Finnish BC emission inventory, and national characteristics and user practice influence on domestic wood combustion

emissions

Kaarle J. Kupiainen 1,2, Mikko Savolahti 1, Niko Karvosenoja 1, Zbigniew Klimont 2

1 Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)2 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Project “Mitigation of Arctic warming by controlling European black carbon emissions (MACEB)”

LIFE+ 09 Environment Policy and Governance

Content

• National BC emission inventory (FRES model) • Some model results and comparisons with

global and regional models• Effect of national characteristics on domestic

wood combustion emissions• User practice influence on domestic wood

combustion emissions – sensitivity study• Conclusions

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Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) modelwww.environment.fi/syke/pm-modeling

Finnish national IAM, the national tool under UNECE CLRTAP

Anthropogenic emissions 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050 (several activity scenarios)

Comprehensive and congruent calculation for primary and secondary PM gases•primary PM (TSP, PM10 - 2.5 - 1 - 0.1, chemical composition in size classes)•SO2, NOx, NH3, NMVOC•GHGs

Abatement technologies and costs

8 main sectors, more than 100 subsectors GAINS model compatible

Large point sources (approx. 250), area emissions (1 1km2)

Several emission heights Source: Kupiainen et al. 2006. EMISSIONS OF PRIMARY CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES, THEIR UNCERTAINTIES AND SPATIAL ALLOCATION IN FINLAND. Proceedings of the IUAPPA Regional Conference, Lille and Paris, 5-8 September 2006

BC OC

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4.23

Finnish Regional Emission Scenario (FRES) modelwww.environment.fi/syke/pm-modeling

Domestic wood comb., boilers

Road traffic

Domestic wood comb., stoves

Machinery and off-road

OC

Finnish BC and OC emissions by sector

• Transport and domestic wood combustion are key sectors

• BC emission reductions happen mainly in the transport sector (Euro-standards)

• The national climate strategy (2008) scenario assumed increasing fuel wood use and some improvements in combustion technology in the domestic sector

• The additional emission reduction scenario (2020red) assumes further reduction potential (-25% BC, -19% OC)

– Domestic sector: All masonry heaters are modern (except in recreational buildings), boilers are equipped with ESPs (-8% BC, -7% OC reduction)

– Transport sector: All vehicles have Euro5 or Euro6 abatement (-16% BC, -9% OC reduction)

– Power generation & Industry: Fabric filters in large combustion plants, ESPs in small combustion plants (<50MW) (-1% BC, -3% OC reduction)

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2005 2020 2020red

Base year Scenarios

Blac

k ca

rbon

Gg

a-1

Other (e.g. non combustion sources)

Machinery, off-road, air & marine traffic

Road traffic

Industrial processes

Domestic combustion

Power plants and industrial combustion

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2005 2020 2020red

Base year Scenarios

Org

anic

carb

on G

g a-1

Other (e.g. non combustion sources)

Machinery, off-road, air & marine traffic

Road traffic

Industrial processes

Domestic combustion

Power plants and industrial combustion

Comparison with other BC emission inventories

• Comparison with Bond et al. (2007)* BC inventory and the GAINS model** (http://gains.iiasa.ac.at) BC results shows rather good agreement

• Key sectors are the same in all assessments, but there are differences in total emissions as well as sectoral distribution

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FRES Bond et al. 2004 GAINS nat GAINS IEA

Blac

k ca

rbon

in

2000

(Gg

a-1)

Open burning

Other sources

Off-road

Road transport

Domestic combustion

Power plants and industry

* National data for Arctic Council countries presented in Sarofim et al. 2009. Current Policies, Emission Trends and Mitigation Options for Black Carbon in the Arctic Region.

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2000 2010 2020 2030

Blac

k ca

rbon

(G

g a-1

)

FRES

Bond et al. 2007

GAINS nat

GAINS IEA REF

GAINS IEA 450

**GAINS model projections:• ’nat’ activities according to the national submissions

within the Gothenburg protocol revision • ’IEA REF’ and ’IEA 450’ according to the International

Energy Agency 2009 databases

BC and OC emission factors – national characteristics have to be reflected in emission inventories

• Dataset in 2005 (Kupiainen et al. 2006) was compiled based on international measurement literature on stoves (national BC/OC measurement were not available at the time)

• National measurements (field and lab) on Finnish devices became available in 2007-2009 (Tissari et al., 2007) and showed important differences compared with the old dataset :

– Masonry heaters and sauna stoves are most common device types in Finland (see pie chart). They are operated for a short time and with a high combustion rate.

