jute geo-textiles applications of jute geo –textiles - a presentation by the jute manufactures...

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Applications ofJute Geo –Textiles

- A presentation by The Jute Manufactures Development Council

Jute

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Technical textiles that improve engineering performance of the soil

Either made of synthetic polymers (petrochemical derivatives) or of natural fibres (jute, coir)

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JGT - the forerunner of man made GT

Use of jute for solving soil-related problems is not a new concept.

Jute hessian was applied successfully on Strand Road at Kolkata as early as in 1934 and in Myanmar during the 2nd World War

First concerted effort to promote use of Jute Geotextile took off in 1980s

JMDC has published a manual on application of JGT in Civil engineering

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USP of jute

High moisture absorbing capacity

Excellent drapability (the best of all GTs)

High initial tensile strength

Low extension at break

High roughness co-efficient

High spinnability

Bio-degradable; soil nourisher

Renewable resource, easily available

Economical

Eco-friendly

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lesJGT – Basic functions

Separation

Filtration

Drainage

Initial reinforcement.

Additionally, it helps in providing biotechnical support to the soil.

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Separation

Segregates two layers, preventing intermixing

Facilitator to natural consolidation of soil

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Filtration

Two contrasting functions -

soil retention

allowing pore-water through and along the fabric

Addressing 2 related phenomena –

clogging

blocking.

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Drainage

Acts as a drain within its own thickness.

Permittivity and Transmittivity of JGT are high

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Initial Reinforcement

Acts against rotational slides, lateral dispersion and vertical subsidence

Exerts confining action on soil

Partially absorbs effective stress, preventing shear failure.

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Civil engineering applications of JGT

Slope management

Protection of river bank

Strengthening of road

Stabilizing embankments

Prevention of railway track subsidence

Consolidation of soft soil

Control of surface soil detachment

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1.Slope management with JGT

Slopes erode due to:

Flow of rain water

Severe wind

Can be controlled by reducing the velocity of surface run-off.

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Open weave JGT with 3D construction

controls slope erosion :

Creates an array of micro-barriers against the

overland flow, reducing velocity.

Effects partial storage due to capacity to absorb

water

Entraps detached soil particles.

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Absorbs water upto about 5 times its dry weight

Stores 0.44 litres per sqm on 1: 2 slope

Promotes quick growth of vegetation.

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2. Protection of river banks

Causes of river bank erosion

Erodable bank soil

Strong current

Large fluctuations in water level

Waves uplift pressure

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Granular / fabric Filter should address 5 basic criteria –

Soil-tightness Prevention of differential over pressure across

the filter Separation of bank-soil from the overlying filter Strength to withstand installation hazards Effectiveness during its design life

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Conventional Granular Filter Two – layer construction

Inner core and outer layer.

Disadvantages :

No separation between layers

Results in inter-penetration of layers

Reduction in design thickness of layers

Permittivity is impaired

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Fabric Filter

JGT, a natural fabric filter, an effective substitute

of conventional granular filter. Can satisfy all the requirements of filter needed

for protection of river banks.

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Survivability of JGT depends on--

Careful storage, handling, transportation, laying

on level surface

Guard against puncture by falling aggregates

Guard against soil-slurry at the time of laying

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Durability :

In unidirectional flow - 2 season cycles are sufficient for filter-cake formation & natural stability

In flow – reversals - with a moderate cycle time, a longer time is needed ( > 4 season – cycles )

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Problems of conventional practice

Availability of the right filter materials in time.

Control on quality and workmanship.

Time of execution.

Environmental concerns due to quarrying/ mining for

filter materials.

Thus a need for an economical and effective substitute.

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3. JGT in road construction

Causes of failure of roads :

Inadequate pavement thickness

Traffic load & intensity

Low bearing capacity of sub grade

Intermixing of sub-base and sub grade

Insufficient drainage of surface and sub-surface water

Leading to “mud pumping”

Permeable wearing course

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How can JGT help?

Enhances the CBR of the sub grade

Prevents intermixing of sub grade and sub-base

Facilitates filtration & drainage in the sub-surface zone

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Guidelines for designing a new road with JGT

CBR to be taken as 1.5 times the control value of CBR.

