. 1976. A revision of the genus Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum,

57: 129–166.

Murashige, T., and Skoog, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue

cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15: 473-495.

Nagaraju, S., Reddy, S.K. and Farook, S.A. 1998. Propagation of Ficus reliosa L. from maxillary

buds and shoot tips. Adv Plant Science;11(2):287-290.

Osternack, N., Saare-Surminski, K., Preil, W. and Lieberei, R. 1999. Induction of somatic embryos,

adventitious shoots and roots in hypocotylstissue of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch:

comparative studies on embryogenic and organogenic competence. Journal of Applied Botany;

73:197-201.

Rawat, J. M., Rawat, B., Chandra, A., and Nautiyal, S. 2013. Influence of plant growth regulators on indirect

shoot organogenesis and secondary metabolite production in Aconitum violaceum Jacq.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 12: 6287-6293.

Sharma, T., Khan, M. K., Misra, P., and Shukla, P. K. 2012. Micropropagation of kinnow through nodal

explants. The Biosean, 7: 295-297.

Sita, G. L., and Rani, B. S. 1985. In vitro propagation of Eucalyptus grandis L. by tissue culture. Plant

Cell Reports, 4: 63-65.

Teware, K., Singh, P., and Mehta, R. 2012. In vitro callus induction from stem explants of Cissus quadrangularis L. (Hadjod). International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2:

135-138.

Van der Salm, T.P.M., Van der Toorn, C.J.G., Hanisch-ten Cate, C.H. and Dons, H.J.M. 1996. Somatic

embryogenesis and shoot regeneration from excised adventitious roots of the root stock

Rosa hybrida cv. ̒Money Way̓. Plant Cell Reports;15:522-526.

Yadav, K., and Singh, N. 2010. Micropropagation of Spilanthes acmella Murr. an important medicinal

plant. Nature and Science, 8: 5-11.

Yadav, K., and Singh, N. 2011. In vitro propagation and biochemical analysis of field established wood

apple (Aegle marmelos L.). Analele Universităţii din Oradea Fascicula Biologie, 18: 23-28.

Yadav, K., Aggarwal, A. and Singh, N. 2013. Evaluation of genetic fidelity among micropropagated

plants of Gloriosa superba L. using DNA-based markers—a potential medicinal plant.

Fitoterapia, 89:265-270.

Zakizadeh, S., Kaviani, B., and Onsinejad, R. 2013. In vitro rooting of amaryllis (Hippeastrum johnsonii), a bulbous plant, via NAA and 2-iP. Annals of Biological Research, 4: 69-71.


Influence of Explant Nodal Positions on the In VitroShoot Regeneration of Rose

Keywords: Node, Proliferation, Rosa Hybrid L., 6-benzylaminopurine,

Shreef Mahmood1* and Bernhard Hausera2

1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology

University Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh.1 Greenhouse Laboratory Center Technische Universität München Dürnast 3, D-85354 Freising, Germany.2 Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf Fakultät Gartenbau und Leben smittel Technologie Am

Staudengarten 8 D-85354 Freising, Germany.


Abstract

The influence of explant nodal positions on the in vitro shoot growth and

proliferation were studied in the two rose cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’. Third,

fourth and fifth nodal explants were cultured on the modified MS medium sup-

plemented with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/l BA. In both the cultivars, higher rate of

proliferation (‘Bianca’ 3.75; ‘El Torro’ 2.65) were obtained from the explants

distal to the apex than those of the proximal position with 5.0 mg/l BA. But pro-

liferating shoots derived from the fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l attained

highest shoot length (‘Bianca’ 1.43 cm; ‘El Torro’ 1.19 cm) and produced higher

number of leaves (‘Bianca’ 5.45; ‘El Torro’ 6.30) and fresh weight (‘Bianca’

659.38 mg; ‘El Torro’ 255.95 mg) per explant than the third and fourth nodal

explants. The fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l BA was found the best treatment

for the shoot regeneration of rose cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.


INTRODUCTION

Rose is one of the most important florist crop grown all over the world. In Germany, the

production area of roses in greenhouses is 124.2 hectares, which is 32.14% of the greenhouse area

in use for cultivation of cut flowers (Anonymous, 2013). Commercial propagation of roses are

usually done by cutting, although they can also be propagated by budding and grafting, which are

difficult, undesirable and tedious processes (Horn, 1992). In vitro culture on the other hand, is an

alternative method for propagation of a large number of pathogen-free plants in a short time with

high uniformity. In Germany, it is the second most micropropagated species within the woody

plants, with approximately 330,000 plantlets per year (Anonymous, 2009). In rose, the most com-

monly used explant is a nodal stem segment, where in the axillary bud is made to proliferate to

form multiple shoots. The success of micropropagation of roses is involved with several factors:

the composition of the medium used (Davies, 1980; Podwyszynska and Olszewski, 1995; Asadi

et al., 2009), cultural environment (Bressan et al., 1982; Horn, 1992; Rout et al., 1999; Carelli

and Echeverrigaray, 2002) and genotype (Marcelis-van Acker and Scholton, 1995; Kim et al.,2003; Misra and Chakrabarty, 2009). There are some other factors like the explant’s position on

the mother plant which have much less studied, but can be determinant in the success of micro-

propagation of roses. Hence, the present experiment was initiated with the aim to investigate the

effects of explants nodal position on the shoot regeneration of rose cultivars.


