july 23, 2004 memorandum from: rita/nl engblom, on-scene

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGION 6 1445 ROSS AVENUE, SUITE 1200 DALLAS, TEXAS 75202-2733 July 23, 2004 MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Documentation of a Removal Action at the Tulsa Fuels and Manufacturing Site, Collinsvrtle, Tulsa County, Oklahoma. FROM: Rita/Nl EngBlom, On-Scene Coordinator Response and Prevention Branch, Removal Site Team (6SF-RR) TO: File I. PURPOSE This Memorandum confirms and documents the prior oral authorization of an emergency removal action in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), 42 U.S.C. § 9604, at the Tulsa Fuels Manufacturing site (the "site") located in Collinsville, Tulsa County, Oklahoma. This action was conducted to prevent the threat to human health and the environment posed by hazardous substances at the site. This emergency removal action included the construction of a fence to control access and the placement of warning signs. This action met the criteria for initiating a removal action under Section 300.415 of the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan ("NCP"), 40 C.F.R. § 300.415. This action was initiated under the On-Scene Coordinator's $250,000 authority on April 21, 2004. This action required less than twelve months and $2 million to complete. II. SITE CONDITIONS AND BACKGROUND CERCLIS #OKD987096195 Category of Removal: Classic Emergency Site JJD # FP A. Site Description 1. Removal site evaluation Sediment and surface samples collected from the southern pond and eastern wetlands during a 1994 Site Investigation by the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) revealed high concentrations and releases of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, 170363

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYREGION 6

1445 ROSS AVENUE, SUITE 1200DALLAS, TEXAS 75202-2733

July 23, 2004

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Documentation of a Removal Action at the Tulsa Fuels and Manufacturing Site,Collinsvrtle, Tulsa County, Oklahoma.

FROM: Rita/Nl EngBlom, On-Scene CoordinatorResponse and Prevention Branch, Removal Site Team (6SF-RR)

TO: File

I. PURPOSE

This Memorandum confirms and documents the prior oral authorization of an emergencyremoval action in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensationand Liability Act ("CERCLA"), 42 U.S.C. § 9604, at the Tulsa Fuels Manufacturing site (the"site") located in Collinsville, Tulsa County, Oklahoma. This action was conducted to preventthe threat to human health and the environment posed by hazardous substances at the site. Thisemergency removal action included the construction of a fence to control access and theplacement of warning signs.

This action met the criteria for initiating a removal action under Section 300.415 of theNational Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan ("NCP"), 40 C.F.R. §300.415. This action was initiated under the On-Scene Coordinator's $250,000 authority onApril 21, 2004. This action required less than twelve months and $2 million to complete.

II. SITE CONDITIONS AND BACKGROUND

CERCLIS #OKD987096195Category of Removal: Classic EmergencySite JJD # FP

A. Site Description

1. Removal site evaluation

Sediment and surface samples collected from the southern pond and eastern wetlandsduring a 1994 Site Investigation by the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality(ODEQ) revealed high concentrations and releases of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper,

170363

lead, silver, and zinc from the on-site waste to the surface water. An Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) Removal Assessment Report dated May 14, 1999, estimated 29,588 cubic yardsof waste on the site and 41.3 acres of surface area with lead concentrations above 500 parts permillion (ppm). See Attachment 1.

Representatives from the EPA, the ODEQ, and the Emergency and Rapid ResponseService (ERRS) conducted a site visit on April 21, 2004. There was significant evidence oftrespassing, including tire tracks leading to a lake on-site where people fish, piles of trash and astolen vehicle.

2. Physical location

The site is located approximately 1 mile south of the downtown district of the City ofCollinsville. The center coordinates are 36°20'45.59" north latitude and 95°50'51.28" westlongitude. Flanking the east side of the site are railroad tracks and "Old" U.S. Highway 169. Tothe east of "Old" Highway 169 is a mobile home trailer park. Agricultural sites surround theother sides of the site. See Attachment 2.

