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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers Birhanu Gizaw*. J Pesticides and Biofertilizers
http://doi.org/23.2017/1.10006
Bio-priming effect of three phosphate solubilizing fungi on seed germination
and seedling development of Faba Bean (Vicia faba)
Birhanu Gizaw*, Zerihun Tsegay, Genene Tefera, Endegena Aynalem, and Endeshaw Abatneh
Microbial Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Received date: January 9, 2018; Accepted date; January 20, 2018; Published date: January 23, 2018.
Germination and seedling establishment are critical stages in the plant life cycle. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizing fungi on seed germination and seedling
growth of Faba bean. Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient next to nitrogen required by plant
for vital biosynthesis. Factorial experiment based a completely randomized block design with
three replications were used. This experiment had two factors, the first factor with one level of
bean cultivar. In the second factor, three levels of phosphate solubilizer fungi were applied as
treatments. Single inoculation of each strain was done. The results revealed that seed treated with
Trichosporon beigelii B, C. albidus var aurius, Phichia norvegensis and Control showed 780.43,
749.93, 618.23, 500.73 seedling vigor index respectively and improved germination rates up to
91%. The highest mean growth of plumule length (5.6 cm) and radicle length (3.42) within 15
days growth recorded by Trichosporon beigelii B, and C.albidus var aurius respectively. The
results of this study suggest that T. begili and C. albidus var aurius have the potential to increase
the growth and development of plumul size, radicle length, and fresh biomass of Faba bean seed.
Bio-priming is a promising technique for vital application of using beneficial microbes to promote
seed germination and seedling development through phytase enzyme production, phyto hormone
production, phosphate solubilization and other plant growth promoting properties as well as bio
control activities.
Keywords: Germination, Priming, Phosphate, Seedling vigor, PGPR.
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Research Article Auctores Publishing
Citations: Birhanu Gizaw*, Zerihun Tsegay, Genene Tefera, Endegena Aynalem, and Endeshaw Abatneh .
Microbial Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. doi.org/23.2017/1.10006.
Copyright: © 2018 Birhanu Gizaw et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Corresponding author
Abstract
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
: Birhanu Gizaw Microbial Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E-mail: Phone +251911862561.
Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers
Introduction
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is the fourth most important
pulse crop in the world (Sainte, 2011). Ethiopia is the world’s
second largest producer of Faba bean next to China; followed
by, Egypt, Italy, and Morocco (Salunkhe and Kadam, 1989).
Its share is only 6.96 % of world production and 40.5 % within
Africa (Chopra et al., 1989). In Ethiopia, the average yield of
Faba bean under small-holder farmers is not more than 1.6 t ha-
1 (CSA, 2013). Faba bean ranks first in pulse crop in the total
area coverage and the total production of Ethiopia. It accounts
about 36% of the country’s pulse production (IFPRI, 2010).
Currently, the total area, under cultivation with Faba bean in
the country, is estimated to be about 0.54 million hectare and
the total production is 696 million kilogram (MoARD, 2009).
The productivity of Faba bean in Ethiopia is quite lower 15.2
qt/ha (CSA, 2011) than UK 30qt/ha (Winch, 2006). The
country is considered as the secondary center of diversity and
also one of the nine major agro-geographical production
regions of Faba bean (Telaye, Bejiga et al. 1994). The
production is mainly concentrated in the high-altitudes of
Ethiopia ranging between altitudes1800-2400 m.a.s.l with
annual rain fall ranges from 700 to 1100 mm. and has suitable
environmental and soil conditions for highland pulse crops
production (Telay, 1985). Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is widely
grown in many parts of the world as a source of protein, starch,
cellulose and minerals from its mature seed for both human and
animal nutrition (Crepon, 2010). It is also traditionally used as
a cover crop to recover nitrogen content and prevent erosion of
the soil, and is appreciated for its good agronomic
characteristics (Kopke, 2010). In addition to its high contents of
protein and carbohydrates, V. faba is also rich in fiber, vitamins
and minerals, and has a hypocholesterolaemic effect (Ofuya .,
2005). Most farmers in Ethiopia cultivate local Faba bean
varieties (Thijssen et al., 2008). Local varieties are low yielding
and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic factors. Which are
highly susceptible to disease and low yielding (Samuel et al.