Woven JGT should be selected in conformity with the average particle size distribution

Provisions of sub-surface drainage should be made with non-woven JGT concurrently.

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Note :

Choice of JGT also depends on the allowable rut depth which is a factor of the level of service

expected of a road vis-à-vis the level of its maintenance

Porometry range: 150 to 400 microns Tensile strength: 25 kN/m should serve the purpose [recommended by the CFGG Manual (French).]

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4. Stability of embankments

Expansive or compressive soils used as fills in embankments may lead to:

Vertical subsidence Lateral dispersion Downslope migration Rotational slides (slip circle failure)

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4. Stability of embankments

Absorbs stress and strain induced due to moving loads on embankments

Soil - JGT friction acts as a medium of transference of the induced stress and strain

JGT can directly reinforce the soil mass in an embankment only during its useful lifespan

Soil is otherwise stabilized due to separation, filtration and drainage effects

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Basal reinforcement with JGT for any new embankment is effective

JGT can also be used in successive layers of an embankment and may be folded at the fringes for side restraint

PRECAUTION

Prevent ingress of water into an embankment Drain out entrapped water from an

embankment for which JGT encapsulated

concealed drains may be constructed

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5. Prevention of railway track subsidence

Causes of railway track subsidence

Erosion pumping

Intermixing of ballast and subgrade

Entrapped water within embankment

Surficial erosion erosion of cess width

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5. Prevention of railway track subsidence

Solution Use of JGT (woven + non-woven) on subgrade

after removal of ballast layer

Use of JGT encapsulated rubble drains within embankment

Reshaping of embankment profile – rebuilding the cess

Protection of slope with open mesh JGT

Vegetation on slope

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6. Consolidation of soft soil

Pre-fabricated Vertical Jute Drain (PVJD)

Better substitute of sand - drains

Drains out water by capillary action Standard prefab vertical jute drains with jute/coir wicks available Equivalent drain diameter and its zone of influence may be calculated (as per Runesson et al,1977) to determine the drain spacing

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7. Control of surface soil detachment

JGT also:

Reduces erodability co-efficient of soil

Attenuates extremes of temperature Protects soil and seeds from direct exposure Controls dehydration of soil Allows air and light Adds nutrients to the soil and acts as mulch on Biodegradation

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Vegetation as bio-engineering support

Vegetation Dissipates KE of rain drops Is a receptor of moisture Attenuates wind effects Reduces velocity of surface run off Ensures soil attachment with roots Improves soil – permeability

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Choice of vegetation is important

JGT improves micro-climatic conditions

Enhances organic matter levels

Thus an excellent catalyst for quick growth of

vegetation

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Durability of JGT

Loss of strength of JGT after a year is NOT a deterrent – by that time, JGT provides a self-sustaining sub-grade for most soils

The gain in strength of the sub-grade compensates the loss of strength of JGT within the same time frame (ibid & JU 2005)

With the passage of time soil dependence on JGT for stability decreases

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Is bio-degradability of JGT a technical disadvantage?

Consolidation of soil by JGT takes about a year

Necessity of GT ceases thereafter.

Degradability of JGT after this period is thus an advantage

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Comparison between JGT &SGT in respect of properties(for woven type)

JGT has a higher C factor than SGT 0.005 in a slope of 1:1.5 0.004 in a slope of 1:3

Narrow strip tensile strength – For JGT – 30 kN/m (warp) x 20 kN/m (weft) usually For SGT – can customise to any strength

Strain at failure for JGT – 7% to 9% (SGT – usually 23%)

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Comparison between JGT &SGT in respect of properties (for woven type)

Elongation at break for JGT – 11 % to 13 %

JGT has a high initial tangent modulus (comparable to SGT)

JGT has a breaking strength of 33 kN/m (warp) and 28 kN/m (weft)

JGT offers a greater interfacial friction than SGT

JGT has greater transmittivity than SGT

Permittivity of JGT is comparable to that of SGT

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Comparative costs of JGT with Synthetic Geo-textile

Open mesh JGT – Rs. 9 - 10 per sq.m. Open mesh GeoSynthetic - Rs. 30 per sq.m.

