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GAIL (India) LimitedJubilee Tower B-35/36, Sector-1, Noida (U.P.) - 201301

July 2015

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Editorial Editorial Board

DisclaimerThe article published in this journal are sole views of respective Authors. The Editorial

Board does not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in this journal.

Issue No. 03

Con

tent

Contents Page No.Rollover in LNG Storage Facility 3-5

ckFk#e esa fo|qr ls tksf[ke&lqj{kk ,oa mik; 6

Global Methane Initiative at GAIL (INDIA) Limited

7-8

'A Leader should know how to manage failure'

9

Behaviour based Safety in GAIL 10-11

Prevention and Control of Corrosion of NG and LPG pipelines for safety and integrity of pipelines

12-14

First Aid Guide for "Burns" 15

Replacement of CO2 Flooding Systems with clean Agent system at Manned Installations

16-18

HSE Crossword 19

Successful roll out of BBS concept across all sites of GAIL, creating 144 lead trainers and 1070 observers, has been highlight of the year 2014-2015. Fresh look of the HSE web page attracted more than 12000 hits from GAIL employees during last one year. It has features/information like Incident Reporting System, HSE Management System, Fire and Safety Policy, Elements of HSEMS, OISD standards, PNGRB Regulations etc. Various case studies and lessons learnt from incidents, as reported by OISD and PNGRB have also been posted on web page, besides our internal investigation reports.

I seek your whole hearted support for the success of fresh HSE initiatives of re-vitalizing EHS module by creating new functionalities, nominating Process safety officers at each Process Plant, “HSE SCORE” system for measuring HSE performance of sites, taking BBS movement to families of GAIL employees etc. I congratulate readers and my colleagues in GAIL for writing some excellent articles published in this edition.

– S.P. Garg

Patron in ChiefB C Tripathi, CMD

Patrons

M Ravindran, Director (HR)A Karnatak, Director (Projects)

EditorS P Garg, GM (HSE)

Sub EditorS K Agarwal, DGM (HSE)

Arvind Namdeo, DGM (HSE)M C Sharma, Manager (HSE)

Site CoordinatorsJoydip Paul, DGM (F&S)D K Sharma, DGM (F&S)

D V Pant, CM (F&S)G Senthil, CM (F&S)

Dinesh Mendulkar, SM (F&S)

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General

The use of LNG (Liquefied natural gas) as an energy source is increasing steadily around the world. Factors contributing to this increased usage are discovery of large resources, cost effective methods for production, transportation and storage of LNG. Also LNG is clean fuel making it an attractive option where environmental concerns are high. Unloading and storing LNG forms a part of very crucial operation till it is vaporised to RLNG and despatched to the gas pipeline based on demand. This operation poses unique safety concerns and demands very special monitoring and controls. LNG is received at the unloading terminal from different sources originating at various locations across the world. It is stored at cryogenic temperatures in specially designed tanks with highly sophisticated instrumentation and control systems. Needless to mention here that the quality of LNG varies from source to source. Given the huge capacity of the storing tanks, LNG of different densities is always mixed. Storing huge volumes of LNG at cryogenic conditions presents unique safety concerns out of which Roll over is an important phenomenon. Rollover may take place in storage tanks of shore terminals as well as LNG carriers. If not controlled or monitored carefully, this may lead to considerable loss as well as damage.

Why LNG of different density –

The quality of LNG is represented in terms of its composition and density. The quality of LNG varies as per the source. Generally the density varies in the range of 435 kg/m3 to 485 kg/m3 and the C1 content varies in the range of 81.5% to 95.9%.With the current trend of spot sourcing of LNG, there are possibilities that LNG with different density may be unloaded into a single shore storage tank.

N2% C1% Density kg/m3

Algeria–Arzew 0.6 88 464

Algeria–Bethioua 0.9 88.1 455

Australia–NWS 0.4 90.1 460

Egypt–Idku 0 95.9 436

Libya 0.7 81.6 485

Snohvit 0.8 91.8 451

Oman 0.4 87.9 470

Qatar–Qatargas I 0.1 87.4 467

Variation in Nitrogen and Methance Content and Density of LNG–GIIGNL

What is roll over –

When LNG having different density than the heel LNG in the tank is unloaded, there is stratification of layers of different densities. The lower layer of LNG receives more heat from the base plate as compared to the upper layer. The heat is transferred from lower layer to upper layer. During stratification, this heat transfer from lower layer to upper layer is hindered. As the lower layers warms up, the density differential between the two layers of LNG reduces. When this differential becomes almost zero and the layers become of equal density, there occurs a sudden mixing of LNG. This spontaneous mixing of two layers of LNG results in rapid release of BOG resulting in Roll Over. This sudden release of large amount of BOG causes over pressurization and may lead to damage of the storage facility.

