jpn494/598: history of the japanese language - grammar (2) verbal inflection in classical japanese

67
JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Grammar (2): Verbal inflection in Classical Japanese

Upload: utsuro

Post on 16-Feb-2021

18 views

Category:

Education


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

JPN494/598: History of the

Japanese Language

Grammar (2): Verbal inflection in

Classical Japanese

Page 2: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Functions of 6 inflected forms in

文語文法

未然みぜん (irrealis) よま, み

1. followed by aux. verbs like ず, む, る・らる, す・さす

2. followed particles like ば

読まず, 見ず; 読まむ, 見む,

読まる, 見らるる; 読ます, 見さす

風吹かば、舟出ださず (風ガ{吹イタラ/吹ケバ}、舟ヲ出サナイ)

Page 3: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund) よみ, み

1. suspends the sentence

2. followed by aux. verbs like つ, ぬ, たり, けむ, たしetc.

3. followed by particles like て, ながら, つつ, etc.

話し + {つ/ぬ/たり/けむ/たし}

話し + {て/ながら/つつ}

Page 4: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

終止 しゅうし (conclusive) よむ, みる1. concludes the sentence with the assertive force

2. followed by auxiliaries like らむ, べし, etc.

3. followed by particles like とも

読むらむ (読ムダロウ, 読ンデイルダロウ)

見るべし (見ルダロウ,見テイルダロウ)

ささなみの志賀の大わだ淀むとも

‘Although the bay of Shiga is stagnant …’

Page 5: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

連体れんたい (attributive) よむ, みる1. modifies a nominal

2. nominalizes a verb/adjective

3. concludes a sentence containing ぞ, なむ, や, か

読む人 (読ム人), 見る人 (見ル人)

人、答ふ (人ガ答エル); 答ふる人 (答エル人)

小松のあるを見るが悲しき

(小松ガ生エテイルノヲ見ルノガ悲シイノダ)

人ぞ答ふる (人ガ答エルノダ)

Page 6: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

已然いぜん (realis) よめ, みれ

1. followed by particles like ば, ども, etc.

2. concludes a sentence containing こそ

風吹けば、舟出さざりき

(風ガ吹クノデ、舟ヲ出サナカッタ)

秋風こそ吹け(秋風コソ吹ク, 吹クノハ秋風ダ, 秋風ハ吹クガ)

Page 7: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

命令めいれい (imperative) よめ, みよ

1. conludes the sentence with the imperative force

読め, 見よ

とく走れ (早ク走レ)

Page 8: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Existence of 二段動詞

A richer inflectional system

Page 9: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Types of Verbal Conjugation in 文語文法

四段活用

上一段活用 (only 10: 着る, 似る, 見る, 居る, …)

下一段活用 (蹴る)

上二段活用

下二段活用

ナ行変格 (死ぬ)

ラ行変格 (あり)

カ行変格 (来)

サ行変格 (す)

Page 10: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Types of Verbal Conjugation in 口語文法

五段活用 (Type I)

上一段活用 (Type II)

下一段活用 (Type II)

カ行変格 (来る)

サ行変格 (する)

Page 11: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Transitions/Mergers of Inflectional

Classes

四段, 下一段, ナ変, ラ変 > 五段

上一段, 上二段 > 上一段

下二段 > 下一段

カ変 > カ変

サ変 > サ変

Page 12: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Alternative Structural Analyses

読む (四段)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

よ + ま (+ ず, ば) yom-azu, yom-aba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

よ + み (+ て) yom-i-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

よ + む yom-u 連体れんたい (attributive)

よ + む (+ とき) yom-u 已然いぜん (realis)

よ + め (+ ば) yom-e 命令めいれい (imperative)

よ + め yom-e

Page 13: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

見る (上一段)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

φ + み (+ ず, ば) mi-zu, mi-ba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

φ + み (+ て) mi-φ-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

φ + みる mi-ru 連体れんたい (attributive)

φ + みる (+ とき) mi-ru-toki 已然いぜん (realis)

φ + みれ (+ ば) mi-re-ba 命令めいれい (imperative)