About 15-20 cm long young healthy flowering shoots of rose (Rosa hybrid L.) cvs. ‘Bianca’

and ‘El Torro’ were collected from the Greenhouse Laboratory Center, Technische Universität

München, Freising, Germany. The top and basal axillary buds were discarded and only the axillary

buds of the third, fourth and fifth nodal portions of the stem were taken. After removing leaves

and thorns, the shoots were neatly cut into nodal pieces (3-4 cm long) each bearing one axillary

bud with a fragment of petiole. The mean diameter of the third, fourth and fifth nodal explants

were 4.85, 5.29 and 5.47 cm, respectively for ‘Bianca’ and 4.45, 4.81 and 5.06 cm, in that order

for ‘El Torro’. The explants were disinfected by immersing for 1 min. in 70% ethanol, afterwards

for 15 min. in 1% sodium hypocholoride solution with some drops of Tween 20. The nodes were

rinsed 3 times with sterile deionized distilled water and approximately 0.5 cm was trimmed from

both the ends of each nodal segment to remove damaged tissues and used as the explant sources.

About 1.5-1.8 cm long explants was planted vertically into 150 × 25 mm culture-tube containing

15 ml of the modified MS medium.

The modified MS medium (Davies, 1980) having 40 g/l of sucrose and 7 g/l agar was used

in the proliferation phase. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 before agar was added. The

medium was supplemented with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/l (equivalent to 4.43 and 22.17 µM) of 6-benzy-

laminopurine (BA). The test tubes containing the media were autoclaved at 1.2 kg cm-2 pressure

and 121ºC temperature for 15 min. The instruments like scalpels, forceps, needles etc. were also

pre-sterilized by autoclaving and subsequent sterilization was done by flaming and cooling method

inside the laminar air-flow cabinet. The cabinet was usually started half an hour before using and

wiped with 70% ethyl alcohol to reduce the chances of contamination. Hands were also sterilized

by wiping with the mixture of 0.26% glycerine and 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The neck of the

test tubes with the glass cap were flamed before opening and closing.

The culture tubes containing the explants were transferred to the growth room where the

temperature was maintained at 24 ± 1ºC and 70% relative humidity under 16 h photoperiod. Arti-

ficial light was provided by parallel white fluorescent tubes installed above the culture. Photosyn-

thetic photon flux density was 60 µmol m-2 s-1 at the plant level. The data had been taken after 5

weeks from the culture initiation when the new shoots are optimum to transfer into another madia

for rooting although the new shoots started to grow after 25 days from the culture initiation. The


experiments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). In the experiments, treatments

consisted of three explant nodal positions (third, fourth and fifth) and three different concentration

of BA (control, 1.0 mg/l and 5.0 mg/l). These treatments were applied to the cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El

Torro’. In all cases, each treatment combinations consisted of 30 culture tubes. A general ANOVA

was conducted for all the variables using Statgraphics Plus Version 2.1 statistical program (STSC,

1987). The means were compared using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD). All analyses

were regarded as significant at p < 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Number of shoot per explant

The rates of shoot proliferation in the both cultivars were significant due to the explant

nodal positions cultured in the differents of BA (Table 1).

But no significant difference was observed among the explant nodal positions when those

were grown in BA lacking MS medium. A gradual increase in number of shoots were observed

with an increasing position of nodal explant in both the cultivars in different concentrations of BA

(Table 1). However, the fifth nodal explant produced the highest number of shoots in different

concentrations of BA followed by the fourth and the third nodal explants, respectively (Table 1).

Higher level of endogenous auxins presence in the nodal explant closest to the apex zone may in-

hibit the proliferation of shoot in in vitro conditions. A similar behavior was reported by Ara et al.

(1997), where the second nodal explant was found to be best for multiple shoot regeneration than

shoot tip grown in MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA. But a contradictory report of Hisa

and Korban (1996) indicated that the higher shoot proliferation was possible from shoot tips than

the lateral buds. In another report, Salehi and Khosh-Khui (1997) concluded that due to the nutri-

tional factors particularly carbohydrate availability in the explant, the explants with larger in di-

ameter and length were best for the shoot multiplication and development compared to the explants

with lower diameter and length, which is in support of the present findings. However, Horn (1992)

found that the size of the explant did not affect the proliferation rate of roses. It was observed that

different nodal explants of both the cultivars produced about only one shoot from the control treat-

ment (Table 1). The supplementation of BA in the culture media resulted in increasing number of

shoots per explant for all the nodal explants and both ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’ yielded the maximum

number of shoots which were 3.70 and 2.35, respectively with 5.0 mg/l BA. The in vitro shoot

proliferation is mainly based on medium containing cytoknins as the major plant growth regulator

in stimulating shoot proliferation in roses (Vijaya et al., 1991).

Explant nodal position

No. of shoots per explant Length of main shoot (cm)

Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA Control 1.0 mg/l BA 5.0 mg/l BA

Bianca

3rd

4th

5th

Lsd (0.05)

El Torro

3rd

4th

5th

Lsd (0.05)

1.05 a

1.20 a

1.20 a

0.21

1.00

1.00

1.00

00

2.25 c

2.55 b

2.85 a

0.28

1.05 b

1.40 a

1.55 a

0.30

3.15 b

3.40 b

3.75 a

0.26

2.25 b

2.30 b

2.65 a

0.32

1.01 c

1.22 b

1.30 a

0.06

0.67 b

0.94 a

0.97 a

0.04

1.20 b

1.37 a

1.43 a

0.09

0.73 c

0.92 b

1.19 a

0.08

0.81 c

0.96 b

1.02 a

0.05

0.62 b

0.59 b

0.75 a

0.07

Table 1. Effect of explant nodal positions on the number and length of shoots per explant of ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’

In each column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different according to Fisher’s least significant difference

test (p < 0.05).