(2008). Among biotic stresses, diseases have always been the
major limiting factors for Faba bean cultivation. The major
ones include ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae Speg.), rust
(Uromyces viciae-fabae) and chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae
Sard.) and black root rot Fusarium solani highly contribute to
the low productivity of the crop in Ethiopia (Dereje1993),
Chocolate spot is considered to be the most important and
destructive in Ethiopia causing yield loss of up to 61% on
susceptible cultivars (Dereje and Beniwal, 1987). Germination
and early seedling establishment are critical stages in the plant
life cycle and important for agricultural productivity. It
determines plant density, uniformity and management options
(Cheng et al., 1999; Hadas., 2004). Rapid and uniform seedling
emergence leads to successful establishment as it produces a
deep root system before the upper layers of soil dry out, harden,
or reach supra-optimal Temperatures (Harris1996). Most of the
leguminous plant seeds are attacked by certain soil borne
pathogens i.e.,Fusarium solani Mart sacc., Rhizoctonia solani
Kuhn,
Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium spp
before they germinate and seedling establishment which
attack roots causing damping-off and root rot diseases.
(Abdel-Kader, 1997; El-Mougy, 2001). Several root rot and
wilt pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani
and Macrophomina phaseolina are reported to attack Faba
bean roots and stem base causing serious losses in seed
germination and plant stand as well (Abdel-Kader et al.,
2011). These diseases cause substantial losses to beans crop,
yield losses in severely infested areas may be as high as 50%
(Estevez deJensen et al., 2001).A method to improve the rate
and uniformity of germination is the priming or
physiological advancement of the seed lot (Finch-Savage,
2004; Halmer, 2004). Seed treatment is an important process
that provides insurance against seed-borne as well as soil-
borne plant pathogens and insects (Gwary et al., 2007). It is
a relatively cheap and effective way of controlling seed-
borne plant diseases (Dawar & Ghaffar 1998). Bio priming
of seeds with different bacterial strains particularly
rhizobacteria have been shown to be effective in suppressing
disease infection by inducing a resistance mechanism called
‘induced systemic resistance’ (ISR) in varied agronomic and
horticultural crops (Van Loon, 1998). Among various
bacterial genera, Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are
ubiquitous rhizosphere inhabitant bacteria that are the most
studied bio-priming agents reported as disease suppressing in
plants (Weller 1988). Priming seeds of many crops with
biological control agents (BCA), Bacillus subtillus and
Pseudomonas fluorescens are the most effective approach for
controlling seed and root rot pathogens (Begum, 2010, El-
Mohamedy, 2013). Various seed priming techniques have
been developed, including hydro-priming (soaking in water),
halo-priming (soaking in inorganic salt solutions), osmo-
priming (soaking in solutions of different organic osmotica),
thermo-priming (treatment of seeds with low or high
temperatures), solid matrix priming (treatment of seed with
solid matrices) and bio-priming (treatment of seed using
biological agent) (Ashraf and Foolad, 2005). Seed
biopriming is a pre-sowing approach for influencing the
seedling development by stimulating pre germination
metabolic activities prior to the emergence of radicle and
improvement in the germination rate and performance of
plant (Taylor, 1998, Halmer, 2000). Seed bio priming has
been used to improve germination, reduce seedling
emergence time and improve stand establishment and yield
(Khan, 1992). Bio-priming in addition to controlling seed
and soil borne pathogens, it has great role in stimulating
metabolic activities during germination. For instance Phytic
acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the main storage
form of phosphorus (P) in plants and accounts for more than
80 % of the total Phosphorus in cereals. It is one of the
sources of energy and an important mineral chelating
compound in plants.
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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers
Phytate P constitutes the major portion (60–82%) of total P in
cereal grains, oilseeds, and grain legumes, with 1–25% of total
P being found in various roots and tubers (Ravindran, 1994).
The degradation of phytate is catalyzed by enzymes called
phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphor hydrolases.
Degradation of phytate by microbial enzyme in leguminous
seed makes bioavailability of minerals that help for germination
and seedling growth. Beneficial effects of priming have been
demonstrated for many field crops such as barley
(Abdulrahmani et al., 2007), maize (Parera and Cantliffe,
1994), lentil (Ghassemi-Golezani et al., 2008a), chickpea
(Ghassemi-Golezani et al., 2008b), sugar beet (Sadeghian and
Yavari, 2004) and sunflower (Singh, 1995). Faba bean is one of
the preferred leguminous plants for its richness in protein,
enzymes and vitamins. Though the crop is widely grown in
Ethiopia, beneficial effects of bio-priming on Faba bean seed
germination and seedling enhancement as well as seed borne
pathogens inhibition did not studied well. The objective of this
study was to investigate the effect of bio-priming on Faba
bean (Vicia faba) by plant growth promoting microbes on
germination rate and seedling development.
