juglans in italy (ducci) - uni-freiburg.deregia, juglans nigra and hybrids. an other dangerous...
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CostCost Action E42Action E42GrowingGrowing ValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved TreeTree SpeciesSpecies
WG1 Workshop on WG1 Workshop on GeneticsGeneticsLeuvenLeuven –– BelgiumBelgiumApril 20th 2006April 20th 2006
Recent developments in the selection Recent developments in the selection and breeding programme on and breeding programme on JuglansJuglans
sppspp. in Italy . in Italy
FulvioFulvio DucciDucci*, Maria Emilia *, Maria Emilia MalvoltiMalvolti****
*CRA – Issel, Centre for Research on Silviculture – Lab. Forest Genetic Resources
**CNR – Ibaf, Institute for Agro-Environmental and Forestry Biology
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2Cost Action E-42
CRA CRA –– IsselIssel & & CNRCNR--IbafIbafare synergic on Walnuts since 1986are synergic on Walnuts since 1986
They are based in central Italy and can operate in the wholenational territory.
CRA –ISSEL, Arezzo
CNR – IBAF Porano
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3Cost Action E-42
StartedStarted in in ’’80s 80s withwith setset--asideasideprogrammesprogrammes, , plantationsplantations withwith noble noble
hardwoods hardwoods continuedcontinued in the in the frameworkframework of the EU of the EU regulationregulation
2080/92.2080/92.
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4Cost Action E-42
About 150 000 ha
have been planted between
1985 and 2001.
70%
of seedlings used were
Walnuts
together with other hardwoods.
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5Cost Action E-42
The The mostmost importantimportant business business hashasbeenbeen forfor the nursery system:the nursery system:
aboutabout50 Millions 50 Millions €€Were Were spentspent forfor
propagation material supplypropagation material supply
This investment This investment justifiedjustified anan intensive action intensive action forforbreedingbreeding and and improvementimprovement
of the of the mostmost valuablevaluable speciesspecies in in EuropeEurope
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6Cost Action E-42
WalnutWalnut, a , a multipurposemultipurpose speciesspecies
J.regia: •Pollination by wind & insects
•Self pollination excluded in temperate climate
•Scattered near farms on small groups or by single tree,
•Hardly eroded genetically: preserving best materials is urgently requested.
•High maternal inheritance for manytraits:adaptative and phenotypic.
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7Cost Action E-42
Α. Typical radial Β. Typical tangential C. Tangential, dark heartwood
D. Typical forking figure Ε. Typical root figure F. Irregular figure Basic figures of walnut veneers
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8Cost Action E-42
CRA ISSEL and CNR IBAF CRA ISSEL and CNR IBAF developeddeveloped reserchreserch strategiesstrategies on on walnutswalnutsin order to:in order to:
1.1. Survey resources and their genetic Survey resources and their genetic variationvariation and and relationshipsrelationships withwith the the easterneastern populationspopulations;;
2.2. Preserve and investigate the Italian gene pool, severely Preserve and investigate the Italian gene pool, severely eroded;eroded;
3.3. Start the selection and improvement of basic materials as Start the selection and improvement of basic materials as populations, parental trees, seed populations, parental trees, seed orchardsorchards;;
4.4. Look for new valuable variation Look for new valuable variation sourcessources..
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9Cost Action E-42
11. . SurveySurvey of of resourcesresources and and theirtheirgeneticgenetic variationvariation and and relationshipsrelationships
withwith easterneastern populationspopulations
From a fruit cropstatus to… …..a habitus
suitable for forest purposes
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10Cost Action E-42
Indigenous area of J. regia L. specie
Current distribution of J.regia L.specie
The common walnut is native in Eurasian Continent.
Its origin is probably the mountains of North-central Asia, Western and Eastern Himalayas and China. The diffusion was mainly due to Asian and
European ancient populations along the silk roads.
Walnuts were spread by humans into western Europe since prehistoric times, but did not reach England until perhaps the fifteen or sixteenth century.