3. Site characteristics

The Tulsa Fuels and Manufacturing Company operated a zinc smelter and lead roasterfrom 1914 through 1925. The site is estimated to be 50 acres in size and is located in an area thatgrades from rural to suburban. The majority of the facility's above-ground structures have beendemolished, and the site is covered with waste consisting of broken retorts, condensers, slag,building debris, ash, bricks, and other material derived from the former smelter. Severalfoundations and footings remain on the site. Two ponds are located in the northern area of thesite with a long and narrow water impoundment identified as Finger Lake. Finger Lake wasmade from a former coal strip-mining operation and forms the southern boundary of the site. Fishhave been observed in this impoundment. The site had a barbed wire fence on one side of thesite but did not have controlled access. See Attachment 3.

4. Release or threatened release into the environment of a hazardous substance, orpollutant or contaminant.

The EPA documented 41.3 acres of surface soils with lead concentrations above 500ppm. Additionally, composite soil/waste samples collected from the northern area of the siteshowed elevated levels of arsenic (150 mg/kg), cadmium (105 mg/kg) and lead (10,150 mg/kg).These are hazardous substances as defined by Section 101(14) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C.§ 9601(14), and further defined at 40 C.F.R. § 302.4 at the site.

5. NPL status

The Tulsa Fuels and Manufacturing site was proposed for placement on the NationalPriorities List (NPL) on July 28, 1998, and subsequently placed on the NPL on January 15, 1999.

6. Maps, pictures and other graphic representations

Attachment 1 Site LocationAttachment 2 Site SketchAttachment 3 Extent of ContaminationAttachment 4 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Fact Sheet on LeadAttachment 5 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Fact Sheet on Zinc

B. Other Actions to Date

1. Previous actions

The EPA conducted a Removal Assessment in 1999 and estimated that 29,588 cubicyards of waste were on the site. A Public Health Assessment for the site was completed by U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR) on July 27, 2000. The EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order for Access onMay 1, 2003, to two property owners. A second Unilateral Administrative Order for Access andNoninterference was issued on July 2, 2003. Access to the property was obtained in August2003.

2. Current actions

None.

C. State and Local Authorities'Roles

1. State and local actions to date

The ODEQ conducted a Site Investigation in 1994. Pursuant to a CooperativeAgreement with EPA, the ODEQ is the lead agency for remedial activities. In September 2001,the ODEQ assumed the role of lead agency for this site. After complications with access fromnumerous parties, the ODEQ has recently initiated a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study(RI/FS) of the site. Access to the property was obtained by Unilateral Administrative Orders forAccess and Noninterference on August 2003. Recently, after a fire on-site and discovery ofrecent trespassing (trash and tire marks), the ODEQ requested that EPA conduct a removal actionto secure the site with a fence and warning signs.

The ODEQ continues to provide leadership with the remedial investigation of hazards atthe site. The ODEQ concurred with the EPA that this response action should be taken.However, the ODEQ did not have the resources to undertake a response action to address theemergency conditions at the site.

2. Potential for continued State/Local response

The Oklahoma DEQ is supporting this action with a 10% match ("in kind" services) toEPA's funding of this removal action. The ODEQ remains the lead agency for remedialactivities and will conduct the RI/FS for the site.

III. THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH OR WELFARE OR THE ENVIRONMENT,AND STATUTORY AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES

Section 300.415 of the National Contingency Plan (NCP) lists the factors to beconsidered in determining the appropriateness of a removal action. Paragraphs (b)(2)(i), and (vii)directly apply to the conditions at the site. Any one of these factors may be sufficient todetermine whether a removal action is appropriate.

A. Threats to Public Health or Welfare

1. Exposure to human populations, animals or the food chain, NCP Section300.415(b)(2)(i)

The predominant threat to human populations was the potential for exposure by directcontact with lead and zinc waste at the site. Lead and zinc are hazardous substances as defined atSection 101(14) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9601(14) and further defined at 40 C.F.R. § 302.4.

