AUTHOR INDEX

Acredol0, L. P., 27, 30, 34, 52, 53, 54, 59, 67, 143-60, 216, 326, 327, 343

Adamowicz, J. K., 113, 115, 123

Akerblom, K., 24, 34 Alden, A. B., 133, 138 Alexander, R. D., 18, 34 Allen, G., 52, 70 Altman, I., 101, 343 Appleyard, D. A., 67, 116,

152, 158, 326, 343, 350, 359

Ardry, R., 9, 34 Arenberg, D., 114, 115, 123 Armstrong, J. D., 126, 138,

139 Arndt, D. R., 199, 216 Aronson, L. R., 35, 37,55,

60, 69 Ashcroft, S. C., 132, 139 Attneave, F., 41, 46, 67,

361-66, 362, 364, 365

Bach, E., 282 Baird, A. S., 156, 158 Baird, J. C., 321-44, 322,

327, 332, 333, 343, 361, 362, 364

Barker, R. G., 31, 34 Barlow, J., 50, 67 Barnes, C. A., 144, 145, 151,

152, 158 Barsam, H. F., 161-213, 195,

216, 219~ 222~ 223, 224 Barth, J., 126, 131, 135,

136

Basowitz, H., Ill, 112, 123 Bateson, P.P.G., 34 Beck, R. J., 152, 154, 159,

349, 359 Beer, C. G., 7 Bell, B., 107, 109, 123 Bennett, D., 225, 282 Beritoff, J. S., 49, 50, 55,

68 Beritov, I., 133, 138 Ber1a, E., 130, 138 Bernho1tz, C. D., 109, 123 Berry, J. W., 22, 23, 34 Beverly, K., 47, 69 Bierwisch, M., 318, 320 Bigab, M. J., 100 Blasch, B. R., 140, 141 Bliss, J. C., 129, 138 Blurton-Jones, N. G., 18, 19 Bobrow, D. G., 348, 359 Boldt, C., 150 Bondareff, W., 152, 159 B~~k, A., 40, 43, 51, 68 Bornstein, M., 76 Botwinick, J., 121, 123 Bower, T.G.R., 156, 159 Brandt, T., 47, 68 Bremmer, J., 53, 68 Briggs, R., 81, 100 Broadbent, D. E., 131, 138 Bromley, D. B., 113, 115, 123 Brooks, P., 61, 70 Brooks, V., 220, 224 Brown, J. L., 6, 7, 8 Brown, L. T., 146, 160 Bryant, K., 195, 204, 216 BUhler, K., 285, 288, 311 Butterworth, G., 55, 68

367

368

Canter, D., 322, 343 Carlson, D. H., 124 Car1stein, T., 103 Carpenter, E., 20, 21 Carroll, J. B., 207, 215 Carterette, E. C., 36, 139 Casey, S. M., 147, 148, 149,

153, 155, 159 Chase, W. G., 204, 215 Chi, M.T.H., 204, 215 Chipman,S., 348, 359 Chown, 5., 113, 115, 124 Clark, D. H., 16, 35 Clayton, K., 43, 44, 66, 68 Cohen, R., 64, 68, 158 Cole, M., 23, 34 Collins, C. C., 133, 138 Cooper, L., 45, 68 Crawford, A. M., 186, 192 Crawford, J. J., 132, 140 Croxton, J., 321, 323, 332,

344 Curlee, T. E., 362, 365

Davies, A.D.M., 113, 115, 123 Davies, R. H., 159 Davis, P. W., 295, 311 Dawkins, R., 8, 34 Dermen, D., 187, 192 Diamond, I. 5., 139 Dichgans, J., 47, 68 Doll, E. A., 80,100 Downs, R. M., 35, 68, 102,

300, 311, 343 Doxsey, P., 61, 70

Edgerton, R. B., 102 Edwards, K., 39 Egan, D. E., 45, 68 Egeth, H., 174 Ekstrom, R. B., 187, 192, Ethington, D., 132, 139 Evans, G. W., 99, 102 Everett, B. E., 132, 140, 141