So, roll over happens when two layers of LNG with different densities try to come to an equilibrium.

Manjiri BhargavaSM (O&M), Belapur

Rollover in LNG Storage Facility

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How to avoid roll over –

The LNG rollover phenomenon attracted wide attention following a major unexpected venting incident at an LNG receiving terminal in La Spezia, Italy in 1971. LNG with different density profile than the heel LNG in storage tank was received. This resulted in stratification of LNG layers with different densities in the storage tank. Approximately 18 hours after unloading the cargo, upper and lower layers suddenly mixed causing release of large amount of BOG. The tank pressure suddenly spiked, relief valves were opened. Tank roof was damaged.

The rollover phenomenon is taken into consideration while sizing the relief system of storage tanks and designing the top and bottom unloading lines during design stage of the shore LNG Terminals. But it is very important to have a strict control over unloading and storing the LNG into shore tanks to prevent rollover from taking place. A key indication of stratification is noticeable reduction in the rate of BOG generation. However accurate measurement of temperature and density profile along the liquid column in the tank is very essential for monitoring and controlling this. Preventing stratification of LNG shall avoid the risk of rollover. This may call for some methods.

1. Avoid unloading LNG cargo into a tank where difference between densities is large to trigger rollover. This calls for inventory management and careful tank selection before unloading cargo.

2. If LNG cargo needs to be unloaded into the available shore tank then,

a. If the incoming LNG is lighter than the heel of the tank, generally bottom filling mode is selected. This will ensure little or no stratification of LNG in the tank.

b. If the incoming LNG is heavier than the heel of the tank, top filling mode will avoid stratification and subsequent risk of rollover.

Receiving lighter LNG Receiving heavier LNG

Bottom filling Low risk of stratification High risk of stratification

Top filling High risk of stratification Low risk of stratification

3. To avoid stratification, storage tanks may be

equipped with jet nozzles or diffusers on the bottom filling line.

4. Storage tanks may have some method of mixing the LNG, by remove bottom layer and mixing it back to the tank.

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LNG Storage tanks –

1. The storage tanks have temperature elements to indicate temperature profile of the tank at various levels and sections as well as in the annular place. This enables close monitoring of temperature across the length of LNG liquid column in the tank

2. The storage tanks are also equipped with density measurement methods across the length of

liquid column. This enables strict observation of the density profile of the storage tank.

3. Necessary safety interlocks are in place to stop the unloading or send out operations in case of higher pressure. The tanks are also provided with PSVs designed to save the tanks from over pressurization.

The options mentioned above are always considered at the design stage of the LNG Terminal. But strict monitoring and careful actions during unloading and storage of LNG can surely prevent rollover and avoid material loss as well as property damage. This must be further substantiated by sophisticated measuring systems for temperature and density profile across the liquid column in LNG storage tanks. This not only avoids considerable safety risk and property damage but also prevents venting of huge volumes of costly resource.

"Man is not merely an

object amongst the objects,

but the subject himself."– S. Radhakrishnan

CONCEPT OF VISIBILITY

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Jh /hjt xks;yMh,e (vks ,.M ,e)] uks,Mk

"Discover Safety By Heart and not by Accident"

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About Global Methane Initiative (GMI)

Global Methane Initiative (GMI), Natural Gas STAR International is a voluntary partnership between the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the international oil and natural gas industries to identify and promote cost-effective technologies and practices to reduce methane emissions. EPA’s Natural Gas STAR Program has provided significant economic and environmental benefits in terms of reducing methane emissions and increasing revenue to companies through increased gas sales and improved operational efficiency. Since 1993, Natural Gas STAR domestic and international Partners have reduced methane emissions by more than 30 billion m3, saving an estimated $3.2 billion worth of gas through the implementation of over 80 cost-effective technologies and practices.

GMI at GAIL

GAIL (India) Limited joined the Natural Gas STAR International Program in August 2011. In doing so, GAIL agreed to work with the US EPA in identifying and implementing projects to cost effectively reduce methane emissions. GAIL and US EPA launched their partnership by conducting a measurement study at GAIL’s Vijaipur facility that same month. In 2012, US EPA and GAIL cooperated on an in-country methane emissions measurement study and analysis to identify and quantify baseline methane emissions levels at two GAIL sites Hazira and Jhabua.

