judaismjudaism rels 110: world religions slide 2. love & peace or else love & peace or else...
TRANSCRIPT
JudaismJudaism
RELS 110 World ReligionsRELS 110 World Religions
Slide 3
Possible exam questionsPossible exam questions
bull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 principles as you can remember and explain them in a sentence or two each
Slide 4
Divine NameDivine Namebull Originally the Israelitesrsquo
name for God was ldquoYahwehrdquo written as the consonants YHWH
bull Jews stopped pronouncing the name of God
bull They would substitute another word either
bull The Name (ldquoHaShemrdquo)bull LORD (all in capital letters to
indicate it stands for the divine name not the usual word for ldquolordrdquo)
Slide 5
Monotheism in JudaismMonotheism in Judaism
bull first to develop monotheism
bull belief in 1 Godbull monotheism
developed gradually from henotheism
bull Abraham thought there were many gods
bull Jews worshipped 1 non-local god
Slide 6
Representations of God in Judaism
Representations of God in Judaism
bull Jewish god is invisible
bull God claimed to be beyond imagination
bull unusual among surrounding
bull Judaism still prohibits images of God
ldquoYou shall not make for yourself a divine image with any form that is in the heavens above or that is in the earth below or that is in the water below the earthrdquo (Exodus 204)
Slide 7
The Chosen PeopleThe Chosen Peoplebull special relationship to God
bull Godrsquos chose the Hebrews to be his people
bull ldquocovenantrdquobull developed into belief that
this was in fact the only God
bull strict monotheismbull Tension chosenness and
God for everyonebull special mission
bull higher standard than other peoples
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 3
Possible exam questionsPossible exam questions
bull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 principles as you can remember and explain them in a sentence or two each
Slide 4
Divine NameDivine Namebull Originally the Israelitesrsquo
name for God was ldquoYahwehrdquo written as the consonants YHWH
bull Jews stopped pronouncing the name of God
bull They would substitute another word either
bull The Name (ldquoHaShemrdquo)bull LORD (all in capital letters to
indicate it stands for the divine name not the usual word for ldquolordrdquo)
Slide 5
Monotheism in JudaismMonotheism in Judaism
bull first to develop monotheism
bull belief in 1 Godbull monotheism
developed gradually from henotheism
bull Abraham thought there were many gods
bull Jews worshipped 1 non-local god
Slide 6
Representations of God in Judaism
Representations of God in Judaism
bull Jewish god is invisible
bull God claimed to be beyond imagination
bull unusual among surrounding
bull Judaism still prohibits images of God
ldquoYou shall not make for yourself a divine image with any form that is in the heavens above or that is in the earth below or that is in the water below the earthrdquo (Exodus 204)
Slide 7
The Chosen PeopleThe Chosen Peoplebull special relationship to God
bull Godrsquos chose the Hebrews to be his people
bull ldquocovenantrdquobull developed into belief that
this was in fact the only God
bull strict monotheismbull Tension chosenness and
God for everyonebull special mission
bull higher standard than other peoples
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 4
Divine NameDivine Namebull Originally the Israelitesrsquo
name for God was ldquoYahwehrdquo written as the consonants YHWH
bull Jews stopped pronouncing the name of God
bull They would substitute another word either
bull The Name (ldquoHaShemrdquo)bull LORD (all in capital letters to
indicate it stands for the divine name not the usual word for ldquolordrdquo)
Slide 5
Monotheism in JudaismMonotheism in Judaism
bull first to develop monotheism
bull belief in 1 Godbull monotheism
developed gradually from henotheism
bull Abraham thought there were many gods
bull Jews worshipped 1 non-local god
Slide 6
Representations of God in Judaism
Representations of God in Judaism
bull Jewish god is invisible
bull God claimed to be beyond imagination
bull unusual among surrounding
bull Judaism still prohibits images of God
ldquoYou shall not make for yourself a divine image with any form that is in the heavens above or that is in the earth below or that is in the water below the earthrdquo (Exodus 204)
Slide 7
The Chosen PeopleThe Chosen Peoplebull special relationship to God
bull Godrsquos chose the Hebrews to be his people
bull ldquocovenantrdquobull developed into belief that
this was in fact the only God
bull strict monotheismbull Tension chosenness and
God for everyonebull special mission
bull higher standard than other peoples
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 5
Monotheism in JudaismMonotheism in Judaism
bull first to develop monotheism
bull belief in 1 Godbull monotheism
developed gradually from henotheism
bull Abraham thought there were many gods
bull Jews worshipped 1 non-local god
Slide 6
Representations of God in Judaism
Representations of God in Judaism
bull Jewish god is invisible
bull God claimed to be beyond imagination
bull unusual among surrounding
bull Judaism still prohibits images of God
ldquoYou shall not make for yourself a divine image with any form that is in the heavens above or that is in the earth below or that is in the water below the earthrdquo (Exodus 204)
Slide 7
The Chosen PeopleThe Chosen Peoplebull special relationship to God
bull Godrsquos chose the Hebrews to be his people
bull ldquocovenantrdquobull developed into belief that
this was in fact the only God
bull strict monotheismbull Tension chosenness and
God for everyonebull special mission
bull higher standard than other peoples
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 6
Representations of God in Judaism
Representations of God in Judaism
bull Jewish god is invisible
bull God claimed to be beyond imagination
bull unusual among surrounding
bull Judaism still prohibits images of God
ldquoYou shall not make for yourself a divine image with any form that is in the heavens above or that is in the earth below or that is in the water below the earthrdquo (Exodus 204)
Slide 7
The Chosen PeopleThe Chosen Peoplebull special relationship to God
bull Godrsquos chose the Hebrews to be his people