φ + みよ mi-yo

Page 14: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

起く (上二段)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

お + き (+ ず, ば) oki-zu 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

お + き (+ て) oki-φ-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

お + く oku-φ (ok-u?) 連体れんたい (attributive)

お + くる (+ とき) oku-ru (ok-uru?) 已然いぜん (realis)

お + くれ (+ ば) oku-re (ok-ure?) 命令めいれい (imperative)

お + きよ oki-yo

Page 15: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

蹴る (下一段)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

φ + け (+ ず, ば) ke-zu, ke-ba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

φ + け (+ て) ke-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

φ + ける ke-ru 連体れんたい (attributive)

φ + ける (+ とき) ke-ru-toki 已然いぜん (realis)

φ + けれ (+ ば) ke-re-ba 命令めいれい (imperative)

φ + けよ ke-yo

Page 16: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

助くる (下二段)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

たす + け (+ ず, ば) tasuke-zu, tasuke-ba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

たす + け (+ て) tasuke-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

たす + く tasuku-φ(tasuk-u?) 連体れんたい (attributive)

たす + くる (+ とき) tasuku-ru (tasuk-uru?) 已然いぜん (realis)

たす + くれ (+ ば) tasuku-re (tasuk-ure?) 命令めいれい (imperative)

たす + けよ tasuke-yo

Page 17: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

死ぬ (ナ変) (四段 with irregular attributive/realis forms)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

し + な (+ ず, ば) sin-a-zu, sin-aba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

し + に (+ て) sin-i-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

し + ぬ sin-u 連体れんたい (attributive)

し + ぬる (+ とき) sin-u > sinu-ru (sin-uru?) 已然いぜん (realis)

し + ぬれ (+ ば) sin-e > sinu-re (sin-ure?) 命令めいれい (imperative)

し + ね sin-e

Page 18: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

あり (ラ変) (四段 with an irregular conclusive form)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

あ + ら (+ ず, ば) ar-a-zu, ar-aba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

あ + り (+ て) ar-i-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

あ + り ar-u > ar-i 連体れんたい (attributive)

あ + る (+ とき) a-ru 已然いぜん (realis)

あ + れ (+ ば) a-re 命令めいれい (imperative)

あ + れ ar-e

Page 19: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

来 (カ変) (二段 with irregular adverbial/imperative forms)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

φ + こ (+ ず, ば) ko-zu, ko-ba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

φ + き (+ て) ko-φ-te > ki-φ-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

φ + く ku-φ(k-u) 連体れんたい (attributive)

φ + くる (+ とき) ku-ru (k-uru) 已然いぜん (realis)

φ + くれ (+ ば) ku-re (k-ure) 命令めいれい (imperative)

φ + こ, こよ ko-φ (k-o), ko-yo

Page 20: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

す (サ変) (二段 with an irregular adverbial form)

未然みぜん (irrealis)

φ + せ (+ ず, ば) se-zu, se-ba 連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

φ + し (+ て) se-φ-te > si-φ-te 終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

φ + す su-φ(s-u?) 連体れんたい (attributive)

φ + する (+ とき) su-ru (s-uru?) 已然いぜん (realis)

φ + すれ (+ ば) su-re (s-ure?) 命令めいれい (imperative)

φ + せよ se-yo

Page 21: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(ModJ)

present: yom-u, mi-ru

neg. present: yom-an, mi-n

volitional: yom-oo, mi-yoo

neg. volitional: yom-umai, mi-mai

conditional: yom-eba, mi-reba

neg. conditional: yom-aneba, mi-neba

imperative: yom-e, mi-ro

gerund: yom-i, mi-φ (zero-form)

Page 22: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Gerund

Imperative

Conditional (affirmative, negative)

Others

Tense: present, past

Mood: indicative, attributive, subjunctive

(終止・連体・已然)

Factuality: factual, conjectural

(読む/読まむ; 読ム/読モウ)