During August 2013 workshops were organized by US EPA at Vaghodia for sensitization of the top and middle management about the need and varied scope for mitigation of methane emissions. In continuation to this another workshop was organized at Vijaipur for discussion of opportunities for cost

effective mitigation of methane emission and development of implementation plans.

Key Findings of GMI Study

The Report submitted by US EPA in December 2011 estimated about 8.95 MMSCM/year of fugitive emissions for Vijaipur having a monetary value of about Rs. 17 crores/annum. Subsequently, Vijaipur undertook various steps to reduce the fugitive emissions. Similarly study for Jhabua and Hazira Compressor Stations also came up with surprises as regards fugitive emissions is concerned.

Mitigation Measures Undertaken

After receipt of final report at site, various initiatives were taken to arrest the reported emissions. In order to outline the scope of emission reduction, the actual emissions from GTCs were re-considered as per running philosophy and then the possibilities of emission reduction were envisaged.

As per the study by US EPA, total achievable emission reduction from Vijaipur, Jhabua and Hazira were 11.545 MMSCM/Yr of which emission reduction of 4.384 MMSCM/Yr has been achieved by directed inspection and maintenance and other mitigation measures are under progress.

After this, for validation of the leaks and the sources of fugitive emissions attended another study was conducted by a team of officers from Carbon Management & Sustainability Group, ONGC, New Delhi during the period of Feb 05-07, 2014.

Rama S. PrasadDM (HSE), Noida

Global Methane Initiative at GAIL (INDIA) Limited

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Based on the findings of the study it was estimated that methane emissions from Vijaipur Gas Processing Facility is about 6.58 MMSCM (million m3/ year). The team from ONGC also reported that GAIL Vijaipur was able to reduce 2.89 MMSCM (million m3) / year methane emission over its baseline by adopting various mitigation measures. This is equivalent to reducing 41,225 ton of CO2 which otherwise would have been emitted to the atmosphere or necessitating the planting of trees in approximately 12,500 acres of land or equivalent of removing approximately 9,100 cars from the streets for one year. ONGC also appreciated the actions taken by GAIL in the direction of climate change mitigation.

Seal Gas Recovery Project

As per the study by US EPA, there was an emission of 4.43 MMSCM/Year of vent gas from wet seal oil systems. A scheme has been devised along with OEM of compressor M/s Dresser Rand to capture the vent gas from wet seal oil systems and send back to suction of the compressor. Wet Seal Gas Recovery Skid was received at Vijaipur and the Wet Seal Gas Recovery Project has been successfully implemented in one of the Dresser Rand Compressor on March 17, 2015. The same is under performance evaluation. The expenditure incurred is 1.2 Crore/Machine and having an overall payback period of 15 months (Operating philosophy of 3 running + 2 standby compressors).

Benefits of Installing Seal Gas Recovery Skids

Unit: Main line compressor K01 (A-E)

Operating philosophy is 3 running+ 2 standby

No. of days in operation per year for one machine = 3/5 x 365 = 219 days

Running hours per year for one machine = 219 x 24 = 5256 hours

According to US-EPA measurement, amount of gas vented from seal oil degassing vent found to be 100.4, 98.1, 98.3, 97.9 and 77.6 (in cu. feet/min) respectively from machines K01-A to K01-E.

Therefore, average gas vented from seal oil degassing vent /machine = 94.66 cu. feet/min = 2.680 m3/min

Average gas vented from each seal oil degassing vent in m3/year

= 2.68 x 60 x 24 x 219 = 8,45,164.8 m3/year

~ 12,000 tCO2e/Year

Thus, by installing seal gas recovery skids, gas amounting 8,45,164.8 m3/year/machine vented to atmosphere, can be captured and sent back to compressor suction.

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'A Leader should know how to Manage Failure'

(Former President of India Late Shri APJ Abdul Kalam at Wharton India Economic forum, Philadelphia, March 22, 2008)

QUESTION: Could you give an example, from your own experience, of how leaders should manage failure?

KALAM: Let me tell you about my experience. In 1973 I became the project director of India's satellite launch vehicle program, commonly called the SLV-3. Our goal was to put India's "Rohini" satellite into orbit by 1980. I was given funds and human resources but was told clearly that by 1980 we had to launch the satellite into space. Thousands of people worked together in scientific and technical teams towards that goal.