AUTHOR INDEX

Fariello, G. R., 28, 35, 52, 69, 321, 326, 343

Farrar, P., 41, 46, 67 Farrell, J. P., 171, 172, 173,

192, 193, 195, 215 Feldman, A. L., 30, 152, 159 Ferguson, C., 282 Ferrell, K. A., 155, 156, 159 Feurzeig, W., 186, 192 Fifer, G., 16, 35 Fillmore, C., 225, 227, 232,

233, 282, 313-20 Fincher, R., 103 Findler, N. V., 359 Fishbein, H. D., 11, 34 Fisher, M. B., 108, 124 Fletcher, J. F., 153, 159 Foster, R., 92, 104 Foulke, E., 125-41, 147, 149,

154, 156,157, 158 Fowler, H., 36 Fozard, J. L., 107, 123 Fredrickson, J., 50, 68 Freedman, J., 129 French, J. W., 187, 192 Friedman, M. P., 36, 139 Furth, H., 143, 159

Ga1ileo, 74 Garling, T., 40, 43, 51, 68 Geinisman, Y., 152, 159 Gelwicks, L. E., 122, 124 Gershon,S., 168 Ghent, L., 50, 55, 70 Gibson, E. J., 21, 34 Gibson, J. J., 46, 47, 57, 68 Gilbert, J. G., 108, 124 Giovanatto, J., 321, 323, 332,

344 Gladwin, T., 4, 17, 20,.24,

34, 74, 76 Gleitman, H., 58, 69 Glick, J., 20, 35 Goldin, S. E., 195-217, 219,

221, 222, 223

AUTHOR INDEX

Golledge, R. G., 12, 29, 34, 36, 79-l04, 143, 144, 155, 321, 322, 343, 359

Graham, F. K., 113, 124 Green, R. P., 16, 37 Greenberg, J., 282 Greenwald, J., 146, 159 Grossman, H. J., 103 Gruber, J., 225, 232, 282 Guilford, J. P., 45, 69 Gunzberg, H. C., 103 Gurth, D. A., 39 Guth, D., 44, 48, 56, 70

Haake, R. J., 11, 37 Haber, R. N., 129, 138, 139 Hailman, J. P., 36 Hamilton, W. D., 8, 35 Hardwick, D. A., 52, 60, 326,

343 Harman, H. H., 187, 192 Harmon, L. D., 138, 139, 140 Harms, R., 282 Harper, L., 31, 35 Harris, L. J., 223, 224 Harris, M., 17, 18, 19, 35 Hart, R. A., 27, 35, 322, 343 Harvey, J., 68, 216 Hayes-Roth, B., 66, 70, 177,

196, 197, 199, 202, 217 Hazen, N., 3-37, 40, 52, 61,

69, 73, 74, 75, 152 Hebb, D.O., 365 Heiman, M. L., 53, 54, 70 Herman, J. F., 52, 61, 64,

68, 70, 326, 343 Heron, A., 113, 115, 124 Hewe, J., 12 Heyes, A. D., 126,139 Hicks, L., 55, 68 Hill, C., 253, 268, 282 Hill, E., 56, 70, 128, 139 Hinde, R. A., 34 Hintzman, D. L., 199, 216 Hirsch, M. J., 108, 124 Hochberg, J., 219, 224

369

Honig, W. H., 36 Honig, W. K., 144, 145, 158 Hoover, R. E., 127, 128, 139 Hopkin, D. V., 173, 192 Horn, J. L., 207, 216 Horowitz, F. D., 35 Householder, A. S., 362, 365 Howard, I. P., 130, 132, 139 Hubert, L. J., 92, 98, 103 Hulse, S. H., 36 Hurlock, R. E., 186, 192 Hutchins, E., 4, 24, 25, 27,