bull ldquocovenantrdquobull developed into belief that
this was in fact the only God
bull strict monotheismbull Tension chosenness and
God for everyonebull special mission
bull higher standard than other peoples
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 7
The Chosen PeopleThe Chosen Peoplebull special relationship to God
bull Godrsquos chose the Hebrews to be his people
bull ldquocovenantrdquobull developed into belief that
this was in fact the only God
bull strict monotheismbull Tension chosenness and
God for everyonebull special mission
bull higher standard than other peoples
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
An Ethnic ReligionAn Ethnic Religion
bull Judaism has functioned both as an ethnic group and a religion
bull Many people today consider themselves Jews solely because of their familial relations and not because of any religious beliefs or practices they follow
bull The rest of the world in its turn has tended to regard Jews the same way
bull Compare Hinduism Shinto Daoismbull More so in Judaism because it has
been a minority religion
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 9
The Sacred in HistoryThe Sacred in Historybull Other religions had myths
and legends stories of creation and the interaction of important ancestors with the gods
bull Judaism made these interactions a continuing saga of Godrsquos relationship to his chosen people
bull History doesnrsquot move in cycles it is linear
bull it had a beginning bull It will some day have an end
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
OrthopraxyOrthopraxybull concern for the peoplersquos ongoing relationship to God bull Not so much what individuals believed about God bull But how the community related to God bull most important facet of Judaism became not orthodoxy or correct belief but
orthopraxy or correct practice
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 11
Jewish TheologyJewish Theologybull Being a good Jew is mostly
about following Jewish law not about believing anything in particular about God
bull theology (literally the study of God) is not as important as in Christianity
bull Still Jews have at times articulated Jewish beliefs about God
bull One of the most famous of these articulations is the ldquoThirteen Principles of Faithrdquo authored by Moses Maimonides a rabbi who lived in the twelfth century CE in Spain
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 12
Thirteen Principles of FaithThirteen Principles of Faith
1 God is Creator and Guide2 God is One in a unique Way3 God does not have a physical form4 God is eternal5 God and God alone is to be worshiped6 God is all-knowing7 God gives rewards and punishments8 God has revealed his will through the prophets9 Moses is the greatest of the prophets10 The Torah was revealed to Moses11 The Torah is eternal and unchanging12 The Messiah will come13 The dead will be resurrected
(Moses Maimonides 13th C)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
bull Blowinrsquo in the Wind
Paul Simon amp Art GarfunkelPaul Simon amp Art Garfunkel
1httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=kZ425RKCqco
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 14
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
Summary Basic Principles of Judaism
bull Judaism is best known as the first monotheistic religion
bull Jews developed the doctrine of monotheism gradually over their early history
bull Judaism is both an ethnic group and a religion and the two identities are brought together in the belief that Jews are ldquothe chosen peoplerdquo
bull God is believed to be actively involved in historical events in Judaism sometimes in a way that permanently changes the relationship between God and Godrsquos people
bull Judaism is a religion of orthopraxis valuing ritual and the keeping of Godrsquos laws over holding particular beliefs about God
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Judaism Part 1 ndash up to the ExileJudaism Part 1 ndash up to the Exile
1 What is the significance of Canaan and where is it today2 What is monotheism How does it define Judaism3 What was Abrahamrsquos Covenant with God4 What did Moses contribute to Judaism after his
meeting with God on Mount Sinai5 What is the Torah6 Who are Saul David and Solomon and what did they do to help establish a Jewish homeland7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Possible Exam Question
Possible Exam Question
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and
the ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c)
fortunes
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 18
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible is composed of many of the same books as the Christian Old Testament
bull The Hebrew Bible consists of three major sections the most important of which is the Torah or first five books of the Bible
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 19
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull Torah or Pentateuch Books of Mosesbull Nevirsquoim ldquoprophetsrdquobull Ketuvim ldquowritingsrdquo
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 20
The Jewish ScripturesThe Jewish Scriptures
bull The Hebrew Bible was written between approximately 900 and 200 BCE
bull The Talmud which is an interpretation of the Torah is regarded as authoritative by the Jewish religion
bull The Talmud sometimes called the ldquooral Torahrdquo brings the Torah into conversation with continuing events in the life of the Jewish people via the practice of midrash or ldquoreading scripture forwardrdquo to find its significance for present times
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 21
ProverbsProverbsbull Introduces us to the Material convictions worldview shared by
Jews Christians Muslims alikebull Proverbs 1215 ldquoFools think their own way is right the wise listen to
advicerdquobull Same kind of thing we would say today Sounds the same meaning a bit
differentbull Divides people into two categories Fool or wisebull An Observation ndash this is not a command
bull Proverbs 1216 ldquoFools show their anger at once but the prudent ignore an insultrdquo
bull Two groups of people (1) principled (2) immediate momentbull Proverbs 1219 Truthful lips endure forever but a lying tongue lasts only