By 1979, I think the month was August- we thought we were ready. As the project director, I went to the control centre for the launch. At four minutes before the satellite launch, the computer began to go through the checklist of items that needed to be checked. One minute later, the computer program put the launch on hold; the display showed that some control components were not in order. My experts, I had four or five of them with me- told me not to worry; they had done their calculations and there was enough reserve fuel. So I bypassed the computer, switched to manual mode, and launched the rocket. In the first stage, everything worked fine. In the second stage, a problem developed. Instead of the satellite going into orbit, the whole rocket system plunged into the Bay of Bengal. It was a big failure.

That day, the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization, Prof. Satish Dhawan, had called a press conference. The launch was at 7:00 am, and the press conference- where journalists

from around the world were present - was at 7:45 am at ISRO's satellite launch range in Sriharikota [in Andhra Pradesh in southern India]. Prof. Dhawan, the leader of the organization, conducted the press conference himself. He took responsibility for the failure -- he said that the team had worked very hard, but that it needed more technological support. He assured the media that in another year, the team would definitely succeed. Now, I was the project director, and it was my failure, but instead, he took responsibility for the failure as chairman of the organization.

The next year, in July 1980, we tried again to launch the satellite -- and this time we succeeded. The whole nation was jubilant. Again, there was a press conference. Prof. Dhawan called me aside and told me, "You conduct the press conference today."

I learned a very important lesson that day. When failure occurred, the leader of the organization owned that failure. When success came, he gave it to his team. The best management lesson I have learned did not come to me from reading a book; it came from that experience.

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Behaviour Based Safety was conceived in GAIL during the Annual HSE Workshop 2012, wherein, the management deliberated that in spite of the Best People, Processes & Systems in place, random, isolated incidences do take place from time to time. It was also felt that to build strong safety culture one needs to imbibe safety in all activities of the organization right from design stage to construction, commissioning, operation & maintenance. It is with this deep desire to eliminate incidences, GAIL (India) Limited embarked upon a Journey of Behaviour Based Safety to address the human element and improvise on the existing processes.

In view of above, BBS journey was started in November 2013. Corporate steering Committee and task force were constituted at corporate level to oversee the BBS implementation. Site steering committee & functional committees and lead trainers were developed to further drive BBS at respective sites of GAIL. Accordingly, Behaviour Based Safety (BBS) was rolled out successfully across all GAIL installations on 12th March 2015.

Sustaining “Behaviour Based Safety” drive implementation is a big challenge. Understanding this Challenge, following actions have been taken to drive/sustain BBS at respective sites:

Development of web based BBS Centralized Portal to facilitate the observation feedback process and smooth implementation of BBS across all GAIL installations.

Steering committee headed by OICs and functional committees headed by respective HODs have been constituted to drive further BBS at their respective sites.

119 Nos. Lead Trainers have been developed at sites for further transformation of safety culture at their respective sites.

Bi-monthly visits being made to all the sites to review the progress of BBS with the assistance of our consultant.

Behaviour Based Safety in GAIL

Effective Implementation of Behavioural Based safety at all locations and for all employees working at Site through awareness workshops, training and sensitization.

Nos. of Workshops : 50

Total Participants : 1086

Total Lead Trainers : 119

Site Steering Committee : 13Nos.

Site Functional Committee : 58 Nos.

06 Corporate Steering Committee Meetings were organized to review the implementation of Behaviour Based Safety in GAIL.

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BBS Implementation Methodology adopted in GAIL:-

Stage 1: Gap Assessment Safety management evaluation against global

best practices Development of roadmap

Stage 2: BBS Awareness and capability development Awareness programme Competency building / development of Lead

Trainers

Stage 3: BBS Roll-out Formation of Site Steering Committee and

Functional Committees Development of roadmap for sustaining BBS Development of centralized software for data

collection and monitoring Plan for motivation

Stage 4: BBS Hand holding Bi-monthly follow-up visit by consultant Review Support for continuous improvement

Way Forward:-

1. There is one year of hand holding from the date of

roll-out at respective locations. During this period bi-monthly visits by consultant are being made to

all the sites to review the progress of BBS.

2. Refresher workshops are being conducted for

lead trainers.

3. Internal BBS workshops are being conducted to

keep the momentum going.

4. BBS for employees of Corporate Office, Noida,

Training Institute and regional offices are being

planned and implemented.