Children living near waste sites that contain zinc or lead may be exposed to higher levelsof zinc and lead through breathing contaminated air, drinking contaminated drinking water, ortouching or eating contaminated soil. The main exposure pathway to lead and zinc and/or leadand zinc compounds is through inhalation. Fine particles of these substances are easily absorbedthrough the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs, and passed readily to the blood for transportationthroughout the body. Alveolar absorption is more efficient in juveniles than in adults.

Lead is a highly toxic metal, producing a range of adverse human health andenvironmental effects, particularly in children and fetuses. These adverse effects includereproductive system disorders, delays in neurological and physical development, cognitive andbehavioral changes and increased blood pressure. Exposure to lead can be particularly dangerousto unborn children because of their great sensitivity during development. This may causepremature births, smaller babies and decreased mental ability in the infant. See Attachment 4.

Harmful effects from zinc generally begin at levels 10-15 times higher than the amountneeded for good health. Large doses taken by mouth even for a short time can cause stomachcramps, nausea, and vomiting. Taken longer, zinc it can cause anemia and decrease the levels ofyour good cholesterol. Inhaling large amounts of zinc (as dusts or fumes) can cause a specificshort-term disease called metal fume fever. See Attachment 5.

2. Availability of other response mechanisms, NCP Section 300.415(b)(2)(vii)

Assistance would not have otherwise been provided on a timely basis, because neither theState of Oklahoma nor local governments had the resources to respond to this threat.

B. Threats to the Environment

Nearby wildlife may be exposed to and harmed by the high concentrations of metals on-site. Heavy metals can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in the tissues of fish. In thiscase, however, the potential threat to the environment was considered secondary to the threat toneighboring residents and other persons entering the site.

IV. ACTIONS TAKEN AND ESTIMATED COSTS

A. Actions Taken

1. Action description

The EPA initiated a classic emergency removal action and mobilized the ERRScontractor to the site on April 21, 2004. The EPA ERRS contractor provided support in theconstruction of a fence and hanging of warning signs to prevent access to the site. Six foot chainlink (9-gage) fencing was installed along one 2,040-foot border. Fence materials were schedule40 line (posts, top rail, tension posts, gate posts and the gate itself). All tie wires were 9-gagesteel and all bolts were mushroomed to prevent theft. Additionally, 2,600 feet of 4-strand barbedwire fence (12.5-gage) were set on the inside of the existing fence line going through 250 feet ofpond area. Another 30 feet of 8-foot and 6-foot t-posts were placed along an area that had beenused as a boat ramp, to prevent local citizens from entering the pond to fish.

2. Contribution to remedial performance

This action was consistent with any conceivable remedial responses at this site.

3. Description of alternative technologies

There were no alternative technologies which could be applied feasibly.

4. Schedule

The EPA initiated a classic emergency removal action and mobilized the ERRScontractor to the site on April 21, 2004. The EPA completed decontamination work anddemobilized contractors from the site on June 10, 2004.

B. Estimated Costs

Extramural Costs;

ERRS

TOTAL EXTRAMURAL COSTS

Intramural Costs;

EPA Direct CostsEPA Indirect Costs

TOTAL INTRAMURAL COSTS

$ 150,000

$ 150,000

$$

$

7,5002,500

10,000

TOTAL REMOVAL PROJECT COSTS $ 160,000

V. EXPECTED CHANGE IN THE SITUATION SHOULD ACTION BEDELAYED OR NOT TAKEN

If this response action was not taken at the facility, there would continue to be a threat ofdirect contact exposure to hazardous materials to trespassers, particularly children or peoplefishing on-site.

VI. OUTSTANDING POLICY ISSUES

There are no outstanding policy issues associated with this site.

VII. ENFORCEMENT

N/A

VIII. RECOMMENDATION

This decision document represents the selected removal action for the Tulsa Fuel andManufacturing site, in Collinsville, in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, developed in accordance withCERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq., and not inconsistent with the NCP, 40 C.F.R. Part 300. Thisdecision is based on the administrative record for the site.