Length of the shoot

The explant nodal positions significantly influenced the length of the shoot grown in the

different concentrations of BA (Table 1). It was observed that the nodal explant furthest from the

apex grew quickly and developed in the tallest shoots than the nodal explant closest to the apex.

In both cultivars, the fifth nodal positions produced the tallest shoot followed by the fourth and

the third nodal positions, respectively (Table 1). Possibly, the fifth nodal position with the large

diameter had better nutrient translocation and, therefore, produced the tallest shoot. This result is

in full agreement with the findings of Bressan et al. (1982), Kim et al. (2003) and Razavizadeh

and Ehsanpour (2008) where they reported that lateral buds from midsection of a stem grew vig-

orously than those closest to the shoot-tips. It was also observed that the growth of the buds near

the apex was slow while the fifth nodal explant developed very quickly. A similar finding was also

observed by Ma et al. (1996) where the buds nearest to the apex exhibited the slowest rate of de-

velopment and the best growth of explants was obtained from the fourth and the advanced nodal

positions. However, inclusion of BA in the medium promoted the elongation of the shoot in both

the cultivars but regenerated shoots failed to elongate when the explants were grown in the MS

medium containing the higher concentration of BA (Table 1). BA is a strong cytoknin which de-

presses the length of the shoot by an increased number of axillary buds (Hameed et al., 2006;

Waseem et al., 2009) as all the nutrients are utilized for the formation of lateral shoots (Yakimova

et al., 2000). In both the cultivars, the highest lengths of the shoot was measured in 1.0 mg/l BA

followed by the 5.0 mg/l and the BA lacking medium.

Number and length of leaves

The number and the length of the leaves varied significantly among the explant’s nodal po-

sitions, except in ‘Bianca’ no significant variation was found in terms of number of leaves when

those were grown on the medium without BA (Table 2).

The present results showed that the number of leaves increased with the advancement of

nodal positions and simultaneously the length of the leaves also increased. The fifth nodal explant

had significantly higher number of big leaves than the fourth nodal explant where the third nodal

position, in turn, had the minimum number of smallest leaves in different concentrations of BA

(Table 2). A possible explanation could be that the higher storage of carbohydrate in the fifth nodal

explant induces for developing of new larger leaves in the plantlet. The results is in accordance

with the findings of Hisa and Korban (1996) who observed that the explants derived from the distal

nodes produced the higher number of leaves. However, the higher number of leaves in the furthest

nodal explant from the apex increasing the chance of quick development of microshoots in the




Bianca

3rd

4th

5th

Lsd (0.05)

El Torro

3rd

4th

5th

Lsd (0.05)

4.35 a

4.25 a

4.50 a

0.30

4.05 b

3.90 b

4.60 a

0.35

4.75 b

5.25 a

5.45 a

0.38

4.95 c

5.55 b

6.30 a

0.44

4.25 b

4.65 a

4.70 a

0.33

4.75 b

5.35 a

5.75 a

0.46

5.59 b

6.05 a

6.16 a

0.19

3.96 c

4.43 b

4.56 a

0.11

3.82 b

4.31 a

4.41 a

0.15

2.97 c

3.32 b

3.56 a

0.10

2.95 b

3.19 a

3.24 a

0.13

2.48 b

2.61 a

2.68 a

0.08

Table 2. Effect of explant nodal positions on the number and length of leaves of ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.


test (p < 0.05).


rose cultivars. In relation to the use of different levels of BA, the highest number of leaves was

achieved from 1.0 mg/l BA followed by higher concentration of BA (5.0 mg/l) and also BA lacking

medium. This result indicates that the inclusion of BA in the medium was synergistic for producing

new leaves but the higher concentration (5.0 mg/l) had the adverse effect on the number of leaves

in both the cultivars. An increasing trend in the length of leaf was observed with the advancement

of nodal positions. However, the presence of BA in the medium suppressed the length of leaf in

both the cultivars (Table 2). Davies (1980) also found a similar result where higher concentration

of BA induced the smaller leaves and also reduced the number of leaves per explant.

Fresh and percent of dry weights per explant

The explant nodal positions significantly influenced the fresh and percent of dry

weights per explant due to different concentrations of BA for cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’

(Table 3).

Both the fresh and the percent of dry weight per explant increased with the advanced

nodal position which indicated higher development of explant in the increasing positions of

node (Table 3). Horn et al. (1988) reported that the fourth and the fifth nodal positions were

superior regarding the growth and the shoot weight, which supports the present findings. The

fifth nodal position of both the cultivars cultured in 1.0 mg/l BA secured the highest fresh

weight per explant. It might be due to the cumulative effect of the tallest shoot and the maxi-

mum number of leaves produced by the same treatment (fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l BA).

The poor performance of nodes near the apex was possibly due to their less diameter and herba-

ceous nature (Ma et al., 1996). However, fresh weight declined when the concentrations of BA

were further increased. In relation to the percent of dry weight, better accumulation of dry mat-

ter per explant was observed from the control treatment whereas the supplementation of BA in

the medium reduced the dry weight in both the cultivars (Table 3). The decrease in dry weight

of explant with the increasing the BA concentration was caused, in part, probably by the oc-

currence of explant with hyperhydricity symptoms (data not shown), which consequently re-

duced the dry weight of explant. This is not surprising as higher concentrations of cytokinin

are known to induce hyperhydricity in in vitro raised culture, which reduce the percentage of

dry matter in explant. In the present study, ‘Bianca’ was more responsive in presence of BA in

the medium than ‘El Torro’, which could be attributed to their genetic constituents. However,

the fifth nodal explant with 1.0 mg/l BA performed better in the in vitro shoot regeneration of

rose cvs. ‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.