Benchmarking of BBS Implementation

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J P N AgrawalCM (O&M), Noida

Prevention and Control of Corrosion of NG and LPG pipelines for safety and integrity of pipelines

1. Introduction:

Safety and integrity of pipelines is important for protecting assets, people and environment. Government of India through its regulatory bodies such as OISD, PNGRB and PESO regulates safety and integrity of pipelines in oil industry. Government also ensures environmental protection through its EP Act 1986. GAIL being a PSU is bound to adhere to various standards, guidelines and statutory acts formulated by Government of India and its regulatory bodies to protect assets, people and environment. Pipelines are the most economical, safe and convenient mode of transport of oil and gas. The growth of pipelines for transporting oil and gas has been phenomenon since independence and by 2030 the pipeline network would be doubled. GAIL has presently 11000 Km of gas pipelines with installed capacity of 210 MMSCMPD and 2000 Km of LPG pipelines with installed capacity of 3.8 MMTPA. Needless to say, this gigantic network of pipelines transports natural gas to various industries such as fertilizer, power and petro-chemicals and LPG for domestic consumers. The contribution of GAIL in the sustainable growth of economy is commendable. At the same time, corrosion of pipeline poses gravest risk associated with the transportation of natural gas and LPG through pipeline so far as safety and integrity of pipeline is concerned. Conventionally high carbon steel of sufficient thickness is used for making

pipelines and 3LPE external coating as well as FBE coating is done inside the pipeline. The pipeline is laid beneath the ground adopting best construction practices along with TCP and commissioning is done under expert PMC’s. PCP is also provided after commissioning. Despite all these preventive measures to prevent corrosion, the probability of corrosion cannot be ruled out. Corrosion is an electro-chemical process involving decay of metal as a reaction with its environment particularly air and water. Corrosion of steel is a natural process and like cancer it develops slowly and if not checked and treated timely, it may lead to catastrophe. Any metal loss of steel and reduce thickness will allow escape of gas and presence of flame may ignite gas leading to explosion. The probability of gas leak and explosion due to corrosion endangering people’s life and environment needs to be completely eliminated by formulating fool proof pipeline integrity management.

2. Preventive Measures

(a) Protective coating:

Protective coatings provide an effective barrier between metal and environment. The organic coatings such as 3LPE on external side and FBE on internal side are used to protect metal from corrosive nutrients surrounding the

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metal. The bonding between metal and coating prohibits corrosive chemicals and gases to react with metal and corroding of metal.. Here also care is to be taken to ensure adhesion between metal and coating by suitable cleaning of the pipe surface and doing adhesion test. Holiday checking is also done to detect coating flaws and replacing defected coating.

(b) Cathodic Protection:

Cathodic protection is secondary method of corrosion control in addition to primary protection of coating. By virtue of becoming anode in galvanic cell pipe metal corrodes. In cathodic protection current is applied to pipeline through external means to make it cathodic either through more active metals such as Zn or Mg which corrode and steel is protected and through anode bed and external power source. The more active metal approach is called sacrificial anode system used for short length of pipeline and external power source along with anode bed approach is called impressed current system which is used for long and continuous stretch of pipeline. The cathodic protection keeps pipeline in negative state and corrosion is prevented.

3. Corrosion monitoring:

Prevention is better than cure, hence more focus is required on preventive measures. Corrosion monitoring is required to ascertain the status of corrosion both on external and internal side. Corrosion monitoring is done as per standards and guidelines by NACE, OISD, PNGRB, BIS and other statutory and regulatory bodies. The table below indicates type of corrosion monitoring and its frequency which may be followed.

Proposed Corrosion monitoring schedule

S. N. Description Proposed Schedule

1 Cleaning Pigging Wet/Sour Gas/LPG: Once in a quarter and up to once in a year Dry Gas: Once in a year and up to once in two year

2 Chemical analysis of debris for trace of Fe, water, sulphur, pH value, SRB, carbonate, sulphate etc.

After cleaning pig.

3 Intelligent pigging Wet/Sour Gas: Once in three years Dry Gas/LPG : Once in five years

4 Non piggable pipeline dig verification and UT measurement

Once in three years

5 TR unit monitoring at source

Fortnightly if not online, otherwise monthly.