Materials And Methods
Study Area
The study was carried out at Ethiopian biodiversity institute
microbial laboratory at 2017 GC.
Faba Bean SEED (Vicia faba) CollectionFaba bean seed
purchased from Shola Market from AddisAbaba
Isolation of Microorganism
Phosphate solubilizing fungi were isolated and
identified from teff rhizosphere soil of crop fields collected
from Gojam and North Showa. Soil sample (10 g) was mixed
with 90 mL sterile distilled water from each collected soil
sample. It was vigorously shaken and left to stand for 5 min.
Homogeneous soil solution was serially diluted up to 10-6and
transferred to PDA and MEA. Fungal culture were incubated at
28 ± 20C for 3 days. Isolated fungal strains were maintained on
BUY agar for biolog identification. Pure isolate were identified
using Biolog Microstation according to Biolog Procedure
(Biolog, 1993). Phosphate solubilizing ability of the fungal
isolates was confirmed by incubating them on PVK medium for
9 days. Diameter of clearance zone was measured successively
after 3 days intervals, up to 9 days. The Solubilization Index
(SI) is the ratio of total diameter i.e. clearance zone including
fungal growth and the colony diameter. All the observations
were recorded in triplicate and highest phosphate fungi in
solubilizing index were selected for evaluation. A copy of
genetic materials were kept at -800C at Microbial Gene Bank.
Determination of Phosphate solubilization index (SI)
Phosphate solubilization index (SI) was calculated using the
formula outlined in Premonoet al. (1996). A loopful of 24h
old cultures was spotted at four points on Pikovskaya’s agar
plate and incubated at 260C for 2 to 4 days .The diameter of
colony and halo zone was measured using transparent ruler.
SI= Colony +Halo Zone diameter Colony diameter.
Faba bean Seed Disinfection
Thirty six Faba bean seeds were disinfect using
70% ethanol alcohol for 15 minute and 3% hypochlorite for
10 minute and washed 6 times by distilled water. Finally
disinfected bean seed were kept on sterilized Whiteman No1
filter paper inside petridish until germination bioassay
carryout.
Bio-priming of Faba bean (Vicia faba) with plant growth
promoting Microbes and its vigor index
Faba bean seed germination bioassay
Twenty seven seeds of Faba bean were dipped into
Malt extract broth culture for Trichosporon beigelii B,
Cryptococcus albidus var aerius, Phichia norvegensis for 6
hour which contain the fungal suspension 90% inoculum
density measured by Terbidiometer. While nine seeds were
dipped in distilled water as control. Three seeds per plate of
inoculated Faba beans from each strain in triplicate were
plated in petri dishes with one layer of whatmanNo.1 filter
paper. Both treated and untreated plate containing Faba bean
seeds were arranged in complete randomized design (CRD)
in triplicate and incubated at 260C for 3 to 7 days. Then the
percent of germinated seeds for 1 to 3 days, radicle and
plumule length of germinated seeds were taken up to 15
days. The vigour index of germinating seeds was also
determined using this formula. A vigor is the sum total of
those properties of the seed which determine the level of
activity and performance of the seed or seed lot during
germination and seedling emergence (Gholami et al., 2009).
Vigor index= (Mean radicle length+ mean plumule length)
% Germination.
Percentage of germination
Percentage germination was calculated counting the number
seed germinated divided for the total number of seed
multiplied by hundred
GP= Seeds germinated/total seeds x 100
Fresh biomass determination
At the end the experiments the root of Faba bean was
carefully uprooted and washed to remove soil. Root
separated from the base of stem and weighed. Fresh biomass
of seedling stem, leaves was weighed and the fresh biomass
result was recorded.
Statistical analysis
The data of seed germination, fresh biomass, plumule length,
radicle length, its vigour index were analyzed using
descriptive statistics like percentage frequency, mean and
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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers
Results
Isolation of phosphate solubilizing fungi
Table.1. Phosphate solubilizing index measure on
Pikovskaya’s agar media
Figure1. Phosphate solubilizing fungi on Pikovskaya’s agar
media.1.Trichosporon beigelii B 2, Phichia
norvegensis.3.Cryptococcus albidus var aerius.