Conditions at the site met the criteria as defined by Section 300.415(b)(2) of the NCP, 40C.F.R. § 300.415(b)(2), for a removal, and I recommend your formal approval of the documentedremoval action. The total project ceiling is $160,000. Of this, an estimated $150,000 wereexpended from the Regional removal allowance.

APPROVEDr DATE

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CONTAMINAHONFISHERY* WETLANDSLegend

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POTENTIAL CONTAMINATIONFISHERY AND WETLANDS

POTENTIAL CONTAMINATION

VISIBLE EXTENT OFWASTE PILE

TDD# 06-98-10-00238 CERCLA #: OKD987096195Ecology and Environment, IncRegion 6 START SOURCE = COLLINSVILLE QUADRANGLE OKLAHOMA

U.S.G.S 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic)

ATTACHMENT A; SITE LOCATION MAPTULSA FUELS AND MANUFACTURINGCOLLiNSVILLE, TULSA COUNTY, OKLAHOMA

FAITH ASSEMBIY CHURCHPROPERTY

SKETCH NOT TO SCAtE

Ecotogy and Environment Inc..Region 6 START

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SOURCE: LOGBOOK

ATTACHMENT B: SITE SKETC HTULSA FUELS & MANUFACTURING

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ATSDRAGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES

AND DISEASE REGISTRY

LEADCAS # 7439-92-1

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs June 1999

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about lead. For more information,call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summariesabout hazardous substances and their health effects. It's important you understand this information becausethis substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, theduration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to lead can happen from breathing workplace airor dust, eating contaminated foods, or drinking contaminated water. Childrencan be exposed from eating lead-based paint chips or playing in contaminatedsoil. Lead can damage the nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive system.Lead has been found in at least 1,026 of 1,467 National Priorities List sitesidentified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is lead?(Pronounced led)

Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found insmall amounts in the earth's crust. Lead can be found in allparts of our environment. Much of it comes from human ac-tivities including burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufac-turing.

Lead has many different uses. It is used in the productionof batteries, ammunition, metal products (solder and pipes),and devices to shield X-rays.

Because of health concerns, lead from gasoline, paintsand ceramic products, caulking, and pipe solder has been dra-matically reduced in recent years.

What happens to lead when it enters theenvironment?Q Lead itself does not break down, but lead compounds are

changed by sunlight, air, and water.Q When lead is released to the air, it may travel long dis-

tances before settling to the ground.Q Once lead falls onto soil, it usually sticks to soil particles.Q Movement of lead from soil into groundwater will depend

on the type of lead compound and the characteristics ofthe soil.

Q Much of the lead in inner-city soils comes from oldhouses painted with lead-based paint.

How might I be exposed to lead?Q Eating food or drinking water that contains lead.Q Spending time in areas where lead-based paints have

been used and are deteriorating.Q Working in a job where lead is used.Q Using health-care products or folk remedies that contain

lead.O Engaging in certain hobbies in which lead is used (for

example, stained glass).

How can lead affect my health?Lead can affect almost every organ and system in your

body. The most sensitive is the central nervous system, par-ticularly in children. Lead also damages kidneys and the re-productive system. The effects are the same whether it isbreathed or swallowed.

At high levels, lead may decrease reaction time, causeweakness in fingers, wrists, or ankles, and possibly affect thememory. Lead may cause anemia, a disorder of the blood. Itcan also damage the male reproductive system. The connec-tion between these effects and exposure to low levels of leadis uncertain.

How likely is lead to cause cancer?The Department of Health and Human Services has deter-

mined that lead acetate and lead phosphate may reasonably

Page 2 LEADCAS # 7439-92-1

ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

be anticipated to be carcinogens based on studies in animals.There is inadequate evidence to clearly determine lead's carci-nogenicity in people.