6 Current density calculation

Monthly

7 TLP ON potential Quarterly

8 TLP OFF potential Yearly

9 Current measurement at TLP

Yearly

10 AGB monitoring Half yearly

11 Polarization coupon reading

Quarterly

12 Checking of cased crossing

Once in a year

13 CP Rectifier maintenance

Monthly

14 All CP protective devises

Once in Quarter

15 Interference bond inspection

Quarterly

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S. N. Description Proposed Schedule16 CIPL/ DCVG/CAT

surveyFive years

17 Power availability at CP stations

Online

18 Inspection of IJ and coupling

Yearly

19 ER probe/corrosion coupon reading for internal corrosion

Half yearly

20 External ER probe monitoring for external corrosion

Annually

21 Interference survey Once in five years or as observed whichever is earlier

22 UT measurement of above ground pipes

Once in a year

23 Moisture analysis for wet gas more than 0.1 MMSCMD and for dry gas more than 1 MMSCMD

Online

24 H2S analysis for gas more than 1 MMSCMD or at sources with history of H2S/sulphur

Online

25 In case of no online facility then moisture and H2S analysis to be done through lab.

Monthly

26 Total sulphur, oxygen and hydro carbon dew point to be checked as per PNGRB code. In case of H2S concentration more than 5 ppm, total sulphur analysis should be done

Yearly/monthly

of pipelines, preventive measures to control corrosion, corrosion monitoring methodology and corrective actions to control corrosion have been explained in the article. Needless to say, the importance of corrosion control is immense considering its impact on safety, health and environment and company’s growth, profitability and brand image. Internationally it is assumed that one ton of steel turns into rust every 90 second. About 50% of the steel produced world over is used to replace rusted steel. The corrosion cost in India is 3 to 5 % of GDP which in Indian context may be as high as USD 67 billion per annum. Corrosion control is a must for socio-economic development of India. The investment in corrosion control will outweigh huge corrosion cost which is eating natural resources in the form of mineral and energy. Government of India has initiated to form National Corrosion Mission under Ministry of Chemicals and Petrochemicals to spread the message of corrosion control in the industry. It is wise to conclude that corrosion control is needed for sustainable development.

4. Conclusion:

The corrosion phenomenon, types of corrosion, its severe impacts on safety and integrity

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Himanshu SharmaSO (F&S), Nasirabad

First Aid Guide for “BURNS”

WHAT ARE BURNS?

Burns are injuries that damage and kill skin cells. These wounds often need special consideration and require a trip to the doctors. Burns can be caused from hot liquids and materials, fire, radiation, and other sources. When someone has been burned there are three important factors that must be looked at, depth (first, second, or third degree), area (total body space covered), and location (where the burn is on the body).

Depth is a measure of how deep the damage to the skin goes. The total body area is also important, the skin is a barrier to protect the body, and when it’s damaged, the victim is subject to fluid loss and infections. If more than 15% of the body surface is damaged the victim can go into shock. The most important factor is location. If a burn occurs on the neck or near the nose and mouth, the persons breathing passages may be affected. Burns often swell and this could become a life-threatening problem if the airways become constricted. Another facial burn that needs special attention is the eyes. These should be looked at as soon as possible and handled very seriously as burns to the eyes may lead to clouded or lost vision.

BURN PREVENTION

Burns of all kinds can be prevented easily. Keep household chemicals out of reach of children.Make sure hazardous chemicals are well marked and caps are screwed on tight. Keep hot object safely out of reach and make sure to turn off heaters and stovetops. Also keep socket caps over all unused electrical sockets to protect against electrical shock, and keep all electrical wires away from water

CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT FIRST DEGREE:

Most first degree burns are superficial and can be cared for at home without the help of a medical professional. These burns are much like typical sunburns and are cared for in a similar way. You should immerse the burn in cool water (do not use ice!) and then blot it gently and apply burn cream

and then cover with a dry, clean, non-stick pad.These burns usually leave the skin red and mildly swollen. The skin sensations are intact and the burn is painful to the touch.

SECOND DEGREE:

Second degree burns are more serious and should be seen by a medical professional. If the burn seems very severe report to an emergency room or call Medical help. Although second degree burns often look like first degree burns, in the sense that they are red, the damage goes deeper. With these burns, the pain is more intense and blistering may occur. The burns may also be wet, or weeping and may have a shiny surface. It is advised that these burns are not touched or covered.

THIRD DEGREE:

These burns are the most serious. Third degree burns are very deep and the burn often appears white, deep red, or black because of skin death. These burns are often without sensation because nerve endings have been damaged. It is important that these burns are not touched, or covered unless absolutely necessary. Any contact with the burned skin can cause more damage and heighten the chance of infection.

For both second and third degree burns:

• If face is affected sit the victim up and watch for breathing difficulties, until medical help is received.

• If arms and legs are affected, keep them elevated above heart level.