Bianca

3rd

4th

5th

Lsd (0.05)

El Torro

3rd

4th

5th

Lsd (0.05)

4.35 a

4.25 a

4.50 a

0.30

4.05 b

3.90 b

4.60 a

0.35

4.75 b

5.25 a

5.45 a

0.38

4.95 c

5.55 b

6.30 a

0.44

4.25 b

4.65 a

4.70 a

0.33

4.75 b

5.35 a

5.75 a

0.46

5.59 b

6.05 a

6.16 a

0.19

3.96 c

4.43 b

4.56 a

0.11

3.82 b

4.31 a

4.41 a

0.15

2.97 c

3.32 b

3.56 a

0.10

2.95 b

3.19 a

3.24 a

0.13

2.48 b

2.61 a

2.68 a

0.08

Table 3. Effect of explant nodal positions on the fresh and percentage of dry weight of shoots per explant of

‘Bianca’ and ‘El Torro’.


test (p < 0.05).


Litrature Cited

Anonymous. 2009. In vitro produktion der laboratorien des ADIVK. ADIVK-aktuell. 13(2):10-16.

Anonymous. 2013. Landwirschaftliche bodennutzung - anbau von zierpflanzen 2012. Statistisches

Bundensamt, Wiesbaden 2013.

Ara, K.A., Hossain, M.M., Qusim, M.A., Ali, M. and Ahmed, J.U. 1997. Micropropagation of rose

(Rosa sp. cv. Peace). Plant Tissue Culture. 7: 135-142.

Asadi, A.A., Vedadi, C., Rahimi, M. and Naserian, B. 2009. Effect of plant growth hormones on root

and shoot regeneration in Rose ‘Morrasia’ under in vitro conditions. Bioscience Research.

6(1): 40-45.

Bressan, P.H., Kim, Y.J., Hyndman, E., Hasegawa, P.M. and Bressan, R.A. 1982. Factors affecting

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107: 979-990.

Carelli, B.P. and Echeverrigaray, S. 2002. An improved system for the in vitro propagation of rose

cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae. 92: 69-74.

Davies, D.R. 1980. Rapid propagation of roses in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae. 13: 385- 389.

Hameed, N., Shabbir, A., Ali, A. and Bajwa, R. 2006. In vitro micropropagation of disease free

rose (Rosa indica L.). Mycopathology. 4(2): 35-38.

Hisa, C.N. and Korban, S.S. 1996. Factors affecting in vitro establishment and shoot proliferation

of Rosa hybrid L. and Rosa chinensis minima. In vitro Cellular and Development Biology.

32: 217-222.

Horn, W., Schlegel, G. and Hauft, B. 1988. Micropropagation of roses. Acta Horticulturae. 226:

623-626.

Horn, W. 1992. Micropropagation of rose (Rosa sp. L.). In: BAJAJ YPS. (Ed.). Biotechnology in

Agriculture and Forestry 20 - High-Tech and Micropropagation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,

320-340.

Kim, C.K., Oh, J.Y., Jee, S.O. and Chung, J.D. 2003. In vitro micropropagation of Rosa hybrid L.

Journal of Plant Biotechnology. 5: 115-119.

Ma, Y., David, H.B. and Chen, J. 1996. Propagation of rose species in vitro. In vitro Cellular and

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Marcelis-van Acker, C.A.M. and Scholten, H.J. 1995. Development of axillary buds of rose in vitro.

Scientia Horticulturae. 63: 47-55.

Misra, P. and Chakrabarty, D. 2009. Clonal propagation of Rosa clinophylla Thory. through axillary

bud culture. Scientia Horticulturae. 119: 212-216.

Podwyszynska, M. and Olszewski, T. 1995. Influence of gelling agents on shoot multiplication and

the uptake of macroelements by in vitro culture of rose, cordyline and Homalomena. Scientia

Horticulturae. 64: 77– 84.

Razavizadeh, R. and Ehsanpour, A.A. 2008. Optimization of in vitro propagation of Rosa hybrid L.

cultivar ‘Black Red’. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science.

3(1): 96-99.

Rout, G.R., Samantaray, S., Mottley, J. and Das. P. 1999. Biotechnology of the rose: a review of recent

progress. Scientia Horticulturae. 81: 201-228.

Salehi, H. and Khosh-Khui, M. 1997. Effects of explant length and diameter on in vitro shoot

growth and proliferation rate of miniature roses. Journal of Horticultural Science. 72: 673-676.

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regulators on in vitro propagation of rose. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in

Agriculture. 12: 209-214.