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11Cost Action E-42
ExplorationExploration and and ResourceResource PreservationPreservation in western in western EuropeEurope
Since 1987 Analysis of genetic resources (National and FAIR R&D) :
a) in Italy, Europe and Euroasian continentb) on French inter-specific hybrids J. nigra x regia;c) Evaluation of diversity between and within fruit
varieties .d) Study of mating system
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12Cost Action E-42
Dominant Markers Codominant markers
Among them ………..Isozymes
RAPDS
ISSR
SSR
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13Cost Action E-42
UPGMA phenogram based on Nei’s pairwise genetic distance showing the relationships among 38 euroasiatic locations
Nei Coefficient0.02 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.16
Mosonmagyaròv
Tibet Xinjiang
RepositoryS. Sunbe
PuydeDome Vienne-Indre
Drome Ain
Ctsatalja Pecs
Melykut Bòny
Tiszakòròd Tszacsècse
Nagyar Mosonmagyaròv
Arcadia WestCreta
Pajaco Avellino Vicenza Sabina Terni
Caserta Treviso Napoli
Ragusa Agrigento Siracusa
Pordenone Udine
Gorizia Alazani
Doucheti Lagodekhi
Laponkouri Batsaraski
Skra
Georgia
Italy
Greece
Hungary
France
China
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14Cost Action E-42
PhiPT tridimensional plot
Hungary
Italy
Georgia
France
Greece
China
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15Cost Action E-42
MainMain ResultsResults fromfrom the the GeneticGenetic AnalysisAnalysis……
Regional samples
Na Ne Sk Ho He
(sd) F
(sd) Subcont.
samples Na Ne Sk Ho He
(sd) F
(sd) NW Spain 2.14 1.62 0.46 0.385 0.382
(0.031) 0.022 (0.017)
Europe 2.24 1.66 0.47 0.380 0.378 (0.021)
0.066 (0.010)
SW France
2.29 1.68 0.47 0.432 0.405 (0.034)
-0.027 (0.017)
SC France 2.14 1.55 0.52 0.319 0.354 (0.039)
0.052 (0.021)
Caucasus 2.43 1.56 0.61 0.345 0.364 (0.022)
0.025 (0.023)
SE France 2.29 1.57 0.56 0.400 0.364 (0.035)
-0.064 (0.033)
S Italy 2.29 1.67 0.48 0.394 0.401 (0.025)
0.013 (0.024)
NW China 2.57 1.94* 0.40 0.519 0.482 (0.015)
-0.040 (0.084)
Italy-Sicily 2.29 1.76 0.41 0.397 0.432 (0.026)
0.067 (0.031)
C Hungary 2.29 1.75 0.42 0.338 0.429 (0.020)
0.185 (0.043)
NE China 2.14 1.84 0.26 0.435 0.457 (0.013)
0.052 (0.088)
E Hungary 2.29 1.54 0.58 0.347 0.349 (0.023)
-0.008 (0.031)
N Greece 2.29 1.70 0.46 0.453 0.412 (0.024)
-0.072 (0.042)
All pop. 2.27 1.68 0.46 0.391 0.402 (0.019)
0.036 (0.012)
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16Cost Action E-42
AMOVA analysis
The AMOVA analysis on 38 locations found out that 70% of the variation was significantly attributed to the variation within population (p<0.001). These results agree with most of phenotypic traits which the highest variation component observedis individual and it is a great advantage for improvement.
AMOVA Analysis
Within Pops.70%
Among Pops.30%
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17Cost Action E-42
Main characteristics of walnut in W-Europe
Strong differentiation of the adaptive traits can be assumed among accessions located in different ecological conditions
The analised populations seem to be subjected to selection processes (especially in relation with biotic and abiotic stresses and human pressure).
No gene flow among populations.