BURN TREATMENT• Remove constricting jewellery• Do NOT use oils or butter on a burn• Douse effected area with cool water ASAP! It can

be cleansed gently with chlorhexidine solution.• Do NOT use ice or ice cold water, this can cause

additional damage

If you have not received a tetanus booster within 5 years, get one to protect against tetanus infections

16

Replacement of CO2 flooding systems installed at manned stations with Clean Agent System as per the revised OISD standards. GAIL, being an Oil & Gas company, we follow the various OISD standards for their applicability and provide safest operation of the plant including safest working environment for the team. Many sites have installed various types of fire protection total flooding systems including CO2 systems in manned plant control rooms. As per the OISD Std.163, ‘Clean Agent’ fire extinguishing system to be provided in control rooms. Clean Agent Fire Suppression Systems are Waterless Solution for Expensive and valuable assets. Clean Agent systems provide protection for facilities containing valuable corporate assets from people and processes to equipment and software. They combine the benefits of clean agent systems and active fire protection with people-safe, environmentally friendly performance.

What Says OISD Std.163?

Clean agent fire extinguishing flooding system should be provided in un-manned areas for electrical/instrumentation control viz. Computer room, UPS room, PLC cabinets, rack rooms, etc. where the activation should be automatic through smoke detection system. It is preferable to divide cabinets into zones and direct the clean agent into the cabinets of affected zone. However, for manned areas inside control room, the clean agent flooding operation should be on manual mode based on audio-visual alarm form smoke detection system.

While designing of clean agent fire extinguishing system, care is to be taken so that the actual concentration of the clean agent in the normally occupied control room does not exceed the “No Observable Adverse Effect Level” (NOAEL). Selection of clean agent shall be made so that oxygen

concentration in the atmosphere always remains above sixteen percent (16% by weight). Smoke detector system shall actuate the flooding System of clean agent. The system should be either automatic or manual.

Why Environment friendly Clean Agent:

A) Suffocation: An extinguishing system which primarily is based on inert gases in enclosed spaces presents a risk of suffocation. Numerous incidents have occurred where individuals in these spaces have been killed by carbon dioxide agent release. To prevent such occurrences, additional life safety systems are typically installed with a warning alarm that precedes the agent release. Warning, usually an audible and visible alert for immediate evacuation from enclosed space. After a preset time, the agent starts to discharge.

B) Trauma: Due to maintaining high concentration of gas in enclosed spaces and its positive pressure caused by these gases may be sufficient to break windows and walls. Humans and structures must be adequately protected and ventilation/blow-off must be considered when designing the system.

What is Clean Agent: As per the NFPA 2001, the term “Clean Agent” is defined in as an electrically nonconductive, volatile, or gaseous fire extinguishant that does not leave a residue upon evaporation.

Benefits of Clean Agent:

Fast: Clean Agent systems reach extinguishing levels in 10 seconds or less.

Effective: Clean Agents are designed to control and

Replacement of CO2 Flooding Systems with Clean Agent System at Manned Installations

R P SinghCM (F&S), NCR

17

extinguish a fire in its incipient stage – before it has a chance to spread. Clean Agents are electrically non-conductive and non-corrosive, and there will be no damage to electronics and delicate mechanical devices.

Active on Fire, Safe for People: Clean Agents are designed to provide a wide margin of human safety – they are safe to use where people are present. These are non-toxic when used in accordance with NFPA Standard 2001. They combine the benefits of clean agent systems and active fire protection with people-safe, environmentally friendly performance. They cause no breathing problems for people and won't obscure vision in an emergency situation.

Clean: Clean Agents rapidly vaporizes to gas during discharge and evaporates cleanly, leaving no residue to damage sensitive equipment or require costly cleanup.

Earth Friendly: Clean Agents are the most versatile and tested clean agents, has zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), a low (or no) atmospheric life.

Typical Clean Agent Applications:

Value of the facilities contents (such as a museum) or the importance of the facility to a company's business continuity (for example, a data processing center, Process control rooms, IT server, etc.) requires a fire suppression system that can react in seconds.

Water sprinkler systems are not available, or if present, may damage the contents of the facility to be protected or pose an electrical safety problem for fire fighters

People occupy the facility to be protected (a Process Control Room is a typical application).

The use of a clean fire suppression agent is required to keep downtime to a minimum (as in an automated plant)

There is a limited amount of storage space available for the fire suppression system agent containers/ cylinder battery bank.