Polarity: affirmative, negative

Page 23: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Gerund yom-i

Imperative yom-e

Conditional yom-aba, yom-azufa

Others pres.-ind.-fact. yom-u, yom-azu

pres.-ind.-conj. yom-amu, yom-azi

pres.-attr.-fact. yom-u, yom-anu

pres.-attr.-conj. yom-amu, yom-azi

pres.-subj.-fact. yom-e, yom-ane

pres.-subj.-conj. yom-ame, yom-azi

past-ind.-fact. yom-iki, yom-azar-iki

past-ind.-conj. yom-ikemu, yom-azar-ikemu

past-attr.-fact. yom-isi, yom-azar-isi

past-attr.-conj. yom-ikemu, yom-azar-ikemu

past-subj.-fact. yom-isika, yom-arar-isika

past-subj.-conj. yom-ikeme, yom-arai-keme

Page 24: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

cf. corresponding forms in modern Japanese

Gerund 読み Imperative 読め Conditional 読めば,読まねば Others

pres.-fact. 読む, 読まない/読まん pres.-conj. 読むだろう/読もう,

読まないだろう/読むまい past-fact. 読んだ, 読まなかった past-conj. 読んだだろう, 読まなかっただろう

Page 25: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Gerund oki-φ

Imperative oki-yo

Conditional oki-ba, oki-zufa

Others pres.-ind.-fact. oku-φ, oki-zu

pres.-ind.-conj. oki-mu, oki-zi

pres.-attr.-fact. oku-ru, oki-nu

pres.-attr.-conj. oki-mu, oki-zi

pres.-subj.-fact. oki-re, oki-ne

pres.-subj.-conj. oki-me, oki-zi

past-ind.-fact. oki-ki, oki-zar-iki

past-ind.-conj. oki-kemu, oki-zar-ikemu

past-attr.-fact. oki-si, oki-zar-isi

past-attr.-conj. oki-kemu, oki-zar-ikemu

past-subj.-fact. oki-sika, oki-zar-isika

past-subj.-conj. oki-keme, oki-zar-ikeme

Page 26: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Gerund oki-φ

Imperative oki-yo

Conditional oki-ba, oki-zufa

Others pres.-ind.-fact. oku-φ, oki-zu

pres.-ind.-conj. oki-mu, oki-zi

pres.-attr.-fact. oku-ru, oki-nu

pres.-attr.-conj. oki-mu, oki-zi

pres.-subj.-fact. oki-re, oki-ne

pres.-subj.-conj. oki-me, oki-zi

past-ind.-fact. oki-ki, oki-zar-iki

past-ind.-conj. oki-kemu, oki-zar-ikemu

past-attr.-fact. oki-si, oki-zar-isi

past-attr.-conj. oki-kemu, oki-zar-ikemu

past-subj.-fact. oki-sika, oki-zar-isika

past-subj.-conj. oki-keme, oki-zar-ikeme

Page 27: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

未然みぜん (irrealis)

連用れんよう (adverbial, gerund)

終止 しゅうし (conclusive)

連体れんたい (attributive)

已然いぜん (realis)

命令めいれい (imperative)

What are they, after all?

Page 28: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

連用, 命令

連用

読み, 見, 蹴, 起き, 助け

yom-i, mi-φ, ke-φ, oki-φ, tasuke-φ

命令

読め, 見よ, 蹴よ, 起きよ, 助けよ

yom-e, mi-yo, ke-yo, oki-yo, tasuke-yo

Page 29: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

終止, 連体, 已然

Analysis #1: Vowel Alternation

終止

読む, 見る, 蹴る, 起く, 助く

yom-u, mi-ru, ke-ru, oku-φ, tasuku-φ

u ~ ru ~ φ

連体

読む, 見る, 蹴る, 起くる, 助くる

yom-u, mi-ru, ke-ru, oku-ru, tasuku-ru

u ~ ru

已然

読め, 見れ, 蹴れ, 起くれ, 助くれ

yom-e, mi-re, ke-re, oku-re, tasuke-re

e ~ re

Page 30: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Analysis #2: Vowel Dropping