a momentbull 1221 No harm comes to the righteous but the wicked are filled with
troublebull 1222 Lying lips are an abomination faithful are his delight
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 22
Proverbsrsquo View of RealityProverbsrsquo View of Reality
bull Concerns are universal not nation-specificbull Israel is not mentioned at all
bull Concerns are with this life not the afterlifebull With the way of wisdom-created world
bull Stresses importance of human choicebull Like Islam Sayyed Hossein Nasr Everything in the Universe
is Muslim except for Manbull Wise=righteous will prosper foolish=wicked do notbull Godrsquos wisdom is reflected in the moral order as in the
physical orderbull ldquoThe fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdomrdquo
bull Wisdom begins by taking God into account
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 23
Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)Choice (in Proverbsrsquo worldview)
bull Not a fork in the road and no one to tell us one is right and one is wrong
bull Rather a beautiful intricate rug amp a child with muddy boots
bull It is appropriate to take the boots off
bull We didnrsquot make the world it was made a certain way we didnrsquot determine
bull Will we respect the way the world is made
bull Will we be insensitive stupid mean
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 26
Forever YoungForever Youngbull May God bless and keep you
alwaysMay your wishes all come trueMay you always do for othersAnd let others do for youMay you build a ladder to the starsAnd climb on every rungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May you grow up to be righteousMay you grow up to be trueMay you always know the truthAnd see the lights surrounding you
May you always be courageousStand upright and be strongMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
bull May your hands always be busyMay your feet always be swiftMay you have a strong foundationWhen the winds of changes shiftMay your heart always be joyfulMay your song always be sungMay you stay forever youngForever young forever youngMay you stay forever young
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 27
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
Torah Case Study 1 Genesis 1-11
bull Creation good way goodbull Paradise everything idealbull Flood (Noah)
bull Gen 821 Irsquom not going to curse them Why Not because theyrsquore good but because evil is their nature
bull Believe in these stories literally or not
bull Some do some donrsquot Even early interpreters were divided
bull These stories tell us important things about the human condition
bull Important convictions are told by the way of story
bull The Vision of Reality in Genesis 1-11 hellip
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 28
1 The universe is created by God and good
1 The universe is created by God and good
bull Huston Smith on ldquothe little word lsquoveryrsquo gives a lilt to the entire religion The Jews refused to abandon the physical aspects of existence as illusory defective or unimportant Fresh as the morning of creation they were to be relished with zest
bull In Jewish faith there is a strict division of creation and creator
bull Donrsquot worship nature (Mother Earth) She is sister earth a creature as we are
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 29
2 Humans are created in the image of God
2 Humans are created in the image of God
(Genesis 127) What does the ldquoimagerdquo implybull God rules all so people are
given rule over the rest of Godrsquos earthly creation (Dominion in 128)
bull OR People are made with a capacity to enjoy God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR people can serve God in ways other creatures cannot
bull OR People can reflect Godrsquos character in ways that other creatures cannot
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 30
3 Humans are created male and female
3 Humans are created male and female
bull For companionship (218)
bull Propagation (128)bull Marriage and family
are divine institutions part of the lsquoorderrsquo of creation
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 31
4 Humans remain creatures4 Humans remain creatures
bull Humans remain dependent on God
bull They need to recognize their limits
bull One command to remind of limitations
bull Tower of Babel
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 32
5 Human existence is spoiled5 Human existence is spoiled
bull Human existence and all creation is spoiled by human pretensions of autonomy
bull When they think they can make their own rules hellip
bull when they try to do what they themselves want independently from God hellip
bull When humans choose their own interests not those of creation hellip
bull Jews think people have an evil inclination (Genesis 65) and a good inclination with a constant struggle
bull People can overcome the evil inclinationbull Thatrsquos why the solution is guidance
regarding what to do It is not beyond you
bull Christians say humans cannot help but sin
bull It is such a part of human nature
bull A more pessimistic problem a more radical solution
bull Islam forgetfulness is the problem in principle we can do it when reminded
bull Adam repented and became a prophet
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 33
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
5 Human existence is spoiled (continued)
bull Chaim Pearlbull ldquoOur stories imply that man has a tendency to
sin But that is very different from the concept that he has the destiny to sinrdquo
bull Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (kaballist)bull ldquoMans inclinations are therefore balanced
between good (Yetzer HaTov) and evil (Yetzer HaRa) and he is not compelled toward either of them He has the power of choice and is able to choose either side knowingly and willinglyrdquo
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 34
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
6 Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation
bull Godrsquos commitment to the goodness of creation is expressed both in divine judgement and in redemptionbull He wonrsquot allow it to be spoiled by humansbull God is merciful compassionate patient