Therefore, we observed an important differentiation within populations because of genetic drift within each one
Walnut populations (whatever are they) are adapted to local environments
Chinese populations appear to conserve a good level of genetic variability and a gene pool different from that of the European populations.The Chinese populations should be preserved in order to maintain genes probably disappeared in Europe.
In spite of it, each considered Country conserves a peculiar amount of genetic diversity
W genetic resources are well adapted to the local environment, may be considered as the gene resource for selection of nut or wood varieties.
An interesting base for breeders and nurseries for reforestation purposes.
Therefore, this was the situation observed:
General Conclusion:
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18Cost Action E-42
The The aboveabove findigsfindigs havehave beenbeenconfirmedconfirmed alsoalso in the in the
frameworkframework of of WW--BrainsBrainsinternationalinternational teststests forfor adaptiveadaptive
traitstraits
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19Cost Action E-42
Site Chiusi EU Walnuts test -2006
The Ponte Rovescio test Site (Chiusi – Siena), aged 10
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20Cost Action E-42
The same knowledge was used at the same time forpreservation, selection and testing activities in Italy
• Exploring new areas and populations
• Phenotypic individual selection
• Establishment of clonal collections
• Establishment of a network of progeny/provenance tests
• Assessing phenotypic and phenology trait variation
FOR SPECIFIC AIMS:
• Testing variation followingdifferent selection pressure forestablishing seed orchards
• Valorising an Italianhybridogenic population
Survey 1999 - 2005Survey 1985 - 1992
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21Cost Action E-42
Example I Example I -- Testing Models for establishing Testing Models for establishing
Walnut Seed OrchardsWalnut Seed Orchards
Materials and methods:2 test (aged 8) were used to compare materials for Central Italy;
•20 to 13 half-sib progenies were tested;
•Their provenance: Alps, Tuscany Apennines, Emilia-Romagna Apennines;
•280 + 212 trees wereexamined;
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22Cost Action E-42
MainMain traitstraits examinedexamined, , whichwhich havehave beenbeen foundfound havinghaving high high maternalmaternal inheritanceinheritance::
-- bud breakbud break (score 1(score 1--7), surveyed on 2 years and averaged 7), surveyed on 2 years and averaged on fixed dates;on fixed dates;
-- heightheight and and height incrementheight increment (cm);(cm);
-- basal diameterbasal diameter (cm) and (cm) and DBHDBH (cm) and increments;(cm) and increments;
-- mean mean branch anglebranch angle (scored: 0 vertical to 7 horizontal);(scored: 0 vertical to 7 horizontal);
-- branch basal diameterbranch basal diameter (cm);(cm);
-- apical dominanceapical dominance (scored: 1 bad to 7 very good);(scored: 1 bad to 7 very good);
-- total number of main branchestotal number of main branches; ;
-- stem formstem form (scored: 1 crooked to 7 straight;(scored: 1 crooked to 7 straight;
-- frost damagesfrost damages (scored 1 very hard to 10 no damages). (scored 1 very hard to 10 no damages).
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23Cost Action E-42
Phenotype traits
Phenology
Scores fordamage intensity
Frost resistanceAfter the selection was carried out on the base of these traits …….
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24Cost Action E-42
……..provenanceprovenance and and progeny field tests were screened for progeny field tests were screened for resistanceresistance//tolerancetolerance toto::
Gnomonia leptostylaGnomonia leptostyla, , Xanthomonas Xanthomonas juglandis juglandis ((leaf bacterial cankerleaf bacterial canker) and ) and bark bark canker bycanker by Phytophthora sppPhytophthora spp. . on on JuglansJuglansregiaregia,, Juglans nigraJuglans nigra and and hybridshybrids..
An otherAn other dangerous diseasedangerous disease, , namednamed ““Stem Stem CankerCanker””, new in , new in ItalyItaly has been recorded has been recorded by Anselmi by Anselmi etet alal.. determined by determined by a a complex complex of of bacterialbacterial and fungi and fungi organismsorganisms..