終止

読む, 見る, 蹴る, 起く, 助く

yom-u, mi-ru, ke-ru, ok-u, tasuk-u

u ~ ru

連体

読む, 見る, 蹴る, 起くる, 助くる

yom-u, mi-ru, ke-ru, ok-uru, tasuk-uru

u ~ ru ~ uru

已然

読め, 見れ, 蹴れ, 起くれ, 助くれ

yom-e, mi-re, ke-re, ok-ure, tasuk-ure

e ~ re ~ ure

Page 31: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

未然

ず, む, ば

読まず, 見ず, 蹴ず, 起きず, 助けず yom-azu, mi-zu, ke-zu, oki-zu, tasuke-zu

azu ~ zu

読まむ, 見む, 蹴む, 起きむ, 助けむ yom-amu, mi-mu, ke-mu, oki-mu, tasuke-mu

amu ~ mu

読まば, 見ば, 蹴ば, 起きば, 助けば yom-aba, mi-ba, ke-ba, oki-ba, tasuke-ba

aba ~ ba

Page 32: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Auxiliary verbs in Classical Japanese

受身: る・らる, (ゆ・らゆ)

使役: す・さす, しむ

否定: ず(, ざる)

過去: き, けり 完了: つ, ぬ, たり, り

推量: む, らむ, けむ, べし, めり, らし; じ, まじ 伝聞: なり

反実仮想: まし 希望: たし, まほし 比況: ごとし

Page 33: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

る・らる (受身・自発・可能・尊敬)

る・らる (< ゆ・らゆ) derivational affix

読まる, 見らる, 蹴らる, 起きらる, 助けらる yom-aru, mi-raru, ke-raru, oki-raru, tasuke-raru

aru ~ raru (derivational suffix)

(受身 うけみ; passive)

しうとにほめらるる婿 (むこ) ‘a husband who is praised by his father-in-law’

子に先立たる (さきだたる) ‘outlive one’s child’

団体デモ来ラレルト困ルガ、

Page 34: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(自発 じはつ; spontaneous)

きこりどもも心ならず舞われけり ‘Wood-cutters too couldn’t stop dancing’

風の音にぞ驚かれぬる ‘(I) was surprised to hear the sound of wind’

An event is brought about by external situations,

rather than a volitional action.

昔ガシノバレル ‘I can’t help thinking about the past’

ソノヨウニ思ワレマス ‘It seems that way.’

In ModJ, the spontaneous construction is possible only with a

limited number of verbs (思ウ, 考エル, シノブ)

Page 35: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(可能かのう; potential)

湯水飲まれず ‘湯ヤ水モ飲ムコトガデキナイ’ 目もあてられず ‘目モアテラレナイ; so terrible that you

cannot see directly’

Believed to be diverged from the spontaneous use.

Used only with negation until the end of the Heian

period.

僕ハ英語ガ {話セナイ / %話サレナイ}

僕ハ肉ガ {%食ベレナイ / 食ベラレナイ}

Page 36: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(尊敬; honorific)

この使ひを召し迎へて、たずねらるるに

‘コノ使イヲオ呼ビニナッテ、オタズネニナルト’

‘コノ使イヲ呼バレテ、タズネラレルト’

From the mid-Heian period.

山田先生ガ本ヲ書カレタ

Page 37: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

ゆ・らゆ (奈良) > る・らる (平安)

{spontaneous, passive} > potential > honorific

The spontaneous use has degenerated.

Page 38: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

す・さす・しむ (使役・尊敬)

す・さす & しむ derivational affixes 読ます, 見さす, 蹴さす, 起きさす, 助けさす

yom-asu, mi-sasu, ke-sasu, oki-sasu, tasuke-sasu

yom-asimu, mi-simu, ke-simu, oki-simu, tasuke-simu

asu ~ sasu; asimu ~ simu (derivational affixes)

(使役)

そこなる人にみな滝の歌よます ‘He made everyone make a poem on (about) a water-fall’

す・さす replaced しむ in speech/spoken-style writing;

しむ continued to be used in 漢文訓読, 和漢混交体, etc.

子路ヲシテ之ヲ問ワシム ‘He made 子路 ask this’

Page 39: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(尊敬そんけい; honorific)

入らせ給ひぬ, 入らしめ給ひぬ

‘オ入リニナッタ’ or ‘オ入ラセニナッタ’

cf. 入り給ひぬ

Only in combination with another honorific

expression like 給ふ, らる, おはします, etc.