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 35
Possible Test QuestionsPossible Test Questions
bull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo bull What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaism
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 36
TorahTorahbull Means ldquoguidance instruction
lawrdquobull Used for
bull All revelation (all God says to humans)
bull The Pentateuch (Genesis Exod Leviticus Numbers Deut)
bull Sum of all the commandments God is believed to have given Moses on Mt Sinai Includes
bull ldquowritten Torahrdquo in Exodus Leviticus some in Numbers and Deuteronomy
bull Supplemented by ldquoOral Torahrdquobull Torah is to be the law for a whole
community A community cannon have various implementations Not every detail is given (what is work) Adapt Torah to new situations
bull Includes Halachah and Haggadah
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 37
Gotta Serve SomebodyGotta Serve Somebody
You may be an ambassador to England or FranceYou may like to gamble you might like to danceYou may be the heavyweight champion of the worldYou may be a socialite with a long string of pearlsBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou might be a rock rsquonrsquo roll addict prancing on the stageYou might have drugs at your command women in a cageYou may be a businessman or some high-degree thiefThey may call you Doctor or they may call you ChiefBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a state trooper you might be a young TurkYou may be the head of some big TV networkYou may be rich or poor you may be blind or lameYou may be living in another country under another nameBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a construction worker working on a homeYou may be living in a mansion or you might live in a domeYou might own guns and you might even own tanksYou might be somebodyrsquos landlord you might even own banksBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeed
Yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may be a preacher with your spiritual prideYou may be a city councilman taking bribes on the sideYou may be workinrsquo in a barbershop you may know how to cut hairYou may be somebodyrsquos mistress may be somebodyrsquos heirBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyMight like to wear cotton might like to wear silkMight like to drink whiskey might like to drink milkYou might like to eat caviar you might like to eat breadYou may be sleeping on the floor sleeping in a king-sized bedBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyYou may call me Terry you may call me TimmyYou may call me Bobby you may call me ZimmyYou may call me RJ you may call me RayYou may call me anything but no matter what you sayYoursquore gonna have to serve somebody yes indeedYoursquore gonna have to serve somebodyWell it may be the devil or it may be the LordBut yoursquore gonna have to serve somebody
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes Judaism Part 2 Exile ndash Ghettoes
7 What happened to the Israelites between the reign of Solomon and the building of the second Temple8 What are the three parts of the Hebrew Bible9 How did the Jews fare under Roman rule
10 How did Judaism change as it became synagogue-centered rather than temple-centered after 70 CE11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 41
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Questionbull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament)
as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 42
1 Patriarchal Period1 Patriarchal Period
bull Abraham amp Sarahbull Isaac amp Rebekahbull Jacob amp RachelampLeahbull 12 sons of Jacob (including
Levi Judah Joseph) = the 12 tribes of Israel
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 43
2 Egypt amp the Exodus2 Egypt amp the Exodusbull Moses amp Aaron
bull (typical protest against his call but even more than usual)
bull Pharaoh doesnrsquot know God
bull Plagues
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 44
3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai3 Wilderness amp Mt Sinai
bull Moses amp Aaronbull Lawsbull Instructions for tabernacle carried out
sanctuarybull How unbelieving Israel was ndash God kept
coming throughbull Jews see this as their past but
also their presentbull Eg Abraham gets promises of people
amp land but does not possess people or land
bull Or story of wilderness donrsquot be like that generation in the wilderness because of their unbelief
bull Warning of prosperity and danger of pride Depend on God Donrsquot adopt religions of other nations
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 45
4 Conquest amp Settlement4 Conquest amp Settlement
bull Joshua amp Judges (Also Deborah Gideon Samson Samuel)
bull People who deliver them when they cry out from oppression
bull A repeated cyclebull Finally they demand a
king
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 46
5 United Monarchy5 United Monarchybull Kings Saul David
Solomonbull Saul disobeys God
bull The lineage is taken from him
bull God makes a commitment to David (2 Samuel 7)
bull Your sons will be on the throne forever
bull Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem
bull Has women trouble foreign gods
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 47
6 Divided Monarchy6 Divided Monarchybull Northern Kingdom
(Israel)bull Capital came to be in
Samariabull Various dynasties
bull Southern Kingdom (Judah)
bull David captured Jerusalembull Davidic dynasty 400 years
bull Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BCE
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 48
7 Judah Alone7 Judah Alonebull Jerusalem fell to
the Babylonians in 587 or 586 BCE
bull After a series of prophets had warned them to reform their ways
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 49
8 Babylonian Exile8 Babylonian Exilebull Nebuchadnezzar (-
538) captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple
bull Deported Jewish population to Babylon
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 50
9 Postexilic Period9 Postexilic Periodbull Persian king Cyrus
conquered the Babylonians
bull Cyrus allowed Jews to return to their home land
