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THE ERA OF SERENDIPITY

Ranger 3, 5 missed moon; gamma ray detectors worked and gave firs detection of background (1962 flights; report 1964 Nature, Metzger, Arnold etal)e Ranger 4 crashed, 6 transmitter failed, 7 finally sent back moon pictures

1962 rocket flight to look at lunar X-ray fluor­escence (finally seen by ROSAT!) finds Sea X-l~

X-ray backgrou d, Nobel for Giacconi!

1967-73, Kosmos and Vela satellites find gamma ray bursts

1967 OSO-3 meant for solar stuff; saw flares as intended; also upper limits for extra-SS source gammas (Peterson +) and ~ackground detection (the "Kraushaar point") .

GRB location by triangulation using ~ ray moni­tors on just about everything flown down to present

Figure 12-9. ang r 3 through. contain,. {1. ei ntie package ( en at 'he top 0 tIe -'raft) thot ll'O, to' be hard-la zded on the L 0011.'.

.'. ourIe

THE APOLLO ERA

Some del berate non-5S science on AESEP and ALSEP (12- 7) (11)

Most notably the corner reflectors - lndeed moon is moving away from earth, ut also significant limits on violation of GR

Apollo 16 -- some UV imaging, cosmic ray data

Apollo 17 (December 1972, last flight) The sad tale of the Lunar Surface Gravimeter, which would have worked very well where the group had put earlier gravimeters (SouthnPble fer Louis Slichter of UCLA). In fact was as d,eployed a better seismometer than t- e rea siesmometers, but NASA pulled the plug e

Apollo 18-20 cancelled~ Would have included LSG reflight and a good deal more other .SClence e

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WHAT WER. THE RUSSIAN DOT~.C?

A good dea of space SCle ce 1961":"65 published in open literature, mostly Doklady, which I have not read. The Salyut!Soyuz era 1971+

Salyut 4, 1974, X~ray observations of the C ab Nebula (but Uhuru launch Dec. 1970)

As for UV competition, OAO-2 = Dec 1968 Copernicus = Aug 1972 TD-l = March 1972

Igure '9- . The launch (1 So 1U,7 11 frnu1 Baik_ nul' n June 6 19/1. - - "Il-"""" M

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Focus Box: Soyuz 11 Time-line and Sample Activities

Date Sample Activities Date Sample Activities

June 6 June 7

June 8 June 9 June 10 June 11

June 12

June 13

June 14

June 15

June 16 June 17

Launch from Tyurtam. Docking successful. Safyut 1 systems activated. Salyut engine used to change orbit. Physical exercises. Medical tests. Spectroscopic Earth measurements. Gamma-ray f8Tescope used to measure dJ"stributionOf celestrlal gamma-rays. Television broadcast. Medical tests. Photography. Earth ~esources experiments. Measurements ol cosmic radiation. NaVi9atlo~'e;periment. Coordinated weather observations. .- ._,

Simultaneous space and aircraft photographic studies. Joint Salyut and Meteor satellite cloud Dover measurements. ...-.._ - ........--,.....-t~

Salyut systems evaluated. Atmospheric study. Spacecraft antenna tests. Medical tests. Space en~ironl!1ent density measurement.

June 18

June 19

June 20 June 21

June 22

June 23 June 24

June 25

June 26

June 27

June 28 June 29

Orion telescope observations. Television Diuacica'st.' _., ~ • ~-

Aerosol content of atmosphere measured. edic;rtests. Meteorological observations.

Television broadcast E,a~:h p'hotography. Orion Telescope studies. Gaama-ray raa~tig.[~tud;.-Space environmen1slady.........--.. ,..----._~......

Polarization of reflected ilignt from Earth. Meteorological $tudy. Photography of USSR Engine firings. Space endurance record. Weather observations. Physical exercises. Earth ph-~t~g~aphs. Experimental program actfvit'ies~ Preparation for return to Earth. Television broadcast. Micrometeorite measurements. Increased

,. I ~

exercises. Preparation for landing. Soyuz 11 checks. Television broadcast. Weather observations. Medical tests. Soyuz system reactivation. Departure from Sa/yut 1.

broadcast from the station had made the cosmonauts nearly as well known as Gagarin and Leonov. The joyous recep­tion that had been planned in Moscow was now replaced by yet another somber procession as the cremated remains of the cosmonauts were carried to the Kremlin wall and placed in a position of honor next to their comrades. Trib­utes flowed in from around the world, and in what seemed like an endless line, grief-stricken Soviet citizens walked by to pcty their last respects to a crew they had grown to greatly admire.

Soviet space officials had hoped a successful Salyut lruS­

sion would relie ve some of the pain the nation still felt about the lost Moon race. The tragic end of SoyuZ j 1 dashed those hopes and caused a further time-consuming reevaluation of the Soviet manned spaceflight program.

Postflight Changes

After the disaster of Soyuz j j, the Soyuz craft was re­designed. It was also decided that on future missions the cos­

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MORE SERE D PITY + PLANNED (PASTEUR) CHANCE

The Pioneer effect (uncertain IR radiation recoil more likely?)

The fly-by effect (changes In tracking geometry and antennas used before/after perlgeon more likely?) (with thanks to Peter Bender)

Factor of 50 improvement in limit on PPN param­eter ~ , which comes from Cassini tracking behind Sun _ and the IIShapiro delay", which says light is s owed down in potential well by amount proportional to ~(1 + r ) where ~ = 0 is GR prediction

Additional improvements on PPN limits can be. expected from Beppi-Colombo in a few years (or if you think GR is right, better numbers for J of the sun)

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