How can lead affect children?Small children can be exposed by eating lead-based paint

chips, chewing on objects painted with lead-based paint, orswallowing house dust or soil that contains lead.

Children are more vulnerable to lead poisoning thanadults. A child who swallows large amounts of lead may de-velop blood anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness,and brain damage. A large amount of lead might get into achild's body if the child ate small pieces of old paint that con-tained large amounts of lead. If a child swallows smalleramounts of lead, much less severe effects on blood and brainfunction may occur. Even at much lower levels of exposure,lead can affect a child's mental and physical growth.

Exposure to lead is more dangerous for young and unbornchildren. Unborn children can be exposed to lead through theirmothers. Harmful effects include premature births, smaller ba-bies, decreased mental ability in the infant, learning difficul-ties, and reduced growth in young children. These effects aremore common if the mother or baby was exposed to high levelsof lead.

How can families reduce the risk of exposure tolead?

Avoid exposure to sources of lead. Do not allow childrento chew or mouth painted surfaces that may have been paintedwith lead-based paint (homes built before 1978). Run yourwater for 15 to 30 seconds before drinking or cooking with it.This will get rid of lead that may have leached out of pipes.Some types of paints and pigments that are used as make-up orhair coloring contain lead. Keep these kinds of products awayfrom children. Wash children's hands and faces often to removelead dusts and soil, and regularly clean the house of dust andtracked in soil.

Is there a medical test to show whether I've beenexposed to lead?

A blood test is available to measure the amount of lead inyour blood and to estimate the amount of your exposure tolead. Blood tests are commonly used to screen children forlead poisoning. Lead in teeth and bones can be measured withX-rays, but this test is not as readily available. Medical treat-ment may be necessary in children if the lead concentration inblood is higher than 45 micrograms per deciliter (45 ug/dL).

Has the federal government maderecommendations to protect human health?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)recommends that children ages 1 and 2 be screened for leadpoisoning. Children who are 3 to 6 years old should be testedfor lead if they have never been tested for lead before and ifthey receive services from public assistance programs; if theylive in or regularly visit a building built before 1950; if theylive in or visit a home built before 1978 that is being remod-eled; or if they have a brother, sister, or playmate who has hadlead poisoning. CDC considers children to have an elevatedlevel of lead if the amount in the blood is 10 ug/dL.

The EPA requires lead in air not to exceed 1.5 microgramsper cubic meter (1.5 ug/m3) averaged over 3 months. EPA lim-its lead in drinking water to 15 ug per liter.

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration(OSHA) develops regulations for workers exposed to lead. TheClean Air Act Amendments of 1990 banned the sale of leadedgasoline. The Federal Hazardous Substance Act bans children'sproducts that contain hazardous amounts of lead.

ReferencesAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

1999. Toxicological profile for lead. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Depart-ment of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737,FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell you whereto find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resultingfrom exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality depart-ment if you have any more questions or concerns.

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ATSDRAGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES

AND DISEASE REGISTRY

ZINCCAS # 7440-66-6

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs September 1995

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about zinc. For more information,call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summariesabout hazardous substances and their health effects. It's important you understand this information becausethis substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, theduration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

Exposure to high levels of zinc occurs mostly from eating food,drinking water, or breathing workplace air that is contaminated. Exposure tolarge amounts of zinc can be harmful, However, zinc is an essential element forour bodies, so too little zinc can also be harmful. This chemical has been foundin at least 801 of 1,416 National Priorities List sites identified by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency.

What is zinc?(Pronounced zingk)

Zinc is one of the most common elements in the earth'scrust. It's found in air, soil, and water, and is present in allfoods. Pure zinc is a bluish-white shiny metal.

Zinc has many commercial uses as coatings to preventrust, in dry cell batteries, and mixed with other metals to makealloys like brass and bronze. A zinc and copper alloy is usedto make pennies in the United States.