(最高敬語 さいこうけいご)

Page 40: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

しむ > す・さす in speech

The honorific use was lost.

Page 41: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

ず (否定)

ず inflectional affix

(neg. present)

話さず, 見ず, 起きず hana-azu, mi-zu, oki-zu

人来ず (人ガ来ナイ)

(neg. attributive)

話さぬ, 見ぬ, 起きぬ hana-anu, mi-nu, oki-nu

言はぬが花 (言ワナイノガ花), 来ぬ人を待つ (来ナイ人ヲ待ツ)

(neg. subjunctive)

話さね, 見ね, 起きね hana-ane, mi-ne, oki-ne

なじかは知らねど (ナゼカハ知ラナイガ)

(a)zu, (a)nu, (a)ne can be considered inflectional affixes.

Page 42: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

咲かざりき (咲カナカッタ)

[[[sak-azu]-ar-iki]

sak-azar-iki

咲かざらむ (咲イテイナイダロウ)

[[sak-azu]-ar-amu]

sak-azar-amu

咲きたらず (咲カナカッタ)

[[sak-i]-tar-azu]

Page 43: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

世の人を、飢ゑず寒からぬやうに、世をば行なはまほしきなり。

人々ガ、飢エナクテ、寒クナイヨウニ、政治ヲ行ナッテホシイ

‘I hope they govern the society well so that people won’t starve or freeze’

飢ゑず: 連用形/gerund?

Page 44: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

-ザル (and -ザリ) was used in place of -ヌ(and -ズ) in 和漢混交体・変体漢文, etc. 許されざる者, 許されぬ者

-ナイ gradually replaced -ズ/-ヌ during the Chusei period through the Meiji period.

(East > West, Middle Class > Upper Class)

The past form corresponding to -ナイ was -ナンダ, but the latter form was replaced by

-ナカッタ around the late Edo - the early Meiji.

Page 45: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

き・けり (過去)

き (直接経験の過去・事実的過去) inflectional ending

past-indicative-factual

読みき, 見き, 起きき yom-iki, mi-ki, oki-ki

past-attributive-factual

読みし, 見し, 起きし yom-isi, mi-si, oki-si

past-subjunctive-factual

読みしか, 見しか, 起きしか yom-isika, mi-sika, oki-sika

兎 (うさぎ) 追いしあの山 ‘兎を追ったあの山’尋ね行きしかど、会はざりき ‘尋ネテ行ッタガ, 会ワナカッタ’

Page 46: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(来き ki-ki,) 来し ko-si, 来し ko-sika

都に来しかど、知る人もなし

しき si-ki, せし se-si, せしか se-sika

伊豆に旅せし日

Page 47: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

けり (間接経験の過去)

A gerund-taking auxiliary verb (along the lines of -ます, -たい, etc.), which

belongs to the same inflection class as あり (ラ行変格)

indicative

読みけり, 見けり, 起きけり [yom-i]-ker-i, [mi-φ]-ker-i, [oki-φ]-ker-i

(< [yom-iki]-ar-i, [mi-ki]-ar-i, [oki-ki]-ar-i)

attributive

読みける, 見ける, 起きける [yom-i]-ker-u, mi-φ]-ker-u, [oki-φ]-ker-u

(< [yom-iki]-ar-u, [mi-ki]-ar-u, [oki-ki]-ar-u)

subjunctive

読みけれ, 見けれ, 起きけれ [yom-i]-ker-e, mi-φ]-ker-e, [oki-φ]-ker-e

(< [yom-iki]-ar-e, [mi-ki]-ar-e, [oki-ki]-ar-e)

Page 48: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

つ・ぬ・たり・り (完了)

つ derivational affix

読みつ, 見つ, 起きつ yom-itu, mi-tu, oki-tu

itu ~ tu

Derived verbs belong to the 下二段 inflection class

読みつ, 読みつる (とき), 読みつれ (ど)

(Derived verbs with る・らす, す・さす belong to the same

inflection class)

読まる, 読まるる (とき), 読まるれ (ど)

Page 49: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

ぬ derivational affix

読みぬ, 見ぬ, 起きぬ

yom-inu, mi-nu, oki-nu

inu ~ nu

Derived verbs belong to the ナ行変格 inflection

class.