35, 74, 76 Hutten1ocker, J., 52, 60, 69

Inhelder, B., 64, 69, 154, 159 Irvin, R. M., 132, 140 Ittelson, W. H., 343

Jaccard, P., 20, 21 Jacobson, W., 157, 159 James, W.R.K., 132, 140 Jani, S. N., 109, 124 Jankovic, 1. N., 199, 216 Jarvella, R., 311, 320 Jastak, J. F., 103 Jastak, S. R., 103 Jeffery, T., 171, 172, 193 Johnson, S. C., 322, 343 Johnson-Laird, P. N., 293, 311 Jordan, E. M., 103

Kalish, D., 66, 70 Kant, 1., 284 Katcher, M. H., 129, 138 Kay, L., 129, 131, 139, 157,

160 Kay, N., 157, 160 Kederis, C. J., 132, 139 Keesler, S., 146, 159 Keeton, W. T., 15, 35 Kendall, B. S., 113, 124 Kessen, W., 76 Kimball, J., 282 King, W. A., 186, 192 Kirasic, K., 52, 70, 146

370

Klein, W., 283-311, 295, 298, 303, 311, 313, 314, 316, 317, 319, 320

Klopfer, P. H., 36 Korchin, S. J., Ill, 112, 123 Kornhuber, H., 50, 68 Koss1yn, S. M., 28, 35, 45,

52, 69, 321, 326, 343 Kozlowski, L., 195, 204, 216 Kruska1, J. B., 93, 104 Kuipers, B., 66, 69, 345-59,

347, 350, 353, 354, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364

Labov, W., 303, 311 Lahey, G. F., 186, 192 La1ush, S. E., 132, 140 Landau, B., 58, 69 Langacker, R., 232 Lawton, M. P., 122, 124 Lee, D., 47, 49, 55, 60, 69 Leech, G., 225, 282 Lehrman, D. S., 9, 35 Leland, H., 92, 104 Leonard, J. A., 126, 139, 140 Lesny, D., 180 Lesser, G. S., 16, 35 Leve1t, W.J.M., 303, 311, 315,

320 Levine, M., 199, 216 Lewis, D., 4, 24, 25, 35 Lewis, M., 36 Liben, L. S., 36, 37, 68, 224 Lindberg, E., 43, 68 Linde, C., 303, 311 Lishman, J., 47, 69 Lockman, J. J., 13, 28, 29,

36, 40, 52, 61, 68, 70, 147, 148, 149, 155, 160, 219-24

Lorenz, K., 7, 8,9, 35 Lowenfe1d, B., 140 Lukas, G., 186, 192 Lynch, K., 14, 20, 21, 22, 35,

121, 124, 304, 311, 321, 343, 349, 350, 359

Lyons, J., 295, 311

AUTHOR INDEX

HcCarre11, N., 61, 70 McDermott, D. V., 350, 359 McFarland, R. A., 107, 108,

123, 124 McGee, M. G., 174, 192, 195,

204, 216, 223, 224 McGrew, J., 180 McGuigan, F. J., 178, 179,

191, 192 McIntyre, C. W., 52, 60, 326,

343 McKenna, W., 146, 159 McNaughton, B., L., 144, 145,

151, 158 McVeigh, A., 132, 140

Macfarland, A., 159 Ma1otki, E., 283, 311 Marler, P., 17, 36 Marr, D., 364, 365 Mauch, H. A., 132, 140 Maure, D. R., 136, 139, 159 Mayr, E., 9, 36 Mellor, C. M., 136, 139 Menzel, E. W., 3, 4, 10, 13,

36 Merriam, E. W., 347, 359 Merrill, A. A., 322, 323, 332,

333, 343 Metzler, J., 174, 193 Meyers, E., 132, 139 Milgram, S., 146, 159 Miller, G. A., 293, 311 Mills, A. W., 130, 139 Miyadi, D., 17, 36 Mittelstaedt, H., 365 Moore, G. T., 12, 27, 34, 35,

