Journal of

Water Pollution &

Purification Research(JoWPPR)

May-August 2014

www.stmjournals.comSTM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

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Journal of Water Pollution and Purification Research

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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.

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Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

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School of Materials Science and Technology,

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Varanasi, India.

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Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

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Gargi Asha Jha

Nupur Anand

Priyanka Aswal

Sona Chahal

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev Raj

Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.

Chairman, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India.

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of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

Prof. D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,

AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community

Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,

Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

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National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

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Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

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Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

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Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

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Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,

Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,

Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board

Dr. Kazi Shamima AkterAssistant Professor, Department of

Civil Engineering, The University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Mohammed Al-AbriAsst. Professor , Petroleum &

Chemical Eng. Dept., Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.

Editorial Board

Dr. B. M. KrishnaAssociate Professor

Department of Environmental EngineeringS.J. College of Engineering, Mysore,

Karnataka, India.

Dr. Hansa JeswaniAssociate Professor,Civil Engg Dept

sardar patel College of Engg, Bhavan's CampusMunshi Nagar,Andheri (w),

Mumbai, India.

Dr. Mahadevappa SwamyProfessor Department of Environmental EngineeringS.J. College of Engineering

Mysore, Karnataka, India.

Dr. Nilkanth Hanmantrao KulkarniAssociate Professor,Department of Civil &

Water Management Engineering,Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Institute of Engg. &

tech., Vishnupuri,Nanded, India.

Dr. Kiran D. PatilProfessor in Chemical EngineeringDept.of

Petrochemical And Petroleum Engineering,

Maeer's, Maharashtra Institute of Technology

(MIT),Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune, India.

Dr. Chander Kumar SinghAssistant Professor, Department of

Natural Resources,TERI University, India.

Dr. Ritu SinghAssistant Professor Department of

Environmental ScienceSchool of Earth

Sciences Central University of Rajasthan

Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Sadashiva Murthy B.M.Professor

Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of

Engineering, Mysore,Karnataka, India.

Dr. Udayashankara T.H.Professor ,Department of Environmental

Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore ,

Karnataka, India.

Dr. K. ByrappaFellow, World Academy of Ceramics

Coordinator, Materials Science Program of Univ. of Mysore, Univ. of Mysore,

Manasagangotri, Mysore, India.

Sumi HandiqueAssistant Professor, Tezpur University

Napaam, Tezpur, Sonitpur, Assam, India.

Dr. Sumathi SureshProfessor, Centre for Environmental

Science and Engineering CESE), Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay

(IIT-B), Powai, Mumbai, India.

I take the privilege to present the print version for the [Volume 1 Issue (2)] of Journal of Water

Pollution and Purification Research. The intension of JoWPPR is to create an atmosphere that

stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Water Pollution and Purification

Research.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoWPPR provides an outlet for Research findings

and reviews in areas of Water Pollution and Purification Research found to be relevant for National

and International recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Water Pollution and Purification Research.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. A Review on Conventional and Alternative Methods for Defluoridation of Water M. Madhukar, B. M. Sadashiva Murthy, T. H. Udayashankara 1

2. Review of Recovery Methods for Acetic Acid from Industrial Waste Streams by Reactive Distillation Kiran D. Patil, Bhaskar D. Kulkarni 13

3. Experimental Studies on the Assessment of River Water Quality: A Case Study on Noyyal River TirupurAswathy V Gopal, OS Arun, R. Gobinath, D. Saranydevi 19

4. Treatment of Textile Wastewater using Bentonite Clay as a Natural CoagulantVijaya Kumar S., Arunprakash C., Gobinath R., Nishanth M., Sangeetha M. 24

5. Removal of Heavy Metals using Combination of Adsorbents - A Case Study using Industrial Waste WaterThirumalesh B. S. 28

ContentsJournal of Water Pollution and Purification Research

JoWPPR (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

A Review on Conventional and Alternative Methods for

Defluoridation of Water

M. Madhukar*, B. M. Sadashiva Murthy, T. H. Udayashankara

Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering,

Mysore, Karnataka-570006, India

Abstract Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is due to anthropogenic influences on its natural

formation and geological settings. Consuming fluoride has both beneficial and detrimental effects on dental and bone structures. This review article is aimed at

facilitating precise information on the various methods applied to remove fluoride from water. The defluoridation techniques are divided into coprecipitation, adsorption ion

exchange, contact precipitation, electro-coagulation and membrane process. The

mechanism involved in each defluoridation technique is enumerated. The natural and synthetic materials employed by various researchers to remove fluoride are reviewed and

tabulated in order to provide information on removal efficiency or capacity of the media.