Woven JGT (treated with rot resistant chemical and bitumen - Rs. 40 - 45 per sq.m. Woven GeoSynthetic – Rs. 80 – 90 per sq.m.

Non woven JGT – Rs. 15 - 19 per sq.m. Non woven GeoSynthetic– Rs. 45 -

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Comparative Estimated Cost ( for West Bengal)

Bank protection of rivers with conventional granular filters – Rs.65 – 70 / sq.m.

Bank protection of rivers with JGT and armour overlay – Rs.60 – 65 / sq.m. New bank protection of rivers with SGT – Rs. 75 / sq.m.

New road construction with GeoSynthetics - Rs. 57 lac / km (Class AA loading, 7 m. wide)

New road construction with JGT – Rs. 55 lac / km (Class AA loading, 7 m. wide)

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Easily available

Can be tailor made to meet the criteria of retention and permeability.

Precise control on quality and workmanship possible.

Quicker execution time.

More drapability than any other geo-textile.

Provides a sustainable and Eco-compatible solution.

Conducive natural protection against erosion through quick growth of vegetation cover.

Advantages Of JGT – in summary

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Use of JGT in asphaltic overlay for prevention of reflection cracks.

Developing a paving fabric as a substitute of masticasphalt.

Turf reinforcing mats with JGT.

Fabriforms

“Jutecrete”

Development of water-resistant & stronger JGT.

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Standards/Normative References

IS 14986:2001—

Guidelines for application of Jute Geo-textiles for rain water erosion control in road & railway embankments and hill slopes

RDSO, Ministry of Railways –

Guideline no GE:G1 (July 2003)—Guidelines for earthwork in railway projects

Indian Roads Congress—

Specifications for road & bridge works (2001) & Recommended practice for treatment of embankment slope & erosion control (1991)

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Case Studies in Civil EngineeringCase Studies in Civil Engineering

Case Studies

Case Studies in AgricultureCase Studies in Agriculture

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Case Studies In Civil Engineering

Construction of highway embankment on soft marine soil using jute Geo-Textile at Kakinada port – Andhra Pradesh

Widening and strengthening of Munshirhat – Rajpur Road, West Bengal.

Application of JGT for mine-spoil stabilisation in Uttaranchal

Control of bank erosion naturally – a pilot project in Nayachara Island (West Bengal) on the River Hoogly.

Prevention of railway track subsidence with jute Geo-Textile – a case study under Eastern Railway.

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Project I

Name of the project

Construction of highway embankment on soft marine soil using jute Geo-Textile at Kakinada Port – Andhra Pradesh

Objective

Reinforcement of the highway embankment with the help of jute Geo-Textile by minimising post-construction settlement, lateral spreading of fill material etc.

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Laying of Jute Geotextile

Road before giving final shape

Leveling in progress

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Properties of Jute Geo-Textile Used

Thickness 3 mm

Weight 750 gsm

Tensile strength 20 kn/m

Elongation at break 3%

Puncture resistance 350 n

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lesFindings & Conclusion

Water content, void ratio and compression index decreased while dry density and CBR value of the sub-grade soil increased by use of jute Geo-Textile.

Jute Geo-Textile appeared to be very effective even in weak sub-grade soils in reducing their compressibility and increasing their strength as reflected from the good performance even after a lapse of 7 years.

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Name of the project

Widening and strengthening of Munshirhat – Rajpur Road, West Bengal.

Objective

Strengthening of the widened portion of the existing black top road on both sides with use of jute Geo-Textile for controlling settlement.

Project II

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Widening of Munshirhat – Rajpur Road - JGT is laid on the sub-grade.

Consolidation of brick metal laid over JGT on

widened portion

Finished Road after widening.

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Properties Of Rot Proof Jute Geotextile Used

Properties Value

Weight (g / m2) at 20% M.R. 760

Threads / dm (MD X CD) 102 x 39

Thickness (mm) 2

Width (cm) 76

Strength (kN/m) (MD X CD) 20 x 20

Elongation at break (%) (MD x CD) 10 x 10

Pore size (090) micron 300

Water permeability at 10 cm water head (l / m2 / s) 50

Puncture resistance (N / cm2) 380

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Conclusion

The average CBR value of the sub-grade before application of JGT was 3.5%.