Percentage of germination
Among 36 seed sowed 33 seed were germinated and 3
fails to produce radicle and plumule. Their percentage
germination was 91.6 % in this study.Effect of Phosphate
solubilizing fungi inoculation on seed germination and seedling
growth The results of Faba bean seed inoculation with
Trichosporon beigelii B, Phichia norvegensis. Cryptococcus
albidus var aerius.in the presence of Phosphate sources on
growth parameters significantly increase height compared to
control. Among all fungi inoculum Trichosporon beigelii B
gave the maximum growth in plumule mean height (5.6 cm)
followed by Cryptococcus albidus var aerius (4.2 cm), Phichia
norvegensis (3.6 cm) and control (3.2 cm) within 15 days
growth.C. albidusvar aurius showed the highest mean radicle
growth (3.4cm) followed by Control (2.7 cm), Trichosporon
beigelii(2.9 cm) and least radicle growth recorded by Phichia
norvegensis (1.8 cm)in 15 days growth (Table2 and Figure 2).
Fungi inoculum Meanplumul
growth(cm)
Mean
radicle
growth(cm)
Trichosporon beigelii
B
5.6*a 2.9ab
Cryptococcus albidus
var aerius
4.2ab 3.4*a
Phichia norvegensis 3.6bc 1.8bc
Control 3.2cd 2.7cd
Table.2. The effect of plant growth microbs on plumul and
radicle growth of Faba bean within 15 days
*=Significant at p<0.05. Note; Mean in column followed by
the same superscripts are not statistically different at P<0.05
according to Turkeys test.
Vigor index result
The number of germinated seeds inoculated by
Trichosporon beigelii B, C.albidus var aurius , Phichia
norvegensis and control was counted. Root and shoot length
of individual seedling was measured to determine the vigour
index. The result were summarized in Table 3.
Table 3. Vigor index of germinated seed treated by each
plant growth promoting fungi.
Plant growth promoting
Fungi
Vigor index of
Germinated seed
Trichosporon beigelii B 780.43
Cryptococcus albidus var
aerius
749.93
Phichia norvegensis 618.23
Control 500.73
Figure 2. germinated seeds of faba beans from different
treatments versus control.
A total of
sixteen phosphate solubilizing fungi were isolated and
identified from teff rhizosher soil and based on the SI and
phosphate solubilizing efficiency three superior fungi
species, Trichosporon beigelii B, Cryptococcus albidus var
aerius, Phichia norvegensis were selected and evaluated for
seed germination test. (Table 1, figure 1).
Plant growth promoting
Fungi(PGPF)
Phosphate solubilizing
index at 15 days
1 Trichosporon beigelii B 5.3
2 Phichia norvegensis 3.35
3 Cryptococcus albidus var
aerius
3.32
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Control
control
C.albidus var
control T.Begilli
Phichia norvegensis
Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers
FABA BEAN FRESH SEEDLING BIOMASS
Faba bean seedling were measured to determine the
effect of plant growth promoting fungi on biomass of plumule
and radicle compared with controlled one. The results revealed
that the biomass of plumule was 24.6 g, 20.1 g, 17.8 g , and
13.22 g treated with T. begilli, C. albidusvar aurius , P.
norvengenesis and control respectively. Whereas the biomass
of radicle 17.4 g, 13.2 g, 11.8 g, and 8.7 g recorded in, C .
albidusvar aurius ,Control, P. norvengenesis T. beglli
respectively. The highest plumul biomass was recorded treated
by T.beglli B and the highest radicle biomass were recorded by
one C,albidus var aurius
FABA BEAN FRESH SEEDLING BIOMASS
Faba bean seedling were measured to determine the
effect of plant growth promoting fungi on biomass of plumule
and radicle compared with controlled one. The results revealed
that the biomass of plumule was 24.6 g, 20.1 g, 17.8 g , and
13.22 g treated with T. begilli, C. albidusvar aurius , P.
norvengenesis and control respectively. Whereas the biomass
of radicle 17.4 g, 13.2 g, 11.8 g, and 8.7 g recorded in, C .
albidusvar aurius ,Control, P. norvengenesis T. beglli
respectively. The highest plumul biomass was recorded treated
by T.beglli B and the highest radicle biomass were recorded by
one C,albidus var aurius.