36, 101, 322, 343, 359 Moore, M. V., 186, 193 Moravcsik, E., 282

Nadel, L., 55, 59, 69, 133, 139, 144, 145, 151, 158, 159

Nagy, J. N., 321, 323, 327, 343

Nawrocki, L. H., 186, 193

AUTHOR INDEX

Ner1ov, S. B., 322, 344 Newcombe, N., 36, 37, 68, 224 Newcomer, J., 154, 157, 159 Nihira, K., 92, 10/+ Nishihara, H. K., 364, 365 Nolan, C. Y., 132, 139 Noma, E., 322, 332, 343 Norman, D. A., 348, 359

O'Dell, E. S. , 199, 216 Ohta, R. J. , 30, 105-24,

146, 149 O'Keefe, J. , 55, 59, 69,

139, 151, 159 Oliver, D. , 95, 104 Olsen, M. G. , 326, 327, Olson, R. K. , 220, 224 Owsley, C. J. , 150

Parkes, D., 103

145,

l33,

343

Parnicky, J. J., 79-104, 143, 144, 155

Pasta1an, L. A., 109, 124 Patterson, A. R., 36, 37, 68,

224 Peake, P., 126, 140 Peters, R., 12, 14, 36 Piaget, J., 64, 69, 155, 159 Pick, A. D., 20, 36 Pick, H. L., Jr., 13, 14, 16,

28, 29, 35, 36, 39, 40, 52, 53, 60, 61, 69, 70, 73-6, 75, 76, 132, 138, 140, 147, 148, 149, 155, 160, 216, 219-24, 321, 326, 327, 343, 365

Pickett, R. M., 138 Podolsky, S., 107, 123 Ponder, P., 128, 139 Potash, L. M., 170, 171, 172,

180, 193, 195, 215 Preiser, W. P., 36 Presson, C. C., 52, 60, 69

Rayner, J. N., 79-104, 143, 144, 155

Reese, H. W., 37, 70, 216 Regan, D., 47, 69 Remez, R. E., 132, 140

371

Remnet, V. L., 154, 159 Richardson, G. D., 79-104 143,

144, 155 ' Richardson, S. A. , 102 Rieser, J. J. , 29, 30,

71, 73, 75, 76, 147, 149, 155, 160

Ritchie, B. F. , 66, 70 Rogers, C. H. , 129, 138 Romney, A. K. , 322, 344 Rosenblatt, J. S. , 35 Rubin, K., 35

Salomon, G., 203, 216 Saltzman, E., 69 Sanders, K., 31, 35

36, 148,

San Diego Unified School

39-

District, 132, 140 Saunders, R., 295, 311 Scadden, L. A., 133, 134, 138 Scarr-Sa1apatek, S., 10, 36 Schadler, M., 326, 333, 344 Scheg1off, E., 294, 311 Schmitt, F. 0., 68 Schultz, J. V., 98, 1G~

Schwartz, D., 50, 68 Scione, M. W., 154, 160 Scott, R. A., 126, 140 Scribner, S., 23, 34 Seery, J. B., 95, 104 Seku1er, R., 150 Semmes, J., 50, 55, 70 ShadIer, M., 31, 36 Shapiro, C. P., 98, 104 Shaw, E., 37 She11hass, M., 92, 104 Shemyakin, F. N., 70 Shepard, R. N., 174, 193, 322,

344, 348, 359 Shepard, R. P., 129, 138

372

Sherman, R. C., 321, 323, 332, 344

Shingledecker, C. A., 126, 140 Shopen, T., 282 Siegel, A. W., 10, 31, 36, 37,

52, 64, 67, 70, 97, 102, 197, 216, 326, 327, 333, 343, 344

Simutis, Z. M., 161-93,195, 216, 219, 222, 223, 224

Smith, C. A., 132, 141 Smith, G. C., 132, 140 Somerville, S. C., 11, 37 Spe1ke, E., 58, 69 Stasz, C., 204, 215,217 Stea, D., 35, 100, 300, 311,