Waseem, K., Jilani, M.S. and Khan, M.S. 2009. Rapid plant regeneration of chrysanthemum

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www.jornamental.com

تاثیر موقعیت های گره منونه گیاهی، روی رشد و پرآوری درون شیشه ای دو رقم

رز به نام های ‘بیانکا’ و ‘ال تورو’ مطالعه شد. منونه های گیاهی از گره های سوم، چهارم و

پنجم روی محیط کشت تغییر یافته MS که با 1 و 5 میلی گرم در لیر BA تکمیل شده

بود، کشت شدند. در هر دو رقم، رسعت بیشر پرآوری )‘بیانکا’ 3/75؛ ‘ال تورو’ 2/65( از

منونه های دورتر از مریستم انتهایی نسبت به مریستم های نزدیکر در غلظت 5 میلی گرم

در لیر BA حاصل شد. اما پرآوری شاخساره های حاصل از گره پنجم با 1 میلی گرم در لیر

BA بیشرین طول شاخساره )‘بیانکا’ 1/43 سانتی مر؛ ‘ال تورو’ 1/19 سانتی مر( بدست

)‘بیانکا’ تر ‘ال تورو’ 6/3( و بیشرین وزن )‘بیانکا’ 5/45؛ آمد و بیشرین تعداد برگ

659/38 میلی گرم؛ ‘ال تورو’ 255/95 میلی گرم( در هر منونه گیاهی از قطعات گره سوم و

پنجم حاصل شد. منونه گره پنجم با غلظت 1 میلی گرم در لیر بهرین تیار برای باززایی

شاخساره رز ارقام ‘بیانکا’ و ‘ال تورو’ بود.

دهــیـکـچ

اثر موقعیت گره روی باززایی شاخساره در محیط درون شیشه ای در رز

شریف محمود1* و برنهارد هاسرا 21 گروه باغبانی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و تکنولوژی حاجی محمد دانش، دانشگاه دیناجپور، بنگالدش

2 دانشگاه تریزدورف فرایزنگ، دانشکده باغبانی و صنایع غذایی، فرایزنگ، آلمان

تاریخ تایید: 30 خرداد 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 11 خرداد 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

.Rosa hybrid L. ،کلیــد واژگــان: گره، پرآوری، 6-بنزیل آمینوپورین

مجله گیاهان زینتیwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت

شماره استاندارد بین المللی چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللی آنالین: 2251-6441

مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(8

مجله گیاهان زینتیwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللی چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللی آنالین: 2251-6441

باززایـی گیاهچه از طریق اندام زایی غیرمسـتقیم در درخت شـعله طالیی )Koelreuteria elegans LXXM(

رامشوار گوراچ1، پیریانکا پال کولدیپ یاداو1، نارندر سینق1* ، کریشان چندر بادگیال2 و مظفر حسین دار21 گروه گیاهشناسی، دانشگاه کروکشترا، کروکشترا، هندوستان

2 مدیر کالج هیرانگار، کاتوآ

تاریخ تایید: 3 آبان 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 8 مهر 1393 [email protected], [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: Koelreuteria elegans Lxxm، درخت زینتی، اکسین ها، سیتوکنین ها.

7 مجله گیاهان زینتی، سال چهارم، شماره 3، )1393(

درخـــت Koelreuteria elegans Lxxm یـــک درخـــت زینتـــی اســـت. القـــای کالوس زایـــی

ـــی درون شیشـــه ای از منونه هـــای گیاهـــی گوناگـــون )قطعـــات برگـــی و لپه هـــا( و باززای

ـــرار گرفـــت. بیشـــرین القـــای ـــه، مـــورد مطالعـــه ق ـــر یافت ـــط کشـــت MS تغیی روی محی

ــر D-2,4 از ــرم در لیـ ــت 2 میلی گـ ــط کشـ ــر در محیـ ــد( و تکثیـ ــوس )80 درصـ کالـ

ــرم در ــه 1/5 میلی گـ ــده بـ ــل شـ ــای منتقـ ــد. کالوس هـ ــل شـ ــرگ حاصـ ــای بـ منونه هـ

ـــاره ـــو شاخس ـــش من ـــد( و کاه ـــی )70 درص ـــان باززای ـــش راندم ـــار کاه ـــر BAP دچ لی

)4/35 شاخســـاره( شـــدند. محیـــط کشـــت MS 1/2 حـــاوی 0/2 میلی گـــرم در لیـــر

ـــل و ـــه ها طوی ـــاً ریش ـــد. غالب ـــس از 21 روز ش ـــه زایی پ ـــد ریش ـــث 80 درص NAA باع

ـــه ـــاک: ماس ـــت: خ ـــریل ورمی کولی ـــوط اس ـــه مخل ـــی ب ـــان به خوب ـــد. گیاه ـــامل بودن س

)3 : 1 : 1( منتقـــل و در رشایـــط مزرعـــه 65 درصـــد زنـــده ماندنـــد. گیاهچه هایـــی

ـــت مقاوم ســـازی و ســـازگار ـــا موفقی ـــی شـــدند، ب ـــط درون شیشـــه ای باززای ـــه در محی ک

ـــدند. ش

دهــیـکـچ

کوتاهه ها: BAP: 6- بنزیل آمینوپورین، NAA: نفتالین استیک اسید، D-2,4: 2 و 4- دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید.

در مطالعه حارض تاثیر کوال روی افزایش ماندگاری و تاخیر در پژمردگی گل بریده

آلسرومریا رقم ‘باالنس’ بررسی شد. آب مقطر بهعنوان شاهد استفاده شد. صفاتی از

قبیل قطر گل، جذب محلول، آنتوسیانین کل، مواد جامد محلول و کلروفیل در سه زمان

اندازه گیری شد. عمر گلجایی نیز هر روز محاسبه شد. براساس نتایج بدست آمده، قطر

گل، آنتوسیانین و کلروفیل در سطح 1 درصد و جذب محلول در سطح احتال 5 درصد

معنی دار شد. بیشرین ماندگاری در تیار 500 میلی لیر بر لیر با 16 روز نسبت به شاهد

) 9 روز( بدست آمد. بیشرین میزان جذب محلول به تیار 250 میلی لیر بر لیر کوال

تعلق داشت. غلظت 375 میلی لیر بر لیر کوال بیشرین قطر گل و کلروفیل را داشت.