The sub-grade gained strength by application of JGT and reached a CBR value of 6.0%.

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Name of the project

Application of JGT for mine-spoil stabilisation in Uttaranchal.

Objective

Stabilisation of slope by checking the slide of soil, debris and boulders during heavy rains and restoration of the vegetative cover destroyed due to mining activities.

Project III

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Mine Spoil heap at Sahashradhara

Laying of Open weave JGT on mine spoil heap

Sprouting of plants after laying of JGT.

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Properties Of Jute Geotextile Used

Properties Value

Weight (gsm) at 20% moisture regain 500

Threads / dm (MD x CD) 6.5 x 4.5

Thickness (mm) 4

Width (cm) 122

Open area (%) 50

Strength (kN / m) (MD x CD) 10 x 7.5

Water holding capacity ( as % of dry weight) 500

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Vegetation establishment

Yield of grass was 5 times than that under control conditions.

Moisture improvement

Delayed wilting point (7 days instead of 3 days under control conditions after a rain fall of 20 mm).Retention of moisture at a depth of 30 cm after a month.

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Velocity of surface run off from 57% to 37%Flood peak was delayed by 20 minutesSoil erosion was reduced to 8 ton/ha

Water Resource Improvement

Water availability in the water shed improved

Soil Improvement

Increase in carbon content and P2O5

Decrease in CaCo3 and PH over a period of 7 years

Findings & Conclusion

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Name of the Project

Control of bank erosion naturally – a pilot project in Nayachara Island (West Bengal) on the River Hoogly.

Objective

To protect the island from severe erosion of its western bank hugging the River Hoogly.

Project IV

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Eroded bank of Nayachara Island

JGT was laid on eroded bank of Nayachara Island

Performance of JGT on erosion control at Nayachara Island. [Photograph taken 11 years after completion of work.]

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les Material : D.W.Twill – 8 X 12 850 gsm(grey)

1538gsm(bitumen treated )

Thickness 2.83 mm

Breaking Strength (kN / m) 33.1 (Warp)

28.2 (Weft)

Elongation at Break (%) 11.8 (Warp)

13.5 (Weft)

Puncture Resistance (Kgf / cm2) 37.9

Air Permeability (m3 / m2 / min) 16.2

Water Permeability at 10 cm water head (I / m2 / sec)

20.4

Pore size (microns) 150

Properties Of Jute Geo-Textile

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No subsidence/settlement was observed after 11 years despite considerable reduction in strength and porometric features of JGT.

Durability of JGT beyond one and half years, even under persistent flow adversities, proved to be redundant due to catalytic function of JGT.

Use of JGT in river bank protection proved to be an effective alternative to conventional methods in respect of capital investment and recurring maintenance cost.

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Name Of The Project

Prevention of railway track subsidence with jute Geo-Textile – A case study under Eastern Railway.

Objective

To restore the settled track to the desired level and improving the bearing capacity of the fill. The track has been undergoing persistent settlement for the last 25 years. Short term remedial intervention did not work.

Project V

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Subsidence of Railway Track at Gurap section of Howrah – Bardhaman Chord line

Process of laying JGT under Railway Track

Completed Railway Track after application of JGT

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Properties Of Different Types Of Jute Geo-Textile Used

Properties Woven (Treated)

Non-Woven

Open Weave

WEIGHT (g/m2) AT 20% MR (MOISTURE REGAIN)

THREADS/dm (MD X CD)

THICKNESS (MM)

WIDTH (CM)

STRENGTH (kN/m) (MD X CD)

ELONGATION AT BREAK % (MD X CD)

PORE SIZE (090) MICRON

PERMITTIVITY AT 10cm WATER HEAD (I/m2/s)

PUNCTURE RESISTANCE (N)

WATER HOLDING CAPACITY (% ON DRY WT.)