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25Cost Action E-42
ResultsResults and and ConclusionConclusion::
No significant differences between progenies No significant differences between progenies for growth (H) at age XVfor growth (H) at age XV;;
Differences were significant for diameters and Differences were significant for diameters and very significant forvery significant for phenologyphenology, frost damages, , frost damages, stem form and dominance;stem form and dominance;
Those last four characters are well correlated: Those last four characters are well correlated: late budlate bud--breaking trees can avoid late frosts breaking trees can avoid late frosts and therefore stem form can be better.and therefore stem form can be better.
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26Cost Action E-42
Performance indexes of progenies in both the tests allowed the selection of superior progenies:
PB: site Ponte Buriano
Ficulle: the second site.
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27Cost Action E-42
MultitraitMultitrait SelectionSelection : a : a SelectionSelection IndexIndex waswas usedusedSSI=I=ΣΣnn PerfPerf. H99 + (. H99 + (ΣΣ μμW* W* PerfPerf.(Frost, .(Frost, StemStem, , BranchBranch, , StraigthnessStraigthness))))
Selection of best per f or ming pr ogenies in Pontebur iano f or H99 and Mean qual i ty tr ai ts.
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80
Mean Qual i ty
Selection of best per f or ming pr ogenies in Ficul le f or H99 and Mean qual i ty tr ai ts.
0,000,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,901,00
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80
M ean Quality
Selection of pr ogenies f or man qual i ty and mean H99 avar aged on the total exper iment
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80
H99 PB - FIC
Stability of Progenies common to Ponteburiano and Ficulle tests for phenology at the same date (higher the value, later
the progeny)
0,000,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,901,00
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50
FIC 19 4 96
St abilit y of common progeny growt h perf ormances at age 8 among sit es
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00
H99 PB
Frost Performance vs. H99 in Ponteburiano
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00
H99 performance
Fros
tRes
iste
nce
Per
form
ance
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28Cost Action E-42
The The mainmain geneticgenetic parametersparameters werewereexaminedexamined
to assess possible changes in to assess possible changes in genetic structure and loss of genetic structure and loss of diversity during the selection diversity during the selection
steps.....steps.....
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29Cost Action E-42
1) 1) the the total populationtotal population of of J. regiaJ. regia in field, without in field, without considering considering a prioria priori its structuration in progenies. It was its structuration in progenies. It was compared to a compared to a pseudo natural populationpseudo natural population of of Italy;Italy;
22) the ) the wholewhole population sub population sub –– divided by divided by halfhalf--sib sib progeniesprogenies;;
3)3) the the best 6 progeniesbest 6 progenies selected phenotypically among the selected phenotypically among the 12 12 tested;tested;
4) the 4) the best trees selected withinbest trees selected within the best 6 the best 6 progenies;progenies;
5) a 5) a more strict selectionmore strict selection: the : the 4 4 ““superior progeniessuperior progenies””within those selected in point within those selected in point 3;3;
6) 6) all trees phenotypically superiorall trees phenotypically superior((≥≥ 10 % compared to 10 % compared to the field test the field test average).average).
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30Cost Action E-42
Homozygosity (inbreeding? isolation? Earlier Homozygosity (inbreeding? isolation? Earlier selection activities?) is relatively selection activities?) is relatively high;high;
About 67% of intraAbout 67% of intra--specific neutral (isozymes) specific neutral (isozymes) markers variation depends on the individual markers variation depends on the individual component;component;
It will be possible to select late flushing trees, It will be possible to select late flushing trees, and/or with low environment interaction, and then and/or with low environment interaction, and then good stem form and vigour good stem form and vigour materials;materials;
TThe reduction of progenies didnhe reduction of progenies didn’’t modify t modify significantly variation compared to the Italian significantly variation compared to the Italian walnut gene pool we have exploredwalnut gene pool we have explored
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31Cost Action E-42
Selected progenies
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32Cost Action E-42
EffectsEffects of the of the selectionselection intensityintensity on on FisFis
Homozygosity Homozygosity decreasedecreasein in modelsmodels wherewhere progenyprogenyselectionselection isis carriedcarried out out increasingincreasing strictnessstrictness of of selectionselection (2, 3 and 4);(2, 3 and 4);
FisFis increasesincreases againagain wherewherethe the individual selectionindividual selection isisappliedapplied: 5. : 5. withinwithin the best the best progeniesprogenies, 7. , 7. allall the the treestrees> 10%.> 10%.