یکسان کوال مختلف غلظت های در آنتوسیانین مقدار میانگین، مقایسه نتایج برطبق

بود. بطورکلی، کوال پیری گل های بریده آلسرومریا را به دلیل داشنت ترکیباتی نظیر اسید

سیریک، اسید فسفریک، ساکارز، بنزوات سدیم و همچنین توسط کربوهیدرات مورد

نیاز گل ها و خاصیت ضد میکروبی به تاخیر انداخت.

دهــیـکـچ

تاثیـر کـوال روی خصوصیـات فیزیولوژیکـی پـس از برداشـت گل بریده لسترومریا آ

مهرداد باباربیع1* حسین زارعی2 و فریال وارسته21 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 استادیار گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 19 آذر 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 23 آبان 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: آلسترومریا، کوال، عمر گلجایی.




در ایــن تحقیــق اثــر تی دیــازورون و اســید سالیســیلیک به صــورت پالــس بــا هــدف

ــا’ ــم ‘مودن ــده ی آلســرومریا رق ــت گل شــاخه بری ــظ کیفی ــی و حف ــر گلجای ــش عم افزای

آزمایــش شــد. آزمایــش به صــورت فاکتوریــل بــر پایــه ی RCD بــا 16 تیــار، 3 تکــرار و 48

واحــد آزمایشــی انجــام شــد. گل هــا در غلظت هــای مختلــف تی دیــازورون )0، 10، 20 و

50 میکرومــول( و اســید سالیســیلیک )0، 100، 200 و 300 میلی گــرم در لیــر( بــه مــدت

24 ســاعت تیــار شــدند. ســپس گل هــا در محلــول نگهدارنــده حــاوی 3 درصــد ســاکارز و

300 میلی گــرم در لیــر 8 - هیدروکســی کینولین ســولفات قــرار گرفتنــد. در ایــن مطالعــه،

عمــر گلجایــی، وزن تــر، وزن خشــک، جــذب آب، درجــه بریکــس و ثبــات غشــای ســلولی

ــرم در ــت 200 میلی گ ــه غلظ ــان داد ک ــج نش ــدند. نتای ــی ش ــی( ارزیاب ــت الکرولیت )نش

ــه ــر را نســبت ب ــن کاهــش وزن ت ــر اســید سالیســیلیک بیشــرین جــذب آب و کمری لی

دیگــر تیارهــا داشــت. در همــه تیارهــا به جــز شــاهد، وزن خشــک و درجــه بریکــس

ــر اســید ــازورون و 100 میلی گــرم در لی ــن، 20 میکرومــول تی دی افزایــش یافــت. همچنی

ــار 20 ــتند. تی ــاهد داش ــه ش ــبت ب ــلولی را نس ــای س ــات غش ــرین ثب ــیلیک بیش سالیس

ــر ــرین عم ــیلیک بیش ــید سالیس ــر اس ــرم در لی ــازورون و 200 میلی گ ــول تی دی میکروم

گلجایــی را داشــت و بــرای افزایــش مانــدگاری ایــن رقــم توصیــه می شــود.

دهــیـکـچ

ــت ــی و کیفی ــازورون و اســید سالیســیلیک روی عمــر گلجای ــر تی دی اثگل شــاخه بریــده ی آلســترومریا رقــم ‘مودنــا’

زهرا باقری تیرتاشی1، داوود هاشم آبادی2*، بهزاد کاویانی2 و آمنه سجادی21 دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

2 استادیار گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 21 شهریور 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 22 بهمن 1392 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: آلسترومریا، تی دیازورون، اسید سالیسیلیک، عمر گلجایی



ــرد، ــروژن روی عملک ــف نی ــطوح مختل ــود آب و س ــش کمب ــر تن ــی تاثی ــور بررس به منظ

ــپلیت ــان مــرف آب گل همیشــه بهار، آزمایشــی به صــورت اس ــرد و راندم اجــزای عملک

ــد در ــگاه آزاد بیرجن ــی دانش ــه تحقیقات ــرار در مزرع ــا 3 تک ــه ی RCBD ب ــر پای ــات ب پ

ســال 2009 انجــام شــد. در ایــن تحقیــق، تنــش آبــی به عنــوان فاکتــور اصلــی بــا 3 ســطح

)آبیــاری پــس از 60 تــا 120 و 180 میلی مــر تبخیــر از تشــت تبخیــر کاس A( و نیــروژن

ــص در ــروژن خال ــرم نی ــطح ) 0، 60، 120 و 180 کیلو گ ــا 4 س ــی ب ــل فرع ــوان عام به عن

هکتــار( در نظــر گرفتــه شــد. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه افزایــش فاصلــه آبیــاری از 60 بــه 120،

باعــث کاهــش تعــداد گل، وزن خشــک گل، عملکــرد بیومــاس و ارتفــاع گیــاه به ترتیــب بــه

میــزان 60، 18/2، 69/3 و 39/4 درصــد شــد. همچنیــن، در مقایســه بــا شــاهد، آبیــاری پــس

از 120 و 180 میلی مــر تبخیــر، وزن خشــک را به ترتیــب 16/2 و 72 درصــد کاهــش داد.