OPEN AREA (%)

1200

102 X 39

2

76

21 x 21

10 x 10

150

20

400

─

─

1000

─

8

150

6 x 7

20 x 25

300

─

─

─

500

6.5 X 4.5

4

122

10 x 7.5

─

─

─

─

500

50

Woven JGT- for sub-grade improvement

Non-woven JGT-for concealed drains

Open weave JGT-for slope protection

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The affected stretch did not undergo any settlement even after 3 seasons.

No interim remedial intervention was necessary for the first time in the last 25 years.

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Case Studies In Agriculture

Field trial with woven & non-woven jute agro-textile for studying erosion control and other allied features.

Field trial with jute agro-textile in tea estate – weed management

Study of the effectiveness of jute agro-textile in plant-growth in a semi arid zone in West Bengal.

Study of the efficacy of jute sleeves in raising of seedlings compared to conventional poly-sleeves.

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Project I

Name of the project

Field trial with woven & non-woven jute agrotextile for studying erosion control and other allied features.

Objective

To study surficial soil erosion control, assessment of nutrient loss and agro-mulching effects by using appropriate jute agrotextile.

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Open Weave JAT for Erosion Control

Open Weave JAT laid between the rows of young plants

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Properties Of Jute Agro-Textile

PROPERTIES OPEN WEAVE

TYPE - I TYPE - II

WEIGHT (g/m2) 400 300

THICKNESS (mm) 3 3

OPEN AREA (%) 40 60

THREADS / dm (WarpX Weft) 34 X 15 17 X 4.6

WIDTH (cm) 122 122

WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY (%) 500 400

TENSILE STRENGTH (kN/m) [ Warp X Weft] 12 X 10 10 X 7.5

ELONGATION AT BREAK (%) [ Warp X Weft] 10 X 12 10 X 15

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Jute agro-textile was effective when used in combination with green crop in reducing soil erosion and controlling nutrient loss.

Type–I jute agro-textile was found more effective than Type–II jute agro-textile.

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Project II

Name Of The Project

Field trial with jute agro-textile in tea estate – weed management

Objective

To study the effectiveness of jute agro-textile in weed suppression.

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Weed management in Tea garden with non woven JGT

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PROPERTIES

NON-WOVEN

TYPE - I TYPE - II

WEIGHT (g/m2) 500 750

THICKNESS (mm) 6 8

OPEN AREA (%) 0 0

WIDTH (cm) Upto 150 Upto 150

LENGTH (M) 50 50


TENSILE STRENGTH (kN/m) [Warp X Weft] 5 X 6 7 X 8

ELONGATION AT BREAK (%) [ Warp X Weft] 20 X 25 25 X 30

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Non-woven jute agro-textile could reduce weed by 65%.

Addition of weedicides could enhance the extent of suppression by a further 13% maximum.

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Project III

Name Of The Project

Study of the effectiveness of jute agro-textile in plant-growth in a semi-arid zone in West Bengal.

Objective

Quantification of difference in growth of plants with & without jute agro-textile in a semi-arid zone.

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Growth of plant with JAT

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PROPERTIES

WOVEN

TYPE - I TYPE - III

WEIGHT (g/m2) 400 300

THICKNESS (mm) 3 2

OPEN AREA (%) 40 70

THREADS/dm [ WARP X WEFT ] 34 X 15 11 X 12

WIDTH (cm) 122 122


TENSILE (kN/m) [ Warp X Weft ] 12 X 10 10 X 10

ELONGATION AT BREAK (%) [ Warp X Weft ] 10 X 12 12 X 12

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The growth of plants was found to be more pronounced with Type-I jute agro-textile and was almost double the growth under control conditions.

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Project IV

Name Of The Project

Study of the efficacy of jute sleeves in raising of seedlings compared to conventional poly-sleeves.

Objective

To study the comparative advantages in using jute sleeves in place of poly sleeves for holding soil bulbs of seedlings.

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lesJute Sleeve for growth of sapling

Seedlings in conventional poly-sleeves

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Specification Of Jute Sleeves

FABRIC USED – 272 gsm HESSIAN

SIZE OF SLEEVE – 23 cm x 15 cm

WEIGHT / SLEEVE – 26 g.