343 Stein, D., 158 Stevens, S. S., 328, 344 Strelow, E. R., 157, 160 Sud now , D., 311 Suterko, S., 126, 128, 140 Szeminska, A., 155, 159

Tagg, S. K., 322, 343 Ta1my, L., 225-82, 225, 233,

254, 257, 262, 282. 289, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320

Tamura, M., 17, 36 Tannenbaum, J., 322, 323, 332,

333, 343 Taylor, R. M., 173, 192 Teller, P., 318, 320 Terry, R. D., 152, 160 Teuber, H., 50, 55, 70 Thomson, J. A., 51, 70 Thorndyke, P. W., 66, 70, 177,

195-217, 219, 221, 222, 223 Thornton, W., 156, 157, 160 Thrift, N., 103 Thurstone, L. L., 223, 224 Thurstone, T., 223, 224 Tinbergen, N., 5, 6, 37, 73 Tobach, E., 35, 37 Tobin, M. J., 132, 140

AUTHOR INDEX

Tobler, W., 95, 104 Tolman, E. C., 59, 66, 70 Towbridge, C. C., 321, 344 Triggs, T. J., 138 Tro11ip, S. R., 186, 193 Turner, G., 180 Turvey, M. T., 46, 71, 132,

140

Uh1aner, J. E., 174, 193 Ullmer-Ehrich, V., 293, 303,

311 Us1an, M., 136, 139

Van Cott, H. P., 171, 193 Van Lawick-Gooda11, J., 17,

37 Van Tets, G. F. , 6, 37 von Hofsten, C. , 75, 76 von Holst, E. , 365 Von Senden, W., 147, 149,

Waddington, C. H. , 9, 37 Wagner, M., 321-44 Walcott, C. , 16, 37 Walk, R. D. , l38 Wallace, J. G. , Ill, 112,

124 Walter, W. G., 127, 140 Waltz, D., 282 Wapner, S., 81, 104

160

114,

Warren, R., 47, 56, 60, 71 Waters, J. A., 146, 159 Waters, R. H., 66, 71 Wea1e, R. A., 107, 124 Weatherford, D., 64, 68 Weber, R. J., 146, 160 Weisgerber, R. A., 132, 140,

141 Weisstein, S., 50, 55, 70 Weitzman, D.O., 175, 176, 177,

191 Weldon, J. K., 146, 160 Wellman, H. M., 11, 37 Welsh, R. L., 127, 140, 141 Wheaton, G. R., 171, 193

AUTHOR INDEX

White, N. F. , 34 White, s. H. , 10, 37, 64, 67,

70, 99, 104, 197, 216, 326, 327, 344

Wick, R. F. , 124 Wiener, W. R. , 127, 141 Wilcoxon, H. C. , 66, 71 Wi11ans, P. R. , 126, l39 Wilson, E. o. , 8, 37 Wisniewski, H., 152, 160 Woh1will, J. F. , 30, 31, 37,

103, 343 Wolf, E. , 107, 108, 109, 123,

124 Wood, D. , 152, 154, 159, 349,

359 Woodyard, M., 43, 44, 66, 68 Worche1, P., 57, 71, 147,

160 Worden, F. G., 68 Wright, H. F., 31, 34 Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 8, 37

Yeagley, H. L., 15, 37 Yonas, A., 75, 76 Young, F. W., 95, 104 Young, G., 362, 365

Zannaros, G., 321, 322, 343 Zavala, A., 171, 193 Zimmerman, R., 220, 224

373

SUBJECT INDEX

Adaptation, 6-9, 11, 12, 16, 18-20, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 121, 152, 362