Keywords: Fluoride, adsorption, capacity, precipitation, electro-coagulation

JoWPPR (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Review of Recovery Methods for Acetic Acid from

Industrial Waste Streams by Reactive Distillation

Kiran D. Patil1*, Bhaskar D. Kulkarni

2

1Department of Petrochemical and Petroleum Engineering,

MAEER’S, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, India

2Chemical and Process Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India

Abstract This paper addresses an industrially important problem of recovery of acetic acid from a wastewater streams via reactive distillation. The separation (or recovery) of organic

residues from aqueous waste streams released from chemical and petrochemical

industries is critical and indispensable from the points of view of pollution control and recovery of useful materials. The disposal of wastewaters containing most widely used

industrial organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and propionic acid has been recognized as a significant expense to the industry and environment. In this paper,

existing methods of physical separation of acetic acid from wastewater is presented.

Available conventional techniques including fractional distillation, liquid extraction, adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange, etc. have been briefly reviewed emphasizing the

major drawbacks of these methods. A new method – reactive distillation - for recovering acetic acids from dilute aqueous solutions is described and compared with the other

conventional techniques. Reactive distillation is an efficient, economical, and

environmental friendly method for separation of acetic acid from wastewater streams.

Keywords: Clean technology, wastewater, pollution prevention, recovery of acetic

acid, separation processes, reactive distillation, esterification

JoWPPR (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Experimental Studies on the Assessment of River Water

Quality: A Case Study on Noyyal River Tirupur

Aswathy V Gopal*, OS Arun, R. Gobinath, D. Saranydevi

Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Avinashipalayam,

Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract Tirupur is the most popular textile industrial area, which contains 90% of the knitwear industries in India. By 2005, there were more than 729 bleaching and dyeing units in

Tirupur. Now there are 2000 textile manufacturing units producing variety of goods. The

textile industries release heavy amount of dye waste which contains bleaching liquids, soda ash, caustic soda, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium peroxide, and so many

other toxic materials to river Noyyal. The wastewater is acidic, smells terrible and

contains dissolved solids, which increase the biological and chemical oxygen demand in water. With no fresh water available for dilution the groundwater from Coimbatore and

Tirupur is no longer suited for irrigation. The dye industries said that the discharge of their industrial effluents to the river Noyyal has stopped. But this study clearly shows the

presence of materials that are used in dye production.

Keywords: Noyyal river, heavy metals, carcinogenic, soil analysis, toxicity

JoWPPR (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Treatment of Textile Wastewater using Bentonite Clay

as a Natural Coagulant

Vijaya Kumar S.*, Arunprakash C., Gobinath R., Nishanth M., Sangeetha M.

Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur, India

Abstract The main objective of the present study was treatment of dye waste by coagulation with

clay to achieve maximum removal efficiency of color and sludge.The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of bentonite clay as coagulant in treatment of textile

wastewater. The coagulant prepared was employed for the removal of sludge at the

different doses. The maximum coagulant for removal of colour and sludge was found at an optimum temperature of 27

oC with the retention time of 1 hour.This result was higher

than the results obtained by different process parameters for various coagulants. The transmittance were found to be 94% with an absorbance of 0.03,TDS reduced from 5.15

PPT to 3.3 PPT, BOD too was reduced from 160mg/l to 40mg/l. Also owing to the

coagulation process several other parameters such as chloride, sulfate, iron, COD was also reduced considerably.

Keywords: Bentonite clay, wastewater, conductivity, Natural coagulant agents,

dye removal, sludge removal

JoWPPR (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Removal of Heavy Metals using Combination of

Adsorbents - A Case Study using Industrial Waste Water

Thirumalesh B. S. * Department of Chemical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Abstract Heavy metals are widely used in numerous industries such as paints and pigments, glass

production, mining operation, electroplating, battery manufacturing and textile industries. The significant losses of heavy metals occur during the manufacturing processes and

these lost heavy metals are discharged in the effluent. As they move from one ecological

trophic level to another, metallic species start damaging the ecosystem. They also become difficult to track as they move up in trophic levels. They accumulate in living tissues

throughout the food chain. Due to biomagnification, humans receive the maximum impact, since they are at the top of the food chain. Hence heavy metal contamination has been a

critical problem. Adsorption of heavy metals is one of the techniques for treatment of

waste water containing different types of selected heavy metals. In this study, the adsorbents Coconut shell, Rice husk, Water Hyacinth, Shrimp Shells and Crab shells are

investigated as viable materials for removal of Heavy metals. The effect of contact time, particle size and adsorbent dosage are studied. The aim of this study is to use water

hyacinth as an adsorbent in removing heavy metal content from industrial waste water

and to use the above mentioned adsorbents in combination to see the effect of adsorption. The metal concentrations are determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The

adsorbents are pretreated by way of cleaning, washing, sun drying and then crushing to

obtain particles in different size ranges in order to study the effect of different parameters

on the adsorption. The main objective of this project is to use cheap and readily available

solid wastes such as Coconut Shell, Rice Husk, Water Hyacinth, Shrimp Shells and crab shells as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from the industrial waste water, and

to test the effect of contact time, particle size and adsorbent dosage on the extent of

adsorption.

Keywords: Adsorption, Shrimp shell, Combination of adsorbents