List of Clean Agent as per NFPA-2001:

Trade Name Chemical Name Chemical FormulaFK-5-12 Nonafluro-4-

trifluromethyl-3-pentanone

C6 F12 O

HCFC Blend A Dichlorofluroerthane CH CI3 CF3

Chlorodifluromethane CHCIF2

HFC-23 Trifluromethane CHF3

HCFC-124 Chlorotetrafluroethane CHCIFCF3

HFC-125 Pentafluroethane CHF2CF3

HFC-227ea Heftafluroropane CF3CHFCF3

HFC-236fa Hexafluropropane CF3CH2CF3

FIC-1311 Trifluroiodide CF3 I

IG-01 Argon Ar

IG-100 Nitrogen N2

IG-541 Nitrogen (52%) Argon (40%) Carbon dioxide (8%)

N2, Ar, CO2

IG-55 Nitrogen (50%), Argon (50%)

N2, Ar

HFC Blend B Tertafluroethane (86%)Pentafluroethane (9%)Carbon Dioxide (5%)

CH2, FCF3, CHF, CF3, CO2

Safety Margins and Environmental Properties of Clean Agent & CO2:Agent Fluro-

ketoneHFC-

125HFC-

227eaInert Gas

CO2

Use Conc. 4.2-5.9% 8.7-12.1%

6.25-8.7%

34.2-40.6%

30-75%

Safety margin

69-138% Nil 3-44% 6-26% Lethalat Design

conc.

ODP 0 0 0 0 0

Global Warming Potential

1 3500 3220 0 1

At. Lifetime (Yr.)

0.014 29 32.2 0 0

Loss Clean Agent + Smaller Pipe + Less cylinders = Big Savings.

18

Areas Covered Preferably:

S.N. Potential Ap-plications

Potential Areas

1 Industrial • Process Control Rooms• Laboratories• Testing Room• Flammable Liquid Storage

Control Rooms

2 Data Processing • Server Rooms• Electronic Data/Tape Storage• UPS Rooms

3 TELCO • PBX & IDF Rooms• Cell Sites• Microwave Relay Towers

4 Broadcasting • Radio&TV Stations• Electronic Control Rooms• UPS Rooms• Media Storage• Historic Record Storage

5 Health-care • Medical Record Storage• CT/CAT Scan & MRI Control

Rooms

6 Cultural • Museums• Libraries• Personal/Corporate Collec-

tions

7 Miscellaneous • Bank Vaults• Cash/Security Departments• Precious Inventory

Options for implementations:

The replacement of existing flooding system in plant/ any control room shall be done in operational condition. Therefore, we have to ensure minimal disturbance/obstruction to process control room.

Existing CO2 flooding system should be removed with great care and utilised it to install at other unmanned potential areas.

Option : The CO2 system is most economical, viable and practical option for unmanned potential areas. It is also requires less efforts for maintaining the system after installation. When it comes to human intervention, Health hazard, limited space for cylinder bank, clean agent like FM200, NOVEC are the best

suitable options in long term.

Localised Clean agent system based on the principle of heat detection through heat tracing tube shall also be good option for fire protection of panels but it is not complied the OISD 163. In this system, heat tracing tube shall be run through the panels and at 900C it will break & discharge the clean agent locally. It is good fire protection option for panels in potential areas which does not bound to follow OISD std.

Across (Left to Right) Down (Up to Down)1 An artificial device for regulating the heart 1 An environmental concern6 Part of system providing solution against

corrosion of pipeline2 A piece of writing on particular subject

7 Health is Wealth 3 A reputed institution for certify safety of electrical appliances8 Passing of pipelines through 4 Source of radiation12 Reveal something 5 An environment which does not support driving13 A formal authorization for work safe 9 A unit of measurement15 Strictly applied or followed 10 Intended attempt to damage17 A place or position or a type of gas sell 11 Safe life line of Delhi20 Standard Operating Procedure 14 Mark on cheque for account paying21 A focused approach 16 Protection for unauthorized entry

18 A tool to clean pipeline impurities19 An oxidant widely used in India

A C BhushanSr. Engineer (HSE)

Winners of HSE Crossword - 3

1. Shri Brijendra Kumar, Chief Manager (GPU, Operation), Vijaipur

2. Shri Abhay Kumar Gupta, Chief Manager (PC, Operation), Pata

Readers may send their Entries to the Sub-Editor: DGM (HSE), JUBILEE TOWER, B 35/36, Sector 1, Noida,

RESULT OF LAST HSE CROSSWORD-3

HSE CROSSWORD-4

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