Discussion
Soil microbes since their discovery in the late 18 th
century have been used extensively in crop production. Since
the advent of seed priming a lot of work has been done on this
aspect of seed treatment and is now common in most of the
area for delayed sowing and to obtain vigours plant growth. As
defined by McDonald (1999), seed priming is soaking the seeds
in any solution containing our required priming agent followed
by re drying the seeds which result into start of rapid
germination. Among different priming techniques, using any
biological agent is termed as bio priming (Ashraf and Foolad
2005). Reddy (2013) explained bio priming more in bio control
aspect application of beneficial bacterial inoculum to the seeds
and their hydration to protect seeds against disease control.
Stem and total seedling fresh weight was increased with the
priming of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in maize
seedlings in a laboratory experiment (Gholami, Shhsavani and
Nezarat, 2009). Role of bio priming in salinity stress tolerance
is widely studied and promising results have recorded. Most
notable Genus used in abiotic stress tolerance is Bacillus which
is used in Potaato (Gururani et al., 2012), radish (Kaymak et al.,
2009) rice, mungbean and chickpea (Chakraborty et al., 2011).
Gholam et al., (2009) demonstrated the enhancement of seed
germination by plant growth promoting fungi inoculants
because of the synthesis of seed germination hormone like
gibberllins which triggered the activity of specific enzymes that
promoted early germination, such as alpha amylase that
increase the availability of starch assimilation. Plant growth
promoting fungi bio priming activity on faba bean seed in
addition to
controlling seed and soil borne pathogens, it has great role in
stimulating metabolic activities during germination. For
instance Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the
main storage form of phosphorus (P) in plants and accounts
for more than 80 % of the total Phosphorus in cereals.
Phytate constitutes the major portion (60–82%) of total
phosphorus in cereal grains, oilseeds, and grain legumes,
with 1–25% of total P being found in various roots and
tubers and small amounts in leaves and 56–77% of total P in
rice bran and various oilseed meals (Ravindran1994). The
phytate content was highest in faba bean and soybean (836
mg/100 g and 588 mg/100 g), followed by rice (417 mg/100
g) and wheat (278 mg/100 g) (Bartnik & Szafranska, 1987;
Cheryan, 1980; Luo,Xie, Xie, Li, & Gu, 2009; Reddy, Sathe,
& Salunkhe, 1982). Phytase (myo-inositol
hexakisphosphatephosphohydrolases) is a phytate-specific
phosphatase enzyme produced by plant growth promoting
fungi that hydrolyses phytate to inositol and free
orthophosphate that releases minerals for energy source in
seed germination and seedling development. In this study 3
phosphate solubilizing fungi were were studied for their
effect as bio priming agent on the seed germination and
seedling growth of Faba bean.The result revealed that the
highest mean growth of plumule length 5.6 cm was
recorded by Trichosporon beigelii B and C,albidusvar aurius
showed the highest mean radicle growth of seedling to
3.4cm within 15 days growth. The highest vigour index of
the biopriming agent recorded by Trichosporon beigelii B
(780.43), followed by C,albidusvar aurius (749.93), Pichia
norvongensis (619.23) and control(500.73) (Table3).
Fekadu et al. (2015) reported that the highest shoot length
88.25 cm was recorded on faba bean plants of ILB 938
variety inoculated with P. fluorescens 9 and 91.92 cm was
recorded on Moti variety inoculated with P. fluorescens10
after 70 days growth. On other study, Abd-El-Khair et al.
(2010) reported Trichoderma hamatum gave the highest
increase of plant height 49.8 cm compared to 37.3 cm in the
control plants. The highest root length per plant 49.75 and
53.00 cm root length/faba bean were recorded in faba bean
Moti bio-primed with P. fluorescens9 and P. fluorescens10
respectively after 70 days growth. Bio-primed seed of faba
bean with P. fluorescens 9 and P. fluorescens 10 increased
the shoot fresh weight on 3 varieties. The highest shoot fresh
weight (360.30 g) was observed on ILB 938 variety, the
while bio-primed seed of faba bean with P. fluorescens10
increased the shoot fresh weight on Moti, NC 58 and ILB
938 faba bean varieties and gave maximum shoot fresh
weight (517.70 g) on ILB 938 variety (Fekadu et al.,2015).
Shiferaw et al., (2013) reported that Pseudomonas and
Rhizobia species isolated from Faba bean rhizoshere soil
either in combination or separately enhanced both Phosphate
content and uptake of Faba bean plants significantly over
uninoculated treatments. Gholami et al. (2009) who reported
the increament of maze seeds germination by (18.5%) over
control due to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
inoculants due to the ability of synthesis of seed germination
hormone like gibberellins.