ItIt isis similarsimilar forfor best best treestreeswithinwithin the the worstworstprogeniesprogenies (6).(6).
Variation of homozigosity across the six selection levels considered, including (6) the best trees from the non
selected progenies
0,0000,1000,200
0,3000,400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Selection level
Fis FIS
The whole progeny test
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33Cost Action E-42
RESULT:RESULT:Two main models could be Two main models could be established:established:
1.1. By using whole By using whole selected selected progeniesprogenies (> 10% of (> 10% of average);average);
2.2. By using By using best treesbest treesselected within the best selected within the best progenies;progenies;
An hypothetical seed An hypothetical seed orchard, established with orchard, established with the progenies selected, the progenies selected, could supply could supply ““TestedTested””propagation materials and propagation materials and have variability similar to have variability similar to larger western Europe larger western Europe populationspopulations..
RecurrentSelection withinthe best progenies
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34Cost Action E-42
2. New 2. New variationvariation sourcesource: : aa
hybridogenichybridogenic populationpopulation((ItalyItaly))
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35Cost Action E-42
Juglans nigra J. nigra x regia Juglans regiaCluster UPGMA after isozyme analysis
0023
0022
0021
0018
00170016
0015
0014
0013
0012
0011
0010
0009
0008
00070006
0005
0004
0003
0001
Correspodance analysis results from 13 polymorphic loci
SSR-Principal coordinates analysisAnalisi. * J. nigra; ** J. regia; * ibridi
During the earlier survey of walnut genetic resources, a “strange”population was noted in “90s, but only 10 yrs. after it has been possible to
start a deep research programme
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Specific alleles: Juglans nigra
Juglans regia
Intraspecific variability of SSR loci WGA1 and WGA202;identification of hybrid individuals
3x 2x HybridsN21 H1 H2 H19
3x 2x HybridsN21 H1 H2 H19
H20
H20
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37Cost Action E-42
N21IMP1
H20
0.270.27
0.120.12
-0.04-0.0422
-0.19-0.19
-0.35-0.35-0.20-0.20
-0.29-0.29
-0.12-0.12
-0.10-0.10
0.050.05
11
330.010.01
0.230.23
0.400.40
0.110.11
0.220.22
Plot of PCoordA: individual SM coefficients based on allele presence/absence of SSRs
IMP1 N21
H20
Starting morphol.survey:
Material: 138 samples
69 J. nigra (8N; 46VR16NC)
21 Hybrids (4H; 17IMP)
48 J. regia (10R; 38B-V)
Somatic chromosome number (pollen): 2n = 48 3xTriploid !Genome composition:NNR
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38Cost Action E-42
A hybridogenicmother
J.nigra:
80 years
Dbh: 100 cm
H: 35 m
A hybrid
Mass propagationby grafts and seeds byhot callusing & hastening,
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39Cost Action E-42
Final Final aimaim::
EstablishingEstablishing a a SeedSeed OrchardOrchard..
Studying siblings in several Studying siblings in several generationsgenerationsand and establishingestablishing a network of comparative a network of comparative teststests..
Studying opportunities offered by Studying opportunities offered by reproducing reproducing HybridsHybrids..
Studying opportunities offered by the Studying opportunities offered by the triployd triployd hybridhybrid..
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40Cost Action E-42
Thank You for youkind and patientattention!
These results were producedin the framework of:
MiPAF (Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry Policies) Project:
RI.SELV.ITALIA 1.1 –Biodiversity and Forest Reproductive Materials