Zinc combines with other elements to form zinc com-pounds. Common zinc compounds found at hazardous wastesites include zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, and zincsulfide. Zinc compounds are widely used in industry to makepaint, rubber, dye, wood preservatives, and ointments.

Q Zinc compounds can move into the groundwater and intolakes, streams, and rivers.

Q Most of the zinc in soil stays bound to soil particles.Q It builds up in fish and other organisms, but it doesn't

build up in plants.

How might I be exposed to zinc?Q Ingesting small amounts present in your food and water.Q Drinking contaminated water near manufacturing or

waste sites.O Drinking contaminated water or a beverage that has been

stored in metal containers or flows through pipes thathave been coated with zinc to resist rust.

Q Eating too many dietary supplements that contain zinc.Q Breathing zinc particles in the air at manufacturing sites.

What happens to zinc when it enters theenvironment?Q Some is released into the environment by natural pro-

cesses, but most comes from activities of people likemining, steel production, coal burning, and burning ofwaste.

O It attaches to soil, sediments, and dust particles in the air.O Rain and snow remove zinc dust particles from the air.

How can zinc affect my health?Zinc is an essential element in our diet. Too little zinc

can cause health problems, but too much zinc is also harmful.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for zinc is15 milligrams a day for men (15 mg/day); 12 mg/day forwomen; 10 mg/day for children; and 5 mg/day for infants.Not enough zinc in your diet can result in a loss of appetite, adecreased sense of taste and smell, slow wound healing and

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health ServiceA«ency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Page 2 ZINCCAS # 7440-66-6

ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

skin sores, or a damaged immune system. Young men whodon't get enough zinc may have poorly developed sex organsand slow growth. If a pregnant woman doesn't get enoughzinc, her babies may have growth retardation.

Too much zinc, however, can also be damaging to yourhealth. Harmful health effects generally begin at levels from10-15 times the RDA (in the 100 to 250 mg/day range).Eating large amounts of zinc, even for a short time, can causestomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Taken longer, it cancause anemia, pancreas damage, and lower levels of highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (the good form of cholesterol).

Breathing large amounts of zinc (as dust or fumes) cancause a specific short-term disease called metal fume fever.This is believed to be an immune response affecting the lungsand body temperature. We do not know the long-term effectsof breathing high levels of zinc.

It is not known if high levels of zinc affect humanreproduction or cause birth defects. Rats that were fed largeamounts of zinc became infertile or had smaller babies.Irritation was also observed on the skin of rabbits, guineapigs, and mice when exposed to some zinc compounds. Skinirritation will probably occur in people.

also be measured in urine, saliva, and hair. The amount ofzinc in your hair tells us something about long-term expo-sure, but the relationship between levels in your hair and theamount that you were exposed to is not clear. These tests arenot routinely performed at doctors' offices, but your doctorcan take samples and send them to a testing laboratory.

Has the federal government maderecommendations to protect human health?

EPA recommends that there be no more than 5 parts ofzinc in 1 million parts of drinking water (5 ppm) because oftaste. EPA also requires that releases of more than 1,000 (or insome cases 5,000) pounds of zinc or its compounds into theenvironment be reported.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) has set a maximum concentration limit for zincchloride fumes in workplace air of 1 milligram of zinc percubic meter of air (1 mg/m3) for an 8-hour workday over a 40-hour work week and 5 mg/m3 for zinc oxide fumes. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has set the same standards for up to a 10-hourworkday over a 40-hour workweek.

How likely is zinc to cause cancer?The Department of Health and Human Services, the

International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) have not classified zinc forcarcinogenicity.

Is there a medical test to show whether I'vebeen exposed to zinc?

Zinc can be measured in your blood or feces. This cantell you how much zinc you have been exposed to. Zinc can

GlossaryAnemia: A decreased ability of the blood to transport oxygen.Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer.Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram.

ReferencesAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR). 1994. Toxicological profile for zinc. Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone:1-888-422-8737,FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell youwhere to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnessesresulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmentalquality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

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