bull Ezra (scribe) Nehemiah (rebuilt Jerusalemrsquos walls)
bull 515 BCE- Second Temple period begins
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 51
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Drama of the relationship of God with humanity
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 53
Possible Test QuestionPossible Test Question
bull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism bull Amosbull Isaiah
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 54
ProphecyProphecybull Prophet intermediary figure
bull convey messages from supernatural world to humans
bull intuitive mediation not inductive mediation (divination)
bull divine commission (eg Amos Jonah)
bull more than foretelling the futurebull Social justice important but not what
makes them prophetsbull ldquoWe canrsquot bear to hear the Lord directly
you go and tell us what he saidrdquobull prophets in Israel
bull Moses (prototype)bull Samuel (also a judge)bull Nathan (a court prophet 2 Samuel 11-12)bull Elijah ndash Ahab amp Naboth (1 Kings 21)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 55
David amp NathanDavid amp Nathanbull But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord 12 1 and the Lord
sent Nathan to David He came to him and said to him ldquoThere were two men in a certain city the one rich and the other poor 2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds 3 but the poor man had nothing but one little ewe lamb which he had bought He brought it up and it grew up with him and with his children it used to eat of his meager fare and drink from his cup and lie in his bosom and it was like a daughter to him 4 Now there came a traveler to the rich man and he was loath to take one of his own flock or herd to prepare for the wayfarer who had come to him but he took the poor manrsquos lamb and prepared that for the guest who had come to himrdquo 5 Then Davidrsquos anger was greatly kindled against the man He said to Nathan ldquoAs the Lord lives the man who has done this deserves to die 6 he shall restore the lamb fourfold because he did this thing and because he had no pityrdquo
bull 7 Nathan said to David ldquoYou are the man rdquo 2 Samuel 1127-1215
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 56
Amos c 750 BCEAmos c 750 BCEbull first prophet with written
bookbull Shepherd from South
(Judah) with message for the North (Israel)
bull Foretold destruction of Northern Kingdom
bull Offended people by parodying and dismissing their piety
bull Alas for you who desire the ldquoday of the Lordrdquo (when deliverance would come)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 57
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull denounces Israelrsquos neighbours for crimes against humanitybull delights Israel then moves on to condemn Israel too bull ldquoYou have no special immunityrdquo
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me O people of Israel says the Lord Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 58
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Amos 31-2 ndash your
special relationship means a special responsibility
Hear this word that the Lord has spoken against you O people of Israel against the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt You only have I known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 59
Amosrsquo MessageAmosrsquo Messagebull Pronounced
pending doom on religious people lacking a social conscience
bull Chapter 6 beds of ivory sing idle songs drink wine but are not grieved
Amos 521-24I hate I despise your festivals and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings I will not accept them and the offerings of well-being of your fatted animals I will not look upon Take away from me the noise of your songs I will not listen to the melody of your harps But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 60
Summary of AmosSummary of Amosbull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations
(Edomites etc)bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practices
social justicebull Only when they had compassion on the poor
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 61
ldquoMajorrdquo ProphetsldquoMajorrdquo Prophetsbull Two of the ldquomajorrdquo
prophets are assigned for this course
bull The difference between ldquomajorrdquo and ldquominorrdquo prophets is the length of the books
bull Isaiah active before 722 BCE (for over 40 years)
bull Commissioning ndash told in Isaiah 6 vision of Lord in the temple seraphim Holy Holy Holy
bull Whom will I send I will Nobody will listen
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 62
Isaiah 110-17Isaiah 110-17bull Sodom amp Gomorrah were
sinful cities (see Genesis 18amp19) destroyed before Isaiahrsquos time
bull Who are Sodom amp Gomorrah for him Sinners in general Jerusalem
bull Expect the same kind of judgement as SampG
bull Your offerings are abominations learn to do good amp seek justice
bull God is looking for justice failing that he is not interested in religiosity of people who oppress
Hear the word of the Lord you rulers of Sodom Listen to the teaching of our God you people of Gomorrah What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices says the Lord I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of goats When you come to appear before me who asked this from your hand Trample my courts no more bringing offerings is futile incense is an abomination to me New moon and sabbath and calling of convocationmdash I cannot endure solemn assemblies with iniquity Your new moons and your appointed festivals my soul hates they have become a burden to me I am weary of bearing them When you stretch out your hands I will hide my eyes from you even though you make many prayers I will not listen your hands are full of blood Wash yourselves make yourselves clean remove the evil of your doings from before my eyes cease to do evil learn to do good seek justice rescue the oppressed defend the orphan plead for the widow
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 63
Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheismbull Modern scholars
have called the religion of the prophets ldquoethical monotheismrdquo