ــب 0/161 ــد )به ترتی ــت آم ــر به دس ــر تبخی ــس از 120 میلی م ــرین WUE پ ــه، بیش البت

و 0/788 کیلوگــرم در مرمکعــب بــرای وزن گل خشــک و بیومــاس(. کاربــرد نیــروژن

به طــور معنــی داری عملکــرد گل، تعــداد گل، عملکــرد بیولوژیکــی، WUE و ارتفــاع بوتــه

ــک ــر در هیچ ی ــر تبخی ــن 120 و 180 میلی م ــی داری بی ــاف معن ــا اخت ــش داد ام را افزای

ــس از ــاری پ ــار آبی ــه تی ــان داد ک ــج نش ــی، نتای ــور کل ــد. به ط ــاهده نش ــات مش از صف

ــت و کار ــرای کش ــار ب ــروژن در هکت ــرم نی ــا 120 کیلوگ ــراه ب ــر هم ــر تبخی 120 میلی م

ــار مناســبی باشــد. ــد تی همیشــه بهار در بیرجن

دهــیـکـچ

واکنش، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گل همیشه بهار به تنش آبی و کود نیتروژن

سید غالمرضا موسوی1*، محمد جواد ثقه االسالمی1، منصور فاضلی رستم پور2 و زین العابدین جویبان31 استادیار گروه حشره شناسی مرکز تحقیقات منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی، اراک، ایران

2 جهاد کشاورزی زاهدان، سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران

3 باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد بروجرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، بروجرد، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 20 مهر 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 29 آذر 1392 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

WUE ،کلیــد واژگــان: همیشه بهار، آبیاری، نیتروژن، عملکرد




اثر آهن و Trichoderma harzianum سـویه Bi روی رشـد و منو گیاه اسـپاتی فیلوم

بررسـی شـد. آزمایش هـا در یـک گلخانـه شیشـه ای و در گلدان هـای حـاوی خـاک، پرلیت و

Trichoderma کوکوپیـت )1:1:1( انجـام شـد. ریشـه های گیـاه )دانهال هـای سـه برگـی( بـا

harzianum )صفر، 8 درصدw/w( به صورت مخلوط با بسـر کاشـت، تلقیح شـدند. اسـپری

آهـن )0، 0/75، 1/5 و 3 گـرم در لیـر( 3 مرتبـه بـه فاصلـه یک ماه پس از تلقیح انجام شـد.

Trichoderma پـس از شـش مـاه از گیاهـان منونه گیـری انجـام شـد. نتایـج نشـان داد کـه

harzianum خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی را بهبود بخشـید )P≥0/01(. اسـپری آهن و واکنش

صفـات همـه معنـی داری به صـورت آهـن و Trichoderma harzianum بیـن متقابـل

Trichoderma .مورفولوژیکـی به جـز مسـاحت اسـپات و تعداد گل را تحـت تاثیر قـرار داد

harzianum تعـداد پاجـوش )400 درصـد(، تعداد برگ )586 درصـد(، وزن تر پاجوش )386

درصـد( و وزن خشـک پاجـوش )583 درصد( را نسـبت به شـاهد افزایـش داد. نتایج حاصله

نشـان داد که پتانسـیل Trichoderma harzianum و اسـپری آهن برای افزایش رشـد و منو

اسـپاتی فیلوم در رشایـط گلخانه مطلوب اسـت.

دهــیـکـچ

Trichoderma harzianum بهبود خصوصیات رشـد اسـپاتی فیلوم بـه کمـکو اسـپری آهن

زهرا جاللی *، محمود شور، سید حسین نعمتی و حمید روحانیگروه باغبانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، خراسان رضوی، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 21 شهریور 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 32 تیر 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: سویه Fe ،Bi، خصوصیات رشد، گیاه گلدانی



ــذب ــرد و ج ــر عملک ــه ب ــت و روش تغذی ــر کش ــر بس ــی اث ــور بررس ــه منظ ب

عنــارص غذایــی در گیــاه مینــا چمنــی )Bellis Perennis(، یــک آزمایــش فاکتوریــل بــا دو

فاکتــور بســر کشــت ) کمپوســت زبالــه شــهری، آزوال، ضایعــات چــای( و روش تغذیــه

ــا بســر شــاهد )60% خــاک )بــدون کــود، مــرف خاکــی، بــرگ پاشــی( در مقایســه ب

ــرح ــه ط ــر پای ــه ( ب ــربگ + 10% ماس ــیده + 10% خاک ــی پوس ــود دام ــه + 20% ک باغچ

بلــوک کامــاً تصادفــی بــا 45 تیــار و 3 تکــرار انجــام گرفــت. شــاخص های رشــد گیــاه

در طــول زمــان رشــد و پــس از برداشــت گیــاه اندازه گیــری شــد. نیــروژن کل و غلظــت

فســفر، پتاســیم، کلســیم، منیزیــم، آهــن، روی و منگنــز در انــدام هوایــی اندازه¬گیــری

ــه شــهری و ــاه در بســر شــاهد، کمپوســت زبال ــج نشــان داد کــه ارتفــاع گی شــد. نتای

آزوال در روش محلــول پاشــی و مــرف خاکــی افزایــش یافــت. بســر "شــاهد، کمپوســت

زبارلــه شــهریو کمپوســت آزوال"، ارتفــاع گیــاه، وزن خشــک انــدام هوایــی و تعــداد گل

و جــذب نیــروژن، پتاســیم، روی، کلســیم، آهــن و منگنــز را افزایــش داد.