読みぬ, 読みぬる (とき), 読みぬれ (ど)

Page 50: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

つ is said to attach to verbs representing a

volitional action (捨つ, 見る, etc.)

ぬ is said to attach to verbs representing a

non-volitional process (荒る, なる, etc.)

交はしつる約束 ‘交ワシタ約束’

花咲きぬ ‘花ガ咲イタ’

Page 51: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

たり

A gerund-taking auxiliary verb (along the lines of けり)

indicative

読みたり, 見たり, 起きたり [yom-i]-tar-i, [mi-φ]-tar-i, [oki-φ]-tar-I

(< [yom-i-te]-ar-i, [mi-φ-te]-ar-i, [oki-φ-te]-ar-i)

attributive

読みたる, 見たる, 起きたる [yom-i]-tar-u, [mi-φ]-tar-u, [oki-φ]-tar-u

(< [yom-i-te]-ar-u, [mi-φ-te]-ar-u, [oki-φ-te]-ar-u

subjunctive

読みたれ, 見たれ, 起きたれ [yom-i]-tar-e, [mi-φ]-tar-e, [oki-φ]-tar-e

(< [yom-i-te]-ar-e, [mi-φ-te]-ar-e, [oki-φ-te]-ar-e)

Page 52: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

A derivational affix, which attaches only to a

四段動詞 or サ変動詞 (す)

読めり, せり yom-er-i, s-er-i

日没したり ‘日ガ沈ンダ, 日ガ沈ンデシマッタ’火はすでにわが家に移れり ‘火ハモウ私ノ家ニ移ッテシマッタ’

来たり, 見たり, 勝てり ‘veni, vedi, vici’

Derived verbs belong to the ラ変 inflection class.

Page 53: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

む, らむ, けむ, べし, らし, めり, まし, なり;

じ, まじ (推量, 意思, etc.) む (conjecture) じ (negative conjecture)

けむ (past conjecture) φ

べし (conjecture with a higher degree of certainty) まじ

らむ (conjecture on a currently-ongoing process)

らし (conjecture with reliable evidence)

めり (subjective conjecture)

まし (conjecture based on a counter-factual

assumption)

なり (hearsay)

Page 54: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

読まむ 読ムダロウ, 読モウ 読まじ 読マナイダロウ, 読ムマイ 読みけむ 読ンダダロウ 読むらむ 読ンデイルダロウ 読むべし キット読ムダロウ, 読ムベキダ 読むまじ キット読マナイダロウ,

読ムベキデハナイ, 読ムマイ 読むらし 読ムハズダ, 読ムニチガイナイ 読むめり 読ムヨウダ 読ままし 読ンダデアロウ 読むなり 読ムソウダ

Page 55: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Inflectional Endings

む, じ, けむ, まし

Clause-taking Auxiliary Verbs

(along the lines of ラシイ, ソウダ)

らむ, べし, まじ, らし, めり, なり

Page 56: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

indicative / attributive

読まむ, 見む, 起きむ

yom-amu, mi-mu, oki-mu

amu ~ mu

subjunctive

読まめ, 見め, 起きめ

yom-ame, mi-me, oki-me

ame ~ me

Page 57: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(conjecture)

空暗し。雪降らむ。‘空ガ暗イ。雪ガ降ルダロウ。’

(volition)

とまれかくまれ申さむ‘トニカク申シ上ゲヨウ’

(suggestion) (in the forms of: こそ… む, てむ, なむ)

はや帰らせ給ひなむ‘早クオ帰リニナッテ下サイ’

(condition) (when followed by: に or は)

銭あれども用ゐざらむは、全く貧者と同じ‘オ金ガアッテモ使ワナカタカッタラ, 貧乏ナ人ト同ジダ’

cf. むず (< […む]とす?) 迎へに人々まうで来むず

‘迎エニ人々ガヤッテ来ルダロウ’

Page 58: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

じindicative / attributive / subjunctive

読まじ, 見じ, 起きじ yom-azi, mi-zi, oki-zi

azi ~ zi

(negative conjecture)