Attention, 64, 114, 150, 203, 206, 213, 227, 236, 255, 256

Auditory system, 129-33, 353 deafness, 143

Blind, 29, 50, 60, 75, 125-41, 143-58

congenital, 29, 56, 58, 147

dogs, 49 early, 56-8 reading machines for, 132

Blindfolded subject, 44, 47 48, 50, 51, 56, 65, 147

Body, 241, 242, 244, 263, 273 297

see also Frame of refer­ence

Brain, 6, 12, 18, 150, 151 chronic brain syndrome,

150, 151 damage, 50

Caroline Islanders, 4, 10, 17, 20-2, 24-8, 74-6

Children, 16, 32, 52, 59, 308-10

Comparative method, 5-11, 13, 15,29,30,32,33,73-6

cross cultural, 16, 17, 19, 20,22, 23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 73, 253, 267, 268, 276, 294

Computer, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 188, 190, 332, 333, 345, 346

375

map simulation, 336, 337, 339, 341

robots, 347, 348, 363

Detour, 40, 66, 67, 153 Direction giving, 298, 300-02,

308-10

Elderly, 143-58 see also Individual

differences, age; vision, age changes in

Encoding, 4, 11, 13, 15, 22, 24, 28, 29, 32, 170, 171, 203, 206, 207, 208, 214, 219, 220, 355

Eskimo, 20-4, 28 Etholoty, 7-9, 18, 33 Evolution, 10-12, 17-20, 129,

233

Figure-ground relationship, 232-8, 245, 250, 275, 278, 314

Frame of reference, 4, 14, 15, 24, 26, 28, 30, 42, 53, 63,65,101,154,197,199, 202, 208, 211, 213, 222, 227, 247, 249, 255, 256, 293. 304, 307, 308, 319, 340, 352, 357

body, 291, 314, 315 container (environment),

14, 16, 27, 40, 41, 44-6, 59, 60, 64

earth, 244. 246. 266, 268

egocentrism, 14, 16, 27, 40, 41, 45, 54, 55, 64, 75, 291, 310

376

landmark (object), 14, 16, 30

speaker, 252, 253, 284 two-D, 14, 180, 347-51 two one-ha1f-D, 364 three-D, 13, 14, 180

Haptic perception, 132, 133, 135

Hippocampus, 55, 151, 152

Individual differences, 44, 45, 60, 74, 147, 161, 170, 174-7, 191, 204, 209-14, 215, 219, 223, 289, 323

age, 30, 31, 60, 75, 105-22, 139, 326, 327, 339

sex, 30, 31, 223

Kinesthesis, 132, 257

Language, 136, 225-82, 313-20 Atsugewi, 238, 239 deixis, 283-310 German, 295, 296

Learning, 65, 99, 223, 326, 348, 350, 352-4, 356-8, 364

perceptual, 21, 57-9, 168, 170, 173, 178-80, 186, 188, 191

place, 59, 66, 365 spatial, 64, 80-3, 195-

217 style, 167

Locomotion, 30, 41, 46-8, 51-7, 60-6, 73, 75, 94, 125-9, 131, 133-7, 143, 149, 152, 153, 157, 196, 197, 240, 326, 365

~mp reading, 161-93 Hemory, 3, 13, 45, 49, 59, 61,

64, 74, 81, 107, 110, 147, 152, 176, 195, 197, 199-201, 205, 207-10, 223, 274, 287, 323, 326, 328, 346, 349-52, 354, 361, 365

SUBJECT INDEX

age differences in, 109-14, 119, 150

for location, 117, 339 for spatial patterns,

129, 130, 175, 222, 321

Henta1 rotation, 45, 48, 49, 174, 203, 208, 353, 355

Mentally retarded, 29, 79-98, 143-58

Hobiliyy aids, 143 electronic travel aids

(ETA), 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133-7, 149, 156-8

long cane, 127, 128, 135, 136, 156, 157

speech synthesizer, 136, 158

Motion in objects, 236, 238, 243, 244, 249, 254, 256, 257

see also Locomotion Multi-dimensional scaling, 94,

95, 149, 321, 322, 339, 340, 362

Navigation, 4, 17, 20-2, 24-7, 74, 75, 162, 168, 172, 195, 197-200, 204-8, 212-4, 221, 223, 321, 350, 351, 353-5, 364