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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers
Furthermore, the co-inoculants of Pseudomonas and Rhizobia
species increased vigore index,radicle and plumule length
compared to control. Sharma et al (2007) reported that the PSB
co-inoculants (P. fluorescens and B. megaterium increased
percent of radicle and plumule length ranging from 13.8-15.7
and 19.4% respectively Aipova et al (2010) also reported the co
inoculation of PSB enhanced the radicle and seed of wheat as
compared to individuals. According to Shiferaw (2013) in pot
experiment, the selected inoculants of Pseudomonas sp. and
Rhizobium improved significantly the growth of Faba bean
compared to inoculated plant either individually or co-
inoculation. Among the treatment with Pseudomonas sp. and
Rhizobium were superior in enhancing shoot height over the
uninoculated. This could be due to high Phosphate-solubilizing
ability from Phosphorus source production of growth
promoting substance such as Indol Acitic Acid an production
of bio control compounds like hydrogn cyanid (HCN) (Aditya
etal. 2009, Akhtar., 2010). In Faba bean bio priming with
different bacterial strains was tested to reduce the incidence of
root rot, and it was observed that use of the bio priming
technique can be used as economical ,safe and easy to apply bio
control method(El-Mougy and Abdel Kader 2008).Under in
vitro conditions, seed treatment with plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria strains improved seed germination, seedling
vigor, seedling emergence and seedling stand over the control.
Similar improvement of seed germination parameters by
rhizobacteria has been reported in other cereals such as
sorghum (Raju et al., 1999) and pearl millet (Niranjan 2004,
Niranjan2003). The improvement in seed germination by plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria was also found in work with
wheat and sunflower (Shaukat et al., 2006a, Shaukat et al.,
2006b), where it was found that some plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria induced increases in seed emergence, in some
cases achieving increases up to 100% greater than controls.
This present work revealed that under in vitro conditions, seed
treatment with plant growth promoting fungi strains improved
seed germination, seedling vigour, seedling emergence and
seedling stand over the control. Similar improvement of seed
germination parameters by rhizobacteria has been reported in
other cereals such as sorghum (Raju etal., 1999) and pearl
millet (Niranjan SR et al, 2004).These findings may be due to
the increased synthesis of hormones like gibberellins, which
would have triggered the activity of specified enzymes that
promoted early germination. Beside, significant increase in
seedling vigour would have occurred by better synthesis of
auxins, in
addition to that these fungi may produce phytase enzyme for
phytate degradation for bioavailability of mineral for energy
source during germination and seedling growth. Biopriming as
a promising technique for vital application of using beneficial
microbes to promote seeds germination and seedling through
phytase enzyme production, phyto hormon production,
phosphate solubilization and other plant growth promoting
properties as well as bio control activities in product and
productivity of Faba bean.
Conclusions
In conclusion from this laboratory result the two species of
fungi Trichosporon beigelii B and C. albidus var aurius
showed good vigor index in Faba bean germination and
seedling growth. Trichosporon beigelii B was the highest in
Phosphate solubilizing index and mean growth of plumule
within 15 days growth. Whereas C. albidus var aurius were
highest in mean growth of radicle length over
controlled(Uninnoculatred) one. There for co inoculation of
Trichosporon beigelii B and C. albidus var aurius used to
promot plumul and rhadicle growth of Faba bean.This in
vitro study confirmed that after further evaluation of other
PlantGrowthPromotor properties of these fungi species used
as standard seed bio priming agent and bio control for many
seed and soil born Faba bean pathogens.
RECOMMENDATION
Synergistic effect of this plant growth promotor fungi co
inoculant study must be carry out to see the effect on
growth of plumule size , radicle size, flower number, pod
number, seed number, dry and fresh biomass in an extended
time up to fruiting and flowering time. This in vitro study
need to extend to green house and field trials under other
environmental condition.
Acknowledgements
It gives me a great pleasure to acknowledge Dr. Genene
Tefera for his unreserved guidance and encouragement and
support in providing and facilitating the necessary
equipment. Finally goes to Ethiopian biodiversity institute,
microbial directorate for every budget grant to carry out this
study and its research team for their unreserved support at
laboratory and field work especially, Endeshaw Abatneh,
Endegena Aynalem, as part of research group in tireless
effort in teff rhizospher soil sample collection. Lastly, I
acknowledged Woyenshet Lule for her kindly support
especially laboratory chemicals facilitation.
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