bull contrast to Torahbull against Temple cultbull God not interested in
religious ritual
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 64
Isaiah 5Isaiah 5bull Song of the
Vineyardbull Produced sour grapes ndash
I canrsquot do anything for it anymore
bull Looked for righteousness found oppression
For the vineyard of the Lord of hosts is the house of Israel and the people of Judah are his pleasant planting he expected justice but saw bloodshed righteousness but heard a cry
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 65
Isaiah 111-9Isaiah 111-9
Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 66
International Holocaust Memorial Day
International Holocaust Memorial Day
bull wwwnfbcafilmbehind_the_swastika_nazi_atrocities
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 67
ReviewReviewbull Amos c 750 BCE Shepherd from the South (Judah) with a
message for the North (Israel)bull Amosrsquo Message
bull Insistence that God is concerned about justice for all nations (Edomites etc)
bull Israelrsquos special relationship entails special responsibilitiesbull Religious worship was acceptable only when they practiced social
justicebull Ethical Monotheismbull Isaiah before 722 BCE
bull Isaiah 6 Commissioning in the templebull Isaiah 110-17 God is looking for justice rather than religiositybull Isaiah 5 Song of the Vineyard Looked for righteousness found
oppressionbull Isaiah 111-9 Paradise restored when Davidic king is reinstalled
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 73
Oral TorahOral Torahbull Halakhah
bull Tells people what they should dobull Spells out precise terms of Israelrsquos obligations under the covenant
bull Haggadahbull Narratives illustrating and encouraging proper behaviour
bull Collections of ldquoOral Torahrdquo includebull Mishnahbull Talmud(s) ndash Babylonian and Palestinianbull Midrashim ndash commentaries on biblical books containing both halakhah and haggadah
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 74
MishnahMishnahbull A collections of laws ndash hard
reading ndash concise formulaicbull Majoring in minors Eg Donrsquot do
any work What constitutes ldquoworkrdquo The main classes of work are hellip separating two threads
bull This is how we serve God ndash by submitting every detail to Him
bull Most famous section Avot (or Aboth or Pirke Avot)
bull Near the beginning of Avot On three things the world stands On Torah Worship (Service) and Loving Deeds
bull It is our part to be faithful even if we donrsquot understand
bull The fear of God comes before wisdom
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 75
The Jewish DiasporaThe Jewish Diasporabull dispersion from the land of Israel
bull transition from temple and sacrifice to synagogue and scripture
bull Jews settled throughout Europe and the Middle East
bull split into Ashkenazim and Sephardim with different languages and customs
bull mystical tradition Kabbalah developed in Middle Ages in Europe
bull stigmatized minority religion in Europe led Jews
bull to develop Hasidismbull look forward to coming of Messiah
bull redefine Judaism to make it fit European culture
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 76
Cultural Context of JudaismCultural Context of Judaism
bull minority religionbull anti-Semitism
bull most viciously from Christians who blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
bull prevented from bull owning land bull Certain professions
bull segregated neighborhoods ldquoghettoesrdquo
bull Persecutionbull Holocaust Nazi Germany
eradicate European Jews claiming racial inferiority
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
Judaism Part 3 Hope for return Talmud Hasidism Forms of Judaism Choice
11 What is the purpose of the Talmud12 What impact did Islam have on the evolution of Judaism
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 80
Judaism in AmericaJudaism in America
bull More Jews now live in the US than anywhere else in the world
bull Jews immigrated to the United States in two major waves bull 1 from Germany mid 19th centurybull 2 from Eastern Europe and Russia late 19th
amp early 20th centuries
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 81
Modern JudaismModern Judaismbull Premodern Rabbinic Judaism
bull ldquoUltra-Orthodoxrdquobull embraced every aspect of life bull offered haven from gentile restrictions
bull modern world lets Jews share its citizenship
bull modern forms of Judaism draw line between secular and religious
bull allow Jews to participate in both worldsbull Forms of modern Judaism each
preserves an essential core of Judaism
bull Reformbull Conservativebull Orthodoxbull Reconstructionist
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 82
Ultra-OrthodoxUltra-Orthodoxbull Recapture premodern bull Reject separation secular and religiousbull no compromises with the secular worldbull Jewish way of life totally separate not only
from the gentile world but also from modernizing forms of Judaism
bull segregating bull every aspect of life is governed by supernatural belief
and traditional ritualbull Some Jerusalem neighborhoods close off the streets
to traffic every Friday in strict observance of the Sabbath
bull deprivatizing Judaismbull rejects pluralism
bull only one truth one way of life to which all Jews must bull to keep the covenantmdashonly one waybull does not permit a Jew to parcel out his or her life into
separatebull Nor does it permit men and women to
redefine their gender roles in new and lsquoliberatingrsquo ways
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 83
ReformReformbull European Enlightenment Jews are
human toobull Secular states how to be Jew and
citizenbull Partial assimilationbull centre of Judaism is ethics
bull ritual practices and belief in supernatural phenomena are negotiable
bull User vernacular languagebull Abandon kosherbull Reject Talmud as revealed truth itrsquos human traditionbull Reject idea of messiah itrsquos a messianic agebull Reject return to Israel itrsquos religiouse communitybull Accept and embrace change in Judaism
bull men and women sit together for services led by a female rabbi
bull May have mixed marriage who celebrates both Hanukkah and Christmas
bull extended this ritual now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant) to female children as well