法師ばかりうらやましからぬものはあらじ‘法師ホドウラヤマシクナイモノハアルマイ (ナイダロウ)’

(negative volition)

さらば御供には率て行かじ‘ソレデハ、オ供ニ連レテハ行クマイ’

Page 59: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

けむ (過去推量かこすいりょう)

indicative / attributive

読みけむ, 見けむ, 起きけむ yom-ikemu, mi-kemu, oki-kemu

ikemu ~ kemu

subjunctive

読みけめ, 見けめ, 起きけめ yom-ikeme, mi-keme, oki-keme

ikeme ~ keme

いかにわびしき心地しけむ‘ドンナニツライ気持チガシタダロウ’

Page 60: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

べし

indicative

読むべし, 見るべし, 起くべし, あるべし

attributive

読むべき, 見るべき, 起くべき, あるべき

subjunctive

読むべけれ, 見るべけれ, 起くべけれ, あるべけれ

Page 61: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(conjecture)

空暗し。雪降るべし。

‘空ガ暗イ。雪ガ降ルダロウ。’

(volition) (rare in the Heian period)

とまれかくまれ申すべし‘トニカク申シ上ゲヨウ’

(obligation)

家の造りやうは、夏をむねとすべし‘家ノ作リ方ハ、夏ヲ基本ニスベキダ’

Page 62: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

まじ

indicative

読むまじ, 見るまじ, 起くまじ, あるまじ

attributive

読むまじき, 見るまじき, 起くまじき, あるまじき

subjunctive

読むまじけれ, 見るまじけれ, 起くまじけれ, あるまじけれ

Page 63: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

(negative conjecture)

雪降るまじ

‘雪ハ降ルマイ’

(negative volition)

敵 (かたき) の手にはかかるまじ

‘敵ニハ殺サレナイツモリダ, 敵ニハ殺サレマイ’

(prohibition)

妻 (め) といふものこそ、男の持つまじきものなれ。

‘妻トイフモノハ、男ガ持ツベキデハナイモノデアル’

cf. ~にあるまじき行為 (こうい) =

~にあってはならない行為, ~がしてはいけない行為

Page 64: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

らむ (conjecture on an on-going process)

子泣くらむ ‘子供ガ今頃泣イテイルダロウ’

らし (conjecture with reliable evidence)

雨降りぬらし ‘雨ガ降ッタニ違イナイ’

めり (subjective conjecture)

すだれすこし上げて、花奉るめり

‘スダレヲ少シ持チ上ゲテ、花ヲ (仏ニ) 供エテイルヨウダ (ヨウニ見エル)’

なり (hearsay)

侍従の大納言の御娘、なくなり給ひぬなり

‘侍従ノ大納言ノ御息女ガ、オ亡クナリニナッタソウダ’

Page 65: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

まし (counterfactual conjecture) かの人なからましかば (ませば)、いかに寂しからまし‘アノ人ガイナカッタラ、ドンナニ寂シイダロウ’‘If he weren’t, how lonely would I feel?’

世の中にたえて桜のなかりせば春のこころはのどけからまし‘世ノ中ニ桜ガ全クナケレバ、春ハモットノドカダロウ’‘If there were no cherry blossom, the spring would be more

peaceful.’

inflectional ending?

indicative / attributive

yom-amasi, mi-masi, oki-masi

subjunctive

yom-amasika, mi-masika, oki-masika

Page 66: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

む > ウ, ヨウ

見む > 見ヨウ

まじ > マイ

見るまじ > 見マイ

べし > ベキダ

見るべし > 見ルベキダ

Not: らし > ラシイ

じ, けむ, らむ, まじ, めり, まし, らし, なり were lost and their functions

were replaced by ダロウ, ハズダ, ヨウダ, ソウダ, ラシイ, etc.

Page 67: JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language - Grammar (2) Verbal Inflection in Classical Japanese

Miscellaneous

なり, たり -- ダ

これは良馬なり (たり)

ごとし -- ノヨウ (ナモノ) ダ

人の一生は春の夢のごとし ‘人ノ一生ハ春ノ夢ノヨウナモノダ’

まほし, たし -- タイ

言はまほしきこと ‘言イタイコト’