دهــیـکـچ

اثـر ترکیبـات آلی موجـود در محیط کشـت و روش کوددهـی روی عملکرد و جـذب مـواد غذایی گل مینـا چمنی

فاطمه رمضان زاده 1، علی محمدی ترکاشوند1* و نازنین خاکپور 21 گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

2 گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمس، واحد سوادکوه، مازندران، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 1 مرداد 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 15 تیر 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: آزوال، شاخص های رشد، ضایعات چای، کمپوست زباله شهری، محلول پاشی




آزمایش هـا در مزرعـه تحقیقاتـی باغبانـی در گـروه باغبانـی دانشـگاه بانگاباندهـو

شـیخ موجیبـار رحـان )BSMRAU( در شـهر سـالنا، قاضی پور در دسـامرب 2007 تا می

2009 بـا هـدف بررسـی اثـر برش هـای پیـاز و بسـر کاشـت روی تکثیـر گل آماریلیـس

انجـام شـد. بـرش پیـاز به صـورت معنـی داری همـه پارامرهـای موردنظـر به جـز تعـداد

روز تـا ظهـور اولیـن بـرگ و عرض بـرگ در 60 روز پس از کاشـت )DAP( را تحت تاثیر

قـرار داد. تعـداد بـرگ در 60 روز پـس از کاشـت، طـول بـرگ در 60 و 100 روز پـس از

کاشـت، تعـداد بوتـه از هـر قطعـه پیـاز و تعداد پیـاز در هر گلـدان به طـور معنی داری

تـا دومیـن تیـار افزایـش یافـت و سـپس به تدریـج بـا افزایـش برش هـای پیـاز کاهـش

یافـت. بیشـرین تعـداد )2/2( گیـاه در هـر پیـاز و پیازچـه )2/2( در هـر قطعـه پیاز از

تیـار 4 قطعـه/ پیـاز بدسـت آمـد، حال آنکـه قطـر پیـاز )20/74 میلی مـر( و وزن پیـاز

همـراه گیـاه )57/67 گـرم( در تیـار 2 قطعـه/ پیـاز بیشـرین بود. بسـر کاشـت نیز اثر

معنـی داری روی پارامرهـا گذاشـت. حداکـر تعـداد )2/04( گیـاه در هـر قطعـه پیـاز

و پیازچـه )2/04( در هـر قطعـه پیـاز در بسـر کاشـت حـاوی کمپوسـت حاصـل شـد

حال آنکه، بسـر کاشـت حاوی ماسـه، خاک و کمپوسـت به نسـبت مسـاوی درشت ترین

انـدازه ی پیازچـه )20/7میلی مـر( و سـنگین ترین )44/75 گرم( پیاز و گیـاه را تولید کرد.

البتـه، تاثیـر متقابـل T2× P3 حداکـر تعـداد )2/6( گیـاه و گیاهچـه در هـر قطعه پیاز

را تولیـد کـرد، حال آنکـه درشـت ترین )23/05 میلی مـر( پیازچه ها و سـنگین ترین پیاز+

گیـاه )68/66 گـرم( در تیـار T1× P4 حاصـل شـد.

دهــیـکـچ

اثر برش پیاز و بستر کاشت در تکثیر گل آماریلیس )Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.(

ام. خالد جمیل 1، ام. میزانور رحمان 3 و ام. مشیر رحمان3*1 مسئول ارشد علمی، گروه بیوتکنولوژی، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی بنگالدش، گازیپور، بنگالدش

2 استاد گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه کشاورزی بنگابندو شیخ موجیبور رحمان، گازیپور، بنگالدش

3 مسئول ارشد علمی، مرکز تحقیقات باغبانی، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی، گازیپور، بنگالدش

تاریخ تایید: 23 شهریور 1393 تاریخ دریافت: 23 مرداد 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: برش پیاز، بستر کاشت، ازدیاد، آماریلیس



www.jornamental.comThe Journal of Ornamental Plants, is an open access journal that provides rapid publication of manuscripts

on Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape. Journal of Ornamental Plants is published in English,

as a printed journal and in electronic form.

All articles published in Journal of Ornamental Plants are peer-reviewed. All manuscripts should convey im-

portant results that have not been published, nor under consideration anywhere else. Journal of Orna-

mental Plants will be available online around the world free of charge at http://www.jornamental.com.

In addition, no page charge are required from the author(s). The Journal of Ornamental Plants is pub-

lished quarterly by Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran.

Manuscript Submission

Please read the “Instructions to Authors” before submitting your manuscript. Submit manuscripts as e-

mail attachment to Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Executive Director of Journal of Ornamental Plants,

at [email protected]. Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged, provided that

the text, tables, and figures are included in a single Microsoft Word 2003 file. A manuscript acknowledg-

ment including manuscript number will be emailed to the corresponding author within 72 hours.

Please do not hesitate to contact meif you have any questions about the journal. We look forward to

your participation in the Journal of Ornamental Plants.

Address: Islamic azad University, Rasht Branch

Horticultural Department,

Agriculture Faculty,

Rasht,

Iran.

P.O.Box 41335-3516

Email: [email protected]

URL: http:// www.jornamental.com

Topics and Types of PaperJournal of Ornamental Plants is an international journal to the publication of original papers and reviews

in the Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape fields. Articles in the journal deal with Ornamental

plants, Floriculture and Landscape. The scope of JOP includes all Ornamental plants, Floriculture and

Landscape. The journal is concerned with Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape and covers

all aspects of physiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, protected cultivation, and environmental areas

of plants. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of signif-

icance and scientific excellence, and will publish:

● Research articles

● Short Communications

● Review

Papers are welcome reporting studies in all aspects of Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape

including:

Any Novel Approaches in Plant Science

Biotechnology

Environmental Stress Physiology

Genetices and Breeding

Photosynthesis, Sources-Sink Physiology

Postharvest Biology

Seed Physiology

Soil-Plant-Water Relationships

Modelling

Published by:Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran


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