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 84
OrthodoxOrthodoxbull Reaction to Reform Judaismbull Continues premodern Judaismbull Resists change
bull Revealed Torah is unchangingbull Prayers in Hebrewbull Literal Messiahbull Insist on Talmudbull ldquoNext year in Jerusalemrdquobull neither rituals or supernatural beliefs are
negotiable but it is still permissible for Jews to live some parts of life (education employment etc) in the secular world
bull male and female worshippers must be segregated and the rabbi is necessarily male
bull knitted yarmulke (skullcap worn at home and at work)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 85
ConservativeConservativebull historically ethnic people that included
but was not limited to the religious dimension
bull Orthodox way of life reform worldviewbull Liberal regarding thought conservative
regarding following Torah and Talmudic law
bull rituals are not negotiable but supernatural beliefs are
bull ordaining women for more than two decades some Conservative synagogues still choose to separate their congregations by gender
bull May drive to synagogue every Sabbathbull extended bar mitzvah to female
children as well now called the bat mitzvah (daughter of the commandments or covenant)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 86
ReconstructionistReconstructionistbull less prominent than the three
main strands of modern Judaism bull America in the 1930s by Mordecai
Kaplan bull almost completely secular bull the religion of Jewish civilization
bull not supernatural embodiment of the ideals and group identity of a culture
bull traditional rituals was an important means of preserving the identity of Jewish civilization
bull improving the individualrsquos life and working for the progress of society
bull Small numbers
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Judaism Part 5Judaism Part 5
19 How does Jerusalem serve as a central theme in Judaism
20 What is the Zionist movement What was its main goal
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 89
Zionism amp the State of IsraelZionism amp the State of Israel
bull Zionist Movement inspired creation of state of Israel
bull first leader of Zionist Movement Theodor Herzl a secular Jew
bull Other possible Jewish homelands were considered by the Zionist Movement
bull Israel came to be in present form through series of directives from Great Britain amp UN and persistent conflicts with Arab neighbours
bull Religious and political conflict persist within Israel today not only between Jews and non-Jews but between different sorts of Jews
bull Any Jew anywhere in the world is welcome to move to Israel and become a citizen
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
BBCrsquos Birth of IsraelBBCrsquos Birth of Israel
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 92
Jewish PracticeJewish Practicebull Jews pray and worship both at home and at synagoguebull Communal prayer requires the presence of a minyan (ten
Jews)bull The Sabbath is the most important Jewish holiday and is
celebrated every week as a day of restbull A portion of the Torah is read each week in synagogue
servicesbull Jews respect certain dietary rules known as the laws of
kashrut (kosher)bull Many Jews do not pray regularly observe the Sabbath
attend synagogue or keep a kosher diet but they are still regarded as Jews
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 93
Jewish Rites of PassageJewish Rites of Passage
bull Jews bring their children into the covenant that God made with Abraham through special services for infants brit milah for boys and naming services for girls
bull Sons are welcomed into the covenant as infants via circumcision
bull Jews mourn the deaths of their close relatives by sitting shivah and reciting a special prayer for a year after the death
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 94
Bar MitzvahBar Mitzvahbull Coming-of-age services (bar
mitzvah and bat mitzvah) mark a transition into religious adulthood for Jews
bull The many obligations placed upon Jews according to Jewish law are reserved for adults but traditionally Jewish children become adults at a comparatively young age thirteen
bull The bar mitzvah service officially recognizes a boyrsquos religious coming-of-age
bull After his bar mitzvah a Jewish boy if he is observant is expected to wear tallit and tefillin and to pray three times a day
bull Recently coming-of-age services have been established for girls (bat mitzvah)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 95
MarriageMarriagebull A Jewish marriage
contract is called a ldquoketubahrdquo
bull Jewish weddings include seven blessings and the breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Second Temple and take place under a canopy
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Judaism Part 4 HolidaysJudaism Part 4 Holidays
15 What is the importance of the Jewish Sabbath
16 What are the most sacred of the High Holy Days during the Jewish religious year
17 What three laws take precedent over the
preservation of a human life18 What does being kosher mean
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 97
Jewish HolidaysJewish Holidays
bull lunar calendar corrected each year to stay synchronized with solar calendar
bull major Jewish holidays are both seasonal celebrations and commemorations of historical events
bull most recently created Jewish holiday Yom Hashoah commemoration of Holocaust and those who died in it
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 98
ldquoHigh Holy DaysrdquoldquoHigh Holy Daysrdquobull The most important holidaysbull begin with Rosh Hashanah
bull New Yearrsquos usually in Septemberbull blowing of the shofar ramrsquos hornbull must attend synagogue so names will be
put down in book of life for next yearbull happy day celebrated with sweet foods
like apples and honeybull Yom Kippur
bull ldquoDay of Atonementrdquo bull most solemn day of the yearbull 10 days after Rosh Hashanahbull adult Jews
bull fast from sundown to sundownbull attend synagogue bull collectively apologize to God for all the
wrongs they have committed in the past year
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 99