ETAK system, 25 simulation of, 177, 200,

201-03, 214, 215

Olfaction, 12, 15 Orientation and mobility

specialist, 127

Perception, 48, 49, 65, 105, 175, 219, 268, 276, 287, 288, 321, 353, 357, 358

across systems, 125-41 of self movement, 55 of spatial layout, 46,

47

SUBJECT INDEX

picture, 220 visual, 56, 107, 305

Posture, 30, 47, 55, 73, 157, 318

Proprioception, 41, 48, 49, 51, 55, 57, 132, 133, 134, 135

exproprioception, 49, 50, 55, 56

exteroception, 49 visual, 60

Pu1awat, see Caroline Islanders

Reaction time, 44, 48, 56

Schema, 256, 259, 261, 264, 266, 267, 269, 272, 273

Spatial ability, 23, 27, 30, 32, 32, 45, 125-41, 144, 161, 174-7, 186, 188, 190, 191, 204, 223

of animals dogs, 49, 50 homing pigeons, 15, 16 primates, 3, 4, 9-14,

30, 32, 220 rats, 59, 66, 144, 145,

151, 365 wolves, 12-5, 30, 32

see also Tests of spatial ability

Spatial behavior, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 20, 23, 28, 31, 67, 73-5

Spatial cognition, 5, 16, 24, 27, 31, 33, 73-6,80, 129, 130, 137, 192, 195, 196, 204, 207, 225, 226, 234, 256, 259, 274, 276, 281, 291, 295, 300, 314, 322, 346, 348, 358

Spatial inference, 28, 39-67 computational process, 40,

46,53,57,59, 63 development of, 39-67 perceptual process, 40,

43, 53, 63

377

Spatial layout, 30, 40-4, 46, 51-3, 56, 57, 61, 63-5, 67, 145, 149, 152-4, 220-3, 229, 230, 234, 235, 241-3

Spatial problem, 14, 15, 23, 28, 29, 33, 42, 75, 76, 119, 122, 151, 195, 196, 302, 346

solving of, 52, 76, 121, 351

Spatial representation, 4, 6, 9-13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28-32, 41, 59, 61-4, 75, 80,81,83,99, 101,104, 109, 111-2, 114, 119, 122, 153, 177, 178, 180, 198, 199, 210, 211, 219, 220, 226-9, 232, 253, 255, 258-81, 289, 290, 298, 300, 308, 309, 314, 315, 321, 328, 329, 348, 349, 354-8, 362-4

Strategy,S, 22, 61, 209-11, 213-5, 310, 323, 329, 329, 331-3, 336, 338, 341

cognitive, 45, 177 least distance, 3, 11 map reading, 175

Tactile perception, 134, 135, 147, 157

Temne, 22, 23 Tests of spatial ability

AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, 86, 90

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, Space Perception Sub­test, 169, 174

Army Classified Battery, Pattern Analysis sub­test, 178, 179

Benton Revised Visual Retention, 113

Contour Interpretation Test, 179

378

Factor-Referenced Cog­nitive Tests, Spatial subtests, 186-7, 183

Gestalt Completion Test, 110

Map Relief Assessment Test, 172, 173, 175,

179, 188, 190 Wide Range Achievement

Test, 86, 92 Witkin Embedded Figures

Test, 23 Touareg, 20, 21, 28

Vestibular system, 49-51, 132, 133, 201

Vision, 9, 11, 15, 46, 47, 59-61, 129, 130, 133, 147, 155, 177, 201, 257, 289, 328, 353, 365

age changes in, 107-11, 121, 122, 149, 150

discrimination using, 24 early experience and, 56-8 search using, 54

Visualization, 45, 161-93, 206, 207, 215, 222, 223, 253, 286, 303, 306, 307, 309, 314, 315, 318, 364

SUBJECT INDEX