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Faster & better growth of seedlings due to better aeration of roots of seedlings, evening out of temperature extremes, non-formation of ice within the sleeves and spread of roots through fine openings of the jute sleeves.

High survival rate (90%).

No extraction at the post plantation stage was necessary, unlike in the case of poly sleeves.

Jute sleeves are evidently superior to poly-sleeves in performance, installation and after care.

The cost of jute sleeves is, of course, higher than poly sleeves.

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JGT basically acted as catalyst or change-agent in improving soil behaviour.

Drainage of water/moisture from soil is a critical function.

Need for proper design of JGT with right porometry and transmittivity / permittivity.

Durability of JGT beyond two season cycles has hardly any technical significance.

Inference

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Effectiveness of JAT as weed suppressor, as agro-mulch, temperature conditioner and humidity regulator is established.

JAT’s role as growth facilitator of plants even in semi-arid zones is confirmed.

Advantages of jute sleeves over poly sleeves are also established.

Inference

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Thank You.

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Dam Storage

- - - - - - -- -

- - - - - - - - -

L

Storage) β

Weft of open mesh JGT

StorageD

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Soil erosion process on a slope

RAIN

- - - -- - - - -

XC

belt of no erosion

FLOWactive erosion

deposition of sediments

D

ad

bb’e

c’c

material in suspension

overland flow

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Installation of jute geo-textile

Direction of laying

Jute Geotextile

Fixing nail

Graded slope

Grass plant

Toe anchor(150 mm x 150mm)

150

Shoulder anchor(150 mm x 150mm)

150 mm

50 mm

Fixing nail(II Gauge wire)

+

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Design aspects of JGT : Basic equation – On < dn d90 or d50

O90 or O95

If On is increased, piping will occur

If On is reduced, clogging nay take place

A judicious compromise has to be made between

Porometry and Permittivity of JGT

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Design aspects of JGT

Several empirical options

PIANC(1987) If d40 < 0.60 mm, O90 bet 300 and 1500 micron > 0.60 mm, O90 bet 500 and 2000 micron

AASHTO(1990) AOS (O90) < 600 micron if d50 > 0.075 mm < 300 micron if d50 < 0.075 mm

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Clogging – mechanical lodging of soil grains on JGT & chemical i.e.

deposition of chemicals like iron & bacteria from groundwater / soil.

Co- eff. of permeability of the base-soil ks

kg > ks

permittivity of JGT

For unidirectional flow – kg ≈ 10 ks for low hydraulic gradients (<5)

For reversing flow – kg ≈ 100 ks

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Clogging potential may be tested by conducting

Gradient Ratio Test as per ASTM – D5101 – 90 or by

Hydraulic Conductivity (HCR Test) as per ASTM D

5567.

Clogging – probability when flow rate continues to

decrease with time

Piping – probability when flow rate continues to

increase with time

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Some Salient Findings

Percentage elongation at break of JGT – significantly lower than that of geo-synthetics (maximum 15% as against more than 50 % for SGT) (Ramaswamy & Aziz – 1989)

Substantial reduction (more than 50%) in rut depth under dynamic load tests with JGT (Ramaswamy & Aziz – 1989)

Improvement of settlement behaviour by using JGT as well as improvement of CBR

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Effect of Jute Fabric on compaction characteristics of subgrade soil

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Studies by Ramaswamy & Aziz (1989) on clayey subgrade

Table - I

22

42

10

30

8

26

c) Strain at failure (%)

i) without JGT

ii) with JGT

36

65

45

115

110

330

b) Undefined Compressive Strength (kN/m2)

i) without JGT

ii) with JGT

353025a) Water Content (%)

5.0

8

20

2.6

4.5

3.5

5.2

4.7

6.8

b) CBR (%)

i) without JGT

ii) with JGT

353025a) Water Content (%)

Table - II

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Filter cake formation

jute geo-textiles applications of jute geo –textiles - a presentation by the jute manufactures...

Documents

jute geotextiles filtration

jute hessian

high slide

technical textiles

natural fibres jute

use of jute geotextile

gt use of jute

coir slide