Minor Jewish HolidaysMinor Jewish Holidaysbull minor Jewish holidays commemorate events in Jewish historybull Hanukkah
bull Decemberbull most famous bull became important to give Jewish children a holiday full of gifts and lights
like Christmasbull Purim
bull Late winter bull honours Queen Esther and her cousin Mordechai bull fended off a persecution of the Jews in Mesopotamia bull Book of Esther read aloud in the synagogue bull Whenever the villain Haman is mentioned the congregation reacts with
boos and hisses and the grinding sound of noisemakers called graggers bull Carnivals Children dress up as heroes and villains of the tale or in other
costumes games mask making and dancing
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 101
Women in JudaismWomen in Judaismbull Women have played important roles in Jewish history
as recorded in the Hebrew scripturesbull Many Jewish laws do not apply to womenbull The laws of niddah or sexual purity are a special
obligation for Jewish womenbull Jewish marriage law protects a womanrsquos rights in
marriage but limits her opportunities for divorcebull Jewish feminists have recently challenged and often
changed Jewish tradition to make more room for female participation leadership and equality with men
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 102
Midterm test question possibilities for JudaismMidterm test question
possibilities for Judaismbull Multiple Choice (on textbook and lectures)bull Passage Identification (on scripture readings and lectures) Proverbs
Genesis Exodus Psalms Amos Isaiahbull Paragraph questions (on lectures and textbook)
bull Discuss briefly the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament) as a drama of the relationship of God with humanity
bull What is in each of the three parts of the Jewish scripturesbull What according to Proverbs are the differences between the ldquowiserdquo and the
ldquofoolishrdquo in terms of their (a) thinking (b) behaviour and (c) fortunesbull What view of human nature and potential is reflected in the first three chapters of
Genesisbull What is meant by ldquoTorahrdquo What role does ldquoTorahrdquo play in Judaismbull Summarize the message of the following prophets to their contemporaries and the
themes in their prophecies that are important in Judaism Amos Isaiahbull How do the major groupings of contemporary Judaism differ in practice and beliefsbull List as many of Moses Maimonidesrsquo 13 articles as you can remember and explain
them in a sentence or two each
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 109
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
bull (Covenant Faith Monotheism)1 There is at the root and heart of all that
exists distinct from all that exists but creating and sustaining a goodness that is both personal and awesome the goodness of the living God
2 Human beings are moral beings who can do good or evil right or wrong
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 110
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
Quotations from Abrahamic Faiths
bull Abraham Heschel Jewish philosopherbull ldquoThere is only one way to wisdom -- awe Forfeit your sense of awe let your conceit diminish
your ability to revere and the universe becomes a market place for yourdquo (Abraham)bull ldquoThere is no worship no music no love if we take for granted the blessings or defeats of
living No routine of the social physical or physiological order must dull our sense of surprise at the fact that there is a social a physical or a physiological orderrdquo (God in Search of Man)
bull Samuel Johnson 1751bull ldquonothing can afford any rational tranquillity but the conviction that however we amuse
ourselves with unideal sounds nothing in reality is governed by chance but that the universe is under the perpetual superintendance of Him who created it that our being is in the hands of omnipotent Goodness by whom what appears casual to us is directed for ends ultimately kind and merciful and that nothing can finally hurt him who debars not himself from the Divine favourrdquo
bull Koran 56bull ldquoYou surely know of the First Creation Why then do you not reflect Consider the seeds
you grow Is it you that give them growth or We If We pleased We could turn your harvest into chaff so that filled with wonder you would exclaim lsquoWe are laden with debts Surely we have been robbedrsquordquo
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 111
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
3 God has communicated with human beings (ldquorevelationrdquo)
bull Jews Christians Muslims all believe in divine revelation though with differences in method recipients when
bull The world is good but our practical experience is that something has gone wrong so he will try to fix it One way is to communicate to help us fix it
bull Seyyed Hossein Nasrbull Although the starting point of the conception of man in
Christianity as Islam is different the end result is in this sense the same in that both believe in the necessity of revelation to save
bull Jews view the Torah as a gift
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 112
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
4 God has intervened in human history in extraordinary ways to achieve his purposes (miracles)
bull Miraculous divine interventionsbull Revelation of Torah Exodusbull Incarnation of Jesusbull The angel Gabriel reveals Qurrsquoan to Muhammed
bull Of course they knew the laws of nature ie what is normal Thatrsquos how they could know otherwise is miraculous
bull He doesnrsquot do it all the time or it would be normal But he can act in ways out of the ordinary
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)
Slide 113
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
Common convictions of Abrahamic Faiths
5 History will have a happy endingbull It is inevitable that the righteous triumphbull God is good God is unstoppablebull Hallelujah Chorus celebration of the triumph of God
bull Hallelujah for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth (Revelation 196)
bull The kingdom of this world is become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ and he shall reign for ever and ever (Revelation 1115)
bull KING OF KINGS LORD OF LORDS (Revelation 1916)