– This is in contrast to e.g. iron stove or fireplace (abundant in Central Europe, US) where the need is to generate heat for a long time at low power

Fireplace1%

Iron stove2%

Kitchen range11%

Conventional masonry heater

17%

Sauna stove17%Masonry

oven12%Modern

masonry heater2%

Boiler, manual feed,

accumulator15%

Boiler, manual feed, no

accumulator5%

Boiler, automatic feed,

wood pellets1% Boiler, grate

burning, wood chips17%

Domestic sector activity shares for wood fuels, 2005

Fig : Tissari et al. 2007. Atm Env 41, 8330-8344

FRES model

BC and OC emission factors – national characteristics have to be reflected in emission inventories

0102030405060708090

100

Kitchen range

Conventional masonry heater

Sauna stove Masonry oven

Modern masonry heater

BC e

mis

sion

fac

tors

(m

g M

J-1) old

new

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BC with old emission factors

BC with current emission factors

Gg BC a-1Domestic wood combustion

Other sources

+12% in total BC emissions, +39% in domestic wood sector BC

-19% in total OC emissions, -44% in domestic wood sector OC

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OC with old emission factors

OC with current emission factors

Gg OC a-1Domestic wood combustion

Other sources

0102030405060708090

100

Kitchen range

Conventional masonry heater

Sauna stove Masonry oven

Modern masonry heater

OC

emis

sion

fac

tors

(m

g M

J-1) old

new

Sensitivity study on the influence of combustion practices on small scale wood burning emissions

• Emissions in domestic sector are influenced by combustion devices, fuel properties and user practices

• Studies indicate drastic increases in PM emissions from wood heaters and stoves with poor user practices

• No exact knowledge of the share of users with bad practices -> sensitivity study

• Three emission profiles were designed for input to the model to study the effect of common user mistakes in operation of residential heaters

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mg/MJ mg/MJ mg/MJ

Best practice -emission profile

Common user mistakes -

emission profile

Current - emission profile

PM2.

5 em

issio

n fa

ctor

(m

g M

J-1)

ash

POM-OC

OC

BC

1) Emissions with best operational practice of a heater

2) Emissions with common user mistakes (not fuel related)

3) Current emission profile was treated as average practice (composite of several devices and measurements)

1) and 2) based on Tissari et al. 2008 (Atm Env 42, 7862-7873) and Frey et al. 2009 (Boreal Env Res. Vol 14, 255-271)

(1)

(2)

(3)

Sensitivity study on the influence of combustion practices on small scale wood burning emissions

• Assumed ‘Poor combustion practice’ situation:

– 50% of users make the common mistakes, 5% burn according to the best operational practice of the heaters

• Assumed effect of education campaign:

– 90% of poor practice switched to best and average practice

– 20% of average practice is switched to best practice

• After the campaign– 5% of users make common mistakes,

35% burn according to best operational practice

• Emission reductions-30% in domestic wood BC

-15% in total BC

-47% in domestic wood OC

-30% in total OC

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Good combustion practice Poor combustion practice

% o

f use

rs

Poor combustion practice

Best practice of the heater

Average practice

0123456789

Before After Before After

Domestic wood combustion Total emissions

Gg a-1

BC emissions before and after

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10

Before After Before After

Domestic wood combustion Total emissions

Gg a-1

OC emissions before and after

Assumed effect of an educational campaign

Conclusions

• Finnish BC emission inventory in good agreement with the GAINS model

• Small scale combustion in the domestic sector is a major source of BC (and OC) and it is projected to become the biggest emitter in the future.

• National characteristics of domestic wood combustion (e.g. influence of stove types and use patterns) should be reflected in BC inventories

• Emissions in domestic sector are influenced by combustion devices, fuel properties and user practices

• Common mistakes in user practices can lead to significantly higher PM emissions than during optimal operation

• Share of users making common mistakes in operating their stoves can be significant

• Emission reductions could be reached through non-technical measures, e.g. informing and educating people. The benefit of such measures is that the effect could be rather immediate compared to technical measures